Przewlekła białaczka limfocytowa
Etiologia i przyczyny

Przewlekła białaczka limfocytowa (PBL) to klonalna proliferacja nieprawidłowych limfocytów B, stanowiąca 22-30% białaczek u dorosłych w krajach zachodnich. Patogeneza PBL wiąże się z mutacjami genetycznymi w komórkach krwiotwórczych szpiku, w tym delecjami chromosomów 13q (około 50% pacjentów), 11q, 17q oraz trisomią chromosomu 12. Genetyka molekularna PBL jest złożona, z licznymi loci ryzyka zidentyfikowanymi w badaniach GWAS, często związanymi z genami regulującymi apoptozę. Ryzyko zachorowania jest zwiększone u osób z rodzinnym wywiadem PBL (2-4-krotnie) oraz u bliźniąt jednojajowych, co wskazuje na istotny komponent dziedziczny, choć większość mutacji powstaje somatycznie. Czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak ekspozycja na herbicydy (np. Agent Orange, 2,4-D, Atrazyna), pestycydy, benzen, rozpuszczalniki oraz palenie tytoniu, również podnoszą ryzyko rozwoju PBL.

Etiologia przewlekłej białaczki limfocytowej

Przewlekła białaczka limfocytowa (PBL) to nowotwór krwi i szpiku kostnego, charakteryzujący się klonalną proliferacją nieprawidłowych limfocytów B. Jest to najczęściej występujący typ białaczki u dorosłych w krajach zachodnich, stanowiący 22-30% wszystkich przypadków białaczek. Pomimo intensywnych badań, dokładna przyczyna PBL pozostaje nieznana, a czynniki przyczyniające się do jej rozwoju są wciąż przedmiotem badań.12

Czynniki genetyczne i mutacje

Główną rolę w patogenezie PBL odgrywają zmiany genetyczne w komórkach krwiotwórczych szpiku kostnego. Mutacje te powodują nieprawidłowy wzrost i niekontrolowane namnażanie się limfocytów B, które nie dojrzewają prawidłowo i nie są w stanie pełnić swoich funkcji obronnych. Komórki PBL często wykazują zmiany w wielu różnych genach kontrolujących wzrost komórek.34

Do najczęstszych zmian chromosomalnych w komórkach PBL należą:

  • Delecja w chromosomie 13 [del(13q)] – występuje u około połowy pacjentów z PBL5
  • Delecje w chromosomach 11 i 17 [del(11q) i del(17q)]5
  • Trisomia chromosomu 12 – dodatkowa kopia chromosomu 12, zawierającego geny wpływające na wzrost komórek65

Genetyka molekularna PBL jest złożona. Naukowcy zidentyfikowali liczne loci ryzyka w badaniach asocjacyjnych obejmujących cały genom (GWAS). Wiele z tych loci znajduje się w bliskim sąsiedztwie genów zaangażowanych w apoptozę, co sugeruje wiarygodny biologiczny mechanizm leżący u podstaw rozwoju choroby.7

Wywiad rodzinny i dziedziczenie

Chociaż większość przypadków PBL nie jest dziedziczna, dane wskazują na zwiększone ryzyko zachorowania u osób, których bliscy krewni chorują na tę chorobę. Osoby, które mają krewnego pierwszego stopnia (rodzica, rodzeństwo lub dziecko) z PBL, mają 2-4 razy większe ryzyko rozwoju tej choroby w porównaniu do ogólnej populacji.89

Czynnik dziedziczny w PBL jest znaczący, co pokazuje 8,5-krotnie zwiększone ryzyko dla krewnych. Stwierdzono również wyższą częstość występowania u bliźniąt jednojajowych niż u dwujajowych. Co ciekawe, członkowie rodzin pacjentów z PBL mają również wysokie prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju monoklonalnej limfocytozy B-komórkowej (MBL).1011

Należy jednak podkreślić, że większość osób z wywiadem rodzinnym PBL nie rozwija tej choroby, a mutacje genetyczne związane z PBL zwykle pojawiają się w ciągu życia danej osoby, a nie są dziedziczone od rodziców.1213

Czynniki środowiskowe

Kilka czynników środowiskowych zostało powiązanych ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju PBL:

Ekspozycja na substancje chemiczne

Narażenie na niektóre herbicydy i pestycydy może zwiększać ryzyko PBL. Najlepiej udokumentowanym czynnikiem ryzyka jest ekspozycja na Agent Orange, herbicyd szeroko stosowany podczas wojny w Wietnamie. Departament Spraw Weteranów USA uznał PBL za chorobę związaną z narażeniem na Agent Orange lub inne herbicydy podczas służby wojskowej.141516

Badania wykazały również zwiększone ryzyko PBL u rolników pracujących w przemyśle gumowym oraz pracowników narażonych na benzen i rozpuszczalniki. Ponadto, istnieją dowody sugerujące, że narażenie na niektóre środki owadobójcze może być czynnikiem ryzyka PBL.1517

Inne substancje chemiczne, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko PBL, to między innymi:18

  • Herbicydy: 2,4 D, Atrazyna, Diquat, Diuron
  • Insektycydy: Chlorpyrifos, Endosulfan, Methomyl, Pyrethrin
  • Fungicydy: Captan, Thiram
Inne czynniki środowiskowe

Użytkownicy tytoniu i palacze papierosów wykazują znacznie zwiększone ryzyko PBL w porównaniu do osób niepalących.1519

Niektóre badania sugerują, że określone farby do włosów mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju PBL, ale potrzebne są dalsze badania, aby wyjaśnić, czy dzisiejsze farby do włosów zwiększają ryzyko PBL.12

Mieszkanie na farmie lub narażenie na herbicydy i pestycydy może być związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem PBL.12

W przeciwieństwie do niektórych innych nowotworów, nie ma jasnego związku między narażeniem na promieniowanie jonizujące a ryzykiem rozwoju PBL. Podobnie, transfuzje krwi zostały wykluczone jako czynnik ryzyka.1917

Czynniki demograficzne

Kilka czynników demograficznych wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju PBL:

Wiek

Ryzyko PBL znacząco wzrasta z wiekiem. Choroba jest bardzo rzadka u osób poniżej 40 roku życia, a około 90% pacjentów diagnozowanych z PBL ma ponad 50 lat. Mediana wieku w momencie diagnozy wynosi 70 lat.162012

Płeć

PBL występuje częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet, z proporcją około 2:1. Dokładny powód tej różnicy nie jest znany.91220

Rasa i pochodzenie etniczne

W Stanach Zjednoczonych PBL jest częstsza u osób rasy białej niż u osób innych ras/grup etnicznych. PBL występuje również częściej w Ameryce Północnej i Europie niż w Azji. Zaobserwowano również zwiększone ryzyko u osób pochodzenia żydowskiego Aszkenazyjskiego.92021

Stany przedrakowe

Monoklonalna limfocytoza B-komórkowa (MBL) jest stanem, który powoduje zwiększoną liczbę jednego typu limfocytów (komórek B) we krwi. U niewielkiego odsetka osób z MBL stan ten może rozwinąć się w PBL. Jeśli pacjent ma MBL i jednocześnie wywiad rodzinny PBL, może mieć wyższe ryzyko rozwoju nowotworu.2223

MBL jest często uważana za prekursora PBL. Każdego roku około 2 na 100 osób z MBL zachoruje na PBL/SLL (chłoniaka limfocytowego z małych limfocytów). Jest to bardziej prawdopodobne u osób z wyższą liczbą nieprawidłowych komórek B (tzw. MBL z wysoką liczbą komórek).24

Czynniki immunologiczne

Osoby z obniżoną odpornością mają trzykrotnie większe prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju PBL niż populacja ogólna. Ponadto, pacjenci z PBL mają wyższe ryzyko infekcji, głównie dlatego, że ich układ odpornościowy nie działa tak dobrze, jak powinien.2526

U niektórych osób z PBL komórki układu odpornościowego wytwarzają nieprawidłowe przeciwciała, które atakują normalne komórki krwi. Jest to znane jako autoimmunizacja i może prowadzić do niskich liczb krwinek.26

Mechanizmy molekularne

Naukowcy uważają, że PBL może rozpoczynać się, gdy limfocyty B nadal dzielą się bez ograniczeń po zareagowaniu na antygen. Teoria ta sugeruje, że normalny sposób działania komórek B może przyczyniać się do tego, dlaczego czasami stają się komórkami PBL. Jednakże, dokładny powód, dla którego tak się dzieje, nie jest jeszcze znany.6

