Różyczka
Etiologia i przyczyny

Różyczka jest chorobą zakaźną wywoływaną przez wirusa Rubella, RNA z rodziny Matonaviridae, charakteryzującym się kulistym kształtem o średnicy 50-70 nm, posiadającym osłonkę lipidową z glikoproteinami E1 i E2. Transmisja wirusa odbywa się głównie drogą kropelkową, a także przez bezpośredni kontakt z wydzielinami dróg oddechowych i moczem. Okres inkubacji wynosi 14-21 dni, a zakaźność trwa od około 7 dni przed do 7 dni po wystąpieniu wysypki. Wirus namnaża się w błonie śluzowej nosa, gardła i węzłach chłonnych, a następnie rozprzestrzenia się we krwi. Około 25-50% zakażonych może przebiegać bezobjawowo, co utrudnia kontrolę epidemiologiczną. Szczepionka żywa atenuowana (szczep Wistar RA 27/3) wykazuje 98% serokonwersję i indukuje trwałą odporność, stanowiąc podstawę profilaktyki, najczęściej podawana w szczepionce skojarzonej MMR.

Etiologia różyczki (German measles)

Różyczka (łac. Rubella, ang. German measles lub Three-day measles) jest chorobą zakaźną wywoływaną przez wirusa różyczki (rubella virus)12. Wirus ten należy do rodzaju Rubivirus z rodziny Matonaviridae (wcześniej klasyfikowany w rodzinie Togaviridae)34. Jest to wirus RNA o pojedynczej nici, posiadający osłonkę lipidową5.

Człowiek jest jedynym naturalnym rezerwuarem wirusa różyczki6. Różyczka została początkowo uznana za wariant odry lub szkarlatyny, a w 1914 roku Alfred F. Hess zasugerował etiologię wirusową choroby na podstawie swoich badań na małpach7. Wirus różyczki został po raz pierwszy wyizolowany w 1962 roku przez dwie niezależne grupy badawcze: zespół Paula D. Parkmana oraz Thomasa H. Wellera i Franklina A. Nevę8.

Struktura wirusa różyczki

Wirus różyczki ma kształt kulisty o średnicy 50-70 nm, posiada centralny rdzeń (nukleokapsyd) oraz osłonkę lipidową9. Nukleokapsyd składa się z polipeptydu (białko C) i pojedynczej nici RNA10. Osłonka zewnętrzna jest zbudowana z glikozylowanej lipoproteiny, która zawiera 2 wirusowe polipeptydy (E1, E2) oraz lipid pochodzący z komórki gospodarza11.

Wirus różyczki koduje dwa białka niestrukturalne (p90 i p150) oraz trzy białka strukturalne: glikoproteiny (E1 i E2) i białko kapsydu (CP). Białko E1 jest odpowiedzialne za endocytozę zależną od receptora i indukuje odpowiedź immunologiczną poprzez epitopy neutralizujące hemaglutynację12.

Wrażliwość wirusa na czynniki fizyczne i chemiczne

Wirus różyczki jest szybko inaktywowany przez 70% alkohol, tlenek etylenu, formalinę, eter, aceton, chloroform, wolny chlor, deoksycholan, beta-propiolakton, promieniowanie ultrafioletowe, ekstremalne pH (≤ 6,8 lub ≥ 8,1), wysoką temperaturę (56°C) oraz zimno (od -10°C do -20°C)13. Jest odporny na tiomersal i stabilny w temperaturach -60°C lub niższych14.

Drogi transmisji wirusa

Różyczka jest chorobą wysoce zakaźną1516. Wzorzec transmisji wirusa różyczki jest podobny do wirusa odry17. Wirus różyczki przenosi się między ludźmi na kilka sposobów:

Transmisja drogą kropelkową

Główną drogą zakażenia jest droga kropelkowa18. Wirus rozprzestrzenia się, gdy osoba zakażona kaszle lub kicha, uwalniając do powietrza kropelki zawierające wirusa19. Zakażenie może nastąpić poprzez wdychanie tych kropelek lub dotykanie przedmiotów zanieczyszczonych wydzieliną z nosa i gardła osoby zakażonej, a następnie dotykanie ust, nosa lub oczu20.

Wirus namnaża się w górnych drogach oddechowych i węzłach chłonnych, a następnie rozprzestrzenia się po całym organizmie21. Po około 5-7 dniach od ekspozycji wirus rozprzestrzenia się we krwi, a objawy pojawiają się zwykle po 2-3 tygodniach od zakażenia2223.

Transmisja przez bezpośredni kontakt

Wirus różyczki może rozprzestrzeniać się również poprzez bezpośredni kontakt z zakażoną wydzieliną z nosa i gardła24. Istnieje również możliwość zakażenia poprzez kontakt z moczem osoby zakażonej25.

Transmisja przez łożysko

Szczególnie istotną drogą zakażenia jest transmisja wertykalna – od matki do płodu. Jeśli kobieta ciężarna zostanie zakażona wirusem różyczki, może on przeniknąć przez łożysko do krwiobiegu płodu2627. Ta droga zakażenia jest najgroźniejsza ze względu na możliwość wystąpienia zespołu różyczki wrodzonej (congenital rubella syndrome, CRS)28.

Zakaźność i okres inkubacji

Okres inkubacji różyczki trwa zwykle od 14 do 21 dni2930. Osoba zakażona wirusem różyczki jest zakaźna przez około tydzień przed pojawieniem się wysypki do około tygodnia po jej ustąpieniu31. Niektóre źródła podają, że okres zakaźności może trwać od 7 dni przed do 7 dni po wystąpieniu wysypki32.

Co istotne, osoba zakażona może rozprzestrzeniać chorobę, zanim zdaje sobie sprawę, że jest zakażona3334. Około 25-50% osób zakażonych wirusem różyczki może nie rozwinąć żadnych objawów, ale nadal mogą rozprzestrzeniać wirusa35.

Czynniki ryzyka zakażenia

Istnieje kilka czynników zwiększających ryzyko zakażenia wirusem różyczki:

  • Brak szczepienia przeciwko różyczce3637
  • Brak przebytego wcześniej zakażenia różyczką (brak naturalnej odporności)38
  • Podróże do regionów świata, gdzie wirus różyczki jest nadal aktywny3940
  • Kontakt z osobami z obszarów, gdzie nie prowadzono szczepień przeciwko różyczce41

Zwiększona podatność na zakażenie może być dziedziczona, ponieważ istnieją pewne wskazania, że HLA-A1 lub czynniki otaczające A1 na rozszerzonych haplotypach są zaangażowane w zakażenie wirusem lub brak ustąpienia choroby42.

Konsekwencje zakażenia różyczką w ciąży

Zakażenie wirusem różyczki podczas ciąży stanowi najpoważniejszą konsekwencję tej choroby43. Jeśli kobieta ciężarna zostanie zakażona wirusem różyczki, zwłaszcza w pierwszym trymestrze, może to prowadzić do poważnych następstw:

Zespół różyczki wrodzonej

Zespół różyczki wrodzonej (Congenital Rubella Syndrome, CRS) jest najgroźniejszym powikłaniem różyczki44. Występuje, gdy kobieta ciężarna przenosi wirusa różyczki na rozwijający się płód4546.

Ryzyko przeniesienia wirusa do płodu zależy od czasu zakażenia matki47. Gdy zakażenie różyczką nastąpi przed 10. tygodniem ciąży, może spowodować liczne wady płodu w nawet 90% przypadków48. Ryzyko wad wrodzonych zmniejsza się wraz z zakażeniem w późniejszym okresie ciąży49.

Wśród wad wrodzonych w zespole różyczki wrodzonej występują:

  • Wady serca5051
  • Utrata słuchu lub głuchota5253
  • Wady wzroku (zaćma, jaskra, retinopatia, mikroftalmia)5455
  • Niepełnosprawność intelektualna5657
  • Uszkodzenie wątroby lub śledziony5859
  • Uszkodzenie mózgu6061
  • Mikrocefalia (mała głowa)62
  • Problemy z płucami63
  • Problemy z kośćmi64
  • Zaburzenia krzepnięcia65
  • Charakterystyczna wysypka typu „blueberry muffin”66

CRS jest jedną z niewielu znanych przyczyn autyzmu6768.

Poronienie i martwe urodzenie

Zakażenie różyczką podczas ciąży może prowadzić do poronienia (utraty ciąży) lub martwego urodzenia6970. Ryzyko to jest szczególnie wysokie, gdy zakażenie występuje w pierwszym trymestrze ciąży71.

Zależność ryzyka od czasu zakażenia

Ryzyko wystąpienia CRS u noworodka oraz zakres wad wrodzonych zależy w dużej mierze od tego, jak wcześnie w ciąży kobieta zostaje zakażona72. Największe ryzyko CRS występuje, gdy kobieta zachoruje na różyczkę podczas pierwszych 12 tygodni ciąży7374.

Do 85% niemowląt zakażonych różyczką w pierwszym trymestrze ciąży będzie cierpieć z powodu wad wrodzonych i/lub nieprawidłowości neurologicznych75. Zespół różyczki wrodzonej występuje u co najmniej 25% niemowląt urodzonych przez kobiety, które chorowały na różyczkę w pierwszych trzech miesiącach ciąży76.

Po czwartym miesiącu ciąży zakażenie matki różyczką jest mniej prawdopodobne, że zaszkodzi płodowi7778.

Patogeneza zakażenia

Patogeneza różyczki nabytej

Wirus różyczki namnaża się w błonie śluzowej nosa i gardła oraz okolicznych węzłach chłonnych79. Po 5-7 dniach od ekspozycji wirus rozprzestrzenia się w organizmie przez krew, a objawy pojawiają się po około 2-3 tygodniach od zakażenia80.

Patogeneza zespołu różyczki wrodzonej

W przypadku zespołu różyczki wrodzonej (CRS), zakażenie płodu następuje drogą przezłożyskową podczas fazy wiremii u matki81. Patogeneza CRS jest wieloczynnikowa i nie do końca poznana82.

W CRS uszkodzenie płodu może wynikać z kilku mechanizmów83:

  • Martwica nabłonka kosmówki
  • Apoptoza zakażonych komórek przez bezpośrednie uszkodzenie wirusowe
  • Zahamowanie mitozy
  • Ograniczony rozwój komórek prekursorowych przez wirusa
  • Cytpatologiczne uszkodzenie komórek śródbłonka naczyń krwionośnych, prowadzące do niedokrwienia rozwijających się narządów

Wirus ma właściwości teratogenne i jest zdolny do przechodzenia przez łożysko i zakażania płodu, gdzie zatrzymuje rozwój komórek lub je niszczy84.

Odporność po zakażeniu

Po przebyciu zakażenia różyczką, osoba zazwyczaj zyskuje trwałą odporność8586. Jest więc bardzo rzadkie, aby mieć więcej niż jeden epizod różyczki87.

