Polimialgia reumatyczna
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Polimialgia reumatyczna (PMR) to przewlekła choroba zapalna dotykająca głównie osoby powyżej 50. roku życia, charakteryzująca się bólem i sztywnością obręczy barkowej, biodrowej oraz szyi. Etiologia PMR jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca podłoże genetyczne (m.in. allel HLA-DRB1*04 obecny u 67% pacjentów), czynniki środowiskowe oraz zakaźne, takie jak infekcje Mycoplasma pneumoniae, parwowirusem B19 czy wirusem EBV. Patogeneza opiera się na zaburzeniach immunologicznych z aktywacją zarówno wrodzonego, jak i adaptacyjnego układu odpornościowego, w tym zmniejszeniu liczby komórek B i regulatorowych T (Treg), a także zwiększeniu komórek Th17. Kluczową rolę odgrywają cytokiny prozapalne, zwłaszcza IL-6, której stężenie koreluje z aktywnością choroby i markerami zapalnymi, takimi jak OB i CRP. Charakterystyczne jest zapalenie błony maziowej i kaletek stawowych, potwierdzone badaniami obrazowymi (USG, MRI), bez cech zapalenia mięśni w biopsji czy EMG. PMR jest ściśle powiązana z olbrzymiokomórkowym zapaleniem tętnic (GCA), z którym dzieli wiele mechanizmów patogenetycznych, choć w PMR brak jest ekspresji IFN-γ i jawnego zapalenia naczyń.

Patogeneza polimialgia reumatyczna

Polimialgia reumatyczna (PMR) jest przewlekłą chorobą zapalną, charakteryzującą się bólem i sztywnością okolic szyi, obręczy barkowej i biodrowej, występującą niemal wyłącznie u osób powyżej 50. roku życia. Mimo intensywnych badań, dokładna etiologia i patogeneza PMR pozostaje nie w pełni wyjaśniona. Choroba ta wykazuje cechy zaburzenia o podłożu immunologicznym z aktywacją układu odpornościowego, zarówno wrodzonego, jak i nabytego.12

Czynniki genetyczne

Badania genetyczne wskazują na poligenowe podłoże PMR. Rodzinne występowanie choroby sugeruje predyspozycję genetyczną.12 Allele klasy II głównego układu zgodności tkankowej (HLA) wykazują związek z PMR, a wśród nich najczęściej koreluje allel HLA-DRB1*04, obserwowany nawet u 67% przypadków.123 Polimorfizmy genetyczne dla ICAM-1, RANTES i receptorów IL-1 również wydają się odgrywać rolę w patogenezie PMR w niektórych populacjach.13 Zwiększona częstość występowania choroby u osób pochodzenia północnoeuropejskiego i mieszkańców krajów skandynawskich dodatkowo wskazuje na rolę czynników genetycznych i/lub środowiskowych w patofizjologii PMR.1

Czynniki środowiskowe i infekcyjne

Istnieją doniesienia o zwiększonej częstości występowania PMR wraz z olbrzymiokomórkowym zapaleniem tętnic (GCA) podczas epidemii zakażeń Mycoplasma pneumoniae i parwowirusem B19 w Danii, co sugeruje możliwą rolę infekcji w etiopatogenezie.12 Wirus Epsteina-Barr (EBV) również był proponowany jako potencjalny czynnik wyzwalający PMR.12 Niektóre badania sugerują sezonowy wzorzec występowania PMR, co może wskazywać na rolę czynników środowiskowych.123

Istnieją również doniesienia o związku między PMR a zapaleniem uchyłków, co może sugerować rolę zmian w mikrobiocie jelitowej i przewlekłego stanu zapalnego jelit w immunopatogenezie choroby.123 Opisano również przypadki wcześniej zdrowych osób, u których rozwinęła się GCA/PMR po szczepieniu przeciw grypie, co sugeruje, że adiuwanty szczepionek mogą wywoływać autoimmunologiczny/zapalny zespół indukowany przez adiuwanty (ASIA), który może mieć cechy kliniczne podobne do PMR.1

Rola układu odpornościowego

PMR jest zaburzeniem o podłożu immunologicznym, w którym obserwuje się podwyższone markery zapalne.12 Aktywacja układu odpornościowego wrodzonego i adaptacyjnego została potwierdzona u pacjentów z PMR, co manifestuje się aktywacją komórek dendrytycznych i monocytów/makrofagów oraz zaburzeniem równowagi między komórkami Th17 i Treg.12

U pacjentów z PMR obserwuje się zmniejszoną liczbę krążących komórek B w porównaniu ze zdrowymi osobami dorosłymi. Liczba krążących komórek B jest odwrotnie skorelowana z OB i CRP. Ta zmieniona dystrybucja komórek B prawdopodobnie przyczynia się do odpowiedzi IL-6 w PMR.12 Podobnie jak w GCA, pacjenci z PMR mają zmniejszoną liczbę regulatorowych komórek T (Treg) i komórek T pomocniczych (Th1) oraz zwiększoną liczbę komórek Th17.12