Epigenetyka odgrywa również rolę w PBL, na przykład modyfikacje histonów, takie jak te związane z aktywnymi elementami wzmacniaczy i promotorów, oraz regionami genomu, które były aktywnie transkrybowane.11

W PBL dochodzi do wieloetapowego procesu, który prowadzi do klonalnej ekspansji i proliferacji nieprawidłowych lub złośliwych dojrzałych limfocytów B. Wpływ na tę klonalną ekspansję mają liczne czynniki, w tym bodźce antygenowe, nieprawidłowości cytogenetyczne oraz zaburzenia molekularne, takie jak dysregulowane mRNA i mutacje receptorów komórek B.10

Aktualne badania nad etiologią PBL

Lekarze i naukowcy intensywnie pracują nad zrozumieniem dokładnego mechanizmu powstawania przewlekłej białaczki limfocytowej. Badania koncentrują się na identyfikacji wszystkich genów związanych z chorobą oraz zrozumieniu, w jaki sposób czynniki środowiskowe mogą oddziaływać z predyspozycjami genetycznymi, prowadząc do rozwoju PBL.1427

Wzrastająca liczba dowodów sugeruje, że PBL może wynikać z kombinacji genetyki i środowiska, chociaż dokładne mechanizmy wciąż wymagają pełnego wyjaśnienia. W miarę postępu badań, zrozumienie etiologii PBL może prowadzić do lepszych strategii zapobiegania, wczesnego wykrywania i leczenia tej choroby.21

Naukowcy dokonali znacznego postępu w zrozumieniu, w jaki sposób pewne zmiany w DNA niektórych komórek szpiku kostnego mogą powodować rozwój PBL. Zmiany te zwykle pojawiają się w ciągu życia danej osoby, a nie są dziedziczone od rodzica. Badacze kontynuują prace nad identyfikacją precyzyjnych czynników, które wyzwalają proces chorobowy.428

Podsumowanie czynników ryzyka PBL

Podsumowując, najważniejsze zidentyfikowane czynniki ryzyka rozwoju przewlekłej białaczki limfocytowej to:

  • Wiek – ryzyko wzrasta z wiekiem, zdecydowana większość przypadków diagnozowana jest u osób powyżej 50 roku życia9
  • Płeć – mężczyźni chorują częściej niż kobiety9
  • Pochodzenie etniczne – wyższe ryzyko wśród osób rasy białej, szczególnie pochodzenia europejskiego9
  • Historia rodzinna – krewni pierwszego stopnia osób z PBL mają 2-4 razy wyższe ryzyko zachorowania8
  • Ekspozycja na Agent Orange i niektóre inne pestycydy oraz herbicydy14
  • Palenie tytoniu15
  • Monoklonalna limfocytoza B-komórkowa (MBL)22
  • Narażenie zawodowe na niektóre chemikalia, w tym benzen i rozpuszczalniki15

Mimo zidentyfikowania powyższych czynników ryzyka, u większości pacjentów z PBL nie ma oczywistych przyczyn rozwoju choroby. Badania nad etiologią PBL trwają, a ich wyniki mogą w przyszłości przyczynić się do lepszego zrozumienia mechanizmów choroby i opracowania skuteczniejszych strategii profilaktyki i leczenia.29

