Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Schizophrenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/

  Schizophrenia, a serious mental illness, affects 1% of the global population and is marked by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, and negative signs and symptoms such as reduced emotional expression, avolition, and cognitive impairment. […] Causes include genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. No single gene is responsible; there is an interplay of multiple genetic factors. Environmental influences include prenatal and obstetrical risks, psychosocial stressors, and cannabis use. Neurobiologically, schizophrenia is associated with neurotransmitter dysfunction in dopamine and glutamate systems, as well as brain structural changes. […] Multifaceted interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors give rise to schizophrenia. These risk factors also affect early brain development and shape the biological response to life experiences, thereby influencing the onset and progression of the disorder.

• #2 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia

  Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions. […] This pattern may reflect disruptions in brain development as well as environmental factors such as prenatal or early life stress. […] Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed in the late teens years to early thirties, and tends to emerge earlier in males (late adolescence early twenties) than females (early twenties early thirties). […] Despite its relatively low prevalence, schizophrenia is associated with significant health, social, and economic concerns. […] Schizophrenia is one of the top 15 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] Co-occurring medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver disease, and diabetes, contribute to the higher premature mortality rate among individuals with schizophrenia.

• #3 Schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia may include genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants. Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, childhood adversity, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the age of a person’s mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy. […] Schizophrenia is described as a neurodevelopmental disorder with no precise boundary, or single cause, and is thought to develop from gene-environment interactions with involved vulnerability factors. The interactions of these risk factors are complex, as numerous and diverse insults from conception to adulthood can be involved. A genetic predisposition on its own, without interacting environmental factors, will not give rise to the development of schizophrenia.

• #4 3 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia

  https://psychcentral.com/schizophrenia/causes-of-schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia arent established yet but may include a combination of factors like genetics, early adverse experiences, and changes in the brain. […] While research continues on this condition, no consensus has been reached regarding the exact causes of schizophrenia. […] Theres likely not one cause. Instead, a combination of factors can lead to someone developing symptoms of schizophrenia. […] In general, the most understood cause of schizophrenia seems to be related to genes and your environment. […] In sum, some of the factors that are thought to cause schizophrenia include: genetics and biology, environmental influences, changes in the brain. […] But genetics might play an important role in the development of the condition, even though no specific gene has been identified as its cause.

• #5 Schizophrenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/

  Twin and family studies indicate that genetic factors can explain approximately 80% of the risk for schizophrenia. […] The approximately 60% concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins highlights the substantial role of environmental factors in shaping the expression of genetic risk for the disorder. […] The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that a mix of genetic risks and environmental factors during early brain development leads to the disorder. These influences, particularly significant in the prenatal and early life stages, set the stage for the emergence of symptoms of schizophrenia in early adulthood. […] Several neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia, with the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems the leading contenders.

• #6 Schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia

  Estimates of the heritability of schizophrenia are between 70% and 80%, which implies that 70% to 80% of the individual differences in risk of schizophrenia are associated with genetics. The greatest risk factor for developing schizophrenia is having a first-degree relative with the disease; more than 40% of identical twins of those with schizophrenia are also affected. If one parent is affected the risk is about 13% and if both are affected the risk is nearly 50%. […] Environmental factors, each associated with a slight risk of developing schizophrenia in later life include oxygen deprivation, infection, prenatal maternal stress, and malnutrition in the mother during prenatal development. A risk is associated with maternal obesity, in increasing oxidative stress, and dysregulating the dopamine and serotonin pathways.

• #7 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. Research suggests a combination of physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors can make a person more likely to develop the condition. […] Schizophrenia tends to run in families, but no single gene is thought to be responsible. […] It’s more likely that different combinations of genes make people more vulnerable to the condition. […] Evidence that the disorder is partly inherited comes from studies of twins. […] In identical twins, if a twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has a 1 in 2 chance of developing it, too. […] In non-identical twins, who have different genetic make-ups, when a twin develops schizophrenia, the other only has a 1 in 8 chance of developing the condition. […] While this is higher than in the general population, where the chance is about 1 in 100, it suggests genes are not the only factor influencing the development of schizophrenia.

• #8

  https://www.mercy.net/service/psychotic-schizophrenia-disorder/

  If a parent has the illness, a child has about a 10% to 15% chance of developing it. […] Schizophrenia is an unpredictable illness with several triggers. […] In people at risk for developing schizophrenia, it can be triggered by using substances like alcohol or cocaine, traumatic events like being abused, and major life change like starting college or the death of a loved one.

• #9 Schizophrenia – Mental Health Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophrenia

  People who have a parent or sibling with schizophrenia have about a 10% risk of developing the disorder, compared with a 1% risk among the general population. An identical twin whose co-twin has schizophrenia has about a 50% risk of developing schizophrenia. These statistics suggest that heredity is involved.

• #10 Schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia

  Estimates of the heritability of schizophrenia are between 70% and 80%, which implies that 70% to 80% of the individual differences in risk of schizophrenia are associated with genetics. The greatest risk factor for developing schizophrenia is having a first-degree relative with the disease; more than 40% of identical twins of those with schizophrenia are also affected. If one parent is affected the risk is about 13% and if both are affected the risk is nearly 50%. […] Environmental factors, each associated with a slight risk of developing schizophrenia in later life include oxygen deprivation, infection, prenatal maternal stress, and malnutrition in the mother during prenatal development. A risk is associated with maternal obesity, in increasing oxidative stress, and dysregulating the dopamine and serotonin pathways.

• #11 What causes schizophrenia? Environmental triggers, genetics, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-do-you-get-schizophrenia

  Numerous studies have found that genetics play a significant role in the development of schizophrenia. […] However, they have found that having an immediate relative with schizophrenia greatly increases the risk. […] According to a 2020 paper, a person has a 40% likelihood of developing schizophrenia if both biological parents have it. […] A large Danish study of 31,524 pairs of twins suggests that schizophrenia has a heritability rate of 79%. Heritability measures how genes explain the difference in symptoms. This heritability rate means that 79% of the differences between people with and without schizophrenia are because of genetics. […] Epigenetic factors likely play an important role in schizophrenia. In genetically vulnerable people, environmental factors may increase the risk and trigger schizophrenia.

• #12 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. Research suggests a combination of physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors can make a person more likely to develop the condition. […] Schizophrenia tends to run in families, but no single gene is thought to be responsible. […] It’s more likely that different combinations of genes make people more vulnerable to the condition. […] Evidence that the disorder is partly inherited comes from studies of twins. […] In identical twins, if a twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has a 1 in 2 chance of developing it, too. […] In non-identical twins, who have different genetic make-ups, when a twin develops schizophrenia, the other only has a 1 in 8 chance of developing the condition. […] While this is higher than in the general population, where the chance is about 1 in 100, it suggests genes are not the only factor influencing the development of schizophrenia.

• #13 What Causes Schizophrenia? Plus, How to Treat and Seek Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia-causes

  Researchers dont know what exactly causes schizophrenia. A combination of factors are thought to play a role. […] One of the most significant risk factors for schizophrenia may be genes. This disorder tends to run in families. If you have a parent, sibling, or another close relative with the condition, you may have a higher likelihood of developing it, too. […] However, researchers dont believe a single gene is responsible for this disorder. Instead, they suspect a combination of genes can make someone more susceptible. […] Studies on twins have shown that genes play an integral role, but they arent the only determining cause. […] Researchers found that if one identical twin sibling has schizophrenia, the other has a 1 in 2 chance of developing it. This remains true even if the twins are raised separately.

• #14 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. Research suggests a combination of physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors can make a person more likely to develop the condition. […] Schizophrenia tends to run in families, but no single gene is thought to be responsible. […] It’s more likely that different combinations of genes make people more vulnerable to the condition. […] Evidence that the disorder is partly inherited comes from studies of twins. […] In identical twins, if a twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has a 1 in 2 chance of developing it, too. […] In non-identical twins, who have different genetic make-ups, when a twin develops schizophrenia, the other only has a 1 in 8 chance of developing the condition. […] While this is higher than in the general population, where the chance is about 1 in 100, it suggests genes are not the only factor influencing the development of schizophrenia.

• #15 What Causes Schizophrenia? Plus, How to Treat and Seek Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia-causes

  If a twin is nonidentical (fraternal) and has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, the other twin has a 1 in 8 chance of developing it. In contrast, the risk for disease in the general population is 1 in 100. […] If youve been diagnosed with schizophrenia, you may have subtle physical differences in your brain. But these changes arent seen in everyone with this disorder. […] Still, the findings suggest that even minor differences in brain structure may play a role in this psychiatric disorder. […] Imbalances of these chemicals are believed to play a role in the development of schizophrenia and other mental health conditions. […] Dopamine, in particular, seems to play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Researchers have found evidence that dopamine causes an overstimulation of the brain in people with schizophrenia. It may account for some of the symptoms of the condition.

• #16 Schizophrenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/

  Twin and family studies indicate that genetic factors can explain approximately 80% of the risk for schizophrenia. […] The approximately 60% concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins highlights the substantial role of environmental factors in shaping the expression of genetic risk for the disorder. […] The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that a mix of genetic risks and environmental factors during early brain development leads to the disorder. These influences, particularly significant in the prenatal and early life stages, set the stage for the emergence of symptoms of schizophrenia in early adulthood. […] Several neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia, with the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems the leading contenders.