Odporność może być uzyskana również poprzez szczepienie przeciwko różyczce. Szczepionka przeciwko różyczce jest szczepionką zawierającą żywego atenuowanego wirusa88. Najczęściej stosowany szczep to Wistar RA 27/3, który ma wskaźnik serokonwersji wynoszący 98% i indukuje wydzielnicze przeciwciała IgA, co sprawia, że szczepienie jest podobne do naturalnego zakażenia i zapobiega ponownemu zakażeniu dzikim wirusem89.

Po szczepieniu większość osób jest ogólnie chroniona przed różyczką przez całe życie90. Szczepionka przeciwko różyczce jest zwykle podawana w postaci szczepionki skojarzonej MMR, która chroni przed odrą, świnką i różyczką91.

Epidemiologia różyczki

Różyczka jest chorobą o zasięgu światowym, która w populacjach nieszczepionych jest głównie chorobą wieku dziecięcego92. Wzorzec transmisji różyczki jest podobny do odry, a w erze przed wprowadzeniem szczepionek najwyższa zachorowalność występowała w grupie wiekowej 4-9 lat93.

Dzięki wprowadzeniu szczepionki przeciw różyczce, choroba ta jest obecnie bardzo rzadka w wielu krajach, w tym w Stanach Zjednoczonych, gdzie została wyeliminowana (co oznacza, że nie jest już stale rozprzestrzeniana) w 2004 roku9495. Wszystkie przypadki od 2004 roku w USA były importowane96.

Obecnie większość przypadków różyczki występuje u młodych, niezaszczepionych dorosłych, a nie u dzieci97. W niektórych częściach świata wirus jest nadal aktywny, co należy wziąć pod uwagę przed podróżą za granicę, szczególnie w przypadku kobiet w ciąży98.

Najpoważniejszym zagrożeniem dla zdrowia publicznego związanym z różyczką jest zespół różyczki wrodzonej (CRS). Przed wprowadzeniem szczepionki, nawet 4 na 1000 żywych urodzeń to były dzieci z CRS99. Każdego roku na całym świecie zgłaszanych jest ponad 100 000 przypadków CRS100101.

Dzięki rutynowym szczepieniom liczba dzieci urodzonych z zespołem różyczki wrodzonej znacznie się zmniejszyła102103.

Zapobieganie zakażeniom różyczką

Najskuteczniejszym sposobem zapobiegania różyczce jest szczepienie104105. Powszechne szczepienia są kluczem do zapobiegania rozprzestrzenianiu się wirusa i ochrony niemowląt przed poważnymi problemami zdrowotnymi związanymi z zespołem różyczki wrodzonej106.

Szczepionka przeciwko różyczce jest podawana jako część szczepionki MMR (odra, świnka, różyczka) lub MMRV (odra, świnka, różyczka, ospa wietrzna)107. Szczepienie przeciwko różyczce jest częścią rutynowego kalendarza szczepień dzieci w większości krajów o dobrze rozwiniętym systemie opieki zdrowotnej108.

Ważne jest, aby osoby nieszczepione otrzymały szczepionkę przeciwko różyczce109. Dotyczy to szczególnie kobiet w wieku rozrodczym, które nie były wcześniej szczepione lub nie przebyły naturalnego zakażenia110.

Należy pamiętać, że szczepionki MMR nie można podawać w trakcie ciąży111112. Dlatego ważne jest, aby być zaszczepionym przed ciążą, jeśli nie zostało się zaszczepionym w dzieciństwie lub nie zna się swojego statusu immunologicznego113.

Uważa się, że osoba jest chroniona przed różyczką po otrzymaniu co najmniej 1-2 dawek szczepionki zawierającej antygen różyczki i po badaniu krwi, które wskazuje na odporność114.

W przypadku kobiet ciężarnych, które mogły zostać zakażone różyczką, lekarze mogą rozważyć podanie immunoglobuliny (substancji bogatej w przeciwciała), która może pomóc w zwalczaniu zakażenia różyczką, zmniejszając szanse na przeniesienie wirusa na dziecko115116.

Warto podkreślić, że zapobieganie różyczce poprzez szczepienia jest kluczowe, ponieważ nie ma lekarstwa na zespół różyczki wrodzonej117118.