Zwiększona ekspresja receptorów toll-podobnych 7 i 9 w monocytach krwi obwodowej sugeruje rolę odporności wrodzonej w patogenezie.12 Badanie zaangażowania limfocytów T CD8+ wykazało, że infiltrują one zmiany zapalenia naczyń i mają fenotyp aktywowany, który jest częściowo korygowany przez leczenie glikokortykosteroidami.1

Rola cytokin zapalnych

Cytokiny prozapalne odgrywają kluczową rolę w patogenezie PMR.1 IL-6 jest głównym mediatorem zapalenia i jest podwyższona zarówno w PMR, jak i GCA.12 Pełni kluczową rolę w napędzaniu odpowiedzi ostrej fazy i ogólnoustrojowego stanu zapalnego w PMR.12 IL-6 stymuluje wzrost CRP i OB, a trwale podwyższone stężenie IL-6 w surowicy wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem nawrotu u pacjentów z PMR.1

Stężenie IL-6 koreluje z aktywnością choroby PMR.1 Podwyższone stężenie rozpuszczalnej formy receptora IL-6 (sIL-6R) koreluje z liczbą nawrotów PMR.12 Badanie wykazało, że ból mięśni i sztywność rozwijają się jednocześnie, gdy stężenie IL-6 wzrasta.1

Interesujące badanie dotyczące zmienności dobowej wykazało, że stężenie IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α i IL-4 w osoczu osiągało szczyt między godziną 4 a 8 rano zarówno u nieleczonych pacjentów, jak i u osób z grupy kontrolnej, chociaż poziomy tych cytokin były wyższe przez cały dzień u pacjentów. Szczyt stężenia cytokin odpowiadał wczesnorannemu szczytowi bólu i sztywności u nieleczonych pacjentów. Ponadto poziomy melatoniny były konsekwentnie wyższe u pacjentów niż w grupie kontrolnej i zmieniały się w czasie, osiągając szczyt około godziny 2 w nocy, co sugeruje, że melatonina stymuluje produkcję cytokin, co z kolei przynajmniej częściowo odpowiada za objawy PMR.1

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) jest obecny w prawie 70% biopsji tętnicy skroniowej u pacjentów z GCA, ale nie jest wykrywany u pacjentów z izolowanym PMR, co sugeruje jego rolę w rozwoju zapalenia tętnic.12 W przeciwieństwie do GCA, pacjenci z PMR nie rekrutują komórek T zdolnych do produkcji IFN-γ, a bez IFN-γ stymulującego makrofagi, charakterystyczne dla GCA zapalenie tętnic nie rozwija się.1

IL-17 również została ostatnio powiązana z PMR i GCA ze względu na późniejszą aktywację odpowiedzi Th17.1 Badania wykazały, że szlak JAK-STAT może być kluczowy w patogenezie PMR, a wiele genów zapalnych związanych z sygnalizacją JAK wykazuje wysoką ekspresję w jednojądrzastych komórkach krwi obwodowej pacjentów z PMR.12

Zmiany zapalne w tkankach

Patologicznie GCA i PMR są podobne, z wyjątkiem tego, że w czystej postaci PMR nie występuje znaczące zajęcie naczyń.1 W PMR obserwuje się zapalenie błony maziowej, zapalenie kaletki i zapalenie pochewek ścięgnistych wokół stawów, szczególnie barków, bioder, kolan, stawów śródręczno-paliczkowych i nadgarstków.1

Stan zapalny prawdopodobnie rozpoczyna się w błonie maziowej i kaletkach, gdy komórki dendrytyczne lub makrofagi rozpoznają nieznany antygen.1 Badania obrazowe, takie jak ultrasonografia i MRI, wskazują na zapalenie błony maziowej i kaletki stawowej o niskim stopniu nasilenia.1

Mimo że PMR powoduje silny ból i sztywność w proksymalnych grupach mięśniowych, w biopsji mięśni nie stwierdza się cech choroby.12 Siła mięśniowa i wyniki elektromiograficzne są prawidłowe. Zamiast tego zapalenie występuje na poziomie błony maziowej i kaletek, a badania MRI ujawniają zapalenie okołostawowe i zapalenie kaletek związanych zarówno z obręczą barkową, jak i biodrową.1 Niektóre dowody sugerują obecność uszkodzenia blaszki sprężystej w naczyniach krwionośnych w dotkniętych grupach mięśniowych za pośrednictwem komórek.1

Powiązanie z olbrzymiokomórkowym zapaleniem tętnic (GCA)

PMR jest ściśle powiązana z olbrzymiokomórkowym zapaleniem tętnic (GCA, zapaleniem tętnicy skroniowej), chociaż istnieją kontrowersje czy GCA i PMR są dwiema odrębnymi chorobami, czy też częścią tego samego spektrum chorobowego.1 Niektórzy eksperci uważają, że obie choroby mogą być manifestacjami tego samego procesu patologicznego.12

