Przedwczesne wytryski
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Przedwczesny wytrysk (PE) jest najczęstszą dysfunkcją seksualną u mężczyzn, dotykającą 20-30% populacji, złożoną etiologią obejmującą czynniki neurobiologiczne, hormonalne, genetyczne i psychologiczne. Patofizjologia PE wiąże się z zaburzeniami centralnej neurotransmisji serotoninergicznej, w tym zmniejszoną aktywnością 5-HT, nadwrażliwością receptorów 5-HT1A oraz osłabioną wrażliwością receptorów 5-HT2C, co skutkuje obniżonym progiem wytrysku. Czas wytrysku wewnątrzpochwowego (IELT) u pacjentów z pierwotnym PE wynosi około 1 minuty, a u wtórnego PE około 3 minut. Hormonalne czynniki, takie jak podwyższone poziomy testosteronu i niskie stężenia prolaktyny, a także zaburzenia tarczycy (zwłaszcza nadczynność) mogą modulować mechanizmy wytrysku. Ponadto, przewlekłe zapalenie prostaty, zwłaszcza bakteryjne wywołane przez Chlamydia trachomatis, jest istotnie powiązane z PE, prawdopodobnie poprzez zmiany neurofizjologiczne w odruchu wytryskowym. Czynniki psychologiczne, w tym lęk, odgrywają kluczową rolę, szczególnie w nabytym PE, wpływając na somatyczną wrażliwość i kontrolę wytrysku.

Patogeneza przedwczesnych wytrysków

Przedwczesne wytryski (PE) stanowią najczęstszą dysfunkcję seksualną u mężczyzn, dotykającą około 20-30% populacji. Mimo że jest to powszechny problem, dokładna patofizjologia tego zaburzenia pozostaje nie w pełni wyjaśniona. Zaburzenie to charakteryzuje się złożoną i wieloczynnikową etiologią, w której rolę odgrywają zarówno czynniki biologiczne, jak i psychologiczne.12

Neurofizjologia wytrysku

Proces wytrysku to skomplikowana, ale dobrze skoordynowana seria zdarzeń fizjologicznych, która zazwyczaj obejmuje trzy fazy: emisję, wyrzut i orgazm. Kontrola nad wytryskiem odbywa się przy udziale rdzeniowego centrum generującego wytrysk, zlokalizowanego na poziomie L1-L2 kręgosłupa. To centrum otrzymuje sygnały przywspółczulne i współczulne z nerwów prącia i komunikuje się za pomocą nerwów czuciowych i ruchowych.12

Emisja obejmuje wprowadzenie płynu nasiennego z pęcherzyków nasiennych, prostaty i nasieniowodów do tylnej cewki moczowej. Wyrzut opisuje wytrysk w kierunku przednioujściowym, gdzie płyn nasienny przemieszcza się z tylnej cewki moczowej do ujścia cewki moczowej. Orgazm jest zaangażowany zarówno w wytrysk, jak i cykl reakcji seksualnej człowieka (pożądanie, pobudzenie, orgazm i ustąpienie).12

Teoria neurobiologiczna

Teoria neurobiologiczna zakłada, że przedwczesny wytrysk może być przypisany, przynajmniej częściowo, do zmniejszonej centralnej neurotransmisji serotoninergicznej, nadwrażliwości receptorów 5-HT1A i/lub osłabionej wrażliwości receptorów 5-HT2C. Hipoteza ta sugeruje, że mężczyźni z niskim poziomem neurotransmisji 5-HT i/lub osłabioną wrażliwością receptorów 5-HT2C mogą mieć genetycznie ustawiony niższy próg wytrysku i ejakulować szybko przy minimalnej stymulacji.12

Potwierdzeniem tej teorii jest fakt, że selektywne inhibitory wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny (SSRI) są skuteczne w leczeniu przedwczesnego wytrysku. SSRI aktywnie blokują transportery 5-HT w błonie presynaptycznej, hamując wychwyt zwrotny i rozkład serotoniny, co skutkuje zwiększeniem dostępności serotoniny w szczelinie synaptycznej. Zwiększona synaptyczna dostępność serotoniny ułatwia jej wiązanie z receptorami 5-HT, prowadząc do opóźnienia wytrysku.12

Genetyczne uwarunkowania

Istnieją dowody sugerujące, że przedwczesny wytrysk może mieć podłoże genetyczne. Badania wykazały, że krótkie wartości IELT (czas od penetracji do wytrysku) u mężczyzn z PE są związane ze zmniejszoną synaptyczną neurotransmisją 5-HT spowodowaną zwiększoną funkcją transportera 5-HTT związaną z polimorfizmami genetycznymi tego białka.12

Z genetycznego punktu widzenia istnieją wstępne dowody na to, że utrzymujące się krótkie czasy IELT u mężczyzn z pierwotnym PE mogą być spowodowane polimorfizmem genetycznym centralnej neurotransmisji serotoninergicznej.1

Rola układu endokrynnego

Hormony odgrywają kluczową rolę w mechanizmach emisji-wytrysku, co oznacza, że patologiczne poziomy hormonów mogą bezpośrednio lub pośrednio wpływać na kontrolę wytrysku. Badania wykazały, że zaburzenia tarczycy, szczególnie nadczynność tarczycy, mogą wpływać na czas wytrysku.12

Wykazano również, że poziomy testosteronu mogą odgrywać rolę ułatwiającą w kontroli odruchu wytrysku. Istnieją dowody na to, że mężczyźni z PE mają wyższe poziomy wolnego i całkowitego testosteronu niż mężczyźni bez PE.12

Interesujące jest również odkrycie, że wielu mężczyzn z przedwczesnym wytryskiem ma niskie poziomy prolaktyny w surowicy. Badanie przeprowadzone przez Corona i wsp. wykazało, że mężczyźni w najniższym kwartylu poziomów prolaktyny w surowicy, którzy mieli PE, wykazywali także związek z zespołem metabolicznym, zaburzeniami erekcji i lękiem. Może to wskazywać, że parametry biochemiczne (np. prolaktyna) mogą przyczyniać się do PE, ale związki organiczne i psychologiczne (np. lęk) sugerują, że parametry biochemiczne odgrywają jedynie częściową rolę.12

Rola prostaty w patogenezie

Związek między przewlekłym zapaleniem gruczołu krokowego a PE jest poparty kilkoma niedawno opublikowanymi badaniami. Literatura urologiczna wykazała wyższą częstość występowania przewlekłego zapalenia prostaty lub zespołu przewlekłego bólu miednicy (CPPS) wśród pacjentów z PE i odwrotnie. Istnieje również związek między wymiarami zapalenia prostaty pacjenta, tj. czasem trwania objawów i poziomami stanu zapalnego, a możliwością wystąpienia PE.12

Dokładny mechanizm łączący zapalenie prostaty z PE nie jest w pełni znany. Proponuje się jednak, że zapalenie prostaty może prowadzić do zmienionego odczuwania i modulacji odruchu wytryskowego poprzez ścieżkę neurofizjologiczną. Jeśli istnieje korelacja przyczynowa, zapalenie prostaty może zmieniać odczucia pochodzące z męskiego układu rozrodczego, tak że mężczyzna nie jest w stanie rozpoznać fazy emisji.12