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  1. 13.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Rubella (German measles) – symptoms, treatments and vaccination | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/rubella-german-measles
    Rubella is a contagious illness caused by a virus. […] Rubella is caused by a virus. It spreads through contact with an infected person’s respiratory fluids, for example, if they cough or sneeze nearby. […] Rubella is a viral infection and is sometimes called German measles, although it is not related to measles itself. Most people with rubella experience a mild illness involving fever and rash. […] Rubella is caused by infection with a virus. Infection is usually mild, but can cause serious damage to unborn babies.
  • #2 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella
    Rubella is an illness caused by the virus RuV. […] The cause of rubella is the RuV virus. […] Rubella is also called German measles or three-day measles. Even though it causes a rash like measles, rubella happens because of a different virus than measles. […] Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the most serious form of rubella. It happens when a pregnant woman passes rubella to the fetus. […] No, rubella and measles are different illnesses. They both give you a rash, but different viruses cause them. […] The U.S. eliminated rubella (meaning its no longer continuously spread) in 2004, but you can still get rubella in other parts of the world. […] Rubella is most serious in pregnancy. If youre pregnant and get rubella, especially in the first trimester, your child is at high risk for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
  • #3 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/
    Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus within the newly classified Matonaviridae family. It is a single-stranded, positive sense enveloped RNA virus. Rubella virus encodes two non-structural proteins (p90 and p150) and three structural proteins; glycoprotein (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (CP). The E1 protein is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces the immune response through hemagglutination-neutralizing epitopes. The virus is sensitive to heat (temperature 56C), ultraviolet light, and extremes of pH (pH 6.8 or 8.1). […] In congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase. The risk of transmission to the fetus depends on the time of maternal infection; when infection with rubella occurs before 10 weeks of gestation, it may cause multiple fetal defects in up to 90% of cases. The risk of congenital defects declines with infection later in gestation. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and not well understood. In CRS, damage to the fetus may result from several mechanisms including epithelial necrosis of chorionic villi, apoptosis of infected cells by direct viral damage, inhibition of mitosis, and restricted development of precursor cells by the virus, and cytopathic damage to endothelial cells of blood vessels resulting in ischemia of developing organs.
  • #4 Disease factsheet about rubella
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet
    Rubella (German measles) is a worldwide, mild, exanthematous and highly infectious viral disease of children in unvaccinated populations. […] The rubella virus is a RNA virus and belongs to the genus Rubivirus and the family Togaviridae. […] Humans are the sole reservoir of rubella virus. […] The transmission pattern of rubella is similar to that of measles and rubella was a childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era, with the highest incidence in the 49 years age group. […] Rubella is transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread similar to the transmission of measles. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. […] The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. […] There is no specific treatment for rubella.
  • #5 Rubella – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella
    Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] The disease is caused by the rubella virus, in the genus Rubivirus from the family Matonaviridae, that is enveloped and has a single-stranded RNA genome. […] The virus has teratogenic properties and is capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus where it stops cells from developing or destroys them. […] Increased susceptibility to infection might be inherited as there is some indication that HLA-A1 or factors surrounding A1 on extended haplotypes are involved in virus infection or non-resolution of the disease.
  • #6 Disease factsheet about rubella
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet
    Rubella (German measles) is a worldwide, mild, exanthematous and highly infectious viral disease of children in unvaccinated populations. […] The rubella virus is a RNA virus and belongs to the genus Rubivirus and the family Togaviridae. […] Humans are the sole reservoir of rubella virus. […] The transmission pattern of rubella is similar to that of measles and rubella was a childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era, with the highest incidence in the 49 years age group. […] Rubella is transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread similar to the transmission of measles. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. […] The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. […] There is no specific treatment for rubella.
  • #7 Chapter 20: Rubella | Pink Book | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-20-rubella.html
    Rubella was initially considered to be a variant of measles or scarlet fever. […] In 1914, Alfred F. Hess postulated a viral etiology based on his work with monkeys. […] Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. […] This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. […] Infection with rubella virus is most consequential in early gestation and can lead to miscarriages, stillbirths, and severe birth defects in infants. […] The risk of CRS is highest when a woman acquires rubella during the first 12 weeks of gestation. […] Congenital infection with rubella virus can affect many organ systems. […] Congenital rubella syndrome includes a constellation of birth defects, such as deafness, eye abnormalities (cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, microphthalmia), and congenital heart disease.
  • #8 Chapter 20: Rubella | Pink Book | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-20-rubella.html
    Rubella was initially considered to be a variant of measles or scarlet fever. […] In 1914, Alfred F. Hess postulated a viral etiology based on his work with monkeys. […] Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. […] This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. […] Infection with rubella virus is most consequential in early gestation and can lead to miscarriages, stillbirths, and severe birth defects in infants. […] The risk of CRS is highest when a woman acquires rubella during the first 12 weeks of gestation. […] Congenital infection with rubella virus can affect many organ systems. […] Congenital rubella syndrome includes a constellation of birth defects, such as deafness, eye abnormalities (cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, microphthalmia), and congenital heart disease.
  • #9 Pediatric Rubella: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968523-overview
    Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella virus. Only one antigenic type of rubella virus is available, and humans are the only natural hosts. The virus is spherical with a diameter of 50-70 nm, has a central core (ie, nucleocapsid), and is covered externally by a lipid-containing envelope. The nucleocapsid is composed of polypeptide (C protein) and a single-stranded RNA. […] Its outer envelope is made up of glycosylated lipoprotein, which contains 2 virus-specific polypeptides (E1, E2) and a host-cellderived lipid. These 2 envelope proteins comprise the spiked 5-nm to 6-nm surface projections that are observed on the outer membrane of rubella virus and are important for the virulence of the virus. […] Rubella virus is rapidly inactivated by 70% alcohol, ethylene oxide, formalin, ether, acetone, chloroform, free chlorine, deoxycholate, beta-propiolactone, ultraviolet light, extreme pH ( 6.8 or 8.1), heat (56C), and cold (from -10C to -20C). It is resistant to thimerosal and is stable at temperatures of -60C or less.
  • #10 Pediatric Rubella: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968523-overview
    Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella virus. Only one antigenic type of rubella virus is available, and humans are the only natural hosts. The virus is spherical with a diameter of 50-70 nm, has a central core (ie, nucleocapsid), and is covered externally by a lipid-containing envelope. The nucleocapsid is composed of polypeptide (C protein) and a single-stranded RNA. […] Its outer envelope is made up of glycosylated lipoprotein, which contains 2 virus-specific polypeptides (E1, E2) and a host-cellderived lipid. These 2 envelope proteins comprise the spiked 5-nm to 6-nm surface projections that are observed on the outer membrane of rubella virus and are important for the virulence of the virus. […] Rubella virus is rapidly inactivated by 70% alcohol, ethylene oxide, formalin, ether, acetone, chloroform, free chlorine, deoxycholate, beta-propiolactone, ultraviolet light, extreme pH ( 6.8 or 8.1), heat (56C), and cold (from -10C to -20C). It is resistant to thimerosal and is stable at temperatures of -60C or less.
  • #11 Pediatric Rubella: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968523-overview
    Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella virus. Only one antigenic type of rubella virus is available, and humans are the only natural hosts. The virus is spherical with a diameter of 50-70 nm, has a central core (ie, nucleocapsid), and is covered externally by a lipid-containing envelope. The nucleocapsid is composed of polypeptide (C protein) and a single-stranded RNA. […] Its outer envelope is made up of glycosylated lipoprotein, which contains 2 virus-specific polypeptides (E1, E2) and a host-cellderived lipid. These 2 envelope proteins comprise the spiked 5-nm to 6-nm surface projections that are observed on the outer membrane of rubella virus and are important for the virulence of the virus. […] Rubella virus is rapidly inactivated by 70% alcohol, ethylene oxide, formalin, ether, acetone, chloroform, free chlorine, deoxycholate, beta-propiolactone, ultraviolet light, extreme pH ( 6.8 or 8.1), heat (56C), and cold (from -10C to -20C). It is resistant to thimerosal and is stable at temperatures of -60C or less.
  • #12 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/
    Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus within the newly classified Matonaviridae family. It is a single-stranded, positive sense enveloped RNA virus. Rubella virus encodes two non-structural proteins (p90 and p150) and three structural proteins; glycoprotein (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (CP). The E1 protein is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces the immune response through hemagglutination-neutralizing epitopes. The virus is sensitive to heat (temperature 56C), ultraviolet light, and extremes of pH (pH 6.8 or 8.1). […] In congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase. The risk of transmission to the fetus depends on the time of maternal infection; when infection with rubella occurs before 10 weeks of gestation, it may cause multiple fetal defects in up to 90% of cases. The risk of congenital defects declines with infection later in gestation. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and not well understood. In CRS, damage to the fetus may result from several mechanisms including epithelial necrosis of chorionic villi, apoptosis of infected cells by direct viral damage, inhibition of mitosis, and restricted development of precursor cells by the virus, and cytopathic damage to endothelial cells of blood vessels resulting in ischemia of developing organs.
  • #13 Pediatric Rubella: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968523-overview
    Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella virus. Only one antigenic type of rubella virus is available, and humans are the only natural hosts. The virus is spherical with a diameter of 50-70 nm, has a central core (ie, nucleocapsid), and is covered externally by a lipid-containing envelope. The nucleocapsid is composed of polypeptide (C protein) and a single-stranded RNA. […] Its outer envelope is made up of glycosylated lipoprotein, which contains 2 virus-specific polypeptides (E1, E2) and a host-cellderived lipid. These 2 envelope proteins comprise the spiked 5-nm to 6-nm surface projections that are observed on the outer membrane of rubella virus and are important for the virulence of the virus. […] Rubella virus is rapidly inactivated by 70% alcohol, ethylene oxide, formalin, ether, acetone, chloroform, free chlorine, deoxycholate, beta-propiolactone, ultraviolet light, extreme pH ( 6.8 or 8.1), heat (56C), and cold (from -10C to -20C). It is resistant to thimerosal and is stable at temperatures of -60C or less.
  • #14 Pediatric Rubella: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968523-overview
    Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella virus. Only one antigenic type of rubella virus is available, and humans are the only natural hosts. The virus is spherical with a diameter of 50-70 nm, has a central core (ie, nucleocapsid), and is covered externally by a lipid-containing envelope. The nucleocapsid is composed of polypeptide (C protein) and a single-stranded RNA. […] Its outer envelope is made up of glycosylated lipoprotein, which contains 2 virus-specific polypeptides (E1, E2) and a host-cellderived lipid. These 2 envelope proteins comprise the spiked 5-nm to 6-nm surface projections that are observed on the outer membrane of rubella virus and are important for the virulence of the virus. […] Rubella virus is rapidly inactivated by 70% alcohol, ethylene oxide, formalin, ether, acetone, chloroform, free chlorine, deoxycholate, beta-propiolactone, ultraviolet light, extreme pH ( 6.8 or 8.1), heat (56C), and cold (from -10C to -20C). It is resistant to thimerosal and is stable at temperatures of -60C or less.
  • #15
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella
    Rubella is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. […] Rubella virus infection during pregnancy may result in miscarriage, fetal death or CRS. […] When a woman is infected with the rubella virus early in pregnancy, she has a 90% chance of passing the virus on to her fetus. […] This can cause the death of the fetus, or it may cause CRS. […] The highest risk of CRS is in countries where women of childbearing age do not have immunity to the disease (either through vaccination or from having had rubella). […] Before the introduction of the vaccine, up to 4 babies in every 1000 live births were born with CRS.
  • #16 Rubella (German Measles or Three-Day Measles)
    https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/rubella/fact_sheet.htm
    Rubella is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by slight fever, mild rash and swollen glands. […] Although most cases are mild, if rubella is contracted early in pregnancy, it can spread from the mother to her developing baby through the bloodstream and result in birth defects and/or fetal death. […] Up to 85 percent of infants infected with rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy will suffer birth defects and/or neurologic abnormalities (Congenital Rubella Syndrome, CRS). […] Rubella infection is dangerous because of its ability to damage an unborn baby. […] If rubella immunization was discontinued, immunity to rubella would decline and rubella disease would return. […] The danger would be to pregnant women who, if infected, could pass the disease to their infants (fetuses) causing CRS. […] Congenital rubella syndrome occurs among at least 25 percent of infants born to women who had rubella during the first three months of pregnancy.
  • #17 Disease factsheet about rubella
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet
    Rubella (German measles) is a worldwide, mild, exanthematous and highly infectious viral disease of children in unvaccinated populations. […] The rubella virus is a RNA virus and belongs to the genus Rubivirus and the family Togaviridae. […] Humans are the sole reservoir of rubella virus. […] The transmission pattern of rubella is similar to that of measles and rubella was a childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era, with the highest incidence in the 49 years age group. […] Rubella is transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread similar to the transmission of measles. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. […] The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. […] There is no specific treatment for rubella.
  • #18 About Rubella | Rubella | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/index.html
    Rubella is a contagious disease caused by a virus. Rubella is sometimes called German measles, but it is caused by a different virus than measles. […] Rubella is very dangerous during pregnancy and for developing babies. If you are pregnant and infected with rubella, you can pass rubella to your developing baby. […] Rubella can cause a miscarriage or serious birth defects in a developing baby. CRS can affect almost everything in the developing baby’s body. […] Rubella spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] If you are pregnant and infected with rubella, you can pass it to your developing baby which cause serious harm.
  • #19 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310
    Rubella is caused by a virus that’s passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream. […] A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it. […] Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you’re pregnant. […] Once you’ve had the disease, you’re usually permanently immune.
  • #20 German Measles (Rubella): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.healthline.com/health/rubella
    German measles is caused by the rubella virus. This is a highly contagious virus that can spread through close contact or through the air. It may pass from person to person through contact with tiny drops of fluid from the nose and throat when sneezing and coughing. This means that you can get the virus by inhaling the droplets of an infected person or touching an object contaminated with the droplets. German measles can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her developing baby through the bloodstream. […] When a woman contracts German measles during pregnancy, the virus can be passed on to her developing baby through her bloodstream. This is called congenital rubella syndrome. Congenital rubella syndrome is a serious health concern, as it can cause miscarriages and stillbirths. It can also cause birth defects in babies who are carried to term, including: […] German measles is extremely rare in the United States, thanks to vaccines that typically provide lifelong immunity to the rubella virus. Most cases of German measles occur in people who live in countries that dont offer routine immunization against rubella.
  • #21
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pediatrics/120581/rubella-german-measles
    rubella virus […] an enveloped, icosahedral capsid, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus […] a togavirus […] causes rubella (German (3-day) measles […] transmission via respiratory secretions […] the virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract and lymph nodes […] it then disseminates throughout the body […] can spread through the placenta to cause vertical transmission […] may result in miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome […] false
  • #22 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, treatment, during pregnancy
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164504
    Rubella, or German measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] Rubella spreads between people through coughs and sneezes. […] The virus replicates in the lymph nodes and the nasopharynx, the tube connecting the nasal cavity and the soft palate. […] Between 5 and 7 days after exposure, the virus spreads throughout the body in the blood, with symptoms occurring about 2 to 3 weeks after a person contracts the virus. […] A person who has rubella is contagious for up to 7 days before the rash appears and up to a week after.
  • #23 Rubella | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rubella
    Rubella (German measles) is a viral illness that causes a skin rash and joint pain. […] A rubella infection is mild for most people, but can cause death or birth defects in an unborn baby. […] Rubella is most commonly spread when someone ingests (swallows) or inhales the cough or sneeze droplets from an infected person. […] About nine in every 10 unborn babies exposed to rubella during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy will have a major congenital abnormality. […] Symptoms occur usually between 14 to 17 days (and up to 21 days). […] People infected with rubella are infectious for approximately one week before, and for at least four days after, the onset of the rash.
  • #24 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310
    Rubella is caused by a virus that’s passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream. […] A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it. […] Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you’re pregnant. […] Once you’ve had the disease, you’re usually permanently immune.
  • #25 Rubella (German Measles) Symptoms, Vaccine & Treatment | Ada
    https://ada.com/conditions/rubella/
    Rubella is caused by a contagious virus. It is transmitted in a similar way to the common cold and the flu, i.e. by coming into contact with droplets of moisture coughed or sneezed out by an infected person. It is also possible to contract the virus through contact with the urine of an infected person. […] Symptoms of rubella typically develop two to three weeks after coming into contact with the virus. People infected with the virus become contagious and may infect others from one week before symptoms appear until four to seven days after the rash has disappeared. […] Roughly 25 to 50 percent of people infected with rubella may not develop symptoms at all, but can still spread the virus.
  • #26 Overview: Rubella (German measles) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563972/
    Rubella viruses are spread through droplets of fluid that are released into the air when speaking, coughing or sneezing. Pregnant women who have rubella might pass the viruses on to their unborn child. […] If a woman gets rubella in the first four months of pregnancy, her unborn child is very likely to have serious birth defects. […] Thanks to the introduction of the rubella vaccine, this disease is very rare nowadays.
  • #27 Rubella (German Measles) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/german-measles.html
    Rubella is caused by the rubella (roo-BELL-uh) virus (not the same virus that causes measles). […] The virus also can pass through a pregnant woman’s bloodstream to infect her unborn child. […] The rubella vaccine protects people from the disease. […] Most rubella infections today are in young, non-immunized adults rather than in kids.
  • #28 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella
    Rubella is an illness caused by the virus RuV. […] The cause of rubella is the RuV virus. […] Rubella is also called German measles or three-day measles. Even though it causes a rash like measles, rubella happens because of a different virus than measles. […] Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the most serious form of rubella. It happens when a pregnant woman passes rubella to the fetus. […] No, rubella and measles are different illnesses. They both give you a rash, but different viruses cause them. […] The U.S. eliminated rubella (meaning its no longer continuously spread) in 2004, but you can still get rubella in other parts of the world. […] Rubella is most serious in pregnancy. If youre pregnant and get rubella, especially in the first trimester, your child is at high risk for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
  • #29 Rubella | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rubella
    Rubella (German measles) is a viral illness that causes a skin rash and joint pain. […] A rubella infection is mild for most people, but can cause death or birth defects in an unborn baby. […] Rubella is most commonly spread when someone ingests (swallows) or inhales the cough or sneeze droplets from an infected person. […] About nine in every 10 unborn babies exposed to rubella during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy will have a major congenital abnormality. […] Symptoms occur usually between 14 to 17 days (and up to 21 days). […] People infected with rubella are infectious for approximately one week before, and for at least four days after, the onset of the rash.
  • #30 Rubella (German Measles) | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/r/rubella-german-measles.html
    Rubella is caused by a virus. […] It takes 2 to 3 weeks after exposure for symptoms to develop. […] If a person is infected with the disease while pregnant, their unborn baby can develop defects. Possible birth defects caused by rubella include: […] Rubella can be prevented by the combination vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella.
  • #31 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310
    Rubella is caused by a virus that’s passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream. […] A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it. […] Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you’re pregnant. […] Once you’ve had the disease, you’re usually permanently immune.
  • #32 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, treatment, during pregnancy
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164504
    Rubella, or German measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] Rubella spreads between people through coughs and sneezes. […] The virus replicates in the lymph nodes and the nasopharynx, the tube connecting the nasal cavity and the soft palate. […] Between 5 and 7 days after exposure, the virus spreads throughout the body in the blood, with symptoms occurring about 2 to 3 weeks after a person contracts the virus. […] A person who has rubella is contagious for up to 7 days before the rash appears and up to a week after.
  • #33 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310
    Rubella is caused by a virus that’s passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream. […] A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it. […] Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you’re pregnant. […] Once you’ve had the disease, you’re usually permanently immune.
  • #34 Rubella (German measles) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | MedPark Hospital
    https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/rubella
    Rubella (German measles) is a contagious viral disease. […] Moreover, the cause of rubella is a virus different from the one that causes measles. […] Rubella is caused by a virus that can be transmitted from one person to another. The rubella virus can spread through coughing or sneezing. Direct contact with mucus of rubella patients can also spread the virus. Mothers can pass on the virus to their developing babies through the bloodstream. […] Patients can spread the virus for one to two weeks before rashes appear and one to two weeks after rashes disappear. The virus can be transmitted before patients are aware of the infection.
  • #35 Rubella (German Measles) Symptoms, Vaccine & Treatment | Ada
    https://ada.com/conditions/rubella/
    Rubella is caused by a contagious virus. It is transmitted in a similar way to the common cold and the flu, i.e. by coming into contact with droplets of moisture coughed or sneezed out by an infected person. It is also possible to contract the virus through contact with the urine of an infected person. […] Symptoms of rubella typically develop two to three weeks after coming into contact with the virus. People infected with the virus become contagious and may infect others from one week before symptoms appear until four to seven days after the rash has disappeared. […] Roughly 25 to 50 percent of people infected with rubella may not develop symptoms at all, but can still spread the virus.
  • #36 Rubella (German Measles) | Mass.gov
    https://www.mass.gov/info-details/rubella-german-measles
    Rubella (also called German measles) is a disease caused by a virus that may easily spread among people who have never had it and haven’t been vaccinated. […] While usually a mild disease, rubella can be very dangerous if a woman who is not immune gets rubella while she is pregnant. […] The virus that causes rubella lives in the nose and throat and is sprayed into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks. […] Anyone who has never had rubella or who has never been vaccinated. […] Because rubella can look like many other diseases that cause a rash, the only sure way to know if you have rubella is to get a blood test. […] Rubella vaccine is usually given in a shot called MMR, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella. […] Yes. It is safe for most people. However, a vaccine, like other medicines, can cause side effects in some people. […] Healthcare workers who are not immune to rubella can inhale the virus, become infected, and spread the virus to their coworkers and patients.
  • #37 Rubella (German measles) – Epidemiology
    https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/rubella-german-measles/
    Rubella, commonly called German measles, is a relatively mild, viral illness that rarely causes noticeable symptoms in children. […] Rubella is caused by a different virus than measles and is neither as infectious nor as severe as measles. […] Rubella occurs more often in persons who have never been vaccinated against rubella. […] Rubella virus can be found in nose and throat secretions, such as saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus, of infected people. […] Persons with rubella are most infectious when the rash is erupting, but they can shed virus from seven days before to seven days after rash onset. […] Immunization of as many individuals as possible is the best way to prevent rubella cases and outbreaks.
  • #38 Rubella (German Measles) | Mass.gov
    https://www.mass.gov/info-details/rubella-german-measles
    Rubella (also called German measles) is a disease caused by a virus that may easily spread among people who have never had it and haven’t been vaccinated. […] While usually a mild disease, rubella can be very dangerous if a woman who is not immune gets rubella while she is pregnant. […] The virus that causes rubella lives in the nose and throat and is sprayed into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks. […] Anyone who has never had rubella or who has never been vaccinated. […] Because rubella can look like many other diseases that cause a rash, the only sure way to know if you have rubella is to get a blood test. […] Rubella vaccine is usually given in a shot called MMR, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella. […] Yes. It is safe for most people. However, a vaccine, like other medicines, can cause side effects in some people. […] Healthcare workers who are not immune to rubella can inhale the virus, become infected, and spread the virus to their coworkers and patients.
  • #39 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310
    Rubella is caused by a virus that’s passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream. […] A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it. […] Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you’re pregnant. […] Once you’ve had the disease, you’re usually permanently immune.
  • #40 Rubella (German measles) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | MedPark Hospital
    https://www.medparkhospital.com/zh-CN/disease-and-treatment/rubella
    Rubella (German measles) is a contagious viral disease. […] Moreover, the cause of rubella is a virus different from the one that causes measles. […] Rubella is caused by a virus that can be transmitted from one person to another. The rubella virus can spread through coughing or sneezing. Direct contact with mucus of rubella patients can also spread the virus. Mothers can pass on the virus to their developing babies through the bloodstream. […] Patients can spread the virus for one to two weeks before rashes appear and one to two weeks after rashes disappear. The virus can be transmitted before patients are aware of the infection. […] Nowadays, rubella is less common because children receive the rubella or MMR vaccination at a young age. However, the rubella virus can still be prevalent in some countries. Therefore, getting vaccinated before traveling abroad is vital, particularly for pregnant persons.