• #17 3 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia

  https://psychcentral.com/schizophrenia/causes-of-schizophrenia

  This doesnt mean having a close relative with the condition always causes schizophrenia. But your chances may be higher. […] Most people related to someone living on the schizophrenia spectrum wont develop the condition. This is one of the reasons why many experts take environmental factors into account when talking about causes of schizophrenia, and not just genetics. […] There are some environmental factors that have been associated with a higher chance of developing schizophrenia. […] Some environmental factors that may be linked to schizophrenia include: childhood trauma, birth and pregnancy complications, maternal age (younger than age 19 and older than 40), social isolation, migration, growing up in urban environments far from green spaces, high potency cannabis use. […] Some experts have theorized that the co-existence of multiple factors might be what causes schizophrenia, particularly of early onset.

• #18 Schizophrenia Causes: Why It Happens: Genetics, Environment, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/what-causes-schizophrenia

  Doctors dont know for sure what causes schizophrenia. Research shows a combination of genetics and your environment can trigger the disease. If you have a family member with schizophrenia, you’re more likely to have it. Things like stressful life events, exposure to viruses or toxins before you were born, and trauma in your early childhood can also increase your risk. Scientists have also found changes in brain chemistry and structure when someone has schizophrenia. […] Your genes are like a blueprint for your body. A change to these plans might increase your chance of getting diseases like schizophrenia. Research shows that almost 80% of the risk for schizophrenia lies in genes. […] Doctors dont think theres just one schizophrenia gene. Instead, they believe it takes many genetic changes, or mutations, to increase your risk of having this mental illness. Usually, several small changes add up to a higher risk.

• #19 Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-2953136

  The causes of schizophrenia are not yet fully understood. Researchers do not yet know exactly what causes some people to develop schizophrenia. There is a very strong genetic component to schizophrenia. However, genes alone do not completely explain the illness. […] Most scientists believe that genes dont cause schizophrenia directly but do make a person vulnerable to developing the disorder. Scientists are studying many possible factors that might cause a person with a genetic predisposition to develop schizophrenia. […] While schizophrenia is believed to have a strong genetic component, inheritence alone does not provide a full explanation for who develops this condition and who doesn’t. Instead, experts believe that it is a complex interplay of factors that play a part. Genetics, environment, lifestyle, family history, and social influences have all been implicated.

• #20 What Causes Schizophrenia? The Genetic or Environmental Risks | FHE Health

  https://fherehab.com/schizophrenia/causes

  Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder arising from a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. […] For several decades, researchers have studied the causes of schizophrenia and the disease still remains a mystery in many ways. […] A study conducted by a team of Harvard Medical School researchers in 2016 conducted a genetic analysis of 65,000 people to determine what causes schizophrenia. […] It was discovered that the risk of schizophrenia increases when specific variants in a gene are passed down from one generation to another. […] The gene, C4, which has a role relating to the immune system has been identified as playing a key role in brain development abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. […] A 2014 study conducted by researchers at the Stanley Center uncovered that more than 100 regions in the brain can determine risk factors for schizophrenia.

• #21 What Causes Schizophrenia? The Genetic or Environmental Risks | FHE Health

  https://fherehab.com/schizophrenia/causes

  Several of those genes are connected to the regulation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for pleasure, motivation, and learning. […] Combined research efforts have led to significant breakthroughs in schizophrenic research that suggests that synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence may be responsible for the onset of schizophrenia. […] Although many parts of schizophrenia are still a mystery and the exact cause(es) are still largely unknown, researchers are confident that a combination of brain chemistry, environmental factors, and genetics are contributing factors. […] The use of street drugs, including LSD, methamphetamine, and cannabis have been linked with a significantly increased risk factor of developing schizophrenia. […] Decades of research conducted by several mental illness experts has concluded that schizophrenia has a significant genetic component.

• #22 What Causes Schizophrenia? | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/not-the-whole-person/201712/what-causes-schizophrenia

  One of the most promising recent studies, conducted by the Broad Institute in Boston and reported in 2016, looked at the genomes of 65,000 people and for the first time identified a particular gene closely connected to schizophrenia. This research showed that an increase in the risk of schizophrenia by specific variants in C4, a gene involved in pruning the brains synapses, or points where neurons communicate. […] A study whose findings were released in August of 2016 shows an association between markers of human evolution and genes associated with schizophrenia. Researchers at the University of Oslo analyzed genetic data of people with schizophrenia and compared it the genome of Neanderthals. They found that Neanderthals lacked the risk loci for schizophrenia, which suggests that schizophrenia vulnerability rose after the divergence of modern humans from Neanderthals and thus supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a by-product of the complex evolution of the human brain, according to senior author Ole Andreassen.

• #23 What Causes Schizophrenia? The Genetic or Environmental Risks | FHE Health

  https://fherehab.com/schizophrenia/causes

  Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder arising from a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. […] For several decades, researchers have studied the causes of schizophrenia and the disease still remains a mystery in many ways. […] A study conducted by a team of Harvard Medical School researchers in 2016 conducted a genetic analysis of 65,000 people to determine what causes schizophrenia. […] It was discovered that the risk of schizophrenia increases when specific variants in a gene are passed down from one generation to another. […] The gene, C4, which has a role relating to the immune system has been identified as playing a key role in brain development abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. […] A 2014 study conducted by researchers at the Stanley Center uncovered that more than 100 regions in the brain can determine risk factors for schizophrenia.

• #24 What Causes Schizophrenia? | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/not-the-whole-person/201712/what-causes-schizophrenia

  One of the most promising recent studies, conducted by the Broad Institute in Boston and reported in 2016, looked at the genomes of 65,000 people and for the first time identified a particular gene closely connected to schizophrenia. This research showed that an increase in the risk of schizophrenia by specific variants in C4, a gene involved in pruning the brains synapses, or points where neurons communicate. […] A study whose findings were released in August of 2016 shows an association between markers of human evolution and genes associated with schizophrenia. Researchers at the University of Oslo analyzed genetic data of people with schizophrenia and compared it the genome of Neanderthals. They found that Neanderthals lacked the risk loci for schizophrenia, which suggests that schizophrenia vulnerability rose after the divergence of modern humans from Neanderthals and thus supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a by-product of the complex evolution of the human brain, according to senior author Ole Andreassen.

• #25 Schizophrenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/

  Twin and family studies indicate that genetic factors can explain approximately 80% of the risk for schizophrenia. […] The approximately 60% concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins highlights the substantial role of environmental factors in shaping the expression of genetic risk for the disorder. […] The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that a mix of genetic risks and environmental factors during early brain development leads to the disorder. These influences, particularly significant in the prenatal and early life stages, set the stage for the emergence of symptoms of schizophrenia in early adulthood. […] Several neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia, with the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems the leading contenders.

• #26 Causes of schizophrenia – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Psychiatry/Causes_of_schizophrenia/

  While the causes of schizophrenia are unknown, scientists believe it is a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors that most likely occur in utero during the development of the brain. Psychosocial stressors such as living in an urban area and dysfunctional family communication may also play a role. […] The etiology of agitation is multifactorial, including, but not limited to, substance intoxication or withdrawal, dementia, neurologic and metabolic conditions, traumatic brain injury, delirium, anxiety, and personality disorders. Other common causes include schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. […] According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, although the causes of schizophrenia are related to abnormal prenatal changes, the onset of the disease occurs at advanced ages, such as the second decade of life. […] Cannabis increases the risk of psychosis by 2–3 times and it is one of the ‘component causes’ of schizophrenia.

• #27 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  Studies of people with schizophrenia have shown there are subtle differences in the structure of their brains. […] These changes are not seen in everyone with schizophrenia and can occur in people who do not have a mental illness. But they suggest schizophrenia may partly be a disorder of the brain. […] It is thought people with schizophrenia may have different amounts of certain neurotransmitters in their brains. […] This suggests neurotransmitters play a role in the development of schizophrenia. […] Research has shown people who develop schizophrenia are more likely to have experienced complications before and during their birth, such as a low birthweight, premature labour, a lack of oxygen (asphyxia) during birth. […] Triggers are things that can cause schizophrenia to develop in people who are at risk.

• #28 Schizophrenia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354443

  It isn’t known what causes schizophrenia. But researchers believe that a mix of genetics, brain chemistry and environment can play a part. […] Changes in certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may play a part in schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies show changes in the brain structure and central nervous systems of people with schizophrenia. While researchers haven’t yet been able to apply these findings to new treatments, the findings show that schizophrenia is a brain disease. […] Although the cause of schizophrenia is not known, these factors seem to make schizophrenia more likely: A family history of schizophrenia. Life experiences, such as living in poverty, stress or danger. Some pregnancy and birth issues, such as not getting enough nutrition before or after birth, low birth weight, or exposure to toxins or viruses before birth that may affect brain development. Taking mind-altering also called psychoactive or psychotropic drugs as a teen or young adult.

• #29 Schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia

  Estimates of the heritability of schizophrenia are between 70% and 80%, which implies that 70% to 80% of the individual differences in risk of schizophrenia are associated with genetics. The greatest risk factor for developing schizophrenia is having a first-degree relative with the disease; more than 40% of identical twins of those with schizophrenia are also affected. If one parent is affected the risk is about 13% and if both are affected the risk is nearly 50%. […] Environmental factors, each associated with a slight risk of developing schizophrenia in later life include oxygen deprivation, infection, prenatal maternal stress, and malnutrition in the mother during prenatal development. A risk is associated with maternal obesity, in increasing oxidative stress, and dysregulating the dopamine and serotonin pathways.