Nadwrażliwość prącia

Chociaż logiczne, związek między PE a nadwrażliwością prącia jest nadal przedmiotem debaty. Wrażliwość żołędzi, narządu wyzwalającego odruch wytryskowy, niewątpliwie odgrywa ważną rolę w mechanizmie wytrysku i prawdopodobnie w niektórych formach PE.1

Na tej podstawie anatomicznej wykazano, że pacjenci z PE, niekoniecznie z nabytą postacią, mogą mieć nadwrażliwość i nadpobudliwość żołędzi prącia, co może prowadzić do niekontrolowanego wytrysku i uważa się, że są to organiczne implikacje dla PE. Jednak ogólnie wyniki te przemawiają przeciwko podstawowej roli wrażliwości prącia w czasie opóźnienia wytrysku i sugerują, że inne czynniki somatyczne lub poznawcze mogą odgrywać bardziej krytyczną rolę w PE.1

Czynniki psychologiczne

Lęk jest uważany za główny czynnik przyczyniający się do szybkiego wytrysku. Czynniki psychologiczne często przyczyniają się do nabytego przedwczesnego wytrysku, jednak prawdopodobnie to złożona interakcja między czynnikami neurofizjologicznymi głównie wpływa na PE.12

Rola lęku jest postrzegana jako zmienna, wchodząca w interakcję z somatyczną wrażliwością jednostki w celu określenia opóźnienia orgazmu. Corona i wsp. elegancko wykazali wysokie poziomy lęku swobodnie unoszącego się u pacjentów z nabytym PE. Należy jednak zauważyć, że lęk może być również skutkiem, a nie przyczyną PE.1

Lęk przed wynikami może przesunąć uwagę z erotycznych aspektów na zmartwienia i negatywne uczucia towarzyszące lękowi, co może prowadzić do psychologicznych zaburzeń erekcji u mężczyzn z PE. Problem przedwczesnego wytrysku może prowadzić do problemów seksualnych w związku, a także trudności w spotykaniu potencjalnych partnerów seksualnych.12

Podtypy przedwczesnego wytrysku

Przedwczesny wytrysk można sklasyfikować na kilka sposobów. Podstawowy podział obejmuje pierwotny (całe życie) i wtórny (nabyty) PE.1

Pierwotny przedwczesny wytrysk

Pierwotny PE (całe życie) zaczyna się tak szybko, jak pacjent staje się aktywny seksualnie; zazwyczaj wiąże się to z czasem wytrysku wewnątrzpochwowego (IELT) wynoszącym 1 minutę u 80% do 90% przypadków. Pierwotny PE jest obecny od pierwszego doświadczenia seksualnego, często spowodowany uwarunkowaniem, wychowaniem lub wczesnym, traumatycznym wydarzeniem seksualnym.12

Mężczyźni z pierwotnym PE wydają się mieć pewną wrodzoną skłonność do krótkiego czasu stosunku. Ta sytuacja jest związana z podtypem receptora serotoniny, który reguluje odpowiedź seksualną, więc przyczyna może być genetyczna.1

Wtórny przedwczesny wytrysk

Wtórny lub nabyty PE rozwija się później w życiu i zwykle ma IELT wynoszący 3 minuty. Wtórny PE (nabyty) rozwija się po okresie względnie normalnego funkcjonowania seksualnego.1

Nabyty PE jest zwykle spowodowany lękiem związanym z wynikami seksualnymi, problemami psychologicznymi lub problemami w relacjach, zaburzeniami erekcji (ED), a czasami zapaleniem prostaty i nadczynnością tarczycy. Zgodnie z przeważającą etiologią organiczną nabytego PE, mężczyźni z tą dolegliwością są zwykle starsi, mają wyższy średni BMI i większą częstość występowania chorób współistniejących, w tym nadciśnienia, zaburzeń pożądania seksualnego, cukrzycy, przewlekłego zapalenia prostaty i zaburzeń erekcji w porównaniu z PE przez całe życie, zmiennym i subiektywnym.12

Współistniejące schorzenia

Różne zaburzenia współistniejące mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju przedwczesnego wytrysku.1

Zaburzenia erekcji a przedwczesny wytrysk

Znacząca część mężczyzn z zaburzeniami erekcji (ED) doświadcza również przedwczesnego wytrysku. Wysokie poziomy lęku związanego z wynikami seksualnymi związane z ED mogą pogorszyć PE, z ryzykiem błędnej diagnozy PE zamiast podstawowego ED.1

Czasami PE może być problemem dla osób z zaburzeniami erekcji (ED). Leczenie zaburzeń erekcji może sprawić, że przedwczesny wytrysk ustąpi. Mężczyźni z zaburzeniami erekcji mogą próbować wcześnie ejakulować, przed utratą erekcji.12

Zaburzenia endokrynologiczne

Przeprowadzono liczne badania identyfikujące związek między nadczynnością tarczycy a dysfunkcją wytrysku. Ostatnie badania eksperymentalne na zwierzętach wykazały, że receptory 5-HT2C odgrywają rolę w homeostaze glukozy, co może tłumaczyć związek pomiędzy zaburzeniami metabolicznymi a PE.1

Relacja między hipogonadyzmem a PE nie została w pełni wyjaśniona, ale sugerowano, że pacjenci z PE są związani z hipogonadyzmem hipogonadotropowym (HH).1

Zapalenie prostaty

Związek między zapaleniem prostaty a PE jest prawdopodobnie złożony. Kilku autorów było w stanie wyleczyć PE za pomocą specyficznej terapii antybiotykowej przeciwko bakteriom odpowiedzialnym za zapalenie prostaty. Jednak dokładny patomechanizm, który łączy przewlekłe zapalenie prostaty z PE i sposób, w jaki leczenie antybiotykowe poprawiło IELT, pozostają niejasne.12

Interesujące badanie wykazało, że przewlekłe bakteryjne zapalenie prostaty (CBP) spowodowane przez Chlamydia trachomatis jest związane z większym prawdopodobieństwem przedwczesnego wytrysku niż CBP spowodowane infekcją innymi bakteriami. Po skorygowaniu pod kątem wieku, statusu palenia, wskaźnika masy ciała i poziomu wykształcenia, CBP z powodu zakażenia Chlamydia trachomatis było związane z 3,2-krotnie wyższym ryzykiem PE w porównaniu z CBP z powodu innych zakażeń bakteryjnych.1

Nowoczesne badania nad patofizjologią

Badania elektroencefalograficzne i obrazowania neurobiologicznego wykazały nieprawidłowe spontaniczne i wywołane odpowiedzi aktywacji mózgu na bodźce erotyczne, a także zmiany struktury mózgu u pacjentów z przedwczesnym wytryskiem. Badanie przeprowadzone przez Yang i wsp. z wykorzystaniem funkcjonalnego rezonansu magnetycznego (fMRI) wykazało, że pacjenci z PE przez całe życie mają nieprawidłową sieć kontroli mózgu, co może przyczyniać się do zmniejszonej centralnej kontroli nad szybkim wytryskiem.1