  • #41 Rubella – Health Tips, Rubella Health Articles, Health News | TheHealthSite.com
    https://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/rubella/
    Rubella or German measles is a viral infection caused by the rubella virus. […] Rubella infection, also popularly known as German measles or three-day measles, is caused by the rubella virus and is very different from the virus that causes measles. […] Rubella is contagious and is caused by a virus called rubivirus. […] It can spread quickly from one person to another through droplets when the infected person sneezes or coughs. […] It can transmit from a pregnant mother who has been infected with the virus to her unborn child. […] The rubella virus affects adults due to a lack of immunization and may result in an outbreak. […] A person who has not been vaccinated against the rubella virus or has not been previously infected is at higher risk for developing the infection. […] Other risk factors that contribute to the infection are- People who are coming from areas where vaccination against rubella hasn’t taken place. […] When a pregnant woman is infected with the rubella virus, it can lead to severe consequences. […] The virus is transmitted from the mother to the unborn child, who can develop congenital rubella syndrome.
  • #42 Rubella – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella
    Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] The disease is caused by the rubella virus, in the genus Rubivirus from the family Matonaviridae, that is enveloped and has a single-stranded RNA genome. […] The virus has teratogenic properties and is capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus where it stops cells from developing or destroys them. […] Increased susceptibility to infection might be inherited as there is some indication that HLA-A1 or factors surrounding A1 on extended haplotypes are involved in virus infection or non-resolution of the disease.
  • #43 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella
    Rubella is an illness caused by the virus RuV. […] The cause of rubella is the RuV virus. […] Rubella is also called German measles or three-day measles. Even though it causes a rash like measles, rubella happens because of a different virus than measles. […] Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the most serious form of rubella. It happens when a pregnant woman passes rubella to the fetus. […] No, rubella and measles are different illnesses. They both give you a rash, but different viruses cause them. […] The U.S. eliminated rubella (meaning its no longer continuously spread) in 2004, but you can still get rubella in other parts of the world. […] Rubella is most serious in pregnancy. If youre pregnant and get rubella, especially in the first trimester, your child is at high risk for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
  • #44 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella
    Rubella is an illness caused by the virus RuV. […] The cause of rubella is the RuV virus. […] Rubella is also called German measles or three-day measles. Even though it causes a rash like measles, rubella happens because of a different virus than measles. […] Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the most serious form of rubella. It happens when a pregnant woman passes rubella to the fetus. […] No, rubella and measles are different illnesses. They both give you a rash, but different viruses cause them. […] The U.S. eliminated rubella (meaning its no longer continuously spread) in 2004, but you can still get rubella in other parts of the world. […] Rubella is most serious in pregnancy. If youre pregnant and get rubella, especially in the first trimester, your child is at high risk for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
  • #45 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella
    Rubella is an illness caused by the virus RuV. […] The cause of rubella is the RuV virus. […] Rubella is also called German measles or three-day measles. Even though it causes a rash like measles, rubella happens because of a different virus than measles. […] Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the most serious form of rubella. It happens when a pregnant woman passes rubella to the fetus. […] No, rubella and measles are different illnesses. They both give you a rash, but different viruses cause them. […] The U.S. eliminated rubella (meaning its no longer continuously spread) in 2004, but you can still get rubella in other parts of the world. […] Rubella is most serious in pregnancy. If youre pregnant and get rubella, especially in the first trimester, your child is at high risk for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
  • #46 About Rubella | Rubella | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/index.html
    Rubella is a contagious disease caused by a virus. Rubella is sometimes called German measles, but it is caused by a different virus than measles. […] Rubella is very dangerous during pregnancy and for developing babies. If you are pregnant and infected with rubella, you can pass rubella to your developing baby. […] Rubella can cause a miscarriage or serious birth defects in a developing baby. CRS can affect almost everything in the developing baby’s body. […] Rubella spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] If you are pregnant and infected with rubella, you can pass it to your developing baby which cause serious harm.
  • #47 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/
    Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus within the newly classified Matonaviridae family. It is a single-stranded, positive sense enveloped RNA virus. Rubella virus encodes two non-structural proteins (p90 and p150) and three structural proteins; glycoprotein (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (CP). The E1 protein is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces the immune response through hemagglutination-neutralizing epitopes. The virus is sensitive to heat (temperature 56C), ultraviolet light, and extremes of pH (pH 6.8 or 8.1). […] In congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase. The risk of transmission to the fetus depends on the time of maternal infection; when infection with rubella occurs before 10 weeks of gestation, it may cause multiple fetal defects in up to 90% of cases. The risk of congenital defects declines with infection later in gestation. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and not well understood. In CRS, damage to the fetus may result from several mechanisms including epithelial necrosis of chorionic villi, apoptosis of infected cells by direct viral damage, inhibition of mitosis, and restricted development of precursor cells by the virus, and cytopathic damage to endothelial cells of blood vessels resulting in ischemia of developing organs.
  • #48 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/
    Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus within the newly classified Matonaviridae family. It is a single-stranded, positive sense enveloped RNA virus. Rubella virus encodes two non-structural proteins (p90 and p150) and three structural proteins; glycoprotein (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (CP). The E1 protein is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces the immune response through hemagglutination-neutralizing epitopes. The virus is sensitive to heat (temperature 56C), ultraviolet light, and extremes of pH (pH 6.8 or 8.1). […] In congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase. The risk of transmission to the fetus depends on the time of maternal infection; when infection with rubella occurs before 10 weeks of gestation, it may cause multiple fetal defects in up to 90% of cases. The risk of congenital defects declines with infection later in gestation. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and not well understood. In CRS, damage to the fetus may result from several mechanisms including epithelial necrosis of chorionic villi, apoptosis of infected cells by direct viral damage, inhibition of mitosis, and restricted development of precursor cells by the virus, and cytopathic damage to endothelial cells of blood vessels resulting in ischemia of developing organs.
  • #49 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/
    Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus within the newly classified Matonaviridae family. It is a single-stranded, positive sense enveloped RNA virus. Rubella virus encodes two non-structural proteins (p90 and p150) and three structural proteins; glycoprotein (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (CP). The E1 protein is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces the immune response through hemagglutination-neutralizing epitopes. The virus is sensitive to heat (temperature 56C), ultraviolet light, and extremes of pH (pH 6.8 or 8.1). […] In congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase. The risk of transmission to the fetus depends on the time of maternal infection; when infection with rubella occurs before 10 weeks of gestation, it may cause multiple fetal defects in up to 90% of cases. The risk of congenital defects declines with infection later in gestation. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and not well understood. In CRS, damage to the fetus may result from several mechanisms including epithelial necrosis of chorionic villi, apoptosis of infected cells by direct viral damage, inhibition of mitosis, and restricted development of precursor cells by the virus, and cytopathic damage to endothelial cells of blood vessels resulting in ischemia of developing organs.
  • #50 Chapter 20: Rubella | Pink Book | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-20-rubella.html
    Rubella was initially considered to be a variant of measles or scarlet fever. […] In 1914, Alfred F. Hess postulated a viral etiology based on his work with monkeys. […] Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. […] This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. […] Infection with rubella virus is most consequential in early gestation and can lead to miscarriages, stillbirths, and severe birth defects in infants. […] The risk of CRS is highest when a woman acquires rubella during the first 12 weeks of gestation. […] Congenital infection with rubella virus can affect many organ systems. […] Congenital rubella syndrome includes a constellation of birth defects, such as deafness, eye abnormalities (cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, microphthalmia), and congenital heart disease.
  • #51 Rubella – NFID
    https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rubella/
    Rubella is caused by a virus and can cause serious birth defects. […] Rubella, sometimes called German measles, is a disease caused by a virus. […] If a pregnant woman is infected with rubella, she can pass the virus to her baby, which can lead to a miscarriage or an infant born with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS can cause severe birth defects such as heart problems, loss of hearing and eyesight, intellectual disability, and liver or spleen damage.
  • #52 Chapter 20: Rubella | Pink Book | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-20-rubella.html
    Rubella was initially considered to be a variant of measles or scarlet fever. […] In 1914, Alfred F. Hess postulated a viral etiology based on his work with monkeys. […] Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. […] This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. […] Infection with rubella virus is most consequential in early gestation and can lead to miscarriages, stillbirths, and severe birth defects in infants. […] The risk of CRS is highest when a woman acquires rubella during the first 12 weeks of gestation. […] Congenital infection with rubella virus can affect many organ systems. […] Congenital rubella syndrome includes a constellation of birth defects, such as deafness, eye abnormalities (cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, microphthalmia), and congenital heart disease.
  • #53 Rubella – NFID
    https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rubella/
    Rubella is caused by a virus and can cause serious birth defects. […] Rubella, sometimes called German measles, is a disease caused by a virus. […] If a pregnant woman is infected with rubella, she can pass the virus to her baby, which can lead to a miscarriage or an infant born with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS can cause severe birth defects such as heart problems, loss of hearing and eyesight, intellectual disability, and liver or spleen damage.
  • #54 Chapter 20: Rubella | Pink Book | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-20-rubella.html
    Rubella was initially considered to be a variant of measles or scarlet fever. […] In 1914, Alfred F. Hess postulated a viral etiology based on his work with monkeys. […] Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. […] This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. […] Infection with rubella virus is most consequential in early gestation and can lead to miscarriages, stillbirths, and severe birth defects in infants. […] The risk of CRS is highest when a woman acquires rubella during the first 12 weeks of gestation. […] Congenital infection with rubella virus can affect many organ systems. […] Congenital rubella syndrome includes a constellation of birth defects, such as deafness, eye abnormalities (cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, microphthalmia), and congenital heart disease.
  • #55 Rubella (German Measles) | Symptoms, Treatment and Immunisation
    https://patient.info/skin-conditions/rubella-german-measles
    Rubella (German measles) is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] However, if a pregnant woman has the rubella virus, it is likely to cause serious damage to the unborn child or cause a miscarriage. […] Rubella can lead to damage to the heart, brain, hearing and sight. […] The baby is likely to be born with a very serious condition called the congenital rubella syndrome. […] If you are pregnant and have rubella (German measles) in the first few months of pregnancy, there is a high chance that the rubella virus will cause severe damage to your developing baby. […] The virus affects the developing organs and the baby may be born with serious disability – the congenital rubella syndrome. […] Complications of congenital rubella syndrome (rubella birth defects) include cataracts, deafness, and heart, lung and brain abnormalities.
  • #56 Rubella – NFID
    https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rubella/
    Rubella is caused by a virus and can cause serious birth defects. […] Rubella, sometimes called German measles, is a disease caused by a virus. […] If a pregnant woman is infected with rubella, she can pass the virus to her baby, which can lead to a miscarriage or an infant born with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS can cause severe birth defects such as heart problems, loss of hearing and eyesight, intellectual disability, and liver or spleen damage.
  • #57 Does Rubella Cause German Measles? Vaccines & Rubella vs Rubeola Chart
    https://www.medicinenet.com/are_rubella_and_german_measles_the_same_thing/article.htm
    German measles (rubella) or three-day measles (rubeola), is usually a mild illness caused by the rubella virus. […] If a pregnant woman gets infected with the Rubella virus, it can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth or cause congenital rubella syndrome in babies, including birth defects. […] Rubella is caused by the Rubella virus that invades the lymph nodes, eyes, and skin. […] However, rubella can become severe if a pregnant woman contracts the virus. […] In rare cases, rubella can cause serious problems, including brain infection and bleeding problems. […] Infected babies can develop congenital rubella syndrome, with birth defects such as heart problems, loss of hearing and eyesight, and intellectual disability. […] Rubella can be prevented if you take the rubella vaccine that typically consists of a combination of measles, mumps, and varicella vaccines.