• #30 Schizophrenia Causes: Genetics, Environment & More

  https://www.cadabams.org/blog/schizophrenia-causes

  Studies show that stress-inducing factors such as exposure to viral infections, low oxygen levels during birth, early parental loss, and bad-tempered and stressful experiences can be causes of schizophrenia. […] Experts believe that abnormalities in the brain structure or abnormal brain chemistry can also be a prominent cause of schizophrenia. Studies also show that the brain structure of schizophrenics is quite different than it was at the time of birth. Particular differences in brain structures play an important role in schizophrenia. These changes are present in all individuals with schizophrenia, but they do suggest that it is a disorder of the brain. Some of the differences are larger brain ventricles and fewer brain connections. […] Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that play an important role in controlling body and brain functions. It is believed that certain imbalances in these brain chemicals can also result in schizophrenia symptoms. This assumption persists because medications that increase or decrease these chemicals are seen to be effective in reducing the majority of these symptoms.

• #31 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  However, in recent years, the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia has gained strength. This proposes that dysfunction linked to glutamate (the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain) may play a fundamental role in explaining the causes of the disease, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive alterations. These are probably complementary and not exclusive hypotheses. […] Alterations in brain structure. Almost half of all patients with schizophrenia present alterations in brain structure. These include ventricular dilation, a decrease in the volume of certain areas of the brain (especially the temporal lobe, amygdala-hippocampal formation, thalamus, prefrontal cortex) and an overall decrease in brain size. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that these alterations are neither specific to schizophrenia nor do all patients present them.

• #32 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  However, in recent years, the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia has gained strength. This proposes that dysfunction linked to glutamate (the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain) may play a fundamental role in explaining the causes of the disease, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive alterations. These are probably complementary and not exclusive hypotheses. […] Alterations in brain structure. Almost half of all patients with schizophrenia present alterations in brain structure. These include ventricular dilation, a decrease in the volume of certain areas of the brain (especially the temporal lobe, amygdala-hippocampal formation, thalamus, prefrontal cortex) and an overall decrease in brain size. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that these alterations are neither specific to schizophrenia nor do all patients present them.

• #33 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  However, in recent years, the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia has gained strength. This proposes that dysfunction linked to glutamate (the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain) may play a fundamental role in explaining the causes of the disease, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive alterations. These are probably complementary and not exclusive hypotheses. […] Alterations in brain structure. Almost half of all patients with schizophrenia present alterations in brain structure. These include ventricular dilation, a decrease in the volume of certain areas of the brain (especially the temporal lobe, amygdala-hippocampal formation, thalamus, prefrontal cortex) and an overall decrease in brain size. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that these alterations are neither specific to schizophrenia nor do all patients present them.

• #34 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  However, in recent years, the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia has gained strength. This proposes that dysfunction linked to glutamate (the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain) may play a fundamental role in explaining the causes of the disease, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive alterations. These are probably complementary and not exclusive hypotheses. […] Alterations in brain structure. Almost half of all patients with schizophrenia present alterations in brain structure. These include ventricular dilation, a decrease in the volume of certain areas of the brain (especially the temporal lobe, amygdala-hippocampal formation, thalamus, prefrontal cortex) and an overall decrease in brain size. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that these alterations are neither specific to schizophrenia nor do all patients present them.

• #35 Schizophrenia Causes: Genetics, Environment & More

  https://www.cadabams.org/blog/schizophrenia-causes

  Studies show that stress-inducing factors such as exposure to viral infections, low oxygen levels during birth, early parental loss, and bad-tempered and stressful experiences can be causes of schizophrenia. […] Experts believe that abnormalities in the brain structure or abnormal brain chemistry can also be a prominent cause of schizophrenia. Studies also show that the brain structure of schizophrenics is quite different than it was at the time of birth. Particular differences in brain structures play an important role in schizophrenia. These changes are present in all individuals with schizophrenia, but they do suggest that it is a disorder of the brain. Some of the differences are larger brain ventricles and fewer brain connections. […] Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that play an important role in controlling body and brain functions. It is believed that certain imbalances in these brain chemicals can also result in schizophrenia symptoms. This assumption persists because medications that increase or decrease these chemicals are seen to be effective in reducing the majority of these symptoms.

• #36 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  Alterations in brain function. The majority of functional neuroimaging studies, which study not just the structure but also brain function, have observed that individuals with schizophrenia present a decrease in prefrontal cortex function the area responsible for our ability to reason. This hypofrontality constitutes one of the most widely verified biological findings relating to schizophrenia. Hypofrontality is most apparent when performing mental tests that require prefrontal activation. […] Typically, symptoms first appear in late adolescence, when the structures involved reach their functional maturity, given that the brain does not mature fully in adolescence and actually continues developing during adulthood, in a stage where some unused neurons and circuits are eliminated through complex processes such as neuronal and synaptic programmed cell death (apoptosis). We now know that certain inflammatory and immunological phenomena could also be involved in the onset and progression of schizophrenia.

• #37 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  Alterations in brain function. The majority of functional neuroimaging studies, which study not just the structure but also brain function, have observed that individuals with schizophrenia present a decrease in prefrontal cortex function the area responsible for our ability to reason. This hypofrontality constitutes one of the most widely verified biological findings relating to schizophrenia. Hypofrontality is most apparent when performing mental tests that require prefrontal activation. […] Typically, symptoms first appear in late adolescence, when the structures involved reach their functional maturity, given that the brain does not mature fully in adolescence and actually continues developing during adulthood, in a stage where some unused neurons and circuits are eliminated through complex processes such as neuronal and synaptic programmed cell death (apoptosis). We now know that certain inflammatory and immunological phenomena could also be involved in the onset and progression of schizophrenia.

• #38 Video: Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/18618/biological-causes-of-schizophrenia

  Another key biological factor is abnormal synaptic pruning during adolescence. Synaptic pruning, which refines neural circuits by eliminating excess synapses, is excessively pronounced in schizophrenia. […] The integration of these biological insights has advanced the understanding of schizophrenia’s etiology, paving the way for targeted interventions and therapeutic approaches.

• #39 What Causes Schizophrenia? The Genetic or Environmental Risks | FHE Health

  https://fherehab.com/schizophrenia/causes

  Several of those genes are connected to the regulation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for pleasure, motivation, and learning. […] Combined research efforts have led to significant breakthroughs in schizophrenic research that suggests that synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence may be responsible for the onset of schizophrenia. […] Although many parts of schizophrenia are still a mystery and the exact cause(es) are still largely unknown, researchers are confident that a combination of brain chemistry, environmental factors, and genetics are contributing factors. […] The use of street drugs, including LSD, methamphetamine, and cannabis have been linked with a significantly increased risk factor of developing schizophrenia. […] Decades of research conducted by several mental illness experts has concluded that schizophrenia has a significant genetic component.

• #40 Causes of schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood. A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia. […] The exact pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains poorly understood. The most commonly supported theories are the dopamine hypothesis and the glutamate hypothesis. […] Another hypothesis is closely related to the glutamate hypothesis, and involves the dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the brain. […] Another hypothesis states that abnormalities in myelination are a core pathophysiology of schizophrenia. […] Inflammation and immune system abnormalities are seen to be key mechanisms for the development of schizophrenia.

• #41 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  Biochemical alterations. Schizophrenia could be the consequence of a problem in communication between neurons. It has been observed that dopamine (present in several parts of the brain and particularly important for the body’s motor function) undergoes the greatest alteration of all the neurotransmitters (the chemicals which transmit information between neurons). Classically, the hypothesis that there is an imbalance in dopaminergic function has provided the leading neurochemical explanation for schizophrenia, suggesting that the disease, or at least the psychotic symptoms, are the result of an excess of dopaminergic activity. The main advantage of this hypothesis derives from the fact that medicines which decrease dopamine levels improve psychosis, whereas medicines or drugs which increase levels can trigger this type of symptoms or worsen the schizophrenia.

• #42 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  Biochemical alterations. Schizophrenia could be the consequence of a problem in communication between neurons. It has been observed that dopamine (present in several parts of the brain and particularly important for the body’s motor function) undergoes the greatest alteration of all the neurotransmitters (the chemicals which transmit information between neurons). Classically, the hypothesis that there is an imbalance in dopaminergic function has provided the leading neurochemical explanation for schizophrenia, suggesting that the disease, or at least the psychotic symptoms, are the result of an excess of dopaminergic activity. The main advantage of this hypothesis derives from the fact that medicines which decrease dopamine levels improve psychosis, whereas medicines or drugs which increase levels can trigger this type of symptoms or worsen the schizophrenia.

• #43 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, Type, and Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/schizophrenia/

  According to Luvsannyam, E.s 2022 study, Neurobiology of Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review, schizophrenia involves excess dopamine in the striatum with disrupted connections between the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and striatum. […] According to Robinson, N.s 2021 study, Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions, environmental factors account for 15-40% of schizophrenia risk. […] According to Nielsen, P. R.s 2013 study, Fetal Growth and Schizophrenia: A Nested Case-Control and Case-Sibling Study, children born small for gestational age (SGA) demonstrated a 23% increased risk of developing schizophrenia. […] According to Khokhar, J.Y.s 2018 study, The Link Between Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorder: A Unifying Hypothesis, substance use significantly increases schizophrenia risk in specific patterns. […] The most common cause of Schizophrenia is believed to be Genetics and family history. […] According to Wahbeh, M. H.s 2021 study, Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia: A Literature Review, schizophrenia has a high heritability of approximately 80% based on twin studies.

