Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17928-pseudobulbar-affect-pba

  Since pseudobulbar affect results from brain damage and neurological conditions, theres nothing you can do to prevent developing it. […] The prognosis (outlook) for PBA varies. […] Medication can help manage symptoms.

• #2 Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA): Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/pseudobulbar-affect

  Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a nervous system disorder that can make you laugh, cry, or become angry without being able to control when it happens. […] Doctors might prescribe antidepressants to control PBA symptoms. In 2010, the FDA approved dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta), the first PBA medication. Studies show it helps control outbursts of crying and laughing in people with MS and ALS. […] The treatment may include antidepressants or other medications.

• #3 Review of pseudobulbar affect including a novel and potential therapy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16387982/

  Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is an affective disinhibition syndrome associated with various neuropathologies, which is characterized by involuntary and inappropriate outbursts of laughter and/or crying. […] There is no pharmacological therapy with a Food and Drug Administration indication for PBA, although antidepressants and dopaminergic agents have been reported to show varying levels of treatment success. […] Recent evidence suggests that treatment with a fixed combination of dextromethorphan and the cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme inhibitor, quinidine, can improve PBA. […] This review describes the clinical and neuropathological features of PBA, and presents an overview of current and future treatment approaches.

• #4 NUEDEXTA (dextromethorphan HBr and quinidine sulfate) HCP site

  https://www.nuedextahcp.com/

  NUEDEXTA is indicated for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect (PBA). […] NUEDEXTA was proven to significantly reduce PBA episodes. […] PBA episodes can cause immense distress, embarrassment, and confusion for patients.

• #5

  https://www.geron.org/News-Events/GSA-News/Press-Room/Press-Releases/pseudobulbar-affect-an-often-overlooked-condition

  PBA symptoms can cause embarrassment for older adults and their family and caregivers resulting in restricted social interactions, withdrawal, and social isolation. […] Goals of treatment for PBA include reducing severity and frequency of episodes. Behavioral strategies should always be considered for patients and caregivers particularly when symptoms are mild or do not impact the patients quality of life and may be adequate for treatment of PBA. Pharmacologic options may also provide benefit for appropriate patients. Implementing nonpharmacologic behavioral strategies along with pharmacologic treatment may produce a synergistic effect.

• #6 What Is Pseudobulbar Affect? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pseudobulbar-affect/

  Pseudobulbar affect is associated with brain injury and different pre-existing neurological conditions, but experts aren’t certain why some individuals develop it and others don’t; there isn’t a way to prevent or reduce the risk of developing pseudobulbar affect. […] There are things that could help reduce the risk of developing one of the underlying conditions of PBA, namely stroke. […] A person can reduce their risk of stroke by not smoking, treating heart disease or high blood pressure, keeping their blood sugar level within a healthy range, exercising regularly, and staying at a healthy weight. […] There is evidence that suggests that keeping the heart healthy through exercise and diet may help protect the brain.

• #7 Pseudobulbar Affect: Understanding the Neurological Condition Behind Uncontrollable Laughter and Crying | KCC

  https://kentuckycounselingcenter.com/pseudobulbar-affect/

  PBA can be isolating and frustrating, but certain strategies make it more manageable: […] While there is no definitive method to prevent PBA, lowering the risk of certain neurological events can help: […] Stroke Prevention: Maintain a healthy blood pressure, manage heart disease, and exercise regularly to reduce the risk of strokeone of the most common underlying conditions leading to PBA. […] Early Intervention: If you experience mild symptoms following a head injury or if you have a degenerative neurological disorder, consult a healthcare professional early to minimize the severity of PBA episodes.

• #8 Pseudobulbar Affect: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/pseudobulbar-affect/

  Managing Underlying Conditions: Since PBA is often secondary to other neurological conditions, managing these primary conditions can help reduce the risk of PBA. This includes: […] Early Intervention: Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial in managing PBA effectively. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking medical advice promptly can lead to better outcomes and improve the quality of life for those affected.

• #9 Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA) | MSAA

  https://mymsaa.org/ms-information/symptoms/pba/

  Nuedexta (dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate) is the only FDA-approved treatment specifically for PBA at this time. […] Some doctors advocate using certain antidepressant medications, including the SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), such as Celexa (citalopram) and Zoloft (sertraline). […] While these medications may well help to manage the symptoms of PBA, they do not cure its underlying cause. […] If you experience PBA, hope is in sight, as doctors and researchers are learning more about this symptom. […] If you have PBA, your multiple sclerosis neurologist will determine which medication is best for you.

• #10 Dosing and treatment: Explore dosing for NUEDEXTA

  https://www.nuedextahcp.com/dosing-and-treatment

  NUEDEXTA can help reduce PBA episodes.1 […] The need for continued treatment should be reassessed periodically, as spontaneous improvement of Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA) symptoms occurs in some patients.1 […] NUEDEXTA is indicated for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect (PBA).