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by monoclonal B cell proliferation. […] The exact etiology of CLL is unknown. Genetic factors, rather than environmental factors, are the most likely cause of CLL. However, few known risk factors for CLL include occupational causes by exposure to certain chemicals, radiation exposure, and tobacco users. […] Reports of farmers working around rubber manufacturing industries and workers with exposure to benzene and heavy solvent have shown an increased risk of CLL/SLL. […] Tobacco users and cigarette smokers show a significantly elevated risk of CLL compared to non-tobacco users. […] The Veterans Affairs recognizes CLL as having a relationship to exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides during military service.
  • #2 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With Variant Genetics – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585059/
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia, accounting for 22 to 30% of cases in the Western world. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of CLL involve a multi-step pathway that leads to a clonal expansion and proliferation of abnormal or malignant mature B lymphocytes. […] Multiple influencing factors can lead to this clonal expansion, including antigenic triggers, cytogenetic abnormalities, and molecular abnormalities such as dysregulated mRNAs and B-cell receptor mutations. […] Inherited genetic abnormalities and environmental factors play a role in the pathogenesis of CLL. […] The incidence of CLL is higher in the western hemisphere compared to Asia and Africa. […] The genetic component of CLL is significant, as shown by an 8.5-fold increased risk of CLL for relatives.
  • #3 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352428
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. […] Doctors aren’t certain what starts the process that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. What’s known is that something happens to cause changes (mutations) in the DNA of blood-producing cells. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the blood cells to produce abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes. […] Doctors and researchers are working to understand the exact mechanism that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. […] Factors that may increase the risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia include: […] Certain herbicides and insecticides, including Agent Orange used during the Vietnam War, have been linked to an increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • #4 What Causes CLL? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    We know some of the risk factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but the exact cause of CLL in most people is not known. […] Even though we still dont know what causes CLL in most people, researchers have made a lot of progress. Theyve begun to understand how certain changes in the DNA in certain bone marrow cells may cause CLL to develop. […] Cancer (including CLL) is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. […] If these genes arent working properly, it can lead to cells growing out of control. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which could lead to cancer. […] CLL cells often have changes in many different genes that normally help control cell growth. […] Most often the change is a deletion, which is a loss of part of a chromosome.
  • #5 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Symptoms, Causes, Stages & Treatment
    https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/leukemia/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of blood and bone marrow cancer. […] The risk of developing CLL is higher in males, Caucasians, and people with a family history or certain chemical exposures. However, the exact cause is unclear. […] Researchers have uncovered certain changes that are almost always present in CLL. […] In CLL, the most common DNA mutation is a deletion in chromosome 13 [del(13q)]. About half of CLL patients have this change. Other common CLL changes include deletions in chromosomes 11 and 17 [del(11q) and del(17q)], and trisomy 12, which is an extra copy of chromosome 12. […] One theory is that CLL begins after lymphocytes react to certain antigens. […] A number of factors increase the risk of developing CLL. […] Known risk factors for CLL include: Age: The risk of CLL increases with older age.
  • #6 What Causes CLL? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Sometimes CLL cells have an extra chromosome 12 (trisomy 12). Many of the genes on this chromosome affect cell growth. […] While not all CLL cells have the same gene mutations, they all have changes in some genes that help control cell growth, often without an obvious chromosome change. […] Scientists think that the way B cells normally work might contribute to why they sometimes become CLL cells. […] Scientists think CLL begins when B lymphocytes continue to divide without restraint after they have reacted to an antigen. But exactly why this happens is not yet known. […] Having a family member with CLL does increase a persons risk of developing CLL, so there might be some gene changes passed on from a parent that affect this risk. But inherited gene mutations are not thought to play a large role in CLL, at least not in the same way they do in some other types of cancer. […] DNA changes related to CLL usually happen during a person’s lifetime, rather than being passed on from a parent.
  • #7 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/199313-overview
    As is the case with most malignancies, the exact cause of CLL is uncertain. CLL is an acquired disorder, and reports of truly familial cases are exceedingly rare. […] A meta-analysis of four genome-wide association studies that included 3100 cases of CLL found multiple risk loci. Several of those loci are in close proximity to genes involved in apoptosis, suggesting a plausible underlying biological mechanism.
  • #8 What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6210-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia happens when certain chromosomes and genes mutate or change during your lifetime. Medical researchers dont know what triggers those changes, but theyve identified some risk factors, including: […] Studies show people with close relatives who have CLL, such as their biological parent, siblings or children, are two to four times more likely to develop CLL. […] CLL is more common in males. […] Studies show links between CLL and Agent Orange, a chemical used during the Vietnam War. […] In this condition, you have a higher-than-normal number of identical B-cells in your blood. If you have this condition, theres a slight risk you may develop CLL.
