Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Reflux in Babies: Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/reflux-in-babies

  Reflux is when food from your babys stomach returns to their esophagus, which may lead to spitting up or vomiting. Reflux is common among babies in their first year and usually harmless. But its sometimes a sign of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or other conditions that need medical treatment. […] Reflux (acid reflux) is when food from your babys stomach travels back up into their esophagus. This may lead to spitting up and/or vomiting. In most babies, acid reflux isnt problematic. It happens because your babys digestive tract isnt fully mature yet. […] Your baby might spit up a lot even daily but have no health issues. Healthcare providers call such babies happy spitters. […] For some babies, reflux is more serious and affects their ability to take in enough nutrients. They usually have other symptoms, like blood in their vomit, poor weight gain or chronic coughing. Healthcare providers call these troublesome symptoms. Such symptoms mark the difference between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

• #2 Infant acid reflux – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-acid-reflux/symptoms-causes/syc-20351408

  A baby with the illustration of the esophagus and stomach visible to show how stomach contents might flow into the esophagus. Infant reflux is when a baby spits up liquid or food. It happens when stomach contents move back up from a baby’s stomach into the esophagus. Reflux happens in infants many times a day. If your baby is content and growing well, reflux is not a cause for concern. Sometimes called gastroesophageal reflux, also called GER, the condition becomes less common as a baby gets older. It’s unusual for infant reflux to continue after age 18 months. […] Rarely, infant reflux leads to weight loss or growth that lags behind that of other children of the same age and sex. These symptoms may mean that your baby has a medical issue. Some of these symptoms may mean serious but treatable conditions. These include GERD or a blockage in the digestive tract.

• #3 Reflux (Spitting Up)

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/reflux-spitting-up/

  Spitting up small amounts of breastmilk or formula. Also called reflux. […] Normal symptom in half of young babies. […] Most often seen during or shortly after feedings. […] Occurs mainly in children under 1 year of age. […] Begins in the first weeks of life. […] Caution: normal reflux does not cause any crying. […] Most infants are „happy spitters.” Normal spitting up (normal reflux) occurs in half of babies. It does not cause crying or colic. […] If they develop complications, it’s called GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease). This occurs in less than 1% of babies. […] GERD problems occur in less than 1% of infants: […] Heartburn from acid on lower esophagus. Infants with this problem cry numerous times per day. They also act very unhappy when they are not crying. They are in almost constant discomfort. […] Poor Weight Gain. […] Reflux gets better with age. […] After learning to sit well, many babies are better by 7 months of age.

• #4 Reflux in Babies: Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/reflux-in-babies

  The main symptom of reflux in babies is spitting up and/or vomiting that occurs after feedings. Usually, babies spit up a little and go about business as usual. […] But additional symptoms, like refusing to eat or coughing, could indicate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Symptoms of GER include: Spitting up and/or vomiting after feedings. […] Reflux isnt the only thing that can cause these symptoms. But its one possibility. […] Symptoms of GERD in babies include: Spitting up and/or vomiting, which may be forceful. […] Discomfort or irritability, which may involve crying or arching of the back during feedings. […] Refusal to nurse or drink from the bottle. […] Not gaining weight or growing. […] Vomiting blood. […] Difficulty swallowing. […] Cough. […] Wheezing.

• #5 Reflux in babies

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/reflux-in-babies/

  Reflux usually starts before a baby is 8 weeks old and gets better by the time they’re 1. […] Symptoms of reflux in babies include: bringing up milk or being sick during or shortly after feeding, coughing or hiccupping when feeding, being unsettled during feeding, swallowing or gulping after burping or feeding, crying and not settling, not gaining weight as they’re not keeping enough food down. […] Sometimes babies may have signs of reflux but will not bring up milk or be sick. This is known as silent reflux. […] Non-urgent advice: See a GP if your baby: is not improving after trying things to ease reflux, gets reflux for the first time after they’re 6 months old, is older than 1 and still has reflux, is not gaining weight or is losing weight. […] Urgent advice: Ask for an urgent GP appointment or call 111 if your baby: has vomit that’s green or yellow, or has blood in it, is projectile vomiting (being sick with more force than usual), has blood in their poo, has a swollen or tender tummy, has a very high temperature or they feel hot or shivery, keeps being sick and cannot keep fluid down, has diarrhoea that lasts for over a week or has signs of dehydration, will not stop crying and is very distressed, is refusing to feed.

