Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/

  Rubella is a mild viral disease that typically occurs in children and non-immune young adults. […] To avoid the high morbidity associated with this condition, healthcare providers should play an active role in the prevention and diagnosis of rubella. […] Universal immunization of all susceptible individuals with rubella vaccines is the cornerstone to the prevention of rubella and, more importantly, congenital rubella syndrome. […] Parents should be educated and counseled on the importance of routine immunization in infants and young children. It is also essential to identify and immunize all susceptible women of childbearing age prior to conception. […] In the United States, the rubella vaccines consist of a live attenuated RA 27/3 strain. The vaccine is usually administered in combination with measles and mumps (MMR) or measles, mumps, and varicella (MMRV), with the first dose at ages 12-15 months and the second dose at ages 4-6 years.

• #1 Disease factsheet about rubella

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet

  Rubella and measles are targeted for elimination in the WHO European region. The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. All countries in the EU/EEA recommend vaccination with two doses of rubella containing vaccines with the first dose given during the second year of life and the second dose at an older age that differs between countries. Catch-up programmes are in place for those who may have missed vaccination or who are uncertain about their vaccination history. […] In most of Europe, rubella antibody testing is offered to all pregnant women as part of their antenatal care. For practical reasons, the test is usually performed irrespective of immunisation history or previous laboratory reports of rubella specific IgG. If a pregnant woman is rubella antibody negative then MMR vaccine should be given post-delivery.

• #1 About Rubella | Rubella | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/index.html

  The best protection against rubella is measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. […] Rubella can be prevented with the MMR vaccine. This protects against three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. CDC recommends that children get 2 doses of MMR vaccine to protect against rubella. Teens and adults should also be up to date on MMR vaccinations. […] MMR vaccine is very safe and effective. One dose of the MMR vaccine is about 97% effective at preventing rubella.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella

  Being vaccinated is the best way to prevent getting sick with rubella or spreading it to other people. The vaccine is safe and helps your body fight off the virus. […] WHO recommends that all countries that have not yet introduced rubella vaccine should consider doing so using existing, well-established measles immunization programmes. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated strain, and a single dose gives more than 95% long-lasting immunity, which is similar to that induced by natural infection. […] Rubella vaccines are available either in monovalent formulation (a vaccine directed at only one pathogen) or more commonly in combinations with other vaccines such as with vaccines against measles (MR), measles and mumps (MMR), or measles, mumps and varicella (MMRV). […] Adverse reactions following vaccination are generally mild. They may include pain and redness at the injection site, low-grade fever, rash and muscle aches. Mass immunization campaigns in the Region of the Americas involving more than 250 million adolescents and adults did not identify any serious adverse reactions associated with the vaccine.

• #1 Clinical Overview of Rubella | Rubella | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Rubella can be prevented with rubella-containing vaccine. Rubella vaccine is usually administered as the combination measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. The combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccine can be used for children aged 12 months through 12 years. […] CDC recommends children get 2 doses of MMR vaccine. Adults born during or after 1957 should receive at least one dose of rubella-containing vaccine. Pregnant women who do not have evidence of immunity should be vaccinated immediately after giving birth. […] Patients with rubella should be isolated for 7 days after they develop rash. […] In settings where pregnant women may be exposed, outbreak control measures should begin as soon as rubella is suspected and should not be postponed until laboratory confirmation of cases.

• #1 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310

  The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is safe and highly effective in preventing rubella. The vaccine provides lifelong protection against rubella. […] The rubella vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. This vaccine may also include the chickenpox (varicella) vaccine MMRV vaccine. Health care providers recommend that children receive the MMR vaccine between 12 and 15 months of age, and again between 4 and 6 years of age before entering school. […] The MMR vaccine prevents rubella and protects against it for life. Getting the vaccine can prevent rubella during future pregnancies. […] Providing the MMR vaccine as a combination of recommended vaccines can prevent delays in protection against measle, mumps and rubella and with fewer shots. The combination vaccine is as safe and effective as the vaccines given separately.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx

  Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. Preventing rubella is important because travelers can bring it to the U.S. and spread it to unvaccinated people. […] Getting the MMR vaccine will prevent your child from getting sick and spreading rubella to a pregnant woman. […] In the U.S., the rubella vaccine is available in combination with vaccines against measles and mumps (MMR vaccine) and in combination with MMR and chickenpox (varicella) (MMRV vaccine). […] Children get two doses of vaccine. The first dose is at age 12-15 months (typically as the MMR vaccine). They get a second dose at age 4-6 years or before entering school (as MMR or MMRV vaccine). […] Getting both doses of the MMR vaccine allows for lifelong immunity. […] The MMR vaccine cannot be given during pregnancy. It is important to be vaccinated before you are pregnant if you were not vaccinated as a child or do not know your status. The vaccine must be given at least 1 month before you become pregnant.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02542

  Rubella can be prevented with the rubella vaccine. The rubella vaccine is often given as part of a combination vaccine. The vaccine includes protection against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). The vaccine is usually first given when a child is age 12 months to 15 months, and then again between age 4 and 6 years. […] Rubella can be prevented with the rubella vaccine. It’s part of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

• #1 Rubella (German Measles) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/rubella-german-measles

  Rubella vaccine is usually given in a shot called MMR, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella. There are now many fewer cases of these three diseases because children get the MMR vaccine. Protect your children by having them vaccinated when they are 12 – 15 months old, and again when they are about to enter kindergarten. […] State regulations require certain groups to be vaccinated against rubella. Some healthcare workers are required to be vaccinated. All children in kindergarten – 12th grade and college need to have 2 doses of MMR vaccine for school entry. Children in child care and preschool need 1 dose of MMR and childcare workers also need to have 1 or 2 doses of rubella containing vaccine, depending on their age and other factors. A blood test that proves immunity can also be used to fulfill this requirement for all groups.