  • #9 Risk Factors for CLL | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    There are very few known risk factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). […] A risk factor is anything that raises your chances of getting a disease like cancer. […] The risk of CLL goes up as you get older. […] Some studies have linked exposure to Agent Orange to an increased risk of CLL. […] Some other studies have suggested that farming and long-term exposure to certain pesticides and other chemicals may be linked to an increased risk of CLL, but more research is needed to be sure. […] First-degree relatives (parents, siblings, or children) of people with CLL are at higher risk for this cancer. […] CLL is slightly more common in males than in females. The reason for this is not clear. […] In the United States, CLL is more common in White people than in people of other races/ethnicities. […] This is why experts think the increased risk is more likely related to genetics, not environmental factors. […] MBL is often thought of as a precursor to CLL.
  • #10 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With Variant Genetics – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585059/
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia, accounting for 22 to 30% of cases in the Western world. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of CLL involve a multi-step pathway that leads to a clonal expansion and proliferation of abnormal or malignant mature B lymphocytes. […] Multiple influencing factors can lead to this clonal expansion, including antigenic triggers, cytogenetic abnormalities, and molecular abnormalities such as dysregulated mRNAs and B-cell receptor mutations. […] Inherited genetic abnormalities and environmental factors play a role in the pathogenesis of CLL. […] The incidence of CLL is higher in the western hemisphere compared to Asia and Africa. […] The genetic component of CLL is significant, as shown by an 8.5-fold increased risk of CLL for relatives.
  • #11 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With Variant Genetics – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585059/
    There is a higher frequency in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. […] Family members of patients with CLL also have a high likelihood of developing monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis. […] Epigenetics has been shown to play a role in CLL, for example, histone modifications, such as those associated with active enhancer and promoter elements, and regions of the genome that were actively transcribed. […] Environmental factors associated with CLL include exposure to Agent Orange and insecticides. […] Evidence has also shown that insecticides might be a risk factor for CLL. […] There is limited evidence that viral infections and ionizing radiation increase CLL risk. […] Other environmental exposures proposed as risk factors, such as blood transfusions, diet, or other lifestyle factors, have not been supported by current evidence.
  • #12 Risks and causes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia-cll/risks-causes
    Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is not clearly linked to any preventable causes. We dont know what causes CLL but there are some risk factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These are: being older, being male, having a family history of CLL. […] Your risk of developing CLL increases as you get older. It is very rare in people younger than 40. […] Men are more likely to develop CLL than women. We don’t know why that is. […] We know that there is some kind of inherited genetic change in some people with CLL. But most people with CLL do not have a family history of it. […] You have a higher risk of developing CLL if a close family member (parent, sibling, child) has CLL. But most people with a family history of CLL do not develop it themselves. […] Some studies suggest that certain hair dyes might increase the risk of developing CLL. But we need more research to clarify if hair dye use today increases the risk of CLL. […] Living on a farm, or being exposed to herbicides and pesticides may be linked to an increased risk of CLL.
  • #13 Causes of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
    https://www.healthline.com/health/cll/causes-of-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll
    Scientists arent exactly sure what causes the genetic mutations that result in CLL. Exposure to certain chemicals and family history may increase your risk. […] Its not exactly known what causes CLL. Several factors may be involved in causing CLL, including your genetics and family history, as well as your exposure to certain chemicals in your environment. […] Exposure to certain chemicals may also increase your risk of developing CLL. […] Exposure to Agent Orange is a well-documented risk factor for developing CLL. […] Although gene mutations are responsible for CLL, most cases dont result from mutations passed down through families. […] Still, theres strong evidence suggesting that you may be more likely to develop CLL if someone in your immediate family has also been diagnosed with CLL:
  • #14 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352428
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. […] Doctors aren’t certain what starts the process that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. What’s known is that something happens to cause changes (mutations) in the DNA of blood-producing cells. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the blood cells to produce abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes. […] Doctors and researchers are working to understand the exact mechanism that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. […] Factors that may increase the risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia include: […] Certain herbicides and insecticides, including Agent Orange used during the Vietnam War, have been linked to an increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • #15 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by monoclonal B cell proliferation. […] The exact etiology of CLL is unknown. Genetic factors, rather than environmental factors, are the most likely cause of CLL. However, few known risk factors for CLL include occupational causes by exposure to certain chemicals, radiation exposure, and tobacco users. […] Reports of farmers working around rubber manufacturing industries and workers with exposure to benzene and heavy solvent have shown an increased risk of CLL/SLL. […] Tobacco users and cigarette smokers show a significantly elevated risk of CLL compared to non-tobacco users. […] The Veterans Affairs recognizes CLL as having a relationship to exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides during military service.