• #6 Reflux in Infants: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/refluxininfants.html

  In babies, the main symptom of reflux and GERD is spitting up. GERD may also cause symptoms such as: […] Arching of the back, often during or right after eating […] Colic – crying that lasts for more than 3 hours a day with no medical cause […] Coughing […] Gagging or trouble swallowing […] Irritability, especially after eating […] Poor eating or refusing to eat […] Poor weight gain, or weight loss […] Wheezing or trouble breathing […] Forceful or frequent vomiting. […] GERD is also common in younger infants. Many 4-month-olds have it. But by their first birthday, only 10% of babies still have GERD.

• #7 Reflux in Babies: Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/reflux-in-babies

  Noisy breathing (stridor). […] Hoarseness. […] These symptoms could point to many other possible conditions besides GERD. […] Infant reflux usually begins at 2 to 3 weeks and peaks at 4 to 5 months. It should fully go away at 9 to 12 months. […] Its unusual for GER symptoms to start during the first week of a babys life or after a baby turns 6 months. In these cases, the symptoms may point to GERD or another condition. […] GERD may lead to: Delays in normal weight gain and growth. […] Reflux esophagitis. […] Esophageal strictures. […] Barretts esophagus. […] Respiratory problems. […] Most babies stop spitting up by 9 to 12 months of age. […] However, GERD can be more challenging to diagnose and treat.

• #8 What is baby reflux? Symptoms and support | NCT

  https://www.nct.org.uk/information/baby-toddler/baby-and-toddler-health/what-baby-reflux-symptoms-and-support

  Baby reflux isnt usually a cause for concern if your baby is happy and is gaining weight. But if vomiting becomes more forceful, starts after six months of age, continues beyond a year or if your baby has any of the problems mentioned below, it’s best to contact your midwife, health visitor or GP: Spitting up feeds frequently or refusing feeds. Coughing or gagging while feeding. Frequent projectile vomiting (forceful vomiting that lands some distance away). Green or yellow vomit (may be bile), or blood in vomit. Blood in poo or persistent diarrhoea. Excessive crying or irritability. Swollen or tender tummy. A high temperature of 38C or above. Not gaining weight or losing weight. […] Sometimes babies dont spit out what comes back up but swallow it instead. Even though there isnt any spitting up, they may show other symptoms similar to reflux, such as crying or being unsettled after feeds, or having a cough or hoarse voice. In severe cases babies may have symptoms similar to GORD. This is known as silent reflux and treatment is similar to that given for GORD (Todays Parent, 2018; NHS start4life, 2019).

• #9 Reflux » Whānau Āwhina PlunketPlunket Logo

  https://www.plunket.org.nz/child-health-concerns-and-symptoms/stomach-and-gut/reflux/

  An estimated 8% of newborns experience either excessive or ‘silent’ reflux, which can result in a very unhappy baby. […] Signs to look out for in your baby or young child might include: hoarseness, chronic cough (or „barking”), noisy breathing, wheezing, or pauses in breathing, chronic respiratory conditions (such as bronchitis) and ear infections, trouble feeding, spitting up or inhaling food, difficulty gaining weight, gagging, nasal congestion. […] In a small number of babies, reflux can lead to problems including gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Speak to your Plunket nurse or doctor if you’re worried, or if you notice any of the following in your baby: long or frequent periods of irritability and crying, reflux is forceful, or is green or dark yellow, blood in the reflux, their back arches after feeds, poor sleeping, poor weight gain, long-lasting cough or wheezy breathing, changes that you are unsure about, the reflux continues after your baby turns one year old.

• #10 Recognizing Acid Reflux/GERD in Infants: 10 Common Signs

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/recognize-gerd-infants

  Babies can get acid reflux due to underdeveloped esophagus muscles, leading to spitting and vomiting, feeding refusal, difficulty sleeping and growing, and frequent lung infections. […] Infants are more prone to acid reflux because their LES may be weak or underdeveloped. In fact, its estimated that more than half of all infants experience acid reflux to some degree. […] The condition usually peaks at age 4 months and goes away on its own between 12 and 18 months of age. […] Its rare for an infants symptoms to continue past 24 months. If they persist, it may be a sign of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is a more severe condition. While they may vary, the 10 most common signs of acid reflux or GERD in infants include: spitting up and vomiting, refusal to eat and difficulty eating or swallowing, irritability during feeding, wet burps or hiccups, failure to gain weight, abnormal arching, frequent coughing or recurrent pneumonia, gagging or choking, chest pain or heartburn, disturbed sleep.