• #44 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  However, in recent years, the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia has gained strength. This proposes that dysfunction linked to glutamate (the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain) may play a fundamental role in explaining the causes of the disease, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive alterations. These are probably complementary and not exclusive hypotheses. […] Alterations in brain structure. Almost half of all patients with schizophrenia present alterations in brain structure. These include ventricular dilation, a decrease in the volume of certain areas of the brain (especially the temporal lobe, amygdala-hippocampal formation, thalamus, prefrontal cortex) and an overall decrease in brain size. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that these alterations are neither specific to schizophrenia nor do all patients present them.

• #45 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  However, in recent years, the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia has gained strength. This proposes that dysfunction linked to glutamate (the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain) may play a fundamental role in explaining the causes of the disease, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive alterations. These are probably complementary and not exclusive hypotheses. […] Alterations in brain structure. Almost half of all patients with schizophrenia present alterations in brain structure. These include ventricular dilation, a decrease in the volume of certain areas of the brain (especially the temporal lobe, amygdala-hippocampal formation, thalamus, prefrontal cortex) and an overall decrease in brain size. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that these alterations are neither specific to schizophrenia nor do all patients present them.

• #46 Causes of schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood. A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia. […] The exact pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains poorly understood. The most commonly supported theories are the dopamine hypothesis and the glutamate hypothesis. […] Another hypothesis is closely related to the glutamate hypothesis, and involves the dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the brain. […] Another hypothesis states that abnormalities in myelination are a core pathophysiology of schizophrenia. […] Inflammation and immune system abnormalities are seen to be key mechanisms for the development of schizophrenia.

• #47 Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-2953136

  The „something” that goes wrong might be a viral infection, a hormonal imbalance, an error in genetic encoding, a nutritional stress, or something else. […] Schizophrenia clearly involves irregularities in the chemicals of the brain (neurochemicals) that allow brain cells to communicate with each other. […] Current research indicates that abnormalities in the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate are involved in the cause of schizophrenia. […] The causes of schizophrenia are thought to be heavily tied to genetics, but it is important to remember that other factors also play a role.

• #48 Causes of schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood. A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia. […] The exact pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains poorly understood. The most commonly supported theories are the dopamine hypothesis and the glutamate hypothesis. […] Another hypothesis is closely related to the glutamate hypothesis, and involves the dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the brain. […] Another hypothesis states that abnormalities in myelination are a core pathophysiology of schizophrenia. […] Inflammation and immune system abnormalities are seen to be key mechanisms for the development of schizophrenia.

• #49 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  Studies of people with schizophrenia have shown there are subtle differences in the structure of their brains. […] These changes are not seen in everyone with schizophrenia and can occur in people who do not have a mental illness. But they suggest schizophrenia may partly be a disorder of the brain. […] It is thought people with schizophrenia may have different amounts of certain neurotransmitters in their brains. […] This suggests neurotransmitters play a role in the development of schizophrenia. […] Research has shown people who develop schizophrenia are more likely to have experienced complications before and during their birth, such as a low birthweight, premature labour, a lack of oxygen (asphyxia) during birth. […] Triggers are things that can cause schizophrenia to develop in people who are at risk.

• #50 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Twin studies have found a 50% increase in the risk of schizophrenia in the identical twin of a person with schizophrenia. […] There is also an association between the age of the father at the time the child is born and an increased risk of schizophrenia in the child. […] Various obstetric complications in utero and at birth have also been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Maternal exposure to famine during pregnancy has been linked to schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Exposure to infections in childhood, such as Toxoplasma gondii (a parasitic organism carried by domestic cats) and viral central nervous system infections (such as meningitis), have also been linked to schizophrenia in adulthood. […] Markers of infection and inflammation are often increased in adults with schizophrenia. This means immune system dysfunction may be involved in the development of the disorder.

• #51 Schizophrenia | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/schizophrenia/

  Environment. Exposure to viruses or malnutrition before birth, particularly in the first and second trimesters has been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia. Recent research also suggests a relationship between autoimmune disorders and the development of psychosis. […] Brain chemistry. Problems with certain brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to schizophrenia. Neurotransmitters allow brain cells to communicate with each other. Networks of neurons are likely involved as well. […] Substance use. Some studies have suggested that taking mind-altering drugs during teen years and young adulthood can increase the risk of schizophrenia. A growing body of evidence indicates that smoking marijuana increases the risk of psychotic incidents and the risk of ongoing psychotic experiences. The younger and more frequent the use, the greater the risk.

• #52 Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-2953136

  Twin studies suggest that genetics account for 81% of the risk for schizophrenia. Other studies estimate that the heritability of schizophrenia is around 60% to 80%. […] As with many health conditions, certain environmental factors are also causes of schizophrenia. […] Exposure to viruses are found to be a contributing factor in the development of schizophrenia. […] People who have recently developed schizophrenia very often have antibodies to two herpes viruses in their blood, HSV (herpes simplex virus) and CMV (cytomegalovirus). […] People with schizophrenia also are more likely to show antibodies to toxoplasmosis gondii, a parasite carried by cats that can also infect humans. […] Being exposed to harmful toxins are suggested to play a role in the development of schizophrenia, even as early as during fetal development.

• #53 Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-2953136

  Twin studies suggest that genetics account for 81% of the risk for schizophrenia. Other studies estimate that the heritability of schizophrenia is around 60% to 80%. […] As with many health conditions, certain environmental factors are also causes of schizophrenia. […] Exposure to viruses are found to be a contributing factor in the development of schizophrenia. […] People who have recently developed schizophrenia very often have antibodies to two herpes viruses in their blood, HSV (herpes simplex virus) and CMV (cytomegalovirus). […] People with schizophrenia also are more likely to show antibodies to toxoplasmosis gondii, a parasite carried by cats that can also infect humans. […] Being exposed to harmful toxins are suggested to play a role in the development of schizophrenia, even as early as during fetal development.

• #54 Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-2953136

  Twin studies suggest that genetics account for 81% of the risk for schizophrenia. Other studies estimate that the heritability of schizophrenia is around 60% to 80%. […] As with many health conditions, certain environmental factors are also causes of schizophrenia. […] Exposure to viruses are found to be a contributing factor in the development of schizophrenia. […] People who have recently developed schizophrenia very often have antibodies to two herpes viruses in their blood, HSV (herpes simplex virus) and CMV (cytomegalovirus). […] People with schizophrenia also are more likely to show antibodies to toxoplasmosis gondii, a parasite carried by cats that can also infect humans. […] Being exposed to harmful toxins are suggested to play a role in the development of schizophrenia, even as early as during fetal development.

• #55 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Twin studies have found a 50% increase in the risk of schizophrenia in the identical twin of a person with schizophrenia. […] There is also an association between the age of the father at the time the child is born and an increased risk of schizophrenia in the child. […] Various obstetric complications in utero and at birth have also been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Maternal exposure to famine during pregnancy has been linked to schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Exposure to infections in childhood, such as Toxoplasma gondii (a parasitic organism carried by domestic cats) and viral central nervous system infections (such as meningitis), have also been linked to schizophrenia in adulthood. […] Markers of infection and inflammation are often increased in adults with schizophrenia. This means immune system dysfunction may be involved in the development of the disorder.

• #56 Schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia

  Estimates of the heritability of schizophrenia are between 70% and 80%, which implies that 70% to 80% of the individual differences in risk of schizophrenia are associated with genetics. The greatest risk factor for developing schizophrenia is having a first-degree relative with the disease; more than 40% of identical twins of those with schizophrenia are also affected. If one parent is affected the risk is about 13% and if both are affected the risk is nearly 50%. […] Environmental factors, each associated with a slight risk of developing schizophrenia in later life include oxygen deprivation, infection, prenatal maternal stress, and malnutrition in the mother during prenatal development. A risk is associated with maternal obesity, in increasing oxidative stress, and dysregulating the dopamine and serotonin pathways.

• #57 Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-2953136

  Lead exposure has also been implicated as one of the causes of schizophrenia. […] Because the causes of schizophrenia have been so difficult to define, much research has been devoted to investigating societal issues that could potentially contribute to the onset of the disorder in some people. […] It has been suggested that living in a densely populated area can be a risk factor in the development of schizophrenia. […] The children of women experiencing famine during the first three months of their pregnancy have been shown to be more likely to develop schizophrenia. […] Being raised in a family with schizophrenia greatly increases the stress and likelihood of abuse and trauma, and children from these homes are more likely to develop the illness themselves. […] Developmental theories of schizophrenia suggest that something goes wrong when the brain is developing.

• #58 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Twin studies have found a 50% increase in the risk of schizophrenia in the identical twin of a person with schizophrenia. […] There is also an association between the age of the father at the time the child is born and an increased risk of schizophrenia in the child. […] Various obstetric complications in utero and at birth have also been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Maternal exposure to famine during pregnancy has been linked to schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Exposure to infections in childhood, such as Toxoplasma gondii (a parasitic organism carried by domestic cats) and viral central nervous system infections (such as meningitis), have also been linked to schizophrenia in adulthood. […] Markers of infection and inflammation are often increased in adults with schizophrenia. This means immune system dysfunction may be involved in the development of the disorder.

• #59 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  Studies of people with schizophrenia have shown there are subtle differences in the structure of their brains. […] These changes are not seen in everyone with schizophrenia and can occur in people who do not have a mental illness. But they suggest schizophrenia may partly be a disorder of the brain. […] It is thought people with schizophrenia may have different amounts of certain neurotransmitters in their brains. […] This suggests neurotransmitters play a role in the development of schizophrenia. […] Research has shown people who develop schizophrenia are more likely to have experienced complications before and during their birth, such as a low birthweight, premature labour, a lack of oxygen (asphyxia) during birth. […] Triggers are things that can cause schizophrenia to develop in people who are at risk.