  • #16 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | CLL | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/chroniclymphocyticleukemia.html
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) happens when there are changes in the genetic material (DNA) in bone marrow cells. The cause of these genetic changes is unknown, so it’s hard to predict who might get CLL. There are a few factors that might raise your risk. […] There are a few factors that could raise your risk: Age – your risk goes up as you get older. Most people who are diagnosed with CLL are over 50. Family history of CLL and other blood and bone marrow diseases. Racial/ethnic group – CLL is more common in whites than in people from other racial or ethnic groups. Exposure to certain chemicals, including Agent Orange, a chemical that was used in the Vietnam War.
  • #17 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With Variant Genetics – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585059/
    There is a higher frequency in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. […] Family members of patients with CLL also have a high likelihood of developing monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis. […] Epigenetics has been shown to play a role in CLL, for example, histone modifications, such as those associated with active enhancer and promoter elements, and regions of the genome that were actively transcribed. […] Environmental factors associated with CLL include exposure to Agent Orange and insecticides. […] Evidence has also shown that insecticides might be a risk factor for CLL. […] There is limited evidence that viral infections and ionizing radiation increase CLL risk. […] Other environmental exposures proposed as risk factors, such as blood transfusions, diet, or other lifestyle factors, have not been supported by current evidence.
  • #18 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-rare
    Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Causes […] Doctors and researchers don’t know what causes CLL. They do know that for some reason, changes happen in the DNA of your blood cells that make lymphocytes. When these changes (mutations) happen, your blood cells start to make abnormal cells that don’t work the way they’re supposed to. […] Some things could increase your risk of developing CLL. They include: Having a parent, sibling, or child who has CLL, Being 50 or older, Being a White man, Having obesity, Having blood relatives who are either Eastern European or Russian Jews, Being exposed to Agent Orange, an herbicide widely used during the Vietnam War, Exposure to some other herbicides, such as: 2, 4 D, Atrazine, Diquat, Diuron, Being exposed to some insecticides (bug killers), such as: Chlorpyrifos, Endosulfan, Methomyl, Pyrethrin, Being exposed to some fungicides, such as: Captan, Thiram, Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Breathing in benzene, a chemical solvent, Having monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), a condition that increases the number of a certain type of B cell in your blood.
  • #19 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. […] While the exact cause of CLL is unknown, having a family member with CLL increases one’s risk of developing the disease. […] Environmental risk factors include exposure to Agent Orange, ionizing radiation, and certain insecticides. […] The use of tobacco is also associated with an increased risk of having CLL. […] The exact cause of CLL is unknown. However, family history has been strongly correlated with the development of disease. […] Environmental factors may also play a role in the development of CLL. […] For instance, exposure to Agent Orange increases the risk of CLL, and exposure to hepatitis C virus may increase the risk. […] There is no clear association between ionizing radiation exposure and the risk of developing CLL. […] Blood transfusions have been ruled out as a risk factor.
  • #20 What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? | Living With CLL
    https://www.cllcancer.com/what-is-cll
    CLL begins when a single B cell becomes cancerous. This cancerous cell then copies itself, creating more cells that dont fight infection as well as normal disease-fighting white blood cells. […] Exposure to large amounts of radiation and certain chemicals (Agent Orange, for example) has been linked to CLL. […] CLL is almost twice as common in men as in women. […] About 90% of people diagnosed with CLL are over 50 years old, and the median age of diagnosis is 70. […] In the US, CLL is more common among Caucasians as compared to African American and Asian populations. The risk of CLL is also higher for people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. […] Most people living with CLL do not have a family history of CLL, although 5% have a relative who has had some kind of leukemia.
  • #21 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Symptoms and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common type of leukemia in adults. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates that there were about 20,160 new cases in the United States in 2022. […] Experts dont exactly know what causes CLL. However, there are risk factors that increase a persons likelihood of developing CLL. […] Here are some risk factors that have the potential to raise a persons likelihood of developing CLL, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS): Age: CLL is rarely diagnosed in people under 40 years old. The majority of CLL cases are diagnosed in people over age 50. […] Environment: The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs included exposure to Agent Orange, a herbicide used during the Vietnam War, as a risk factor for CLL. […] Family history: People who have immediate relatives with a CLL diagnosis have a higher risk for developing CLL. […] According to the ACS, CLL is more prevalent in North America and Europe than Asia. […] Experts don’t quite know what causes CLL but a combination of genetics and environment may play a role.