• #11 Infant reflux | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/conditions-and-treatments/infant-reflux

  Reflux is common in babies and causes no pain or problems with weight gain in most babies. […] Reflux usually gets better with time as babies start to eat solids. […] In most babies, reflux causes no pain or problems with weight gain. […] Reflux in babies gets better with time as: They start to eat solids. They learn to sit up. The ring of muscle at the top of their stomach gets stronger. […] Although it seems logical that reflux might cause babies to cry, studies show that reflux medications do not improve crying in most babies. […] Gastro-oesphageal reflux disease (GORD) is different to reflux. GORD is a medical condition that needs to be diagnosed by a doctor and affects small numbers of babies who have frequent vomiting AND other symptoms like: choking, coughing or wheezing during feeds, vomiting up blood, distress during feeds or refusal to feed, poor weight gain or weight loss.

• #12 Patient education: Acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux) in babies (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acid-reflux-gastroesophageal-reflux-in-babies-beyond-the-basics/print

  Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the medical term for spitting up. It occurs when the stomach contents reflux or back up into the esophagus and/or mouth. Because the stomach naturally produces acid, reflux is sometimes called „acid reflux”; other terms include „regurgitation” and „spilling.” […] GER is normal and happens frequently in healthy babies. Most babies have brief episodes, usually after feeding, when they spit up milk or formula through the mouth or nose. In most cases, the reflux causes no problems and does not require treatment. […] In contrast, in a few babies, GER causes complications. In this case, the condition is known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, or „GERD.” Babies with proven GERD may require treatment. […] Normal reflux — GER happens most frequently in babies between three and six months of age. Approximately 50 percent of babies younger than three months of age have at least one episode of spitting up per day. Spitting up disappears in more than 50 percent of babies by 10 months of age, 80 percent by 18 months, and 98 percent by two years of age.

• #13 Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1015/p705.html

  Gastroesophageal reflux is defined as the passage of stomach contents into the esophagus with or without accompanied regurgitation (spitting up) and vomiting. […] In infants, most regurgitation resolves by 12 months of age and does not require treatment. Reflux in infants may be treated with body position changes while awake, lower-volume feedings, thickening agents (i.e., rice cereal), antiregurgitant formula, extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid formulas, and, in breastfed infants, eliminating cow’s milk and eggs from the mother’s diet. […] Regurgitation is common during infancy, occurring at least once daily in one-half of infants up to three months of age. The prevalence peaks at four months of age, with two-thirds of infants regurgitating at least once daily and approximately 40% regurgitating with most feedings.

• #14 Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1015/p705.html

  Infantile gastroesophageal reflux may present with frequent regurgitation or vomiting, postprandial irritability, prolonged feeding or feeding refusal, or back arching. Progressively worsening projectile vomiting in the first months of life is concerning for pyloric stenosis and requires immediate imaging and surgical referral. […] Recurrent nonprojectile vomiting or regurgitation beyond 18 months of age is uncommon and suggests GERD or more concerning pathology. […] Poor weight gain, parent-reported abdominal pain, and coughing or choking during feeding may also suggest GERD and warrant further workup. […] Apparent life-threatening events (i.e., witnessed, frightening events characterized by apnea, color change, marked change in muscle tone, choking, or gagging) are commonly attributed to GERD, lower respiratory tract infection, and seizures.

• #15 Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD in Infants – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-infants/symptoms-causes

  As infants grow and develop, they typically experience less GER. […] Experts are still studying why some infants develop GERD, a condition in which GER causes repeated symptoms that are bothersome or leads to complications. Several different factors may play a role. For example, infants with GERD may have problems with how the lower esophageal sphincter works, have more acid reflux, or feel more discomfort when GER occurs. […] Infants are more likely to have GERD if they have certain health conditions, including being born prematurely, conditions that affect the lungs, such as cystic fibrosis, conditions that affect the nervous system, such as cerebral palsy, hiatal hernia, a condition in which the opening in the diaphragm lets the upper part of the stomach move up into the chest, and previous surgery to correct esophageal atresia, a type of birth defect.

• #16 What is baby reflux? Symptoms and support | NCT

  https://www.nct.org.uk/information/baby-toddler/baby-and-toddler-health/what-baby-reflux-symptoms-and-support

  Baby reflux is different from gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), which is defined as reflux with 'troublesome symptoms or complications’ (NICE, 2019). […] Symptoms of GORD: A baby arching their back and turning their head. Pain or discomfort in your baby’s chest or abdomen. Crying for long periods and becoming irritable during and after feeds; their crying may sound hoarse. Choking/gagging or coughing during a feed, or seeming to have a sore throat. Frequent ear infections. Fighting feeds or refusing to feed. Poor weight gain. Waking very frequently at night. Signs of pain or discomfort when feeding. […] Reflux is more common among babies who were born prematurely and babies who had a low birth weight. Its also common in babies or children with some impairment of their muscles and nerves, such as cerebral palsy, or those with a cows milk allergy (Patient, 2018).