Rola neurotransmiterów

Przedwczesny wytrysk może być również związany z zaburzeniami równowagi między hormonami serotoninowymi (blokującymi wytrysk) a dopaminą (promującą wytrysk), chemikaliami w mózgu odpowiedzialnymi za regulację pożądania seksualnego i pobudzenia. Wysokie poziomy dopaminy w porównaniu z serotoniną mogą powodować przedwczesny wytrysk.1

Receptor 5-HT1A promuje ejakulację, gdy jest stymulowany, podczas gdy receptor 5-HT2C hamuje ejakulację po stymulacji. Model proponowany przez Waldingera sugeruje, że mężczyźni z PE mają genetycznie ustawiony niższy próg wytrysku z powodu zmniejszonej transmisji serotoninowej, nadwrażliwości receptorów 5-HT1A i/lub osłabionej wrażliwości receptorów 5-HT2C.1

Rola akupunktury w patofizjologii i leczeniu

Ciekawym obszarem badań jest potencjalna rola akupunktury w leczeniu PE. Proponowane mechanizmy obejmują stymulację lewego obszaru funkcjonalnego kory czołowej, tłumienie pobudliwości ośrodków rdzenia kręgowego, regulację zaburzeń w neuroprzekaźniku 5-HT, a tym samym opóźnienie wytrysku.12

Akupunktura może również przedłużać wytrysk poprzez zmniejszenie wrażliwości nerwów czuciowych wokół główki prącia lub hamowanie rytmicznych skurczów mięśni, a także może wpływać na wytrysk poprzez modulowanie poziomów hormonów u mężczyzn.1

Implikacje kliniczne

Przedwczesny wytrysk może mieć negatywny wpływ na jakość życia pacjenta i jego partnerów seksualnych. Wpływ przedwczesnego wytrysku jest odczuwalny głównie psychologicznie i w relacjach międzyludzkich.1

Wpływ na relacje i zdrowie psychiczne

Przedwczesny wytrysk może potencjalnie powodować trudności w poczęciu, jeśli wytrysk nie następuje wewnątrzpochwowo. Może również prowadzić do zwiększonego stresu, lęku i znaczących problemów w relacjach.1

W bardzo zaawansowanych przypadkach, gdy lęk staje się uogólniony, możliwe jest nawet, że generowane są zachowania, w których mężczyzna unika stosunków seksualnych ze swoim partnerem lub podejścia do osób, które jego zdaniem mogą mieć wobec niego zainteresowanie seksualne, i zmniejsza swoje pożądanie seksualne z powodu lęku i „strachu przed porażką”.1

Leczenie i podejście multimodalne

Leczenie przedwczesnego wytrysku zależy od jego przyczyny. Ścisły podział między leczeniem farmakologicznym a niefarmakologicznym PE może nie być najbardziej skutecznym sposobem leczenia pacjentów z PE. Proponowanym rozwiązaniem zapewniającym holistyczną opiekę nad pacjentem jest terapia kombinowana lub zintegrowana.1

Leczenie farmakologiczne obejmuje dapoksetynę na żądanie (doustny, krótko działający SSRI) i eutetyczną spray z lidokainy/prilokainyo (topiczny środek znieczulający), które są jedynymi zatwierdzonymi terapiami PE, lub inne antydepresanty poza wskazaniami rejestracyjnymi.1

Włączenie podejścia psychoseksualnego, wraz z poradnictwem psychoedukacyjnym i technikami uważności, łagodzi objawy PE i zmniejsza związany z tym stres, lęk i depresję. Leczenie przedwczesnego wytrysku pierwotnego i wtórnego może się różnić, przy czym w przypadku wtórnego PE leczenie pierwotnej przyczyny musi być początkowym celem.1

W wielu przypadkach terapia farmakologiczna musi być kontynuowana bezterminowo, ponieważ przerwanie może prowadzić do nawrotu przedwczesnego wytrysku. Wskaźniki powodzenia po leczeniu wahają się od 30% do 70%, ale nawroty są częste, a niektórzy mężczyźni potrzebują terapii przez całe życie.1