• #60 What Causes Schizophrenia? — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  While weve yet to prove a definitive causal relationship between genetics and a predisposition for schizophrenia, as noted, the disorder does seem to run in families. […] Genetics play a large role in the diagnosis of schizophrenia because typically there are several people with the same diagnosis within the same lineage. Research has also supported brain changes, specifically brain chemistry, causing schizophrenia as well. Environmental factors can trigger the initial onset of schizophrenia with certain predispositions already in place. […] Some things that happen during their mothers pregnancy and delivery can put a person at an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. These include low birth weight, premature labor, asphyxia (lack of oxygen) during birth, and, as mentioned, malnourishment of the mother during pregnancy.

• #61 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  Studies of people with schizophrenia have shown there are subtle differences in the structure of their brains. […] These changes are not seen in everyone with schizophrenia and can occur in people who do not have a mental illness. But they suggest schizophrenia may partly be a disorder of the brain. […] It is thought people with schizophrenia may have different amounts of certain neurotransmitters in their brains. […] This suggests neurotransmitters play a role in the development of schizophrenia. […] Research has shown people who develop schizophrenia are more likely to have experienced complications before and during their birth, such as a low birthweight, premature labour, a lack of oxygen (asphyxia) during birth. […] Triggers are things that can cause schizophrenia to develop in people who are at risk.

• #62 What Causes Schizophrenia? — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  While weve yet to prove a definitive causal relationship between genetics and a predisposition for schizophrenia, as noted, the disorder does seem to run in families. […] Genetics play a large role in the diagnosis of schizophrenia because typically there are several people with the same diagnosis within the same lineage. Research has also supported brain changes, specifically brain chemistry, causing schizophrenia as well. Environmental factors can trigger the initial onset of schizophrenia with certain predispositions already in place. […] Some things that happen during their mothers pregnancy and delivery can put a person at an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. These include low birth weight, premature labor, asphyxia (lack of oxygen) during birth, and, as mentioned, malnourishment of the mother during pregnancy.

• #63 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  Studies of people with schizophrenia have shown there are subtle differences in the structure of their brains. […] These changes are not seen in everyone with schizophrenia and can occur in people who do not have a mental illness. But they suggest schizophrenia may partly be a disorder of the brain. […] It is thought people with schizophrenia may have different amounts of certain neurotransmitters in their brains. […] This suggests neurotransmitters play a role in the development of schizophrenia. […] Research has shown people who develop schizophrenia are more likely to have experienced complications before and during their birth, such as a low birthweight, premature labour, a lack of oxygen (asphyxia) during birth. […] Triggers are things that can cause schizophrenia to develop in people who are at risk.

• #64 What Causes Schizophrenia? — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  While weve yet to prove a definitive causal relationship between genetics and a predisposition for schizophrenia, as noted, the disorder does seem to run in families. […] Genetics play a large role in the diagnosis of schizophrenia because typically there are several people with the same diagnosis within the same lineage. Research has also supported brain changes, specifically brain chemistry, causing schizophrenia as well. Environmental factors can trigger the initial onset of schizophrenia with certain predispositions already in place. […] Some things that happen during their mothers pregnancy and delivery can put a person at an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. These include low birth weight, premature labor, asphyxia (lack of oxygen) during birth, and, as mentioned, malnourishment of the mother during pregnancy.

• #65 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, Type, and Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/schizophrenia/

  According to Luvsannyam, E.s 2022 study, Neurobiology of Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review, schizophrenia involves excess dopamine in the striatum with disrupted connections between the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and striatum. […] According to Robinson, N.s 2021 study, Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions, environmental factors account for 15-40% of schizophrenia risk. […] According to Nielsen, P. R.s 2013 study, Fetal Growth and Schizophrenia: A Nested Case-Control and Case-Sibling Study, children born small for gestational age (SGA) demonstrated a 23% increased risk of developing schizophrenia. […] According to Khokhar, J.Y.s 2018 study, The Link Between Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorder: A Unifying Hypothesis, substance use significantly increases schizophrenia risk in specific patterns. […] The most common cause of Schizophrenia is believed to be Genetics and family history. […] According to Wahbeh, M. H.s 2021 study, Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia: A Literature Review, schizophrenia has a high heritability of approximately 80% based on twin studies.

• #66 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Twin studies have found a 50% increase in the risk of schizophrenia in the identical twin of a person with schizophrenia. […] There is also an association between the age of the father at the time the child is born and an increased risk of schizophrenia in the child. […] Various obstetric complications in utero and at birth have also been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Maternal exposure to famine during pregnancy has been linked to schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Exposure to infections in childhood, such as Toxoplasma gondii (a parasitic organism carried by domestic cats) and viral central nervous system infections (such as meningitis), have also been linked to schizophrenia in adulthood. […] Markers of infection and inflammation are often increased in adults with schizophrenia. This means immune system dysfunction may be involved in the development of the disorder.

• #67 Schizophrenia Causes & Effects | Covington Behavioral Health

  https://www.covingtonbh.com/disorders/schizophrenia/signs-symptoms/

  Research suggests that the risk of schizophrenia is related to genetic and environmental factors. […] It is widely accepted that schizophrenia may have some heritability. It has been hypothesized that there are risk alleles or parts of each persons chromosomal makeup that make that individual more susceptible to schizophrenia. However, the same alleles that contribute to schizophrenia also contribute to a number of other mental health disorders. […] While genetics play a large documented role in this disorder, there are some environmental factors that increase an individuals risk of experiencing schizophrenia. While these factors require further study, there have been some links discovered between season of birth or childhood residence (individuals who grew up in urban areas are more likely to have schizophrenia) and this disorder. Also, birth complications and advanced age of an individuals father have been linked to schizophrenia, although this link needs further exploration.

• #68 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942

  Schizophrenia likely develops when genetic and environmental factors combine. […] If there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are low. However, a persons risk rises if one of their parents has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia appears to develop when there is an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine and possibly serotonin in the brain. […] Environmental factors that may increase the risk of schizophrenia include: trauma during birth, malnutrition before birth, viral infections, psychosocial factors, such as trauma. […] Researchers have found an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia. A 2023 study found that up to 30% of schizophrenia cases among males ages 21 to 30 may have links to cannabis use disorder. […] In 2017, scientists found evidence to suggest that some substances in cannabis can trigger schizophrenia in those susceptible to it.

• #69 Causes – Living With Schizophrenia

  https://livingwithschizophreniauk.org/causes/

  Of course this begs the question: is it some genetic factor that predisposes you to suffering with the condition or is it because the two individuals share elements of the same environment during their upbringing? This is the nature versus nurture debate. But studies over many years of siblings adopted as babies or during infancy point towards a genetic factor that was pivotal rather than the kind of upbringing they received and scientists now agree, after over a hundred years of research, that there is a genetic predisposition in schizophrenia. […] Obstetric complications, that is a difficult in pregnancy or birth, are found to have occurred in about 40% of people with schizophrenia. […] Much research has been done into the possibility that an infection picked up by babies in the womb or shortly after birth may cause changes in the brain which could lay dormant and cause schizophrenia later on in life.

• #70 About Schizophrenia – Schizophrenia Society of Canada

  https://schizophrenia.ca/about-schizophrenia/

  For example, some researchers think that schizophrenia may be triggered by a viral infection affecting the brain very early in life or by mild brain damage from complications during birth. […] It is still premature to label schizophrenia as either a neurodevelopmental (impairment of the growth and development of the brain) or a neurodegenerative (progressive loss of structure or function of neurons) disorder, as both seem to be in play over the course of the illness. […] Extensive and intensive molecular genetic research programs continue to generate hope that specific combinations of genes will provide an answer to the riddle of what causes schizophrenia and other psychoses.

• #71 What causes schizophrenia? Environmental triggers, genetics, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-do-you-get-schizophrenia

  Numerous studies have found that genetics play a significant role in the development of schizophrenia. […] However, they have found that having an immediate relative with schizophrenia greatly increases the risk. […] According to a 2020 paper, a person has a 40% likelihood of developing schizophrenia if both biological parents have it. […] A large Danish study of 31,524 pairs of twins suggests that schizophrenia has a heritability rate of 79%. Heritability measures how genes explain the difference in symptoms. This heritability rate means that 79% of the differences between people with and without schizophrenia are because of genetics. […] Epigenetic factors likely play an important role in schizophrenia. In genetically vulnerable people, environmental factors may increase the risk and trigger schizophrenia.

• #72 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #73

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. […] A mix of factors can make a person more likely to develop the condition. […] You may be more at risk of developing schizophrenia if other people in your family have the condition. […] There are some differences in the structure of the brain for people with schizophrenia. […] But they suggest schizophrenia may partly be a disorder of the brain. […] There’s a link between neurotransmitters and schizophrenia. […] If you have schizophrenia, you are more likely to have experienced complications before and during birth. […] Early traumas in life increase the risk of psychosis. […] Triggers are things that can cause schizophrenia to develop in people who are at risk. […] The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events.