• #1 Rubella (German Measles) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/rubella-german-measles

  Adults born in or after 1957 should have at least 1 dose of MMR. […] Women who plan to have children and are not immune should get MMR at least 4 weeks before getting pregnant. Pregnant women who are not immune should be vaccinated after giving birth, before discharge from the hospital. […] People with rubella should be kept away from people who are not immune until they are well again. State regulations require anyone who catches rubella to be isolated for 7 days after the rash appears. That means they must be kept away from public places like day care centers, school and work. […] For the best protection against measles, mumps and rubella, 2 doses of MMR are recommended for people in high risk groups, including: Healthcare workers (paid, unpaid and volunteer), Health science students, International travelers.

• #1 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/

  Immunization of all unvaccinated adolescents and adults with at least one dose of rubella vaccine is also recommended. […] Due to a theoretical teratogenic risk of the rubella vaccine, women of childbearing age without documentation of rubella immunity should get vaccinated at least one month before they become pregnant. […] However, if pregnancy occurs within 28 days of immunizations or it is inadvertent given to pregnant mothers, termination of pregnancy is not warranted as there is no evidence that the rubella vaccine can cause fetal or maternal complications.

• #1 Rubella (German measles) in pregnancy | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/rubella_in_pregnancy

  Rubella in pregnancy is now very rare in Canada because most women have been vaccinated against it. […] If you’ve had the rubella infection or have been vaccinated, you are likely protected. […] If you arent sure if you had a rubella vaccine, you should have a blood test before you get pregnant. The test will tell you if you are protected against rubella. […] If a blood test shows you are not protected against rubella, you should get the MMR vaccine right away. The vaccine should be given at least 4 weeks before you become pregnant. You cannot get this vaccine when you are pregnant. […] If you are already pregnant and do not know if you are protected against rubella, ask your doctor to test you. If you are not, avoid close contact with people who have rubella, and those who have had a rash for less than a week unless a doctor has told them that the rash is something other than rubella. […] If you are not immune, you should be vaccinated as soon as possible after your baby is born, before leaving the hospital.

• #1 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella

  Rubella is preventable by getting vaccinated. […] The best way to prevent rubella is vaccination with the MMR (or MMRV) vaccine. […] Rubella vaccination can involve either the MMR or the MMRV vaccine. […] Most children and adults over the age of 12 can get vaccinated against rubella. […] If you plan to start a family, you should get vaccinated or tested for rubella antibodies at least one month before trying to get pregnant. […] Experts recommend against getting the rubella vaccine if you are pregnant. […] Getting vaccinated greatly reduces your risk of getting rubella and spreading it to others.

• #1 Rubella (German measles) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/rubella/rubella+german+measles+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  In addition to the above prevention points, all pregnant women should be tested for immunity to rubella prior to, or during early pregnancy. If found not to be immune, MMR vaccination is given after delivery of the baby but before discharge from the maternity unit. Rubella vaccine should not be given to a woman known to be pregnant and pregnancy should be avoided for one month after vaccination. […] With suspected rubella or exposure to rubella should seek specialist obstetric advice, regardless of a history of rubella or rubella vaccination. Rubella re-infection, often without symptoms, can occur in individuals who have had previous infection or vaccination, although fetal damage is very rare in these cases.

• #1 Rubella disease info and PEP treatment | GamaSTAN®

  https://www.gamastan.com/en/hcp/rubella

  Rubella can be especially challenging for women in their first trimester of pregnancy; it can cause miscarriages and increases the potential for a group of birth defects called congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] Some studies suggest that the use of GamaSTAN in exposed, susceptible women can lessen the likelihood of infection and fetal damage; therefore, GamaSTAN may modify rubella in exposed women who will not consider a therapeutic abortion. […] Do not give GamaSTAN for routine prophylaxis of rubella in early pregnancy to an unexposed woman. […] GamaSTAN (immune globulin [human]) is indicated for prophylaxis following exposure to hepatitis A infection, prevention or modification of measles in susceptible persons exposed fewer than 6 days previously, modification of varicella, and modification of rubella in exposed women who will not consider a therapeutic abortion. […] GAMASTAN is not indicated for routine prophylaxis or treatment of viral hepatitis type B, rubella, poliomyelitis, mumps, or varicella.

• #1 Rubella – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella

  Rubella is preventable with the rubella vaccine, with a single dose being more than 95% effective. […] The vaccine is now usually given as part of the MMR vaccine. […] Screening for rubella susceptibility by history of vaccination or by serology is recommended in the United States for all women of childbearing age at their first preconception counseling visit to reduce incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] It is recommended that all susceptible non-pregnant women of childbearing age should be offered rubella vaccination. […] Due to concerns about possible teratogenicity, use of MMR vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy. […] Instead, susceptible pregnant women should be vaccinated as soon as possible in the postpartum period. […] In susceptible people passive immunization, in the form of polyclonal immunoglobulins, appears effective up to the fifth day post-exposure.