• #11 Treating the Uncontrollable Laughing and Crying of Pseudobulbar Affect

  https://www.brainandlife.org/articles/treating-the-uncontrollable-crying-and-laughing-of-pseudobulbar-affect

  It is critical to get the right diagnosis for pseudobulbar affect (PBA) because treatment may differ from that of depression. […] Dr. Miller stresses the importance of recognizing that PBA is the result of an underlying neurologic condition, not a separate disease or something the patient can deliberately control. It is also critical to get the right diagnosis, he says, because treatment for PBA may differ from that of depression. […] Until recently, antidepressants were the primary treatment option for PBA. Although none are approved for this use, doctors often prescribe them „off label.” Richard Anderson, for example, was prescribed an antidepressant, which helped improve his PBA symptoms. […] In October 2010, the FDA approved the lower dose of the drug for PBA. It is taken once a day for seven days followed by the maintenance dose of every 12 hours. […] Today, Dr. Miller says he treats PBA almost exclusively with the drug. „I used antidepressants in the past with mixed results,” he says. „Nuedexta is effective in 90 percent of patients.”

• #12

  https://msfocus.org/Magazine/Magazine-Items/Posted/Reining-in-Pseudobulbar-Affect

  If you think you might have PBA, it is important to discuss the details with your doctor because the condition can be treated. In late 2010, the US Federal Drug Administration approved Nuedexta, the first treatment for PBA. […] Once your doctor has given you a diagnosis of PBA, you may be a candidate for NuedextaTM. This oral medication (in capsule form, taken twice daily) is a combination of the generic drug quinidine, which prevents heart arrhythmia, and the cough suppressant dextromethorphan. […] If you think you may be a candidate for this medication, talk with your doctor about your options. In the past, tricyclic anti-depressants (such as amitriptyline and nortriptylene) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (such as Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Celexa, and Lexapro) have been used to treat PBA, although with only modest success.

• #13 Pseudobulbar Affect: Symptoms, Treatments, and Outlook

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/mental-health-and-behavior/pseudobulbar-affect

  Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) refers to brief, uncontrollable episodes of laughing, crying, or both. […] While there is currently no cure for PBA, medications like antidepressants may help prevent or reduce the severity of PBA episodes. […] Certain medications may help prevent some episodes or reduce their severity. These medications include selective serotonin reductase inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). […] In addition to medications, the ASA states that specific coping techniques may help prevent or relieve an episode. For example, if you can feel an episode coming on, it may be beneficial to distract yourself by thinking about something unrelated to the episode. Taking deep breaths and trying to relax your muscles may also help. […] Talk with your doctor about ways to manage PBA.

• #14 Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA) | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/effects-of-stroke/emotional-effects/pseudobulbar-affect

  When the parts of the brain that control emotions are injures, pseudobulbar affect (PBA) occurs. This neurological condition is also known as emotional lability, reflex crying or involuntary emotional expression disorder, among others. […] The good news is that PBA can be treated. The first step is to get an accurate diagnosis. Ask your health care professional about PBA treatment options. Educating caregivers and other family members is also important. […] These tips aren’t substitutes for medical advice. Talk with your doctor about additional ways to cope with your PBA episodes. Because people with PBA may cry a lot, their symptoms are often confused with depression. But PBA is not depression. In the past, PBA has been treated with anti-depressants, although they may only be moderately successful.

• #15 Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/pseudobulbar-affect-pba

  PBA can be diagnosed with a number of testing methods. The Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale (PLACS) involves a set of questions about the severity of laughing or crying fits and how they are connected to a persons mood and social setting. The Center for Neurologic Study-Lability Scale (CNS-LS) is another diagnosis method that involves a set of questions about symptoms. Treatment of PBA often involves prescription medications such as anti-depressants, which are thought to control the symptoms of the disorder. […] Doctors encourage people with PBA to be open and communicative about their condition, making friends and family aware of the symptoms and how the disorder affects their social life. This will limit confusion or embarrassment should an episode occur in their presence. […] Doctors also recommend several methods to cope with PBA. For instance, when patients feel an episode coming on, it is recommended that they shift their position or attempt to distract themselves from the episode. Doctors also encourage patients to learn breathing techniques to regain control of a situation, breathing slowly and deeply during the episode until a sense of control is re-established. After an episode, it is important to relax the body, which likely tenses greatly during the fit. Relax the neck, shoulders, and face while recovering.

• #16 Impact of PBA | PBAinfo

  https://www.pbainfo.org/managing-pba

  PBA is a real condition that you can do something about. Ask your healthcare provider how PBA can be managed. […] If you’ve been impacted by PBA, it may be time to schedule an appointment. Not all healthcare providers are familiar with PBA. It’s important to speak to a specialist who has experience in treating PBA.

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