• #74 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #75 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Studies following people from birth to adulthood have identified cannabis use in childhood or adolescence as a likely risk factor. […] There is solid evidence supporting the link between having experienced child abuse, or any type of abuse that includes bullying, and schizophrenia. […] People living in urban areas, particularly areas with high income inequality, also show increased risk, which may be associated with social fragmentation. […] Social stressors can lead to biological disruptions. […] While much progress has been made in identifying the potential causes of schizophrenia, most of the evidence comes from population-level studies that may or may not be applicable to a particular individual. More research is required to determine the various individual pathways to schizophrenia.

• #76 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Studies following people from birth to adulthood have identified cannabis use in childhood or adolescence as a likely risk factor. […] There is solid evidence supporting the link between having experienced child abuse, or any type of abuse that includes bullying, and schizophrenia. […] People living in urban areas, particularly areas with high income inequality, also show increased risk, which may be associated with social fragmentation. […] Social stressors can lead to biological disruptions. […] While much progress has been made in identifying the potential causes of schizophrenia, most of the evidence comes from population-level studies that may or may not be applicable to a particular individual. More research is required to determine the various individual pathways to schizophrenia.

• #77 Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-2953136

  Lead exposure has also been implicated as one of the causes of schizophrenia. […] Because the causes of schizophrenia have been so difficult to define, much research has been devoted to investigating societal issues that could potentially contribute to the onset of the disorder in some people. […] It has been suggested that living in a densely populated area can be a risk factor in the development of schizophrenia. […] The children of women experiencing famine during the first three months of their pregnancy have been shown to be more likely to develop schizophrenia. […] Being raised in a family with schizophrenia greatly increases the stress and likelihood of abuse and trauma, and children from these homes are more likely to develop the illness themselves. […] Developmental theories of schizophrenia suggest that something goes wrong when the brain is developing.

• #78 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Studies following people from birth to adulthood have identified cannabis use in childhood or adolescence as a likely risk factor. […] There is solid evidence supporting the link between having experienced child abuse, or any type of abuse that includes bullying, and schizophrenia. […] People living in urban areas, particularly areas with high income inequality, also show increased risk, which may be associated with social fragmentation. […] Social stressors can lead to biological disruptions. […] While much progress has been made in identifying the potential causes of schizophrenia, most of the evidence comes from population-level studies that may or may not be applicable to a particular individual. More research is required to determine the various individual pathways to schizophrenia.

• #79 Causes – Living With Schizophrenia

  https://livingwithschizophreniauk.org/causes/

  It has long been known that some drugs can induce symptoms of psychosis. […] Studies have shown that if you use cannabis you are more likely to develop schizophrenia than if you dont with various studies finding the increased risk up to six times higher. […] There is growing evidence that cannabis use can put you at a high risk of developing schizophrenia. […] Migrant communities tend to show a higher incidence of schizophrenia. Young Afro-Carribean men in the UK are particularly at risk. […] However a genetic predisposition does not give us the complete picture. […] This precipitating factor can sometimes be hormonal changes such as those experienced during puberty or after childbirth, the stress caused by a bereavement or a period of prolonged and very intense stress such as that caused by over-work at exam time.

• #80 Schizophrenia in teens: Symptoms, Causes, Type, & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/schizophrenia-teens/

  Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and glutamate, play a role in the development of schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is often viewed from a developmental perspective. […] High levels of stress and major life changes, such as moving to a new place, academic pressure, or social isolation, trigger the onset of schizophrenia in teens. […] Dysfunctional family relationships, including high levels of conflict, criticism, and lack of support, contribute to the development and exacerbation of schizophrenia symptoms. […] Exposure to traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, and early loss of a parent, increases the risk of developing schizophrenia.

• #81 3 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia

  https://psychcentral.com/schizophrenia/causes-of-schizophrenia

  This doesnt mean having a close relative with the condition always causes schizophrenia. But your chances may be higher. […] Most people related to someone living on the schizophrenia spectrum wont develop the condition. This is one of the reasons why many experts take environmental factors into account when talking about causes of schizophrenia, and not just genetics. […] There are some environmental factors that have been associated with a higher chance of developing schizophrenia. […] Some environmental factors that may be linked to schizophrenia include: childhood trauma, birth and pregnancy complications, maternal age (younger than age 19 and older than 40), social isolation, migration, growing up in urban environments far from green spaces, high potency cannabis use. […] Some experts have theorized that the co-existence of multiple factors might be what causes schizophrenia, particularly of early onset.

• #82 Schizophrenia in teens: Symptoms, Causes, Type, & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/schizophrenia-teens/

  Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and glutamate, play a role in the development of schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is often viewed from a developmental perspective. […] High levels of stress and major life changes, such as moving to a new place, academic pressure, or social isolation, trigger the onset of schizophrenia in teens. […] Dysfunctional family relationships, including high levels of conflict, criticism, and lack of support, contribute to the development and exacerbation of schizophrenia symptoms. […] Exposure to traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, and early loss of a parent, increases the risk of developing schizophrenia.

• #83 What Causes Schizophrenia? Plus, How to Treat and Seek Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia-causes

  Glutamate is another chemical thats been linked to schizophrenia. Evidence has pointed toward its involvement. However, there are several limitations to this research. […] Complications before and during birth may increase the likelihood that a person will develop mental health disorders, including schizophrenia. […] Childhood trauma is also thought to be a contributing factor in developing schizophrenia. Some people with schizophrenia experience hallucinations related to abuse or neglect they experienced as children. […] People are also more likely to develop schizophrenia if as children they experienced the death or permanent separation of one or both parents. […] While stress doesnt directly cause schizophrenia, research shows that it may play a role in the development of schizophrenia in those who are already at risk.

• #84 Schizophrenia in teens: Symptoms, Causes, Type, & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/schizophrenia-teens/

  Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and glutamate, play a role in the development of schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is often viewed from a developmental perspective. […] High levels of stress and major life changes, such as moving to a new place, academic pressure, or social isolation, trigger the onset of schizophrenia in teens. […] Dysfunctional family relationships, including high levels of conflict, criticism, and lack of support, contribute to the development and exacerbation of schizophrenia symptoms. […] Exposure to traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, and early loss of a parent, increases the risk of developing schizophrenia.

• #85 What causes schizophrenia? Environmental triggers, genetics, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-do-you-get-schizophrenia

  Some environmental factors that may increase the risk include: Maternal behavior and health: A birthing parents health during pregnancy may affect the infants development, increasing the risk of schizophrenia. […] Childhood trauma, such as abuse, unstable home life, living in poverty, or exposure to racism, can increase the risk. […] Substance misuse may trigger brain changes that increase the risk of schizophrenia. […] Exposure to certain infections, either when developing during pregnancy or later in life, may be a trigger for schizophrenia. […] Many different risk factors increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia. […] Race may also be a risk factor for schizophrenia. […] Researchers have not identified a single cause of the condition. Instead, interactions between many different factors may help explain the development of schizophrenia.

• #86 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Studies following people from birth to adulthood have identified cannabis use in childhood or adolescence as a likely risk factor. […] There is solid evidence supporting the link between having experienced child abuse, or any type of abuse that includes bullying, and schizophrenia. […] People living in urban areas, particularly areas with high income inequality, also show increased risk, which may be associated with social fragmentation. […] Social stressors can lead to biological disruptions. […] While much progress has been made in identifying the potential causes of schizophrenia, most of the evidence comes from population-level studies that may or may not be applicable to a particular individual. More research is required to determine the various individual pathways to schizophrenia.

• #87 Causes of Schizophrenia: Role of Genetics and Triggers

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-schizophrenia-8422863

  Genetics is the biggest risk factor for developing schizophrenia. […] There are many risk factors that can contribute to schizophrenia, including prenatal health, including lower vitamin D levels and exposure to viruses in the womb, birth trauma, including being born prematurely or after a long, difficult delivery, brain structure, including differently sized areas of the brain and different connections between brain areas than in healthy individuals, substance use, particularly cannabis during the teenage years, viral infections, especially before birth, inadequate nutrition, autoimmune disease, childhood trauma, poverty and other socioeconomic factors. […] Scientists arent exactly sure what causes schizophrenia, but they know that genetics play an important role. […] Instead, many genes interact with environmental factors and triggers, including substance use, viral infections, and stressors, to increase a persons risk for schizophrenia.

• #88 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #89 Schizophrenia Symptoms, Signs, and Causes

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms

  What causes schizophrenia? […] While the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors. […] While schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia dont always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny. […] Studies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder. […] More and more research points to stresseither during pregnancy or at a later stage of developmentas being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include: […] In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain.

• #90 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Studies following people from birth to adulthood have identified cannabis use in childhood or adolescence as a likely risk factor. […] There is solid evidence supporting the link between having experienced child abuse, or any type of abuse that includes bullying, and schizophrenia. […] People living in urban areas, particularly areas with high income inequality, also show increased risk, which may be associated with social fragmentation. […] Social stressors can lead to biological disruptions. […] While much progress has been made in identifying the potential causes of schizophrenia, most of the evidence comes from population-level studies that may or may not be applicable to a particular individual. More research is required to determine the various individual pathways to schizophrenia.

• #91 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #92

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  Drugs do not directly cause schizophrenia. […] But drug misuse increases the risk of developing schizophrenia, or a similar illness. […] Certain drugs may trigger symptoms of schizophrenia in people who are vulnerable. […] People under 15 who use cannabis regularly are up to 4 times more likely to develop schizophrenia by the age of 26.

• #93 What Causes Schizophrenia? Plus, How to Treat and Seek Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia-causes

  Using cannabis, cocaine, LSD, amphetamines, or similar drugs doesnt cause schizophrenia. However, research shows that the use of these drugs may trigger symptoms of schizophrenia in people who are more at risk. […] Schizophrenia is a lifelong psychiatric condition. Researchers dont know exactly what causes it. A combination of factors likely play a role.