  • #58 Rubella – NFID
    https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rubella/
    Rubella is caused by a virus and can cause serious birth defects. […] Rubella, sometimes called German measles, is a disease caused by a virus. […] If a pregnant woman is infected with rubella, she can pass the virus to her baby, which can lead to a miscarriage or an infant born with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS can cause severe birth defects such as heart problems, loss of hearing and eyesight, intellectual disability, and liver or spleen damage.
  • #59 Rubella (German Measles) | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/r/rubella-german-measles.html
    Rubella is caused by a virus. […] It takes 2 to 3 weeks after exposure for symptoms to develop. […] If a person is infected with the disease while pregnant, their unborn baby can develop defects. Possible birth defects caused by rubella include: […] Rubella can be prevented by the combination vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella.
  • #60
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. […] A rubella infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriage or serious problems for the baby. […] Rubella is not the same as measles, though, and is caused by a different virus (rubeola). […] A rubella infection while pregnant can have devastating effects. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or death of the baby in the womb. Or your child could have birth defects that lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS is one of the few known causes of autism. […] The birth defects include issues such as deafness or hearing impairment, cataracts and loss of eyesight, heart defects, learning problems, enlarged liver and spleen, brain issues, a smaller head than expected (also called microcephaly), lung issues, bone problems, bleeding problems, and a „blueberry muffin” rash.
  • #61 Rubella (German Measles) | Symptoms, Treatment and Immunisation
    https://patient.info/skin-conditions/rubella-german-measles
    Rubella (German measles) is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] However, if a pregnant woman has the rubella virus, it is likely to cause serious damage to the unborn child or cause a miscarriage. […] Rubella can lead to damage to the heart, brain, hearing and sight. […] The baby is likely to be born with a very serious condition called the congenital rubella syndrome. […] If you are pregnant and have rubella (German measles) in the first few months of pregnancy, there is a high chance that the rubella virus will cause severe damage to your developing baby. […] The virus affects the developing organs and the baby may be born with serious disability – the congenital rubella syndrome. […] Complications of congenital rubella syndrome (rubella birth defects) include cataracts, deafness, and heart, lung and brain abnormalities.
  • #62
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. […] A rubella infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriage or serious problems for the baby. […] Rubella is not the same as measles, though, and is caused by a different virus (rubeola). […] A rubella infection while pregnant can have devastating effects. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or death of the baby in the womb. Or your child could have birth defects that lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS is one of the few known causes of autism. […] The birth defects include issues such as deafness or hearing impairment, cataracts and loss of eyesight, heart defects, learning problems, enlarged liver and spleen, brain issues, a smaller head than expected (also called microcephaly), lung issues, bone problems, bleeding problems, and a „blueberry muffin” rash.
  • #63
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. […] A rubella infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriage or serious problems for the baby. […] Rubella is not the same as measles, though, and is caused by a different virus (rubeola). […] A rubella infection while pregnant can have devastating effects. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or death of the baby in the womb. Or your child could have birth defects that lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS is one of the few known causes of autism. […] The birth defects include issues such as deafness or hearing impairment, cataracts and loss of eyesight, heart defects, learning problems, enlarged liver and spleen, brain issues, a smaller head than expected (also called microcephaly), lung issues, bone problems, bleeding problems, and a „blueberry muffin” rash.
  • #64
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. […] A rubella infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriage or serious problems for the baby. […] Rubella is not the same as measles, though, and is caused by a different virus (rubeola). […] A rubella infection while pregnant can have devastating effects. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or death of the baby in the womb. Or your child could have birth defects that lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS is one of the few known causes of autism. […] The birth defects include issues such as deafness or hearing impairment, cataracts and loss of eyesight, heart defects, learning problems, enlarged liver and spleen, brain issues, a smaller head than expected (also called microcephaly), lung issues, bone problems, bleeding problems, and a „blueberry muffin” rash.
  • #65
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. […] A rubella infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriage or serious problems for the baby. […] Rubella is not the same as measles, though, and is caused by a different virus (rubeola). […] A rubella infection while pregnant can have devastating effects. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or death of the baby in the womb. Or your child could have birth defects that lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS is one of the few known causes of autism. […] The birth defects include issues such as deafness or hearing impairment, cataracts and loss of eyesight, heart defects, learning problems, enlarged liver and spleen, brain issues, a smaller head than expected (also called microcephaly), lung issues, bone problems, bleeding problems, and a „blueberry muffin” rash.
  • #66
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. […] A rubella infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriage or serious problems for the baby. […] Rubella is not the same as measles, though, and is caused by a different virus (rubeola). […] A rubella infection while pregnant can have devastating effects. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or death of the baby in the womb. Or your child could have birth defects that lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS is one of the few known causes of autism. […] The birth defects include issues such as deafness or hearing impairment, cataracts and loss of eyesight, heart defects, learning problems, enlarged liver and spleen, brain issues, a smaller head than expected (also called microcephaly), lung issues, bone problems, bleeding problems, and a „blueberry muffin” rash.
  • #67
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. […] A rubella infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriage or serious problems for the baby. […] Rubella is not the same as measles, though, and is caused by a different virus (rubeola). […] A rubella infection while pregnant can have devastating effects. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or death of the baby in the womb. Or your child could have birth defects that lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] CRS is one of the few known causes of autism. […] The birth defects include issues such as deafness or hearing impairment, cataracts and loss of eyesight, heart defects, learning problems, enlarged liver and spleen, brain issues, a smaller head than expected (also called microcephaly), lung issues, bone problems, bleeding problems, and a „blueberry muffin” rash.
  • #68 Congenital Rubella (German Measles) – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/congenital-rubella-german-measles/
    Rubella, commonly known as German Measles, is a viral infection that triggers symptoms including skin rash, swollen glands, and fever. […] The Rubella virus is a specific type of virus that has a protective outer layer and contains positive-stranded RNA, which is a type of genetic material. […] Congenital rubella syndrome, which is one of the known causes of autism, is a significant global health issue. Over 100,000 cases get reported every year globally. Its caused by a natural infection during pregnancy. […] When a pregnant woman contracts rubella, it may lead to miscarriage, fetal death, or congenital rubella syndrome. […] Congenital Rubella, also known as German Measles, is a condition that occurs when a pregnant woman contracts the Rubella virus in the first three months of pregnancy. It can lead to several birth defects in the baby.
  • #69 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella
    The most common and serious complications of rubella are pregnancy loss (miscarriage) and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). CRS happens in babies born to someone who had rubella while pregnant. […] Yes, rubella can cause miscarriage in a pregnant woman. It can also cause conditions like cataracts, heart disease and hearing loss in your baby from birth.
  • #70
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella
    Rubella is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. […] Rubella virus infection during pregnancy may result in miscarriage, fetal death or CRS. […] When a woman is infected with the rubella virus early in pregnancy, she has a 90% chance of passing the virus on to her fetus. […] This can cause the death of the fetus, or it may cause CRS. […] The highest risk of CRS is in countries where women of childbearing age do not have immunity to the disease (either through vaccination or from having had rubella). […] Before the introduction of the vaccine, up to 4 babies in every 1000 live births were born with CRS.
  • #71 Rubella (German Measles) | Symptoms, Treatment and Immunisation
    https://patient.info/skin-conditions/rubella-german-measles
    Having rubella infection in the first three months of pregnancy also increases your risk of having a miscarriage. […] It is therefore very rare to have more than one bout of rubella. […] Immunisation gives very good protection and so rubella is now uncommon in the UK. […] The number of babies born with congenital rubella syndrome has greatly reduced since routine immunisation was introduced. […] German measles (rubella) is caused by a different virus to the virus which causes measles, so they are completely different conditions. […] If you catch measles in pregnancy, it may cause some problems but these are different problems to those caused by German measles.
  • #72 Risk factors and complications of German measles (rubella)
    https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/german-measles-rubella/risk-factors-and-complications-of-german-measles-rubella
    German measles is of high concern for a pregnant woman as the rubella virus is transmitted through the bloodstream to her developing baby. […] The risk of CRS affecting the unborn baby, as well as the extent of birth defects is largely dependent on how soon in a woman is infected in the pregnancy. […] If infection occurs and CRS develops, problems commonly seen in babies include cataracts (cloudy patches in the eye lens) and other eye defects, congenital heart disease (a range of birth defects affecting the development and normal functions or workings of the heart), deafness, a small head, disproportionate to the rest of the body (the brain hasn’t fully developed), delayed growth rate in the womb, poorly functioning organs or damage to the brain, bone marrow, liver or lungs, and intellectual disabilities.
  • #73 Chapter 20: Rubella | Pink Book | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-20-rubella.html
    Rubella was initially considered to be a variant of measles or scarlet fever. […] In 1914, Alfred F. Hess postulated a viral etiology based on his work with monkeys. […] Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. […] This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. […] Infection with rubella virus is most consequential in early gestation and can lead to miscarriages, stillbirths, and severe birth defects in infants. […] The risk of CRS is highest when a woman acquires rubella during the first 12 weeks of gestation. […] Congenital infection with rubella virus can affect many organ systems. […] Congenital rubella syndrome includes a constellation of birth defects, such as deafness, eye abnormalities (cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, microphthalmia), and congenital heart disease.
  • #74 Rubella (German Measles)
    https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/childrens-conditions/rubella-german-measles
    Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is a viral infection caused by the rubella virus. […] Rubella is an infectious disease caused by the rubella virus, which is a member of the togavirus family. […] The virus can also be spread from a pregnant woman to her baby via the placenta, leading to congenital rubella syndrome. […] If a pregnant woman contracts rubella, the virus can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus. […] The risk of CRS is highest if rubella is contracted during the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly during the first 12 weeks. […] The most effective way to prevent rubella is through vaccination. […] The MMR vaccine remains the most effective way to prevent rubella and its complications, contributing to global public health and reducing the burden of this preventable disease.
  • #75 Rubella (German Measles or Three-Day Measles)
    https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/rubella/fact_sheet.htm
    Rubella is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by slight fever, mild rash and swollen glands. […] Although most cases are mild, if rubella is contracted early in pregnancy, it can spread from the mother to her developing baby through the bloodstream and result in birth defects and/or fetal death. […] Up to 85 percent of infants infected with rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy will suffer birth defects and/or neurologic abnormalities (Congenital Rubella Syndrome, CRS). […] Rubella infection is dangerous because of its ability to damage an unborn baby. […] If rubella immunization was discontinued, immunity to rubella would decline and rubella disease would return. […] The danger would be to pregnant women who, if infected, could pass the disease to their infants (fetuses) causing CRS. […] Congenital rubella syndrome occurs among at least 25 percent of infants born to women who had rubella during the first three months of pregnancy.
  • #76 Rubella (German Measles or Three-Day Measles)
    https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/rubella/fact_sheet.htm
    Rubella is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by slight fever, mild rash and swollen glands. […] Although most cases are mild, if rubella is contracted early in pregnancy, it can spread from the mother to her developing baby through the bloodstream and result in birth defects and/or fetal death. […] Up to 85 percent of infants infected with rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy will suffer birth defects and/or neurologic abnormalities (Congenital Rubella Syndrome, CRS). […] Rubella infection is dangerous because of its ability to damage an unborn baby. […] If rubella immunization was discontinued, immunity to rubella would decline and rubella disease would return. […] The danger would be to pregnant women who, if infected, could pass the disease to their infants (fetuses) causing CRS. […] Congenital rubella syndrome occurs among at least 25 percent of infants born to women who had rubella during the first three months of pregnancy.
  • #77 Congenital Rubella | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/congenital-rubella