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Premature ejaculation: an update on definition and pathophysiology
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6732885/
    Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common male sexual dysfunction, which represents a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge for physicians. […] While the exact etiology of PE has not been clearly elucidated, several risk factors have been strongly reported in the literature. Clearly, to understand the revised definition of PE, its etiology and pathophysiology is necessary to improve the clinical management of this medical condition and form the basis of future research in this regard. […] The etiology of PE has been traditionally divided into psychogenic and biogenic factors. Psychogenic factors include psychodynamic theories, early experience, sexual conditioning, anxiety, and technique and frequency of sexual activity. Biogenic factors include penile hypersensitivity, hyperexcitable ejaculatory reflex, hyperarousability, endocrinopathy, genetic predisposition, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor dysfunction (neurobiological theory).
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546701/
    Premature ejaculation is primarily psychological in nature. However, the precise cause of premature ejaculation remains largely undetermined. […] Several contributing risk factors, both biological and psychological, have been identified. […] Ejaculation is controlled by the spinal ejaculatory generator center, located at the L1-L2 level. This center receives parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs from the penile nerves and communicates via sensory and motor nerves. In addition to the spinal ejaculatory center, the central, spinal, and peripheral nervous systems also work together for emission and ejaculation. […] Normal ejaculation is a complicated but well-coordinated series of physiological events typically involving three phases: emission, expulsion, and orgasm. […] Premature ejaculation (PE) may be classified in several ways, such as the following: Primary PE is lifelong and begins as soon as the patient becomes sexually active; it typically involves an intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of 1 minute in 80% to 90%.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27656
    Emission involves the introduction of seminal fluid from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and vas into the posterior urethra. […] Expulsion describes antegrade ejaculation, where the seminal fluid travels from the posterior urethra to the urethral meatus. […] Orgasm is involved in both ejaculation and the human sexual response cycle (desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution). […] Premature ejaculation (PE) may be classified in several ways, such as the following: Primary PE is lifelong and begins as soon as the patient becomes sexually active; it typically involves an intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of 1 minute in 80% to 90%. […] Psychological treatment and „sex therapy” is often the preferred treatment as it deals with the underlying causes and may permanently cure the disorder without drugs. […] Combination therapy with SSRI medications, ejaculatory delay techniques, local desensitization methods, psychological help, and behavioral (sex) therapy can successfully treat most cases of premature ejaculation and has seen the most success.
  • #1 Premature ejaculation: an update on definition and pathophysiology
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6732885/
    The neurobiological theory hypothesized that lifelong PE in humans may be attributed, in part, to decreased central serotonergic neurotransmission, 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) receptor hyposensitivity, and/or 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptor hypersensitivity. It hypothesized that men with a low 5-HT neurotransmission and/or 5-HT2C receptor hyposensitivity may have their ejaculatory threshold genetically set at a lower point and ejaculate quickly with minimal stimulation.
  • #1 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Premature Ejaculation – EMJ
    https://www.emjreviews.com/urology/article/the-role-of-selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-in-premature-ejaculation/
    Premature ejaculation is a very common male sexual medical illness worldwide. Amongst several biological risk factors, the disturbance of central serotonin neurotransmission is one important cause. […] Disturbance of the central (spinal and supra-spinal) serotonergic neurotransmission is principally responsible for ejaculation. Presynaptic 5-HT1B and postsynaptic 5-HT2C receptor stimulation is thought to increase ejaculation latency time and 5-HT1A receptor stimulation is also known to play a role in ejaculation. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), such as paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline, are used to treat depression and mental health disorders and can cause delayed or blocked ejaculation as a side effect in men. […] SSRI actively block presynaptic membrane 5-HT transporters and thus inhibit the 5-HT (serotonin) reuptake and breakdown; this results in availability of higher levels/activity of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. Increased synaptic availability of serotonin facilitates its binding to 5-HT receptors, leading to a delayed ejaculation.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/premature-ejaculation-49647084/49647084
    1. The pathophysiology of premature ejaculation is multifactorial and not fully understood but likely involves genetic factors, psychological states like anxiety, and alterations in hormones like serotonin and testosterone. […] The final common pathway in the genesis of PE appears to be either a hyposensitivity of 5-HT2C receptors or a hypersensitivity of the 5-HT1A receptors. […] Ejaculatory threshold for men with low 5-HT levels and/or 5-HT2C receptor hyposensitivity may be genetically set at a lower point, resulting in more rapid ejaculation. A number of potential explanations have been postulated for genesis of PE including (1) Genetic etiologies, (2) Psychologic causes, (3) Hormonal aberrations, (4) Penile sensory changes, and (5) Chronic prostatitis. […] Genetic factors play a significant role in the pathophysiology of PE.
  • #1 Pathophysiology of Lifelong Premature Ejaculation | Abdominal Key
    https://abdominalkey.com/pathophysiology-of-lifelong-premature-ejaculation/
    In 1998, Waldinger et al. postulated that the variability of the IELT is caused by neurobiological and genetic factors, e.g., that the persistently short IELTs in men with lifelong PE are associated with diminished serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) neurotransmission, a hypersensitivity of 5-HT1A receptors, and/or a hypofunction of 5-HT2C receptors. […] The answer to this question is related to central neurobiological mechanisms and may also be related to genetic aberrations in certain neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptor functioning. […] From a genetic point of view, there is now some preliminary evidence that the persistent short IELTs in men with lifelong PE may be due to genetic polymorphism of central serotonergic neurotransmission. […] And from a neurobiological point of view lifelong PE is possibly related to dysfunction of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors in brain areas that are specifically involved in ejaculatory functioning.
  • #1 Pathophysiology of Acquired Premature Ejaculation | Abdominal Key
    https://abdominalkey.com/pathophysiology-of-acquired-premature-ejaculation/
    On this anatomical basis it has been shown that patients with PE, not necessarily with the acquired form, may have hypersensitivity and hyperexcitability of the glans penis, which may give rise to uncontrolled ejaculation and are believed to be organic implications for PE. […] Overall, these findings argue against a primary role for penile sensitivity in ejaculation latency, and suggest that other somatic factors or cognitive factors may play a more critical role in PE. […] Hormones play a central role in the machinery of emission-ejaculation; this implies that pathological hormonal levels may directly or indirectly affect the ejaculatory control, as in the case of thyroid hormone, but may also be affected or simply modified by the condition of PE. […] Recent data suggest that testosterone plays a facilitatory role in the control of the ejaculatory reflex.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/435884-overview
    A group of nerves in the lumbar spinal cord has been identified as the possible generator of ejaculation. This nerve site is thought to be linked to excitatory and inhibitory dopamine pathways in the brain, which play significant roles in sexual behavior. While research continues, this knowledge is providing the foundation for possible development of medications specifically targeting delay of ejaculation. […] Other questions have been raised regarding possible biochemical components of premature ejaculation. Testosterone is thought to play a role in the ejaculatory reflex. Higher free and total testosterone levels have been demonstrated in men with premature ejaculation than in men without premature ejaculation. […] Research published in a Chinese andrology journal showed that semen from men with premature ejaculation contained significantly less acid phosphatase and alpha-glucosidase than did the semen of control subjects. The researchers concluded that these biochemical parameters may reflect dysfunction of the prostate and epididymis, possibly contributing to premature ejaculation; however, their conclusions have yet to be supported by subsequent studies.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/435884-overview