• #94 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #95 Schizophrenia Causes: Why It Happens: Genetics, Environment, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/what-causes-schizophrenia

  Traumatic life events. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, bullying, or the death of a parent in childhood might increase your risk of having schizophrenia as an adult. There is a three times higher risk of having one of these life events within 3 years before schizophrenia symptoms start. […] Substance use. Stimulant drugs like amphetamines and cocaine can cause psychosis. Some research shows that people who use cannabis have a two to three times higher risk of schizophrenia. The younger you start using these substances and the more often you use them, the more likely you are to have symptoms of psychosis. […] You might have differences in your brain structure and chemicals called neurotransmitters if you have schizophrenia. Most of your risk comes from genes, but your environment may also play a role in causing this mental health condition. Problems when you were in the womb or being born, traumatic life events, and substance use might all be involved.

• #96

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  Drugs do not directly cause schizophrenia. […] But drug misuse increases the risk of developing schizophrenia, or a similar illness. […] Certain drugs may trigger symptoms of schizophrenia in people who are vulnerable. […] People under 15 who use cannabis regularly are up to 4 times more likely to develop schizophrenia by the age of 26.

• #97 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #98 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/36942

  Schizophrenia likely develops when genetic and environmental factors combine. […] If there is no history of schizophrenia in a family, the chances of developing it are low. However, a persons risk rises if one of their parents has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia appears to develop when there is an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine and possibly serotonin in the brain. […] Environmental factors that may increase the risk of schizophrenia include: trauma during birth, malnutrition before birth, viral infections, psychosocial factors, such as trauma. […] Researchers have found an association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia. A 2023 study found that up to 30% of schizophrenia cases among males ages 21 to 30 may have links to cannabis use disorder. […] In 2017, scientists found evidence to suggest that some substances in cannabis can trigger schizophrenia in those susceptible to it.

• #99 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #100 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Definition, Test, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/schizophrenia/article.htm

  Schizophrenia is thought to have a significant but not solely genetic component. People who have immediate family members (first-degree relatives) with psychosis are more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia compared to people who do not have such a family history. […] The risks of developing schizophrenia can even occur before birth. […] Use of marijuana (cannabis), amphetamines, and hallucinogens have been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.

• #101 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #102 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Definition, Test, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/schizophrenia/article.htm

  Schizophrenia is thought to have a significant but not solely genetic component. People who have immediate family members (first-degree relatives) with psychosis are more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia compared to people who do not have such a family history. […] The risks of developing schizophrenia can even occur before birth. […] Use of marijuana (cannabis), amphetamines, and hallucinogens have been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.

• #103 Causes – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/

  The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as bereavement, losing your job or home, divorce, the end of a relationship, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. […] These kinds of experiences, although stressful, do not cause schizophrenia. However, they can trigger its development in someone already vulnerable to it. […] Studies have shown using drugs, particularly cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, psychosis or a similar illness. […] Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who use cannabis regularly are more likely to develop schizophrenia in later adulthood. The risk may be higher when using stronger forms of cannabis.

• #104 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Definition, Test, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/schizophrenia/article.htm

  Schizophrenia is thought to have a significant but not solely genetic component. People who have immediate family members (first-degree relatives) with psychosis are more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia compared to people who do not have such a family history. […] The risks of developing schizophrenia can even occur before birth. […] Use of marijuana (cannabis), amphetamines, and hallucinogens have been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.

• #105 Schizophrenia Causes: Why It Happens: Genetics, Environment, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/what-causes-schizophrenia

  Traumatic life events. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, bullying, or the death of a parent in childhood might increase your risk of having schizophrenia as an adult. There is a three times higher risk of having one of these life events within 3 years before schizophrenia symptoms start. […] Substance use. Stimulant drugs like amphetamines and cocaine can cause psychosis. Some research shows that people who use cannabis have a two to three times higher risk of schizophrenia. The younger you start using these substances and the more often you use them, the more likely you are to have symptoms of psychosis. […] You might have differences in your brain structure and chemicals called neurotransmitters if you have schizophrenia. Most of your risk comes from genes, but your environment may also play a role in causing this mental health condition. Problems when you were in the womb or being born, traumatic life events, and substance use might all be involved.

• #106 Schizophrenia | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/schizophrenia/

  Environment. Exposure to viruses or malnutrition before birth, particularly in the first and second trimesters has been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia. Recent research also suggests a relationship between autoimmune disorders and the development of psychosis. […] Brain chemistry. Problems with certain brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to schizophrenia. Neurotransmitters allow brain cells to communicate with each other. Networks of neurons are likely involved as well. […] Substance use. Some studies have suggested that taking mind-altering drugs during teen years and young adulthood can increase the risk of schizophrenia. A growing body of evidence indicates that smoking marijuana increases the risk of psychotic incidents and the risk of ongoing psychotic experiences. The younger and more frequent the use, the greater the risk.

• #107 Causes of schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood. A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia. […] The exact pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains poorly understood. The most commonly supported theories are the dopamine hypothesis and the glutamate hypothesis. […] Another hypothesis is closely related to the glutamate hypothesis, and involves the dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the brain. […] Another hypothesis states that abnormalities in myelination are a core pathophysiology of schizophrenia. […] Inflammation and immune system abnormalities are seen to be key mechanisms for the development of schizophrenia.

• #108 Causes and risk factors of schizophrenia

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/schizophrenia/causes-and-risk-factors

  Alterations in brain function. The majority of functional neuroimaging studies, which study not just the structure but also brain function, have observed that individuals with schizophrenia present a decrease in prefrontal cortex function the area responsible for our ability to reason. This hypofrontality constitutes one of the most widely verified biological findings relating to schizophrenia. Hypofrontality is most apparent when performing mental tests that require prefrontal activation. […] Typically, symptoms first appear in late adolescence, when the structures involved reach their functional maturity, given that the brain does not mature fully in adolescence and actually continues developing during adulthood, in a stage where some unused neurons and circuits are eliminated through complex processes such as neuronal and synaptic programmed cell death (apoptosis). We now know that certain inflammatory and immunological phenomena could also be involved in the onset and progression of schizophrenia.

• #109 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Twin studies have found a 50% increase in the risk of schizophrenia in the identical twin of a person with schizophrenia. […] There is also an association between the age of the father at the time the child is born and an increased risk of schizophrenia in the child. […] Various obstetric complications in utero and at birth have also been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Maternal exposure to famine during pregnancy has been linked to schizophrenia in the offspring. […] Exposure to infections in childhood, such as Toxoplasma gondii (a parasitic organism carried by domestic cats) and viral central nervous system infections (such as meningitis), have also been linked to schizophrenia in adulthood. […] Markers of infection and inflammation are often increased in adults with schizophrenia. This means immune system dysfunction may be involved in the development of the disorder.

• #110 Causes of schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_schizophrenia

  Evidence suggests that early stress may contribute to the development of schizophrenia through alterations in the functioning of the immune system. […] Another theory that has gained support is that a large role is played in the disease by oxidative stress. […] It has been hypothesized that in some people, development of schizophrenia is related to intestinal tract dysfunction such as seen with non-celiac gluten sensitivity or abnormalities in the gut microbiota. […] It has been suggested that sleep problems may be a core component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

• #111 Schizophrenia | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/schizophrenia/

  Environment. Exposure to viruses or malnutrition before birth, particularly in the first and second trimesters has been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia. Recent research also suggests a relationship between autoimmune disorders and the development of psychosis. […] Brain chemistry. Problems with certain brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to schizophrenia. Neurotransmitters allow brain cells to communicate with each other. Networks of neurons are likely involved as well. […] Substance use. Some studies have suggested that taking mind-altering drugs during teen years and young adulthood can increase the risk of schizophrenia. A growing body of evidence indicates that smoking marijuana increases the risk of psychotic incidents and the risk of ongoing psychotic experiences. The younger and more frequent the use, the greater the risk.

• #112 What causes schizophrenia? Environmental triggers, genetics, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-do-you-get-schizophrenia

  Some environmental factors that may increase the risk include: Maternal behavior and health: A birthing parents health during pregnancy may affect the infants development, increasing the risk of schizophrenia. […] Childhood trauma, such as abuse, unstable home life, living in poverty, or exposure to racism, can increase the risk. […] Substance misuse may trigger brain changes that increase the risk of schizophrenia. […] Exposure to certain infections, either when developing during pregnancy or later in life, may be a trigger for schizophrenia. […] Many different risk factors increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia. […] Race may also be a risk factor for schizophrenia. […] Researchers have not identified a single cause of the condition. Instead, interactions between many different factors may help explain the development of schizophrenia.

• #113 Causes of schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_schizophrenia

  Evidence suggests that early stress may contribute to the development of schizophrenia through alterations in the functioning of the immune system. […] Another theory that has gained support is that a large role is played in the disease by oxidative stress. […] It has been hypothesized that in some people, development of schizophrenia is related to intestinal tract dysfunction such as seen with non-celiac gluten sensitivity or abnormalities in the gut microbiota. […] It has been suggested that sleep problems may be a core component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

• #114 Causes of schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_schizophrenia

  Evidence suggests that early stress may contribute to the development of schizophrenia through alterations in the functioning of the immune system. […] Another theory that has gained support is that a large role is played in the disease by oxidative stress. […] It has been hypothesized that in some people, development of schizophrenia is related to intestinal tract dysfunction such as seen with non-celiac gluten sensitivity or abnormalities in the gut microbiota. […] It has been suggested that sleep problems may be a core component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

• #115 Schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia are still unknown. Several models have been put forward to explain the link between altered brain function and schizophrenia. The prevailing model of schizophrenia is that of a neurodevelopmental disorder, and the underlying changes that occur before symptoms become evident are seen as arising from the interaction between genes and the environment.