• #1 Clinical Overview of Rubella | Rubella | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  People at risk who cannot readily provide acceptable evidence of rubella immunity should be considered susceptible and should be vaccinated. […] People without evidence of immunity who are exempt from rubella vaccination for medical, religious, or other reasons should be excluded from affected institutions in the outbreak area until 23 days after the onset of rash in the last case of rubella. […] Unvaccinated people who receive MMR vaccine as part of rubella outbreak control may immediately return to school provided all people without documentation of rubella immunity have been excluded.

• #1 Rubella vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-20-rubella-vaccine.html

  During rubella outbreaks, susceptible people should be given MMR vaccine promptly without prior serologic testing. […] Immunity to measles, mumps and rubella should be reviewed in women of reproductive age, and vaccination should be recommended to susceptible non-pregnant women. […] Susceptible women who are breastfeeding should be vaccinated with MMR vaccine. […] Protection against rubella is important for people planning travel to rubella-endemic areas. […] It is recommended that all health care workers be immune to rubella.

• #1 Rubella (German Measles): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.rubella-german-measles-care-instructions.uh4928

  Avoid contact with people who have never had rubella and who have not been immunized. […] People who have not had this disease before or have not had the vaccine have the greatest chance of getting the virus.

• #1 Overview: Rubella (German measles) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563972/

  There is an effective and safe vaccine to prevent rubella infections. It is recommended for all children and all women of childbearing age who haven’t yet had the rubella vaccine, or aren’t sure if they have. […] People who are regularly in contact with pregnant women should have the vaccine too as well as those who work in community facilities such as daycare centers, schools, hospitals or further education facilities. […] The rubella vaccine is given together with the measles and mumps vaccines in a combined vaccine (the MMR vaccine), or additionally together with the chickenpox vaccine (the MMRV vaccine). […] After having the vaccine, most people are generally protected against rubella for the rest of their lives. […] It is important that people have the rubella vaccine in order to stop the disease from spreading. If most of the population has been vaccinated, that also protects people who can’t have the vaccine, such as pregnant women. This is known as herd immunity or the herd effect. For herd immunity to be achieved, as many people as possible have to have the vaccination.

• #1 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, treatment, during pregnancy

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164504

  Rubella is a preventable disease. Since 1969, vaccination programs have led to a dramatic fall in the number of cases, and it was declared eliminated from the United States in 2004. […] However, it is important to continue vaccinating as rubella can enter the U.S. from other countries. […] Before a person becomes pregnant, it is important to get a vaccine against rubella. […] The only way to prevent the contraction of rubella is through the MMR vaccination, which protects again measles, mumps, and rubella. […] Any adult who has not yet had the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine should get it. […] Anyone who is sick should wait until they recover before having the vaccination. […] The best way someone can avoid a rubella infection is if they get the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (MMR).

• #1 Rubella (German Measles or Three-Day Measles)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/rubella/fact_sheet.htm

  Rubella vaccine is given in combination measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and is recommended for anyone born on or after January 1, 1957 who does not have laboratory evidence of rubella immunity. […] In New York State, rubella vaccine is required of all children enrolled in all pre-kindergarten programs and schools. Healthcare personnel and college students are also required to demonstrate immunity against rubella. […] Maintaining high levels of rubella immunization in the community is critical to controlling the spread. Control of the spread of rubella is needed primarily to prevent the birth defects caused by CRS. Therefore, women of childbearing age should have their immunity checked and receive rubella vaccine if needed. Infected individuals should be excluded from work or school during their infectious period.

• #1 What Is the Difference Between Rubella and Rubeola?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-the-difference-between-rubella-and-rubeola

  The best way to prevent either of these infections is with the same vaccine. The CDC recommends that children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine. They usually receive the first dose between 12 and 15 months of age and the second dose between 4 and 6 years old. […] If traveling internationally, babies older than 6 months should receive one dose of the MMR vaccine before their first birthday. They’ll still need to get two doses after turning 12 months. […] Adults who didn’t receive either dose of the MMR vaccine, or who only had one dose as a child, should talk to their doctor about being vaccinated. In particular, people in the following groups should consider vaccination: international travelers, college students, healthcare workers, public health workers. […] Most adults will only need one dose. Adults in high-risk categories usually will receive two vaccine doses spaced 28 days apart. […] You should not receive either the MMR or MMRV vaccine if you’re pregnant. […] There are no official treatments for rubella or rubeola, but the MMR vaccine can prevent illness and long-term complications associated with both of these infections.

• #1 Rubella (German measles) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/rubella/rubella+german+measles+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Rubella is best prevented by the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) combination vaccine or the measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) combination vaccine. Most people who have two doses of a rubella-containing vaccine will be protected against rubella infection. […] Exclude people with rubella from childcare, preschool, school and work until fully recovered or for at least 4 days after the onset of the rash. […] All health care and childcare staff (men and women) should be assessed for immunity to rubella and if not immune, should be immunised. […] Anyone with suspected rubella should consult a doctor both to check that the diagnosis is correct and so that contacts (in particular, pregnant women) can be advised. A contact is any person who has been close enough to an infected person to be at risk of having acquired the infection from that person.