    A study by Corona et al found that many men with premature ejaculation have low serum prolactin levels. However, this same study found that men in the lowest quartile of serum prolactin levels who had premature ejaculation also demonstrated associated metabolic syndrome, erectile dysfunction, and anxiety. Thus, whereas biochemical markers (eg, prolactin) may contribute to premature ejaculation, organic and psychological associations (eg, anxiety) suggest that biochemical parameters play only a partial role. Further research is needed. […] Psychological factors have been found to contribute greatly to premature ejaculation, beyond merely reducing the time to ejaculation. Whereas patients with premature ejaculation show significantly lower intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) overall, IELT in those who fit DSM-5 criteria for premature ejaculation overlaps with IELT in patients who do not fit the criteria.
  • #1 The pathophysiology of acquired premature ejaculation – McMahon – Translational Andrology and Urology
    https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/11133/html
    The relationship between chronic prostatitis, CPPS and PE is supported by several recently published studies which focus more on epidemiology and largely ignore treatment. […] The relationship between chronic prostatitis, CPPS and PE is supported by several recently published studies which focus more on epidemiology and largely ignore treatment. […] In summary, the urologic literature has shown a higher prevalence of CP or CPPS among PE patients and vice versa. There is also an association between the dimensions of the patients CP, i.e., duration of symptoms and levels of inflammation, and the possibility of having PE. […] Together, this evidence strongly supports the idea that CP may be a common cause of both acquired and lifelong PE, thus it should be ruled out, especially in men with associated pelvic pain and/or urinary symptoms.
  • #1 Pathophysiology of Acquired Premature Ejaculation | Abdominal Key
    https://abdominalkey.com/pathophysiology-of-acquired-premature-ejaculation/
    Furthermore, the role of anxiety has been seen as variable, interacting with the somatic vulnerability of the individual to determine orgasmic latency. […] Finally, Corona et al. elegantly demonstrated high levels of free-floating anxiety in A-PE. […] It should be noted, however, that anxiety may also be the effect rather than the cause of PE. […] Alexithymia could represent a variable to be assessed for an integrated diagnosis and treatment of PE. […] In conclusion, the etiological approach of psychology to PE in general and to A-PE in particular should be re-thought. […] Although logical, the association between PE and hypersensitivity is still under debate. […] The sensitivity of the glans, the organ triggering ejaculatory reflex, undoubtedly has an important role in the ejaculatory mechanism, and possibly in some forms of PE.
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/ajandrology/fulltext/2019/21050/premature_ejaculation__an_update_on_definition_and.1.aspx
    Anxiety is considered as the primary agent in precipitating rapid ejaculation. […] The neurobiological theory hypothesized that lifelong PE in humans may be attributed, in part, to decreased central serotonergic neurotransmission, 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) receptor hyposensitivity, and/or 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptor hypersensitivity. […] The exact pathophysiology linking prostatitis and PE is unknown. However, it has been proposed that prostatic inflammation may lead to altered sensation and modulation of the ejaculatory reflex through a neurophysiologic pathway. […] Ejaculatory disorders, mostly PE, are commonly experienced by patients with chronic renal insufficiency. […] Some studies found significantly lower seminal plasma magnesium levels in men with PE. […] An association was found between varicoceles and PE in patients consulting for sexual dysfunction.
  • #1 Symptoms and Causes of Premature Ejaculation – ROC Clinic
    https://rocclinic.com/en/premature-ejaculation/symptoms-and-causes/
    The main symptom of premature ejaculation is the inability to control the moment of orgasm associated with low intercourse time. […] The causes are diverse. It can be caused by both psychological and biological factors and is usually diagnosed by the patient himself. […] The first symptom is a lack of control over the timing of orgasm, usually associated with low intercourse time. […] Performance anxiety is a negative feeling accompanied by an organic response (increased catecholamines, increased cortisol, tachycardia), which can further aggravate premature ejaculation. […] Second, it is common for many men with premature ejaculation to have psychological erectile dysfunction. […] The mechanism that produces this is performance anxiety, which shifts the focus of attention from the erotic to the worry and negative feelings that accompany performance anxiety.
  • #1 Symptoms and Causes of Premature Ejaculation – ROC Clinic
    https://rocclinic.com/en/premature-ejaculation/symptoms-and-causes/
    In addition, a premature ejaculation problem can lead to sexual problems in the relationship, as well as difficulties in meeting potential sexual partners. […] Finally, in very advanced cases, when anxiety becomes generalized, it is even possible that behaviors are generated in which the man avoids sexual relations with his partner or the approach to people he believes may have a sexual interest in him and reduces his sexual desire due to anxiety and the „fear of failure”. […] Men with primary premature ejaculation appear to have some congenital propensity for low intercourse time. […] This situation is related to the serotonin receptor subtype that regulates sexual response, so the cause could be genetic. […] Men with prostate problems are at increased risk for ejaculatory problems such as premature ejaculation, anorgasmia, painful orgasm and hemospermia.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546701/
    Secondary or acquired PE begins later in life and usually has an IELT of 3 minutes. […] A more helpful classification may be a clinical one: Primary or Secondary: Primary (Lifelong: present since the first sexual experience. Often due to conditioning, upbringing, or an early, traumatic sexual event.) […] Secondary: (Acquired: developing after a period of relative normal sexual functioning). […] Premature ejaculation can potentially cause couples to have difficulty conceiving if ejaculation does not occur intravaginally. It can also lead to increased stress, anxiety, and significant relationship issues. […] Lifelong premature ejaculation has no definitive cure. However, management of the condition can be successful via a multimodal combination treatment approach in the majority of cases.
  • #1 The pathophysiology of acquired premature ejaculation – McMahon – Translational Andrology and Urology
    https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/11133/html
    The second Ad Hoc International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation defined acquired premature ejaculation (PE) as a male sexual dysfunction characterized by a the development of a clinically significant and bothersome reduction in ejaculation latency time in men with previous normal ejaculatory experiences, often to about 3 minutes or less, the inability to delay ejaculation on all or nearly all vaginal penetrations, and the presence of negative personal consequences, such as distress, bother, frustration and/or the avoidance of sexual intimacy. […] Acquired PE is commonly due to sexual performance anxiety, psychological or relationship problems, erectile dysfunction (ED), and occasionally prostatitis and hyperthyroidism, consistent with the predominant organic etiology of acquired PE, men with this complaint are usually older, have a higher mean BMI and a greater incidence of comorbid disease including hypertension, sexual desire disorder, diabetes mellitus, chronic prostatitis, and ED compared to lifelong, variable and subjective PE.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, & Prevention
    https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-premature-ejaculation
    Premature ejaculation (PE) is when you have an orgasm before intercourse or sooner than you’d like during sex. […] The cause of PE isn’t really known, but your brain chemistry could be at least partly the reason. People with low levels of the chemical serotonin in their brains tend to take a shorter time to ejaculate. […] Some physical conditions may also cause PE. You may be at risk for PE if you have any of the following conditions: Unusual hormone levels, Irregular levels of neurotransmitters, Inflammation or an infection in your prostate or urethra, Genetic traits you inherit from your parents. […] Sometimes, PE can be a problem for people with erectile dysfunction (ED). […] Treating the erectile dysfunction may make the premature ejaculation go away. […] There isn’t one main cause of PE. It could be due to a range of psychological and physical conditions such as: Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Guilt, Relationship problems, Lack of confidence or poor body image, Concern over your sexual performance, Negative feelings about the idea of sex, Early sexual experiences, Sexual abuse, Unusual hormone levels, Irregular levels of neurotransmitters, Inflammation or an infection in your prostate or urethra, Genetic traits you inherit from your parents, Erectile dysfunction (ED).
  • #1 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb
    https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/disorders-of-ejaculation
    A significant proportion of men with ED also experience PE. High levels of performance anxiety related to ED may worsen PE, with a risk of misdiagnosing PE instead of the underlying ED. […] Premature ejaculation can have a detrimental effect on self-confidence and the relationship with the partner, and may sometimes cause mental distress, anxiety, embarrassment and depression. […] There is still little consensus about the definition and classification of PE. It is now universally accepted that premature ejaculation is a broad term that includes several concepts belonging to the common category of PE. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM-V) and the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) published definitions for lifelong and acquired PE. […] Diagnosis of PE is based on the patients medical and sexual history. History should classify PE as lifelong or acquired and determine whether PE is situational or consistent.