    Congenital rubella syndrome is caused by a virus known as a rubivirus. […] A woman who gets rubella during her pregnancy can pass it on to her unborn child, causing the syndrome. […] The rubivirus does the most damage to a developing fetus during the first trimester. After the fourth month, the mother’s rubella infection is less likely to harm the fetus.
  • #78 Congenital rubella Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/congenital-rubella
    Congenital rubella is a condition that occurs in an infant whose mother is infected with the virus that causes German measles. Congenital means the condition is present at birth. […] Congenital rubella occurs when the rubella virus in the mother affects the developing baby in the first 3 months of pregnancy. After the fourth month, if the mother has a rubella infection, it is less likely to harm the developing baby. […] The number of babies born with this condition is much smaller since the rubella vaccine was developed. […] Pregnant women and their unborn babies are at risk if: They are not vaccinated for rubella; They have not had the disease in the past.
  • #79 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, treatment, during pregnancy
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164504
    Rubella, or German measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] Rubella spreads between people through coughs and sneezes. […] The virus replicates in the lymph nodes and the nasopharynx, the tube connecting the nasal cavity and the soft palate. […] Between 5 and 7 days after exposure, the virus spreads throughout the body in the blood, with symptoms occurring about 2 to 3 weeks after a person contracts the virus. […] A person who has rubella is contagious for up to 7 days before the rash appears and up to a week after.
  • #80 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, treatment, during pregnancy
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164504
    Rubella, or German measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] Rubella spreads between people through coughs and sneezes. […] The virus replicates in the lymph nodes and the nasopharynx, the tube connecting the nasal cavity and the soft palate. […] Between 5 and 7 days after exposure, the virus spreads throughout the body in the blood, with symptoms occurring about 2 to 3 weeks after a person contracts the virus. […] A person who has rubella is contagious for up to 7 days before the rash appears and up to a week after.
  • #81 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/
    Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus within the newly classified Matonaviridae family. It is a single-stranded, positive sense enveloped RNA virus. Rubella virus encodes two non-structural proteins (p90 and p150) and three structural proteins; glycoprotein (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (CP). The E1 protein is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces the immune response through hemagglutination-neutralizing epitopes. The virus is sensitive to heat (temperature 56C), ultraviolet light, and extremes of pH (pH 6.8 or 8.1). […] In congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase. The risk of transmission to the fetus depends on the time of maternal infection; when infection with rubella occurs before 10 weeks of gestation, it may cause multiple fetal defects in up to 90% of cases. The risk of congenital defects declines with infection later in gestation. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and not well understood. In CRS, damage to the fetus may result from several mechanisms including epithelial necrosis of chorionic villi, apoptosis of infected cells by direct viral damage, inhibition of mitosis, and restricted development of precursor cells by the virus, and cytopathic damage to endothelial cells of blood vessels resulting in ischemia of developing organs.
  • #82 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/
    Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus within the newly classified Matonaviridae family. It is a single-stranded, positive sense enveloped RNA virus. Rubella virus encodes two non-structural proteins (p90 and p150) and three structural proteins; glycoprotein (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (CP). The E1 protein is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces the immune response through hemagglutination-neutralizing epitopes. The virus is sensitive to heat (temperature 56C), ultraviolet light, and extremes of pH (pH 6.8 or 8.1). […] In congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase. The risk of transmission to the fetus depends on the time of maternal infection; when infection with rubella occurs before 10 weeks of gestation, it may cause multiple fetal defects in up to 90% of cases. The risk of congenital defects declines with infection later in gestation. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and not well understood. In CRS, damage to the fetus may result from several mechanisms including epithelial necrosis of chorionic villi, apoptosis of infected cells by direct viral damage, inhibition of mitosis, and restricted development of precursor cells by the virus, and cytopathic damage to endothelial cells of blood vessels resulting in ischemia of developing organs.
  • #83 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/
    Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus within the newly classified Matonaviridae family. It is a single-stranded, positive sense enveloped RNA virus. Rubella virus encodes two non-structural proteins (p90 and p150) and three structural proteins; glycoprotein (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (CP). The E1 protein is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces the immune response through hemagglutination-neutralizing epitopes. The virus is sensitive to heat (temperature 56C), ultraviolet light, and extremes of pH (pH 6.8 or 8.1). […] In congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase. The risk of transmission to the fetus depends on the time of maternal infection; when infection with rubella occurs before 10 weeks of gestation, it may cause multiple fetal defects in up to 90% of cases. The risk of congenital defects declines with infection later in gestation. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and not well understood. In CRS, damage to the fetus may result from several mechanisms including epithelial necrosis of chorionic villi, apoptosis of infected cells by direct viral damage, inhibition of mitosis, and restricted development of precursor cells by the virus, and cytopathic damage to endothelial cells of blood vessels resulting in ischemia of developing organs.
  • #84 Rubella – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella
    Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. […] The disease is caused by the rubella virus, in the genus Rubivirus from the family Matonaviridae, that is enveloped and has a single-stranded RNA genome. […] The virus has teratogenic properties and is capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus where it stops cells from developing or destroys them. […] Increased susceptibility to infection might be inherited as there is some indication that HLA-A1 or factors surrounding A1 on extended haplotypes are involved in virus infection or non-resolution of the disease.
  • #85 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310
    Rubella is caused by a virus that’s passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream. […] A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it. […] Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you’re pregnant. […] Once you’ve had the disease, you’re usually permanently immune.
  • #86 Rubella – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/rubella
    Rubella is caused by an RNA virus, which is spread by respiratory droplets through close contact or through the air. […] Infection during early pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects. […] Immunity appears to be lifelong after natural infection. […] At present, incidence in the United States is extremely low because of routine childhood vaccination; all cases since 2004 have been imported. […] Laboratory diagnosis is necessary for pregnant women, patients with encephalitis, and neonates. […] Vaccination with live-attenuated virus vaccine containing measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is given routinely to children in most nations that have a robust health care system. […] Most cases are mild and complications are few except for rare cases of encephalitis and the risk during early pregnancy that infection can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects.
  • #87 Rubella (German Measles) | Symptoms, Treatment and Immunisation
    https://patient.info/skin-conditions/rubella-german-measles
    Having rubella infection in the first three months of pregnancy also increases your risk of having a miscarriage. […] It is therefore very rare to have more than one bout of rubella. […] Immunisation gives very good protection and so rubella is now uncommon in the UK. […] The number of babies born with congenital rubella syndrome has greatly reduced since routine immunisation was introduced. […] German measles (rubella) is caused by a different virus to the virus which causes measles, so they are completely different conditions. […] If you catch measles in pregnancy, it may cause some problems but these are different problems to those caused by German measles.
  • #88 Disease factsheet about rubella
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet
    Rubella (German measles) is a worldwide, mild, exanthematous and highly infectious viral disease of children in unvaccinated populations. […] The rubella virus is a RNA virus and belongs to the genus Rubivirus and the family Togaviridae. […] Humans are the sole reservoir of rubella virus. […] The transmission pattern of rubella is similar to that of measles and rubella was a childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era, with the highest incidence in the 49 years age group. […] Rubella is transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread similar to the transmission of measles. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. […] The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. […] There is no specific treatment for rubella.
  • #89 Disease factsheet about rubella
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet
    Rubella (German measles) is a worldwide, mild, exanthematous and highly infectious viral disease of children in unvaccinated populations. […] The rubella virus is a RNA virus and belongs to the genus Rubivirus and the family Togaviridae. […] Humans are the sole reservoir of rubella virus. […] The transmission pattern of rubella is similar to that of measles and rubella was a childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era, with the highest incidence in the 49 years age group. […] Rubella is transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread similar to the transmission of measles. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. […] The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. […] There is no specific treatment for rubella.
  • #90 Rubella (German measles) | informedhealth.org
    https://www.informedhealth.org/rubella-german-measles.html
    Rubella (German measles) is a viral infection that can occur at any age. […] Rubella viruses are spread through droplets of fluid that are released into the air when speaking, coughing or sneezing. […] If a woman gets rubella in the first four months of pregnancy, her unborn child is very likely to have serious birth defects. […] Thanks to the introduction of the rubella vaccine, this disease is very rare nowadays. […] There is an effective and safe vaccine to prevent rubella infections. […] The rubella vaccine is given together with the measles and mumps vaccines in a combined vaccine (the MMR vaccine). […] After having the vaccine, most people are generally protected against rubella for the rest of their lives. […] It is important that people have the rubella vaccine in order to stop the disease from spreading.
  • #91 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health
    https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=measles-mumps-and-rubella-mmr-90-P02250
    Rubella (German measles). Rubella is an infection from a virus. It causes mild fever and rash in infants and children. Pregnant women who get rubella have an increased chance of having babies with birth defects. […] A combination vaccine provides protection against all 3 diseases. Another vaccine, the MMRV, protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, and also against chicken pox (varicella).
  • #92 Disease factsheet about rubella
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet
    Rubella (German measles) is a worldwide, mild, exanthematous and highly infectious viral disease of children in unvaccinated populations. […] The rubella virus is a RNA virus and belongs to the genus Rubivirus and the family Togaviridae. […] Humans are the sole reservoir of rubella virus. […] The transmission pattern of rubella is similar to that of measles and rubella was a childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era, with the highest incidence in the 49 years age group. […] Rubella is transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread similar to the transmission of measles. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. […] The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. […] There is no specific treatment for rubella.
  • #93 Disease factsheet about rubella
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet
    Rubella (German measles) is a worldwide, mild, exanthematous and highly infectious viral disease of children in unvaccinated populations. […] The rubella virus is a RNA virus and belongs to the genus Rubivirus and the family Togaviridae. […] Humans are the sole reservoir of rubella virus. […] The transmission pattern of rubella is similar to that of measles and rubella was a childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era, with the highest incidence in the 49 years age group. […] Rubella is transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread similar to the transmission of measles. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. […] The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. […] There is no specific treatment for rubella.
  • #94 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella
    Rubella is an illness caused by the virus RuV. […] The cause of rubella is the RuV virus. […] Rubella is also called German measles or three-day measles. Even though it causes a rash like measles, rubella happens because of a different virus than measles. […] Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the most serious form of rubella. It happens when a pregnant woman passes rubella to the fetus. […] No, rubella and measles are different illnesses. They both give you a rash, but different viruses cause them. […] The U.S. eliminated rubella (meaning its no longer continuously spread) in 2004, but you can still get rubella in other parts of the world. […] Rubella is most serious in pregnancy. If youre pregnant and get rubella, especially in the first trimester, your child is at high risk for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
  • #95 Rubella – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/rubella
    Rubella is caused by an RNA virus, which is spread by respiratory droplets through close contact or through the air. […] Infection during early pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects. […] Immunity appears to be lifelong after natural infection. […] At present, incidence in the United States is extremely low because of routine childhood vaccination; all cases since 2004 have been imported. […] Laboratory diagnosis is necessary for pregnant women, patients with encephalitis, and neonates. […] Vaccination with live-attenuated virus vaccine containing measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is given routinely to children in most nations that have a robust health care system. […] Most cases are mild and complications are few except for rare cases of encephalitis and the risk during early pregnancy that infection can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects.
  • #96 Rubella – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/rubella