• #1

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/rubella-german-measles/

  The first rubella vaccinea live, attenuated vaccinewas licensed in 1969. […] Rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) is part of the national immunization program in the Russian Federation, most of Europe, China and a few other countries in Asia, Australia, all of North and South America, and a few countries in Africa. […] The World Health Organization encourages countries not currently using rubella vaccination to take advantage of widespread measles vaccination initiatives to introduce RCVs to advance rubella and CRS elimination.

• #2 Rubella (German Measles) | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/rubella-german-measles/

  Rubella can be prevented with rubella-containing vaccine. One dose of the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is about 97% effective at preventing rubella. […] All children should routinely receive two doses of MMR vaccine. The first dose is given at age 12-15 months and the second dose at 4-6 years of age. […] All adults born during or after 1957 should receive at least one dose of MMR vaccine, unless they have had a blood test showing they are immune to rubella or have had the disease. […] Health care providers should routinely check women of childbearing age for immunity to rubella. […] Those who lack immunity and are NOT pregnant should be vaccinated. […] Pregnant women should NOT get the MMR vaccine. Pregnant women without rubella immunity should be vaccinated immediately AFTER giving birth.

• #2

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/rubella-german-measles/

  The first rubella vaccinea live, attenuated vaccinewas licensed in 1969. […] Rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) is part of the national immunization program in the Russian Federation, most of Europe, China and a few other countries in Asia, Australia, all of North and South America, and a few countries in Africa. […] The World Health Organization encourages countries not currently using rubella vaccination to take advantage of widespread measles vaccination initiatives to introduce RCVs to advance rubella and CRS elimination.

• #2 Rubella – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/rubella

  Vaccination with live-attenuated virus vaccine containing measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is given routinely to children in most nations that have a robust health care system. […] Two doses are recommended: The first dose at age 12 to 15 months. […] The second dose at age 4 to 6 years. […] MMR vaccination generally provides lasting immunity. The effectiveness of the MMR vaccine in preventing rubella in children was 93 to 97% after one dose and 100% after two doses, based on observational studies. […] To prevent congenital rubella, unvaccinated patients who could become pregnant should receive one dose of the MMR vaccine and then wait 4 weeks before trying to conceive. […] For patients vaccinated during childhood, many clinicians do preconceptual serologic testing for rubella IgG to confirm immunity, because some people do not develop immunity after initial immunization.

• #2 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/

  Rubella is a mild viral disease that typically occurs in children and non-immune young adults. […] To avoid the high morbidity associated with this condition, healthcare providers should play an active role in the prevention and diagnosis of rubella. […] Universal immunization of all susceptible individuals with rubella vaccines is the cornerstone to the prevention of rubella and, more importantly, congenital rubella syndrome. […] Parents should be educated and counseled on the importance of routine immunization in infants and young children. It is also essential to identify and immunize all susceptible women of childbearing age prior to conception. […] In the United States, the rubella vaccines consist of a live attenuated RA 27/3 strain. The vaccine is usually administered in combination with measles and mumps (MMR) or measles, mumps, and varicella (MMRV), with the first dose at ages 12-15 months and the second dose at ages 4-6 years.

• #2 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17798-rubella

  Rubella is preventable by getting vaccinated. […] The best way to prevent rubella is vaccination with the MMR (or MMRV) vaccine. […] Rubella vaccination can involve either the MMR or the MMRV vaccine. […] Most children and adults over the age of 12 can get vaccinated against rubella. […] If you plan to start a family, you should get vaccinated or tested for rubella antibodies at least one month before trying to get pregnant. […] Experts recommend against getting the rubella vaccine if you are pregnant. […] Getting vaccinated greatly reduces your risk of getting rubella and spreading it to others.

• #2 About Rubella | Rubella | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/index.html

  The best protection against rubella is measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. […] Rubella can be prevented with the MMR vaccine. This protects against three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. CDC recommends that children get 2 doses of MMR vaccine to protect against rubella. Teens and adults should also be up to date on MMR vaccinations. […] MMR vaccine is very safe and effective. One dose of the MMR vaccine is about 97% effective at preventing rubella.

• #2 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/illness-and-disease-z/rubella

  Rubella, also called German measles, is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. Symptoms include a red rash that starts on the face and moves to the rest of the body, fever, and headache. The disease is spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Rubella was eliminated in the United States in 2004 but infected travelers can cause rubella cases in the states. […] People infected with rubella can spread the disease to others up to one week before symptoms appear. This is why MMR vaccination is the most effective way to prevent rubella infection. […] Getting two doses of the MMR vaccine is 97% effective at preventing measles and rubella, and 88% effective against mumps. Vaccinated people who do get sick from the disease have milder symptoms. […] MMR vaccine is required for child care and school entry in the state of Washington.

• #2 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310

  Get a vaccine if you have not had two doses of the MMR vaccine after age 12 months or a blood test to show that you’re immune to measles, mumps and rubella. […] Ensuring immunity is especially important if you: Are a nonpregnant woman of childbearing age, Attend college, trade school or postsecondary school, Work in a hospital, medical facility, child-care center or school, Plan to travel overseas or take a cruise.