  • #22 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352428
    A condition that causes excess lymphocytes. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) causes an increased number of one type of lymphocyte (B cells) in the blood. For a small number of people with MBL, the condition may develop into chronic lymphocytic leukemia. If you have MBL and also have a family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may have a higher risk of developing cancer.
  • #23 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/c/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/?section=Risk%20factors
    A condition that causes excess lymphocytes. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) causes an increased number of one type of lymphocyte (B cells) in the blood. For a small number of people with MBL, the condition may develop into chronic lymphocytic leukemia. If you have MBL and also have a family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may have a higher risk of developing cancer.
  • #24 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) | Lymphoma Action
    https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/types-lymphoma/chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia-cll-and-small-lymphocytic-lymphoma-sll
    Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are slow-growing types of blood cancer. They develop when white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control. […] In most cases, there is no known cause of CLL/SLL. People who have a close relative (parent, brother, sister or child) with CLL/SLL have a higher chance of developing it themselves, but the risk is still very low. […] Some people have a low level of abnormal B cells in their blood, a condition called monoclonal B-lymphocytosis (MBL). Each year, around 2 in 100 people with MBL go on to develop CLL/SLL. This is more likely to happen in people with a higher number of these abnormal B cells (sometimes called high-count MBL) so people with MBL have regular blood tests to check their level of abnormal cells.
  • #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Chronic-Lymphocytic-Leukemia-Causes.aspx
    The root cause of the CLL is still unknown. Some doctors believe that a genetic mutation in DNA of the blood producing cells may be responsible for the production of ineffective and abnormal lymphocytes. […] In some cases, the risk of developing certain types of cancer is high when the DNA mutations are inherited from parents, which is the case for CLL. […] First-degree relatives with Hodgkin lymphoma have an increased risk of developing CLL. […] Exposure to electromagnetic fields is widely known as a risk factor for causing leukemia, with research to support the role that electromagnetic fields play a role in causing CLL. […] People with low immunity levels have thrice the chance of developing CLL than the general population. […] Other risk factors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia include: Over the age of 60 years. […] The cause of chronic lymphocytic leukemia leads to the following complexities. […] People affected by other cancer types such as lung and digestive tract cancer, skin cancer and melanoma are most likely to be affected by CLL.
  • #26 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) |Medical Conditions | abbvieclinicaltrials.com
    https://www.abbvieclinicaltrials.com/health-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that starts from white blood Cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone marrow and then spreads into the blood. CLL mainly affects older adults. […] Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can spread to other areas of the body. Cancer starts when Cells in the body begin to grow out of control. In CLL, the leukemia Cells often build up slowly over time. […] People with CLL have a higher risk of Infections. This is mainly because their Immune system is not working as well as it should. […] Immune system: In some people with CLL, the Immune system Cells make abnormal antibodies that attack normal blood Cells. This is known as autoimmunity. It can lead to low blood counts.
  • #27 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll
    CLL is a type of blood cancer that occurs when certain white blood cells, known as B cells, multiply uncontrollably. […] Doctors do not yet know what causes CLL, although they have identified certain factors which may increase a persons risk, including past exposure to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War. […] Experts also believe that this type of leukemia may be inherited in a small subset of patients, although they havent yet identified all of the genes linked to the condition.
  • #28 What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)? Symptoms, Stages, and Treatment
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/
    Family History Having family members who had CLL or other blood cancers may up your risk of having the cancer, too. […] Exposure to Chemicals Being around certain toxins, such as herbicides and insecticides, may raise your chances of having CLL. People who were exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War are also at an increased risk for CLL.
  • #29 https://www.lls.org/leukemia/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia
    https://www.lls.org/leukemia/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. […] Doctors don’t know why some cells become leukemic cells and others don’t. For most people who have chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), there are no obvious reasons why they developed the disease. […] CLL has generally not been associated with any environmental or external risk factors with an exception of Agent Orange. […] Some studies also suggest that exposure to benzene in the workplace increases the risk of CLL; however, the evidence is not as strong for CLL as with other blood cancers. […] Experts have found that in a small number of cases, first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) of people with CLL are approximately four times more likely to develop CLL than people who don’t have first-degree relatives with the disease. However, the risk is still small. […] Researchers have found a potential association between CLL and exposure to herbicides like Agent Orange used during the Vietnam conflict from 1961 to 1971.