  • #1 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health
    https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.200184
    Numerous studies have identified a link between hyperthyroidism and ejaculatory dysfunction. […] The results of some studies investigating the relationship between thyroid disorders and PE are presented in Table 3. […] It has been reported that there is a disruption in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in DM as a result of insulin resistance. […] Recent experimental animal studies have shown that 5-HT2C receptors play a role in glucose homeostasis. […] Most studies to date have focused on the psychogenic factors of PE. However, after recent studies have reported that PE can be caused by organic reasons, research has turned to this area. Endocrine disorders are one of the most important organic causes of PE. Recently, both clinical and experimental animal studies have shown that especially DM, obesity, MetS, hyperthyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency are associated with PE.
  • #1 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health
    https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.200184
    While it is known that the male reproductive system is largely hormonally regulated, the involvement of the endocrine system in the intravaginal ejaculatory delay time (IELT) and ejaculation process is not yet fully understood. […] Studies have shown that pituitary (oxytocin and prolactin [PRL]), adrenal, thyroidal, and gonadal hormones can control ejaculation at various levels, and that ejaculation problems are experienced in endocrine disorders. Therefore, PE may be a result of endocrine diseases. […] The relationship between hypogonadism and PE has not been fully elucidated, but it has been suggested that patients with PE are associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). […] The underlying mechanism in the causality relationship between MetS and PE has not been fully elucidated. However, evidence has shown that there is a bidirectional relationship between depression, one of the known causes of PE, and MetS.
  • #1 Pathophysiology of Acquired Premature Ejaculation | Abdominal Key
    https://abdominalkey.com/pathophysiology-of-acquired-premature-ejaculation/
    Taken together, these data suggest a role for androgens in the mechanism of ejaculation. […] In conclusion, several possible mechanisms may connect androgen levels with the complex machinery of ejaculation. […] The role of prolactin in a consecutive series of 2,531 patients interviewed using SIEDY structured interview, low prolactin (PRL) levels are associated with PE and anxiety symptoms. […] In conclusion, from a psychoneuroendocrine perspective, PE and DE can be considered two ends of a single continuum, spanning from severe PE to extreme DE. […] Prostate inflammation/infections have been anecdotally correlated with PE in the past. […] Furthermore, it has been found that this sexual symptom is in turn common in subjects with prostatitis. […] If a causal correlation exists, prostatic inflammation may alter sensations arising from the male genital tract, so that the male is unable to recognize the emission phase. […] The possible relationship between prostatitis and PE is probably complex. […] However, several authors were able to cure PE just with a specific antibiotic treatment against the bacteria responsible of prostatitis.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation Linked to Chlamydia in Prostatitis Patients – Renal and Urology News
    https://www.renalandurologynews.com/news/premature-ejaculation-linked-to-chlamydia-in-prostatitis-patients/
    Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is associated with a greater likelihood of premature ejaculation than CBP due to infection with other bacteria, according to a recent report. […] Previous research has suggest that CBP is an important organic cause of PE, given the role of the prostate in the ejaculation mechanism, Dr. Cai and his colleagues pointed out. […] After adjusting for age, smoking status, body mass index and education level, CBP due to Chlamydia trachomatis infection was associated with 3.2 times higher odds of PE compared with CBP due to other bacterial infections.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/435884-overview
    Some have questioned whether premature ejaculation is purely psychological. A number of investigators have found differences in nerve conduction/latency times and hormonal differences in men who experience premature ejaculation compared with individuals who do not. The theory is that some men have hyperexcitability or oversensitivity of their genitalia, which prevents downregulation of their sympathetic pathways and delay of orgasm. […] Electroencephalography and neuroimaging studies have detected abnormal spontaneous and evoked brain activation responses to erotic stimuli as well as brain structure changes in premature ejaculation patients. A study by Yang et al using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrated that patients with lifelong premature ejaculation have an abnormal brain control network, which may contribute to the reduced central control of rapid ejaculation.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation (PE): Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment
    https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/understanding-premature-ejaculation-causes-treatment-prevention
    Premature ejaculation can also be linked to erectile dysfunction (difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection of the penis). […] Biological premature ejaculation causes include medical conditions and hormonal fluctuations. The relative balance between the hormones serotonin (blocks ejaculation) and dopamine (promotes ejaculation), chemicals in the brain that are responsible for regulating sexual desire and excitement, can contribute to this issue. High levels of dopamine compared to serotonin can cause premature ejaculation. […] In case the premature ejaculation causes are more physical in nature than psychological, your doctor may order a blood test to check your hormone levels (oxytocin, serotonin, dopamine, etc.). […] There are many different modes of premature ejaculation treatment, which are mainly based on the premature ejaculation causes. The treatments include behavioural therapy, counselling and medications.
  • #1 Recent Progress in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Premature Ejaculation
    https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/518225_3
    Now let’s talk about the neurophysiology of sexual function and particularly ejaculation, and then the pathogenesis of premature ejaculation. […] The possibility that low serotonin or 5 hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT transmission in the central nervous system as the cause of premature ejaculation is the theory that has been gaining more and more attention in the past few years. There is good evidence that low serotonin transmission in the central nervous system is related to the mechanism of premature ejaculation. […] Waldinger theorizes that premature ejaculation may be due to alterations in the sensitivity of certain serotonin receptors located in various places in the central nervous system. He has developed evidence that hyposensitivity of the 5-HT2c receptors or hypersensitivity of the 5HT1a receptors are the cause of premature ejaculation. Further, Waldinger postulates that men with low serotonin and/or alterations of receptors in these locations may have their ejaculatory threshold genetically set at a lower point and therefore ejaculate quickly. On the other side of the coin, men with a very high set point for these parameters may experience delayed or absent ejaculation despite prolonged sexual stimulation and achieving a full erection. Waldinger’s theory is that there is a physical cause of premature ejaculation in the majority of men.
  • #1 The role of acupuncture in treating premature ejaculation and its probable neurobiological mechanism | Basic and Clinical Andrology | Full Text
    https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12610-024-00239-w
    Premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most common diseases in andrology and leads to serious male sexual dysfunction. […] Acupuncture has shown potential in prolonging ejaculation time and improving couples’ sexual quality of life. […] The proposed mechanisms include stimulating the frontal functional lobe, inhibiting spinal cord neural pathways, regulating serotonin levels, enhancing 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor IB excitability, reducing penile sensitivity, and modulating hormone levels. […] Acupuncture is a viable alternative or complementary therapy for PE, and neurobiological mechanisms appear to play a key role, but further experimental validation is needed. […] The neurobiological mechanisms of PE involve complex interactions of multiple neurotransmitters and brain regions.
  • #1 The role of acupuncture in treating premature ejaculation and its probable neurobiological mechanism | Basic and Clinical Andrology | Full Text
    https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12610-024-00239-w
    Acupuncture may exert its inhibitory effect on ejaculation by stimulating the left frontal functional areas. […] Acupuncture potentially extends ejaculation duration by dampening the excitability of spinal cord centers. […] Acupuncture may elevate the ejaculation threshold by regulating disorders in the neurotransmitter 5-HT, thereby delaying ejaculation. […] Acupuncture may prolong ejaculation by reducing the sensitivity of sensory nerves around the penile head or inhibiting rhythmic muscle contractions. […] Acupuncture may impact ejaculation by modulating hormone levels in men.
  • #1 Premature ejaculation: A clinical review for the general physician
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/october/premature-ejaculation-a-clinical-review-for-the-ge