• #2 What Is the Difference Between Rubella and Rubeola?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-the-difference-between-rubella-and-rubeola

  The best way to prevent either of these infections is with the same vaccine. The CDC recommends that children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine. They usually receive the first dose between 12 and 15 months of age and the second dose between 4 and 6 years old. […] If traveling internationally, babies older than 6 months should receive one dose of the MMR vaccine before their first birthday. They’ll still need to get two doses after turning 12 months. […] Adults who didn’t receive either dose of the MMR vaccine, or who only had one dose as a child, should talk to their doctor about being vaccinated. In particular, people in the following groups should consider vaccination: international travelers, college students, healthcare workers, public health workers. […] Most adults will only need one dose. Adults in high-risk categories usually will receive two vaccine doses spaced 28 days apart. […] You should not receive either the MMR or MMRV vaccine if you’re pregnant. […] There are no official treatments for rubella or rubeola, but the MMR vaccine can prevent illness and long-term complications associated with both of these infections.

• #2 Rubella vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-20-rubella-vaccine.html

  During rubella outbreaks, susceptible people should be given MMR vaccine promptly without prior serologic testing. […] Immunity to measles, mumps and rubella should be reviewed in women of reproductive age, and vaccination should be recommended to susceptible non-pregnant women. […] Susceptible women who are breastfeeding should be vaccinated with MMR vaccine. […] Protection against rubella is important for people planning travel to rubella-endemic areas. […] It is recommended that all health care workers be immune to rubella.

• #2 Rubella – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella

  Rubella is preventable with the rubella vaccine, with a single dose being more than 95% effective. […] The vaccine is now usually given as part of the MMR vaccine. […] Screening for rubella susceptibility by history of vaccination or by serology is recommended in the United States for all women of childbearing age at their first preconception counseling visit to reduce incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] It is recommended that all susceptible non-pregnant women of childbearing age should be offered rubella vaccination. […] Due to concerns about possible teratogenicity, use of MMR vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy. […] Instead, susceptible pregnant women should be vaccinated as soon as possible in the postpartum period. […] In susceptible people passive immunization, in the form of polyclonal immunoglobulins, appears effective up to the fifth day post-exposure.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/vaccine-preventable-diseases/Pages/German-Measles-(Rubella).aspx

  Rubella is a contagious infection that is caused by a virus. Preventing rubella is important because travelers can bring it to the U.S. and spread it to unvaccinated people. […] Getting the MMR vaccine will prevent your child from getting sick and spreading rubella to a pregnant woman. […] In the U.S., the rubella vaccine is available in combination with vaccines against measles and mumps (MMR vaccine) and in combination with MMR and chickenpox (varicella) (MMRV vaccine). […] Children get two doses of vaccine. The first dose is at age 12-15 months (typically as the MMR vaccine). They get a second dose at age 4-6 years or before entering school (as MMR or MMRV vaccine). […] Getting both doses of the MMR vaccine allows for lifelong immunity. […] The MMR vaccine cannot be given during pregnancy. It is important to be vaccinated before you are pregnant if you were not vaccinated as a child or do not know your status. The vaccine must be given at least 1 month before you become pregnant.

• #2 Rubella – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/rubella/

  Rubella, sometimes called German measles, is a disease caused by a virus. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is the best way to help protect against rubella. Women should make sure they are protected from rubella before getting pregnant. […] It is important that children and women of childbearing age are vaccinated against rubella. […] The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can help prevent rubella. Two doses of the vaccine are recommended for children. The first dose of MMR vaccine is usually given at age 12-15 months; the second dose is given at age 4-6 years. […] Because MMR vaccine is an attenuated (weakened) live virus vaccine, pregnant women should not get MMR vaccine. Women who are planning to become pregnant should check with their healthcare professional to make sure they are vaccinated before they get pregnant.

• #2 Rubella – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/rubella

  There is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent rubella. The rubella vaccine is recommended for all children. It is routinely given when children are 12 to 15 months old, but is sometimes given earlier during epidemics. A second vaccination (booster) is routinely given to children ages 4 to 6. MMR is a combination vaccine that protects against measles, mumps, and rubella. […] Women of childbearing age most often have a blood test to see if they have immunity to rubella. If they are not immune, women should avoid getting pregnant for 28 days after receiving the vaccine. […] Those who should not get vaccinated include: Women who are pregnant. Anyone whose immune system is affected by cancer, corticosteroid medicines, or radiation treatment. […] Great care is taken not to give the vaccine to a woman who is already pregnant. However, in the rare instances when pregnant women have been vaccinated, no problems have been detected in the infants.

• #2 Rubella and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/rubella-and-pregnancy

  Vaccines usually given in childhood prevent you from getting the infection […] Rubella has been nearly eliminated in the United States because of the routine vaccination of children. Vaccination protects a person against rubella for life. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent infection. […] Its important to get vaccinated for rubella. Talk to your health care provider to make sure youre protected against it. […] The best way to protect your baby is to make sure youre immune to rubella. […] Before pregnancy. Get the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Wait 1 month before trying to get pregnant after getting the shot. […] After pregnancy. Get the MMR vaccination after you give birth. It is safe to get the MMR vaccine while nursing. Being protected from the infection means you cant pass it to your baby before they get their own MMR vaccination at about 12 months. It also prevents you from passing rubella to your baby during a future pregnancy.