• #116 3 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia

  https://psychcentral.com/schizophrenia/causes-of-schizophrenia

  This doesnt mean having a close relative with the condition always causes schizophrenia. But your chances may be higher. […] Most people related to someone living on the schizophrenia spectrum wont develop the condition. This is one of the reasons why many experts take environmental factors into account when talking about causes of schizophrenia, and not just genetics. […] There are some environmental factors that have been associated with a higher chance of developing schizophrenia. […] Some environmental factors that may be linked to schizophrenia include: childhood trauma, birth and pregnancy complications, maternal age (younger than age 19 and older than 40), social isolation, migration, growing up in urban environments far from green spaces, high potency cannabis use. […] Some experts have theorized that the co-existence of multiple factors might be what causes schizophrenia, particularly of early onset.

• #117 Schizophrenia Symptoms, Signs, and Causes

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms

  What causes schizophrenia? […] While the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors. […] While schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia dont always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny. […] Studies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder. […] More and more research points to stresseither during pregnancy or at a later stage of developmentas being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include: […] In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain.

• #118 Causes – Living With Schizophrenia

  https://livingwithschizophreniauk.org/causes/

  Over the years there have been many ideas about the causes of schizophrenia which have taken us up blind alleys. […] The current thinking is that schizophrenia is based on two causes. First an underlying factor originating from your birth or your genes and that doctors call a predisposing factor makes you more susceptible to the condition. Then at some point during your life (commonly in late teens or early twenties) a trigger, which doctors call a precipitating factor, such as stress or changes in hormones will lead to the first episode. […] On average about one in every 100 people will experience an episode of schizophrenia at some point during their lifetime, a risk of about 1%. It has been observed ever since schizophrenia was first described that it tends to run in families. If you have a relative with this condition then you will be more likely to suffer from it yourself and the more closely related you are to them the higher the risk.

• #119 Schizophrenia – Mental Health Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophrenia

  Neither the cause nor the mechanism of schizophrenia is known. […] What precisely causes schizophrenia is not known, but current research suggests a combination of hereditary and environmental factors. […] Fundamentally, however, it is a biologic problem (involving molecular and functional changes in the brain), although certain external factors such as major life stresses or substance use can serve as triggers. […] Factors that make people vulnerable to schizophrenia include the following: A genetic predisposition, Problems that occurred before, during, or after birth, such as influenza in the mother during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, lack of oxygen during delivery, a low birth weight, and incompatibility of the mothers and infants blood type, Infections of the brain, Cannabis use in early teen years.

• #120 Overview – Schizophrenia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/overview/

  The exact cause of schizophrenia is unknown. But most experts believe the condition is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] It’s thought that some people are more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia, and certain situations can trigger the condition such as a stressful life event or drug misuse.

• #121 What Causes Schizophrenia? The Genetic or Environmental Risks | FHE Health

  https://fherehab.com/schizophrenia/causes

  A specific balance of genetics and environmental factors must exist for the onset of schizophrenia. […] It is believed that if you have only a few of the genetic predispositions, environmental factors can offset genes and cause schizophrenia. […] The converse is true as well. If you are dramatically genetically predisposed, only mild environmental factors may trigger the onset of schizophrenia.

• #122 What Causes Schizophrenia? The Genetic or Environmental Risks | FHE Health

  https://fherehab.com/schizophrenia/causes

  A specific balance of genetics and environmental factors must exist for the onset of schizophrenia. […] It is believed that if you have only a few of the genetic predispositions, environmental factors can offset genes and cause schizophrenia. […] The converse is true as well. If you are dramatically genetically predisposed, only mild environmental factors may trigger the onset of schizophrenia.

• #123 Schizophrenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/

  Twin and family studies indicate that genetic factors can explain approximately 80% of the risk for schizophrenia. […] The approximately 60% concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins highlights the substantial role of environmental factors in shaping the expression of genetic risk for the disorder. […] The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that a mix of genetic risks and environmental factors during early brain development leads to the disorder. These influences, particularly significant in the prenatal and early life stages, set the stage for the emergence of symptoms of schizophrenia in early adulthood. […] Several neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia, with the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems the leading contenders.

• #124 What causes schizophrenia? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-schizophrenia-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-102651

  Schizophrenia is one of the worlds top ten causes of disability. It develops between the ages of 16 and 30 and often persists for life. It affects between 100,000 and 200,000 Australians. […] It is thought disruptions in brain development early in life may underlie the emergence of schizophrenia in later years. While the causes of these disruptions arent exactly clear, research points to several possible reasons. […] Hundreds of genes have been linked to schizophrenia, but do not appear to follow typical patterns of inheritance across generations, where disorders can be predicted with confidence. […] Family studies do provide robust evidence of a genetic contribution. For instance, across the population, a persons risk of developing schizophrenia is 1%. If one of their parents has the disorder, the risk increases to 15%.

• #125 Schizophrenia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/

  Schizophrenia, a serious mental illness, affects 1% of the global population and is marked by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, and negative signs and symptoms such as reduced emotional expression, avolition, and cognitive impairment. […] Causes include genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. No single gene is responsible; there is an interplay of multiple genetic factors. Environmental influences include prenatal and obstetrical risks, psychosocial stressors, and cannabis use. Neurobiologically, schizophrenia is associated with neurotransmitter dysfunction in dopamine and glutamate systems, as well as brain structural changes. […] Multifaceted interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors give rise to schizophrenia. These risk factors also affect early brain development and shape the biological response to life experiences, thereby influencing the onset and progression of the disorder.

• #126 Schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia may include genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants. Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, childhood adversity, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the age of a person’s mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy. […] Schizophrenia is described as a neurodevelopmental disorder with no precise boundary, or single cause, and is thought to develop from gene-environment interactions with involved vulnerability factors. The interactions of these risk factors are complex, as numerous and diverse insults from conception to adulthood can be involved. A genetic predisposition on its own, without interacting environmental factors, will not give rise to the development of schizophrenia.

• #127 Psychiatry.org – What is Schizophrenia?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia

  Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects less than one percent of the U.S. population. […] Experts also continue to unravel the causes of the disease by studying genetics, conducting behavioral research, and using advanced imaging to look at the brains structure and function. These approaches hold the promise of new, and more effective therapies. […] Researchers believe that several genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk of developing schizophrenia, and life stressors may play a role in the start of symptoms and their course. Since multiple factors may contribute, scientists cannot yet be specific about the exact cause in each individual case.

• #128 Schizophrenia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia

  The causes of schizophrenia may include genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants. Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, childhood adversity, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the age of a person’s mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy. […] Schizophrenia is described as a neurodevelopmental disorder with no precise boundary, or single cause, and is thought to develop from gene-environment interactions with involved vulnerability factors. The interactions of these risk factors are complex, as numerous and diverse insults from conception to adulthood can be involved. A genetic predisposition on its own, without interacting environmental factors, will not give rise to the development of schizophrenia.

• #129 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  IMPORTANT it is unlikely that people with psychosis will have all of the environmental vulnerability factors listed above! […] One explanation for this heterogeneity is that these two people may have different genetic and environmental vulnerability factors causing the illness. […] This difference in sensitivity to the environment between different people is thought to be due to different amounts of genetic vulnerability factors. […] We also cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just genetic vulnerability. […] Similarly, we cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just environmental vulnerability. […] While we cannot change the amount of genetic vulnerability we have, we can do something to alter our environmental vulnerability.

• #130 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, Type, and Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/schizophrenia/

  According to Luvsannyam, E.s 2022 study, Neurobiology of Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review, schizophrenia involves excess dopamine in the striatum with disrupted connections between the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and striatum. […] According to Robinson, N.s 2021 study, Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions, environmental factors account for 15-40% of schizophrenia risk. […] According to Nielsen, P. R.s 2013 study, Fetal Growth and Schizophrenia: A Nested Case-Control and Case-Sibling Study, children born small for gestational age (SGA) demonstrated a 23% increased risk of developing schizophrenia. […] According to Khokhar, J.Y.s 2018 study, The Link Between Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorder: A Unifying Hypothesis, substance use significantly increases schizophrenia risk in specific patterns. […] The most common cause of Schizophrenia is believed to be Genetics and family history. […] According to Wahbeh, M. H.s 2021 study, Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia: A Literature Review, schizophrenia has a high heritability of approximately 80% based on twin studies.

• #131 Scientists uncover new clues about the causes of schizophrenia | Stanford Report

  https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2025/01/brain-cell-periodic-table-for-psychiatric-disorders-reveals-new-schizophrenia-clues

  These three evolutionarily ancient subcortical structures are precisely the same subcortical structures that, in imaging studies, most reliably show shrinkage in schizophrenic brains compared with healthy peoples brains. […] We know exactly which cell types to study further in the lab, we have new targets for drugs, and we are using genetic information from individual patients to predict what medicine a person should take.

• #132 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  Third, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis may lead to better treatments, based on a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychosis. […] This is probably going to be the first way in which genetic research directly benefits individuals with psychosis and their families because finding the right medication that works well to relieve symptoms without causing nasty side effects has often been a long and painful process of trial and error.

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