• #17 Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-neonates-and-infants/gastroesophageal-reflux-in-infants

  Gastroesophageal reflux occurs in almost all infants, manifesting as wet burps after feeding and/or spit-ups (the non-forceful return of milk or gastric contents to the esophagus, pharynx, and mouth). […] Gastroesophageal reflux resolves in about 85% of infants by 12 months and in 95% by 18 months. […] The main symptom of gastroesophageal reflux is frequent regurgitation (spitting up, wet burps). […] Infants in whom reflux has caused GERD have additional symptoms, such as irritability, feeding refusal, and/or respiratory symptoms such as chronic recurrent coughing or wheezing and sometimes stridor. […] Infants may fail to gain weight appropriately or, less often, lose weight. GERD can cause iron deficiency anemia. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is diagnosed when reflux causes complications such as esophagitis, respiratory symptoms (eg, cough, stridor, wheezing, apnea), iron deficiency anemia, or impaired growth. […] Most reflux in infants does not cause other symptoms or complications and resolves spontaneously by age 12 to 18 months.

• #18 Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/1201/p1853.html

  Other infants may manifest signs of esophagitis, including persistent irritability, pain, feeding problems, and iron deficiency anemia. […] A subset of infants may demonstrate significant reflux by esophageal pH monitoring but will not have symptoms of regurgitation, known as silent GERD. […] A variety of respiratory symptoms occur in infants. Apnea with cyanotic episodes may occur secondary to upper airway stimulation by pharyngeal regurgitation, as previously described. […] Finally, abnormal hyperextension of the neck with torticollis (Sandifer’s syndrome) may be seen solely in infants with more severe GERD. […] After infancy, more classic symptoms of esophagitis predominate, including lower chest pain, heartburn (pyrosis), odynophagia, dysphagia, and signs of anemia and esophageal obstruction from stricture formation.

• #19 Reflux (GOR) and GORD

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Reflux_GOR_and_GORD/

  If your baby has GORD, they may: have pain and discomfort in their chest or upper abdomen (stomach), which will make them irritable, cry a lot or arch their back; have disrupted sleep or be hard to settle; show poor weight gain; have breathing and swallowing problems (e.g. gagging, choking, wheezing or coughing a lot). […] Reflux is very common in babies, and will usually get better by itself by the time they are one year old. […] In most cases, reflux will not harm your baby, and doesn’t require treatment. […] If the reflux is causing problems, this could be gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), which may need treatment. […] If your child has GORD symptoms, see your GP.

• #20 Reflux in babies

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/reflux-babies/

  Reflux usually begins before a baby is 8 weeks old. […] Symptoms include: spitting up milk during or after feeds, refusing feeds, gagging or choking, constant hiccups or coughing, crying an awful lot or crying while feeding, frequent ear infections. […] Some babies with reflux do not have any obvious spit up or vomit. The contents of their stomach move up their food pipe, but don’t come out their mouth. This is known as silent or occult reflux. […] Your baby does not usually need to see a doctor if they’re happy, healthy and gaining weight. […] Non-urgent advice: Speak to a GP or public health nurse (PHN) if your baby: has difficulty feeding or refuses to feed, regularly brings milk back up and seems uncomfortable after a feed, is losing weight or not gaining weight, is arching their back during or after a feed, or drawing their legs up to their tummy after feeding, is coughing or gagging while feeding, develops a cough or is wheezing, has any underlying medical problems or was born premature, has eczema, is over the age of 1 and still getting reflux, is not their usual self and this is worrying you – trust your instincts.

• #21 Reflux in babies

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/reflux-babies/

  Urgent advice: Contact your GP or out-of-hours GP urgently if your baby: has vomit that is green or yellow, or has blood in it, is projectile vomiting (being sick with more force than usual), has blood in their poo, has a swollen or tender tummy, has a high temperature of 38 degrees Celsius or higher or they feel hot or shivery, keeps being sick and cannot keep fluid down, has diarrhoea that lasts for over a week or has signs of dehydration, will not stop crying and is very distressed.

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