• #2 410 IAC 1-2.5-129 – Rubella (German measles); specific control measures | State Regulations | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute

  https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/indiana/410-IAC-1-2.5-129

  The specific control measures for rubella (German measles) (infectious agent: rubella virus) are as follows: […] Immunization, while not contraindicated (except during pregnancy), will not necessarily prevent infection or illness. […] Passive immunization with immune globulin may be given to a susceptible pregnant woman exposed to the disease but should only be administered after thorough consultation with her attending physician, and any such measure should be provided by her attending physician. […] Pregnant female contacts, especially those in the first trimester, should be referred immediately to their attending physician for: (A) serological testing to determine susceptibility or early infection (IgM) antibody; and (B) thorough medical consultation.

• #2 Rubella disease info and PEP treatment | GamaSTAN®

  https://www.gamastan.com/en/hcp/rubella

  Rubella can be especially challenging for women in their first trimester of pregnancy; it can cause miscarriages and increases the potential for a group of birth defects called congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). […] Some studies suggest that the use of GamaSTAN in exposed, susceptible women can lessen the likelihood of infection and fetal damage; therefore, GamaSTAN may modify rubella in exposed women who will not consider a therapeutic abortion. […] Do not give GamaSTAN for routine prophylaxis of rubella in early pregnancy to an unexposed woman. […] GamaSTAN (immune globulin [human]) is indicated for prophylaxis following exposure to hepatitis A infection, prevention or modification of measles in susceptible persons exposed fewer than 6 days previously, modification of varicella, and modification of rubella in exposed women who will not consider a therapeutic abortion. […] GAMASTAN is not indicated for routine prophylaxis or treatment of viral hepatitis type B, rubella, poliomyelitis, mumps, or varicella.

• #2 Rubella vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-20-rubella-vaccine.html

  Rubella vaccine is available as measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine. […] Rubella-containing vaccine is recommended for routine immunization of children and for immunization of children and adolescents who missed rubella immunization on the routine schedule. […] Rubella immunization should be prioritized for the following susceptible individuals: Non-pregnant women of childbearing age – especially foreign-born, and staff and students in educational settings. […] Routine childhood immunization: 1 dose of any rubella-containing (MMR or MMRV) vaccine should be administered at 12 to 15 months of age. […] Post-exposure vaccination with MMR vaccine or human immunoglobulin (Ig) does not prevent or alter the clinical severity of rubella after exposure.

• #2 Rubella (German Measles) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/rubella-german-measles

  Adults born in or after 1957 should have at least 1 dose of MMR. […] Women who plan to have children and are not immune should get MMR at least 4 weeks before getting pregnant. Pregnant women who are not immune should be vaccinated after giving birth, before discharge from the hospital. […] People with rubella should be kept away from people who are not immune until they are well again. State regulations require anyone who catches rubella to be isolated for 7 days after the rash appears. That means they must be kept away from public places like day care centers, school and work. […] For the best protection against measles, mumps and rubella, 2 doses of MMR are recommended for people in high risk groups, including: Healthcare workers (paid, unpaid and volunteer), Health science students, International travelers.

• #2 Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://skinsight.com/skin-conditions/rubella-german-measles/

  Rubella is rare in the United States due to required vaccination, usually given twice to a child before they start attending school. […] Anyone with rubella should try to avoid contact with pregnant individuals. If there is contact, the pregnant person should call their medical professional for advice.

• #2 Rubella (German Measles) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vaccine-preventable-diseases/rubella-german-measles

  There is no treatment for rubella, however it can be prevented by the measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine. That vaccine is currently required for school entry in the state of Texas. Children may also get the MMRV vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox). […] Women who are considering pregnancy should ensure they are up to date with the MMR vaccine to prevent Congenital Rubella Syndrome. Prenatal care usually includes testing to ensure the mother is immune to rubella. If a pregnant woman thinks she might have rubella or is exposed to someone with rubella, she should contact her physician immediately for follow up. […] According to the Texas Administrative Code (TAC), specifically Rule 97.7 for schools and Rule 746.3603 for childcare, children in school and childcare settings shall be excluded for seven days after onset of rash. In an outbreak, unvaccinated children and pregnant women should be excluded for at least three weeks after the onset of the last rash.

• #2 Rubella (German Measles or Three-Day Measles)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/rubella/fact_sheet.htm

  Rubella infection is dangerous because of its ability to damage an unborn baby. If rubella immunization was discontinued, immunity to rubella would decline and rubella disease would return. The danger would be to pregnant women who, if infected, could pass the disease to their infants (fetuses) causing CRS.

• #2 chevron-right

  https://cbsaustin.com/news/nation-world/san-antonio-texas-school-confirms-case-of-rubella-german-measles-as-measles-rubeola-outbreak-in-state-reaches-146-vaccinations-child-death-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention-contagious-infection

  As the number of measles cases continues to rise in Texas, a San Antonio school confirmed a student was diagnosed with German measles, also known as rubella. […] Chris Van Deusen with the Texas Department of State Health Services (DHSH) said it is important to note the difference between German Measles (Rubella) and Measles (Rubeola), which is more contagious and poses a much greater health risk. […] The measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is safe and highly effective at preventing infection and severe cases. The first shot is recommended for children ages 12 to 15 months, and the second for ages 4 to 6 years. Most kids will recover from measles, but infection can lead to dangerous complications such as pneumonia, blindness, brain swelling and death.