    Premature ejaculation can have a significant adverse effect on the quality of life for the patient and his sexual partners. […] Most men feel reluctant to discuss premature ejaculation with their general practitioner despite its psychological, emotional and relational effects. […] The impact of premature ejaculation is mostly felt psychologically and in interpersonal relationships. […] Psychological components often contribute to acquired premature ejaculation. However, it is likely that a complex interplay between neurophysiological factors predominantly influence premature ejaculation. In particular, genetic predisposition for impairment of inhibitory serotonergic pathways that regulate ejaculation, modulated by 5-HT2c, 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b receptors and synaptic serotonin transporters has been reported for lifelong premature ejaculation. […] Other conditions, such as chronic prostatitis and hyperthyroidism, may also be associated with acquired premature ejaculation. […] Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation frequently co-exist, as men with erectile dysfunction might try to ejaculate early, before loss of erection.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation: Aetiology and Treatment Strategies
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/7/11/102
    Cerebral control of ejaculation is achieved by a complex ejaculatory network, comprising several groups of interconnected neurons found in various levels of the brain. […] The management of a patient presenting with PE will depend on the cause and classification of PE. […] A strict division between pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment for PE may not be the most effective way of treating patients with PE. […] A suggested solution to providing holistic patient care is combination or integrated therapy. […] PE is a highly prevalent male sexual disorder that is largely an unmet therapeutic need.
  • #1 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb
    https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/disorders-of-ejaculation
    Many patients with ED develop secondary PE caused by the anxiety associated with difficulty in attaining and maintaining an erection. […] Before commencing any treatment, it is essential to define the subtype of PE and discuss patients expectations thoroughly. Pharmacotherapy must be considered the first-line treatment for patients with lifelong PE, whereas treating the underlying cause must be the initial goal for patients with acquired PE. […] Dapoxetine is the first on-demand oral pharmacological agent approved for lifelong and acquired PE in many countries, except for the USA. […] Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and clomipramine have consistently shown efficacy in PE. […] The incorporation of psychosexual approach, alongside psycho-educational guidance and mindfulness techniques, ameliorate symptoms of PE and alleviate the associated distress, anxiety, and depression. […] Pharmacotherapy includes either dapoxetine on-demand (an oral short-acting SSRI) and eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine spray (a topical desensitising agent), which are the only approved treatments for PE, or other off-label antidepressants.
  • #1 Premature Ejaculation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546701/
    Acquired premature ejaculation can often be corrected by treating the underlying cause. […] In many cases, pharmacological therapy must be continued indefinitely, as discontinuation may lead to the recurrence of premature ejaculation. […] Success rates after treatment vary from 30% to 70%, but relapses are common, and some men need lifelong therapy.
  • #2 Insight on pathogenesis of lifelong premature ejaculation: inverse relationship between lifelong premature ejaculation and obesity | International Journal of Impotence Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/ijir201011
    Although both biological and psychological factors are important in the etiology, the exact pathogenesis of lifelong premature ejaculation (PE) remains to be clarified. […] This is the first prospective study that investigated the relationship between lifelong PE and obesity, and we found that patients with lifelong PE were leaner than the healthy control cases.
  • #2 Premature Ejaculation | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27656
    Premature ejaculation describes the phenomenon which occurs when ejaculation happens persistently sooner than a man or his partner would like during sexual activity. […] Overall, premature ejaculation is primarily psychological in nature. However, the precise cause of premature ejaculation remains largely undetermined. Several contributing risk factors, both biological and psychological, have been identified. […] Ejaculation is controlled by the spinal ejaculatory generator center, located at the L1-L2 level. This center receives parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs from the penile nerves and communicates via sensory and motor nerves. In addition to the spinal ejaculatory center, the central, spinal, and peripheral nervous systems also work together for emission and ejaculation. […] Normal ejaculation is a complicated but well-coordinated series of physiological events typically involving three phases: emission, expulsion, and orgasm.
  • #2 Premature ejaculation – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation
    PE may be caused by prostatitis or as a medication side effect. […] The pathophysiology of lifelong PE is mediated by a complex interplay of central and peripheral serotonergic, dopaminergic, oxytocinergic, endocrinological, genetic and epigenetic factors. […] The physical process of ejaculation requires two actions: emission and expulsion. The emission is the first phase. It involves deposition of fluid from the ampullary vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland into the posterior urethra. […] The second phase is the expulsion phase. It involves closure of bladder neck, followed by the rhythmic contractions of the urethra by pelvic-perineal and bulbospongiosus muscle and intermittent relaxation of the external male urethral sphincter. […] Sympathetic motor neurons control the emission phase of ejaculation reflex, and expulsion phase is executed by somatic and autonomic motor neurons. These motor neurons are located in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord and are activated in a coordinated manner when sufficient sensory input to reach the ejaculatory threshold has entered the central nervous system.
  • #2 The pathophysiology of lifelong premature ejaculation – Waldinger – Translational Andrology and Urology
    https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/10959/html
    For many decades it has been thought that lifelong premature ejaculation (PE) is only characterized by persistent early ejaculations. […] Despite enormous progress of in vivo animal research, and neurobiological, genetic and pharmacological research in men with lifelong PE, our current understanding of the mechanisms behind early ejaculations is far from complete. […] The phenotype of lifelong PE and therefore also the pathophysiology of lifelong PE is much more complex. […] Since 1998, the pathophysiology of lifelong PE was thought to be mainly mediated by the central serotonergic system in line with genetic polymorphisms of specific serotonergic genes. […] Instead, it has been postulated that the pathophysiology of lifelong PE is mediated by a very complex interplay of central and peripheral serotonergic, dopaminergic, oxytocinergic, endocrinological, genetic and probably also epigenetic factors.
  • #2 Serotonin’s Role in the Biology of Male Ejaculation
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/serotonin-s-role-in-the-biology-of-ejaculation-4156268
    Serotonin, a chemical in your brain, plays an important role in your sex life, including ejaculation. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) are the most likely antidepressants to cause sexual side effects. In fact, these medications are so consistent in causing these problems that they are sometimes prescribed to treat premature ejaculation. […] In humans, serotonin is the neurotransmitter most clearly associated with ejaculation. SSRIs work by preventing cells from reabsorbing (reuptaking) serotonin. This means that the signals caused by serotonin are extended, lasting for a longer time. […] Using SSRI antidepressants long-term extends the time between erection and ejaculation. Thats one reason why these medications are prescribed to treat premature ejaculation.
  • #2 Pathophysiology of Lifelong Premature Ejaculation | Abdominal Key
    https://abdominalkey.com/pathophysiology-of-lifelong-premature-ejaculation/
    In 1998, Waldinger et al. postulated that the variability of the IELT is caused by neurobiological and genetic factors, e.g., that the persistently short IELTs in men with lifelong PE are associated with diminished serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) neurotransmission, a hypersensitivity of 5-HT1A receptors, and/or a hypofunction of 5-HT2C receptors. […] The answer to this question is related to central neurobiological mechanisms and may also be related to genetic aberrations in certain neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptor functioning. […] From a genetic point of view, there is now some preliminary evidence that the persistent short IELTs in men with lifelong PE may be due to genetic polymorphism of central serotonergic neurotransmission. […] And from a neurobiological point of view lifelong PE is possibly related to dysfunction of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors in brain areas that are specifically involved in ejaculatory functioning.
  • #2 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health
    https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.200184