    Rubella is caused by an RNA virus, which is spread by respiratory droplets through close contact or through the air. […] Infection during early pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects. […] Immunity appears to be lifelong after natural infection. […] At present, incidence in the United States is extremely low because of routine childhood vaccination; all cases since 2004 have been imported. […] Laboratory diagnosis is necessary for pregnant women, patients with encephalitis, and neonates. […] Vaccination with live-attenuated virus vaccine containing measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is given routinely to children in most nations that have a robust health care system. […] Most cases are mild and complications are few except for rare cases of encephalitis and the risk during early pregnancy that infection can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects.
  • #97 Rubella (German Measles) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/german-measles.html
    Rubella is caused by the rubella (roo-BELL-uh) virus (not the same virus that causes measles). […] The virus also can pass through a pregnant woman’s bloodstream to infect her unborn child. […] The rubella vaccine protects people from the disease. […] Most rubella infections today are in young, non-immunized adults rather than in kids.
  • #98 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310
    Rubella is caused by a virus that’s passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream. […] A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it. […] Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you’re pregnant. […] Once you’ve had the disease, you’re usually permanently immune.
  • #99
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella
    Rubella is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. […] Rubella virus infection during pregnancy may result in miscarriage, fetal death or CRS. […] When a woman is infected with the rubella virus early in pregnancy, she has a 90% chance of passing the virus on to her fetus. […] This can cause the death of the fetus, or it may cause CRS. […] The highest risk of CRS is in countries where women of childbearing age do not have immunity to the disease (either through vaccination or from having had rubella). […] Before the introduction of the vaccine, up to 4 babies in every 1000 live births were born with CRS.
  • #100 Congenital Rubella (German Measles) – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/congenital-rubella-german-measles/
    Rubella, commonly known as German Measles, is a viral infection that triggers symptoms including skin rash, swollen glands, and fever. […] The Rubella virus is a specific type of virus that has a protective outer layer and contains positive-stranded RNA, which is a type of genetic material. […] Congenital rubella syndrome, which is one of the known causes of autism, is a significant global health issue. Over 100,000 cases get reported every year globally. Its caused by a natural infection during pregnancy. […] When a pregnant woman contracts rubella, it may lead to miscarriage, fetal death, or congenital rubella syndrome. […] Congenital Rubella, also known as German Measles, is a condition that occurs when a pregnant woman contracts the Rubella virus in the first three months of pregnancy. It can lead to several birth defects in the baby.
  • #101
    https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/rubella-german-measles/
    Rubella is caused by a virus from the genus Rubivirus. […] Although rubella is sometimes called German measles, the rubella virus is not related to the measles virus. […] The chief danger of the disease is Congenital Rubella Syndrome. […] The number of estimated CRS cases each year is more than 100,000.
  • #102 Congenital rubella Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/congenital-rubella
    Congenital rubella is a condition that occurs in an infant whose mother is infected with the virus that causes German measles. Congenital means the condition is present at birth. […] Congenital rubella occurs when the rubella virus in the mother affects the developing baby in the first 3 months of pregnancy. After the fourth month, if the mother has a rubella infection, it is less likely to harm the developing baby. […] The number of babies born with this condition is much smaller since the rubella vaccine was developed. […] Pregnant women and their unborn babies are at risk if: They are not vaccinated for rubella; They have not had the disease in the past.
  • #103 Rubella (German Measles) | Symptoms, Treatment and Immunisation
    https://patient.info/skin-conditions/rubella-german-measles
    Having rubella infection in the first three months of pregnancy also increases your risk of having a miscarriage. […] It is therefore very rare to have more than one bout of rubella. […] Immunisation gives very good protection and so rubella is now uncommon in the UK. […] The number of babies born with congenital rubella syndrome has greatly reduced since routine immunisation was introduced. […] German measles (rubella) is caused by a different virus to the virus which causes measles, so they are completely different conditions. […] If you catch measles in pregnancy, it may cause some problems but these are different problems to those caused by German measles.
  • #104 Rubella (German Measles)
    https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/childrens-conditions/rubella-german-measles
    Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is a viral infection caused by the rubella virus. […] Rubella is an infectious disease caused by the rubella virus, which is a member of the togavirus family. […] The virus can also be spread from a pregnant woman to her baby via the placenta, leading to congenital rubella syndrome. […] If a pregnant woman contracts rubella, the virus can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus. […] The risk of CRS is highest if rubella is contracted during the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly during the first 12 weeks. […] The most effective way to prevent rubella is through vaccination. […] The MMR vaccine remains the most effective way to prevent rubella and its complications, contributing to global public health and reducing the burden of this preventable disease.
  • #105 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-rubella
    Rubella is caused by a virus. It used to be called „German measles,” though its not caused by the same virus that causes measles. […] The best way to protect yourself and your children from infection is to get vaccinated with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. […] If you’re pregnant and think you’ve caught rubella, call your doctor right away. You may be able to take antibodies called hyperimmune globulin to help your body fight the virus. […] It’s best to be protected against rubella before you get pregnant, as getting infected during your first trimester can cause serious conditions or even death in your unborn baby. […] Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a condition that happens when a child becomes infected with the rubella virus via their mother during pregnancy. […] The most serious complications could happen during pregnancy, when the virus can pass from you to your baby in the womb. The risk is highest during the first 3 months of pregnancy. […] The best way to prevent rubella is to get vaccinated.
  • #106 Rubella (German Measles) | Rady Children’s Hospital
    https://www.rchsd.org/health-article/rubella-german-measles/
    Rubella is caused by the rubella (roo-BELL-uh) virus (not the same virus that causes measles). It spreads when people breathe in virus-infected fluid. […] The rubella vaccine protects people from the disease. Widespread immunization is the key to preventing the spread of the virus and protecting babies from the serious health problems of congenital rubella syndrome.
  • #107 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health
    https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=measles-mumps-and-rubella-mmr-90-P02250
    Rubella (German measles). Rubella is an infection from a virus. It causes mild fever and rash in infants and children. Pregnant women who get rubella have an increased chance of having babies with birth defects. […] A combination vaccine provides protection against all 3 diseases. Another vaccine, the MMRV, protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, and also against chicken pox (varicella).
  • #108 Rubella – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/rubella
    Rubella is caused by an RNA virus, which is spread by respiratory droplets through close contact or through the air. […] Infection during early pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects. […] Immunity appears to be lifelong after natural infection. […] At present, incidence in the United States is extremely low because of routine childhood vaccination; all cases since 2004 have been imported. […] Laboratory diagnosis is necessary for pregnant women, patients with encephalitis, and neonates. […] Vaccination with live-attenuated virus vaccine containing measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is given routinely to children in most nations that have a robust health care system. […] Most cases are mild and complications are few except for rare cases of encephalitis and the risk during early pregnancy that infection can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects.
  • #109 Rubella (German measles) | informedhealth.org
    https://www.informedhealth.org/rubella-german-measles.html
    Rubella (German measles) is a viral infection that can occur at any age. […] Rubella viruses are spread through droplets of fluid that are released into the air when speaking, coughing or sneezing. […] If a woman gets rubella in the first four months of pregnancy, her unborn child is very likely to have serious birth defects. […] Thanks to the introduction of the rubella vaccine, this disease is very rare nowadays. […] There is an effective and safe vaccine to prevent rubella infections. […] The rubella vaccine is given together with the measles and mumps vaccines in a combined vaccine (the MMR vaccine). […] After having the vaccine, most people are generally protected against rubella for the rest of their lives. […] It is important that people have the rubella vaccine in order to stop the disease from spreading.
  • #110 Rubella | Description, Cause, Symptoms, & Prevention | Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/science/rubella
    rubella, contagious viral disease that runs a mild and benign course in most people. […] Although rubella is not usually a serious illness in children or adults, it can cause birth defects or the loss of a fetus if a woman in the early stages of pregnancy becomes infected. […] The rubella virus was first isolated in 1962, and a vaccine was made available in 1969. […] Because of its mildness, it was not considered a dangerous illness until 1941, when Australian ophthalmologist N. McAlister Gregg discovered that prenatal infection with the virus was responsible for congenital malformations in children. […] Fetal infection occurs when the virus enters the placenta from the maternal bloodstream. Defects of the eye, heart, brain, and large arteries are most common and, together, are referred to as congenital rubella syndrome. […] The risk to the fetus is greatly reduced if the mother is infected after 20 weeks gestation. […] If a woman of childbearing age has not had a natural infection with rubella virus, she should be immunized prior to pregnancy.
  • #111
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    The MMR vaccine cannot be given during pregnancy. It is important to be vaccinated before you are pregnant if you were not vaccinated as a child or do not know your status. […] You are considered protected against rubella after at least 1 to 2 doses of a rubella-containing vaccine and a blood test that indicates you are immune.
  • #112 Rubella – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/rubella
    Rubella is caused by an RNA virus, which is spread by respiratory droplets through close contact or through the air. […] Infection during early pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects. […] Immunity appears to be lifelong after natural infection. […] At present, incidence in the United States is extremely low because of routine childhood vaccination; all cases since 2004 have been imported. […] Laboratory diagnosis is strongly encouraged for all suspected cases for public health purposes; serologic or reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction testing can be done. […] Vaccination is contraindicated during pregnancy.
  • #113
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    The MMR vaccine cannot be given during pregnancy. It is important to be vaccinated before you are pregnant if you were not vaccinated as a child or do not know your status. […] You are considered protected against rubella after at least 1 to 2 doses of a rubella-containing vaccine and a blood test that indicates you are immune.
  • #114
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx
    The MMR vaccine cannot be given during pregnancy. It is important to be vaccinated before you are pregnant if you were not vaccinated as a child or do not know your status. […] You are considered protected against rubella after at least 1 to 2 doses of a rubella-containing vaccine and a blood test that indicates you are immune.
  • #115 Congenital Rubella (German Measles) – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/congenital-rubella-german-measles/
    Congenital Rubella (German Measles) is acquired through a natural infection during pregnancy. […] Medical professionals believe that injecting the mother with Immune Globulin (a substance rich in antibodies) could help fight the rubella infection, reducing the chances of transmitting the virus to the baby. […] It is important to note that preventing rubella through vaccination is crucial, as there is no cure for Congenital Rubella Syndrome.
  • #116 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-rubella
    Rubella is caused by a virus. It used to be called „German measles,” though its not caused by the same virus that causes measles. […] The best way to protect yourself and your children from infection is to get vaccinated with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. […] If you’re pregnant and think you’ve caught rubella, call your doctor right away. You may be able to take antibodies called hyperimmune globulin to help your body fight the virus. […] It’s best to be protected against rubella before you get pregnant, as getting infected during your first trimester can cause serious conditions or even death in your unborn baby. […] Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a condition that happens when a child becomes infected with the rubella virus via their mother during pregnancy. […] The most serious complications could happen during pregnancy, when the virus can pass from you to your baby in the womb. The risk is highest during the first 3 months of pregnancy. […] The best way to prevent rubella is to get vaccinated.
  • #117 Congenital Rubella (German Measles) – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/congenital-rubella-german-measles/
    Congenital Rubella (German Measles) is acquired through a natural infection during pregnancy. […] Medical professionals believe that injecting the mother with Immune Globulin (a substance rich in antibodies) could help fight the rubella infection, reducing the chances of transmitting the virus to the baby. […] It is important to note that preventing rubella through vaccination is crucial, as there is no cure for Congenital Rubella Syndrome.
  • #118 Disease factsheet about rubella
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet
    Rubella (German measles) is a worldwide, mild, exanthematous and highly infectious viral disease of children in unvaccinated populations. […] The rubella virus is a RNA virus and belongs to the genus Rubivirus and the family Togaviridae. […] Humans are the sole reservoir of rubella virus. […] The transmission pattern of rubella is similar to that of measles and rubella was a childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era, with the highest incidence in the 49 years age group. […] Rubella is transmitted by direct contact or droplet spread similar to the transmission of measles. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. […] The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. […] There is no specific treatment for rubella.