• #2 Overview: Rubella (German measles) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563972/

  There is an effective and safe vaccine to prevent rubella infections. It is recommended for all children and all women of childbearing age who haven’t yet had the rubella vaccine, or aren’t sure if they have. […] People who are regularly in contact with pregnant women should have the vaccine too as well as those who work in community facilities such as daycare centers, schools, hospitals or further education facilities. […] The rubella vaccine is given together with the measles and mumps vaccines in a combined vaccine (the MMR vaccine), or additionally together with the chickenpox vaccine (the MMRV vaccine). […] After having the vaccine, most people are generally protected against rubella for the rest of their lives. […] It is important that people have the rubella vaccine in order to stop the disease from spreading. If most of the population has been vaccinated, that also protects people who can’t have the vaccine, such as pregnant women. This is known as herd immunity or the herd effect. For herd immunity to be achieved, as many people as possible have to have the vaccination.

• #3 Clinical Overview of Rubella | Rubella | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Rubella can be prevented with rubella-containing vaccine. Rubella vaccine is usually administered as the combination measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. The combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccine can be used for children aged 12 months through 12 years. […] CDC recommends children get 2 doses of MMR vaccine. Adults born during or after 1957 should receive at least one dose of rubella-containing vaccine. Pregnant women who do not have evidence of immunity should be vaccinated immediately after giving birth. […] Patients with rubella should be isolated for 7 days after they develop rash. […] In settings where pregnant women may be exposed, outbreak control measures should begin as soon as rubella is suspected and should not be postponed until laboratory confirmation of cases.

• #3 Rubella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/

  Rubella is a mild viral disease that typically occurs in children and non-immune young adults. […] To avoid the high morbidity associated with this condition, healthcare providers should play an active role in the prevention and diagnosis of rubella. […] Universal immunization of all susceptible individuals with rubella vaccines is the cornerstone to the prevention of rubella and, more importantly, congenital rubella syndrome. […] Parents should be educated and counseled on the importance of routine immunization in infants and young children. It is also essential to identify and immunize all susceptible women of childbearing age prior to conception. […] In the United States, the rubella vaccines consist of a live attenuated RA 27/3 strain. The vaccine is usually administered in combination with measles and mumps (MMR) or measles, mumps, and varicella (MMRV), with the first dose at ages 12-15 months and the second dose at ages 4-6 years.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella

  Being vaccinated is the best way to prevent getting sick with rubella or spreading it to other people. The vaccine is safe and helps your body fight off the virus. […] WHO recommends that all countries that have not yet introduced rubella vaccine should consider doing so using existing, well-established measles immunization programmes. […] The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated strain, and a single dose gives more than 95% long-lasting immunity, which is similar to that induced by natural infection. […] Rubella vaccines are available either in monovalent formulation (a vaccine directed at only one pathogen) or more commonly in combinations with other vaccines such as with vaccines against measles (MR), measles and mumps (MMR), or measles, mumps and varicella (MMRV). […] Adverse reactions following vaccination are generally mild. They may include pain and redness at the injection site, low-grade fever, rash and muscle aches. Mass immunization campaigns in the Region of the Americas involving more than 250 million adolescents and adults did not identify any serious adverse reactions associated with the vaccine.

• #3 Rubella – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310

  The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is safe and highly effective in preventing rubella. The vaccine provides lifelong protection against rubella. […] The rubella vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. This vaccine may also include the chickenpox (varicella) vaccine MMRV vaccine. Health care providers recommend that children receive the MMR vaccine between 12 and 15 months of age, and again between 4 and 6 years of age before entering school. […] The MMR vaccine prevents rubella and protects against it for life. Getting the vaccine can prevent rubella during future pregnancies. […] Providing the MMR vaccine as a combination of recommended vaccines can prevent delays in protection against measle, mumps and rubella and with fewer shots. The combination vaccine is as safe and effective as the vaccines given separately.

• #3 Immunizations: Rubella (German Measles) | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/immunization/rubella.htm

  A vaccine can prevent rubella. […] The best way to prevent rubella is to get the vaccine. […] The best way to avoid rubella is to get a vaccine. […] The MMR vaccine protects against three diseases: mumps, measles, and rubella. […] The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends the MMR vaccine for: All children. […] Women who are considering pregnancy and aren’t vaccinated. […] People 6 months of age and older who’ll be traveling to any country outside the United States and aren’t vaccinated. […] The CDC recommends children get two doses of the MMR vaccine: First dose at 12-15 months of age. […] Second dose at 4-6 years of age. […] Teens and adults also should be up to date on MMR vaccinations.

• #3 Rubella (German Measles) | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/rubella-german-measles/

  Rubella can be prevented with rubella-containing vaccine. One dose of the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is about 97% effective at preventing rubella. […] All children should routinely receive two doses of MMR vaccine. The first dose is given at age 12-15 months and the second dose at 4-6 years of age. […] All adults born during or after 1957 should receive at least one dose of MMR vaccine, unless they have had a blood test showing they are immune to rubella or have had the disease. […] Health care providers should routinely check women of childbearing age for immunity to rubella. […] Those who lack immunity and are NOT pregnant should be vaccinated. […] Pregnant women should NOT get the MMR vaccine. Pregnant women without rubella immunity should be vaccinated immediately AFTER giving birth.