    Numerous studies have identified a link between hyperthyroidism and ejaculatory dysfunction. […] The results of some studies investigating the relationship between thyroid disorders and PE are presented in Table 3. […] It has been reported that there is a disruption in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in DM as a result of insulin resistance. […] Recent experimental animal studies have shown that 5-HT2C receptors play a role in glucose homeostasis. […] Most studies to date have focused on the psychogenic factors of PE. However, after recent studies have reported that PE can be caused by organic reasons, research has turned to this area. Endocrine disorders are one of the most important organic causes of PE. Recently, both clinical and experimental animal studies have shown that especially DM, obesity, MetS, hyperthyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency are associated with PE.
  • #2 Pathophysiology of Acquired Premature Ejaculation | Abdominal Key
    https://abdominalkey.com/pathophysiology-of-acquired-premature-ejaculation/
    On this anatomical basis it has been shown that patients with PE, not necessarily with the acquired form, may have hypersensitivity and hyperexcitability of the glans penis, which may give rise to uncontrolled ejaculation and are believed to be organic implications for PE. […] Overall, these findings argue against a primary role for penile sensitivity in ejaculation latency, and suggest that other somatic factors or cognitive factors may play a more critical role in PE. […] Hormones play a central role in the machinery of emission-ejaculation; this implies that pathological hormonal levels may directly or indirectly affect the ejaculatory control, as in the case of thyroid hormone, but may also be affected or simply modified by the condition of PE. […] Recent data suggest that testosterone plays a facilitatory role in the control of the ejaculatory reflex.
  • #2 Pathophysiology of Acquired Premature Ejaculation | Abdominal Key
    https://abdominalkey.com/pathophysiology-of-acquired-premature-ejaculation/
    Taken together, these data suggest a role for androgens in the mechanism of ejaculation. […] In conclusion, several possible mechanisms may connect androgen levels with the complex machinery of ejaculation. […] The role of prolactin in a consecutive series of 2,531 patients interviewed using SIEDY structured interview, low prolactin (PRL) levels are associated with PE and anxiety symptoms. […] In conclusion, from a psychoneuroendocrine perspective, PE and DE can be considered two ends of a single continuum, spanning from severe PE to extreme DE. […] Prostate inflammation/infections have been anecdotally correlated with PE in the past. […] Furthermore, it has been found that this sexual symptom is in turn common in subjects with prostatitis. […] If a causal correlation exists, prostatic inflammation may alter sensations arising from the male genital tract, so that the male is unable to recognize the emission phase. […] The possible relationship between prostatitis and PE is probably complex. […] However, several authors were able to cure PE just with a specific antibiotic treatment against the bacteria responsible of prostatitis.
  • #2 Premature Ejaculation Linked to Chlamydia in Prostatitis Patients – Renal and Urology News
    https://www.renalandurologynews.com/news/premature-ejaculation-linked-to-chlamydia-in-prostatitis-patients/
    Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is associated with a greater likelihood of premature ejaculation than CBP due to infection with other bacteria, according to a recent report. […] Previous research has suggest that CBP is an important organic cause of PE, given the role of the prostate in the ejaculation mechanism, Dr. Cai and his colleagues pointed out. […] After adjusting for age, smoking status, body mass index and education level, CBP due to Chlamydia trachomatis infection was associated with 3.2 times higher odds of PE compared with CBP due to other bacterial infections.
  • #2 Premature ejaculation: A clinical review for the general physician
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/october/premature-ejaculation-a-clinical-review-for-the-ge
    Premature ejaculation can have a significant adverse effect on the quality of life for the patient and his sexual partners. […] Most men feel reluctant to discuss premature ejaculation with their general practitioner despite its psychological, emotional and relational effects. […] The impact of premature ejaculation is mostly felt psychologically and in interpersonal relationships. […] Psychological components often contribute to acquired premature ejaculation. However, it is likely that a complex interplay between neurophysiological factors predominantly influence premature ejaculation. In particular, genetic predisposition for impairment of inhibitory serotonergic pathways that regulate ejaculation, modulated by 5-HT2c, 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b receptors and synaptic serotonin transporters has been reported for lifelong premature ejaculation. […] Other conditions, such as chronic prostatitis and hyperthyroidism, may also be associated with acquired premature ejaculation. […] Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation frequently co-exist, as men with erectile dysfunction might try to ejaculate early, before loss of erection.
  • #2 Symptoms and Causes of Premature Ejaculation – ROC Clinic
    https://rocclinic.com/en/premature-ejaculation/symptoms-and-causes/
    In addition, a premature ejaculation problem can lead to sexual problems in the relationship, as well as difficulties in meeting potential sexual partners. […] Finally, in very advanced cases, when anxiety becomes generalized, it is even possible that behaviors are generated in which the man avoids sexual relations with his partner or the approach to people he believes may have a sexual interest in him and reduces his sexual desire due to anxiety and the „fear of failure”. […] Men with primary premature ejaculation appear to have some congenital propensity for low intercourse time. […] This situation is related to the serotonin receptor subtype that regulates sexual response, so the cause could be genetic. […] Men with prostate problems are at increased risk for ejaculatory problems such as premature ejaculation, anorgasmia, painful orgasm and hemospermia.
  • #2 Premature Ejaculation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546701/
    Secondary or acquired PE begins later in life and usually has an IELT of 3 minutes. […] A more helpful classification may be a clinical one: Primary or Secondary: Primary (Lifelong: present since the first sexual experience. Often due to conditioning, upbringing, or an early, traumatic sexual event.) […] Secondary: (Acquired: developing after a period of relative normal sexual functioning). […] Premature ejaculation can potentially cause couples to have difficulty conceiving if ejaculation does not occur intravaginally. It can also lead to increased stress, anxiety, and significant relationship issues. […] Lifelong premature ejaculation has no definitive cure. However, management of the condition can be successful via a multimodal combination treatment approach in the majority of cases.
  • #2 The pathophysiology of acquired premature ejaculation
    https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2236570530
    The second Ad Hoc International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation defined acquired premature ejaculation (PE) as a male sexual dysfunction characterized by a the development of a clinically significant and bothersome reduction in ejaculation latency time in men with previous normal ejaculatory experiences, often to about 3 minutes or less, the inability to delay ejaculation on all or nearly all vaginal penetrations, and the presence of negative personal consequences, such as distress, bother, frustration and/or the avoidance of sexual intimacy. […] The literature contains a diverse range of biological and psychological etiological theories. […] Acquired PE is commonly due to sexual performance anxiety, psychological or relationship problems, erectile dysfunction (ED), and occasionally prostatitis and hyperthyroidism, consistent with the predominant organic etiology of acquired PE, men with this complaint are usually older, have a higher mean BMI and a greater incidence of comorbid disease including hypertension, sexual desire disorder, diabetes mellitus, chronic prostatitis, and ED compared to lifelong, variable and subjective PE.
  • #2 Premature Ejaculation | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/premature-ejaculation-49647084/49647084
    Short IELT values in men with PE d/t diminished synaptic 5-HT neurotransmission d/t an increase in the function of 5-HTT related to genetic polymorphisms of the protein. […] Sympathetic nervous system, activated by anxiety, may result in an earlier emission phase of ejaculation and subsequently reduced ejaculatory threshold. […] It is suggested that men with PE have a hyperexcitable ejaculatory reflex, resulting in faster emission and/or expulsion. […] In addition, it is proposed that men with PE may have a faster bulbocavernosus reflex, impairing their ability to learn to control ejaculation. […] Yet no definitive evidence to prove such a link. […] The role of hormones in the genesis of PE is not completely understood. […] Chronic prostatitis is more prevalent among men with a diagnosis of PE. […] After 1 month of antibiotic treatment, most of treated patients show a significant increase in their IELT. […] Mechanism behind link between chronic prostatitis and PE and the mean by which antibiotic treatment improved IELT are unclear.
  • #2 The role of acupuncture in treating premature ejaculation and its probable neurobiological mechanism | Basic and Clinical Andrology | Full Text
    https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12610-024-00239-w
    Acupuncture may exert its inhibitory effect on ejaculation by stimulating the left frontal functional areas. […] Acupuncture potentially extends ejaculation duration by dampening the excitability of spinal cord centers. […] Acupuncture may elevate the ejaculation threshold by regulating disorders in the neurotransmitter 5-HT, thereby delaying ejaculation. […] Acupuncture may prolong ejaculation by reducing the sensitivity of sensory nerves around the penile head or inhibiting rhythmic muscle contractions. […] Acupuncture may impact ejaculation by modulating hormone levels in men.