• #3 Disease factsheet about rubella

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella/factsheet

  Rubella and measles are targeted for elimination in the WHO European region. The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. The most commonly used strain is Wistar RA 27/3 which has a seroconversion rate of 98% and induces secretory IgA antibodies, a quality that makes vaccination similar to natural infection and prevents reinfection with wild virus. All countries in the EU/EEA recommend vaccination with two doses of rubella containing vaccines with the first dose given during the second year of life and the second dose at an older age that differs between countries. Catch-up programmes are in place for those who may have missed vaccination or who are uncertain about their vaccination history. […] In most of Europe, rubella antibody testing is offered to all pregnant women as part of their antenatal care. For practical reasons, the test is usually performed irrespective of immunisation history or previous laboratory reports of rubella specific IgG. If a pregnant woman is rubella antibody negative then MMR vaccine should be given post-delivery.

• #3 Rubella | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rubella

  Rubella is uncommon in Australia and other countries with widespread immunisation programs. […] It is important to continue vaccinating children to prevent the spread of infection to pregnant women. […] Immunisation is the best way to prevent rubella. […] Protection against rubella is available under the National Immunisation Program Schedule. […] If you have not received the vaccine, ask your doctor or immunisation provider about catch-up doses. […] If you are intending to become pregnant, have a blood test to check your immunity against rubella and then have a vaccination if required. […] Women who are not immune require two doses of vaccine a minimum of 28 days apart and should avoid pregnancy for at least 28 days after immunisation. […] If you are already pregnant, do not receive the MMR or MMRV vaccine.

• #3 Rubella and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/rubella-and-pregnancy

  Vaccines usually given in childhood prevent you from getting the infection […] Rubella has been nearly eliminated in the United States because of the routine vaccination of children. Vaccination protects a person against rubella for life. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent infection. […] Its important to get vaccinated for rubella. Talk to your health care provider to make sure youre protected against it. […] The best way to protect your baby is to make sure youre immune to rubella. […] Before pregnancy. Get the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Wait 1 month before trying to get pregnant after getting the shot. […] After pregnancy. Get the MMR vaccination after you give birth. It is safe to get the MMR vaccine while nursing. Being protected from the infection means you cant pass it to your baby before they get their own MMR vaccination at about 12 months. It also prevents you from passing rubella to your baby during a future pregnancy.

• #3 What Is the Difference Between Rubella and Rubeola?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-the-difference-between-rubella-and-rubeola

  The best way to prevent either of these infections is with the same vaccine. The CDC recommends that children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine. They usually receive the first dose between 12 and 15 months of age and the second dose between 4 and 6 years old. […] If traveling internationally, babies older than 6 months should receive one dose of the MMR vaccine before their first birthday. They’ll still need to get two doses after turning 12 months. […] Adults who didn’t receive either dose of the MMR vaccine, or who only had one dose as a child, should talk to their doctor about being vaccinated. In particular, people in the following groups should consider vaccination: international travelers, college students, healthcare workers, public health workers. […] Most adults will only need one dose. Adults in high-risk categories usually will receive two vaccine doses spaced 28 days apart. […] You should not receive either the MMR or MMRV vaccine if you’re pregnant. […] There are no official treatments for rubella or rubeola, but the MMR vaccine can prevent illness and long-term complications associated with both of these infections.

• #3 Rubella In Pregnancy (German Measles): Symptoms And Prevention

  https://www.gynecdoctor.com/blog/rubella-in-pregnancy-german-measles/

  This vaccine cannot be taken during pregnancy. After vaccination, one needs to avoid pregnancy for at least 4 weeks. […] But inadvertent Rubella vaccination in the preconception period or in early pregnancy should not be considered an indication for termination of pregnancy. Just one dose is adequate for protection. […] Pregnant women should avoid contact with people who have rashes that cover most of their body and that have been present for less than one week. […] But if a pregnant woman is exposed to an individual with the infection and does not have immunity then she will require intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) treatment within 6 days of measles exposure. […] Pregnant women who do not have protection can take the vaccine during the post-partum period.

• #3 Rubella (German Measles) Symptoms, Vaccine & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/rubella/

  The best precaution against rubella is to be vaccinated against it. […] The World Health Organization credits vaccination with eliminating rubella and CRS from countries where it is routinely administered. Vaccines containing rubella provide protection in 95-100 percent of cases and usually remain effective for an entire lifetime. […] The most common way to receive a rubella vaccination is with the MMR vaccine, which also immunizes against measles and mumps. […] Women who are considering becoming pregnant and are not sure if they are immune to rubella can be tested by their doctor. If necessary, they can be vaccinated with MMR before becoming pregnant. […] Someone with rubella symptoms should stay away from work or school for at least seven days after the symptoms first appear to avoid infecting others. […] The only way to prevent rubella is by having a vaccination.

• #3 Rubella (German measles) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/rubella/rubella+german+measles+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Rubella is best prevented by the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) combination vaccine or the measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) combination vaccine. Most people who have two doses of a rubella-containing vaccine will be protected against rubella infection. […] Exclude people with rubella from childcare, preschool, school and work until fully recovered or for at least 4 days after the onset of the rash. […] All health care and childcare staff (men and women) should be assessed for immunity to rubella and if not immune, should be immunised. […] Anyone with suspected rubella should consult a doctor both to check that the diagnosis is correct and so that contacts (in particular, pregnant women) can be advised. A contact is any person who has been close enough to an infected person to be at risk of having acquired the infection from that person.

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