GCA jest diagnozowane u 16-21% pacjentów z PMR, a u 35-50% pacjentów z GCA występuje współistniejące PMR.1 Analiza MR wykazała, że GCA i PMR mają wiele podobieństw w patogenezie biologicznej.1 Istnieją dowody na wpływ GCA na ryzyko PMR (iloraz szans 1,22) oraz wpływ PMR na ryzyko GCA (iloraz szans 1,58).1

W GCA zespół ogólnoustrojowego zapalenia towarzyszy manifestacjom naczyniowym. Biopsje tętnic często ujawniają zmiany zapalne w błonie środkowej i przydance, które powodują zwężenie lub niedrożność naczynia, prowadząc do niedokrwienia dystalnie do zmiany. GCA najczęściej dotyka gałęzi tętnic szyjnych wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych. Zajęcie tych gałęzi prowadzi do klinicznych objawów bólu głowy, chromania żuchwy, tkliwości skóry głowy i ślepoty.12

W PMR odpowiedź zapalna ogólnoustrojowa jest najbardziej wyraźną cechą, ale zapalenie naczyń krwionośnych pozostaje klinicznie niewykrywalne.12 Niektóre badania wykazały jednak obecność cichego zapalenia naczyń u części pacjentów z PMR.1

Nowe koncepcje patogenetyczne

Ostatnie badania wskazują na potencjalną rolę starzenia się układu immunologicznego (immunosenescencji) w patogenezie PMR. Fakt, że PMR występuje niemal wyłącznie u osób powyżej 50. roku życia, może wskazywać, że zmiany immunologiczne związane z wiekiem u osób predysponowanych genetycznie przyczyniają się do rozwoju choroby.12 Procesy immunosenescencji i inflammaging, zwiększone ryzyko infekcji z wiekiem, endokrynosenescencja oraz zmiany związane z wiekiem w mikrobiocie jelitowej mogą przyczyniać się do patogenezy PMR.1

Proces endokrynnej senescencji, który prowadzi do obniżenia poziomu dehydroepiandrosteronu i zmian w osi podwzgórze-przysadka-gonady z niewydolnością kory nadnerczy i zmniejszonym wydzielaniem kortyzolu w odpowiedzi na stan zapalny, był również wskazywany jako ważny mechanizm etiopatogenetyczny.12

Badania wykazały również związek między deleteryjnymi rzadkimi allelami genu NLRP12 a PMR. Gen NLRP12 koduje receptor podobny do domeny wiążącej nukleotydy z domeną pirynową, a białko NLRP12 hamuje aktywację NF-κB i tworzy inflamasom NLRP12. W analizie wielogenowej deleteryjne rzadkie allele genów przyczynowych dla monogenowych zaburzeń autozapalnych były związane z PMR.12

Innym czynnikiem zaangażowanym w rozwój PMR jest stosowanie inhibitorów punktów kontrolnych układu immunologicznego u pacjentów z nowotworami, ze względu na ich antagonistyczne działanie na antygen 4 związany z cytotoksycznymi limfocytami T (CTLA-4) i białko programowanej śmierci komórki 1 (PD-1).12

Podsumowanie patogenezy PMR

Polimialgia reumatyczna pozostaje chorobą o złożonej i nie w pełni poznanej patogenezie. Jest to zaburzenie o podłożu immunologicznym, w którym istotną rolę odgrywają czynniki genetyczne, środowiskowe i zakaźne. Kluczowe znaczenie w procesie zapalnym mają cytokiny prozapalne, szczególnie IL-6, która napędza odpowiedź ostrej fazy i koreluje z aktywnością choroby. Zaburzenia równowagi pomiędzy różnymi populacjami komórek immunologicznych, w tym komórkami T, B i makrofagami, przyczyniają się do rozwoju choroby. Zmiany zapalne lokalizują się przede wszystkim w błonie maziowej i kaletkach, a nie w samych mięśniach, mimo że objawy kliniczne sugerują zajęcie mięśni.123

Ścisłe powiązanie PMR z olbrzymiokomórkowym zapaleniem tętnic sugeruje wspólne mechanizmy patogenetyczne, choć istnieją również różnice, takie jak brak ekspresji IFN-γ w PMR, co wyjaśnia brak jawnego zapalenia tętnic. Nowe koncepcje, takie jak immunosenescencja, inflammaging, endokrynosenescencja oraz zaburzenia działania inflamasomu, otwierają nowe perspektywy badawcze i mogą prowadzić do lepszego zrozumienia patogenezy PMR, co z kolei może przekładać się na optymalizację strategii terapeutycznych.123

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  1. 14.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1
    https://www.reumatismo.org/index.php/reuma/article/view/1048/0
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder of unknown cause, almost exclusively occurring in people aged over 50 and often associated with giant cell arteritis. […] The evidence that PMR occurs almost exclusively in individuals aged over 50 may indicate that age-related immune alterations in genetically predisposed subjects contribute to development of the disease. […] Activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems has been proved in PMR patients as demonstrated by the activation of dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages and the altered balance between Th17 and Treg cells. […] Disturbed B cell distribution and function have been also demonstrated in PMR patients suggesting a pathogenesis more complex than previously imagined. […] In this review we will discuss the recent findings regarding the pathogenesis of PMR.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537274/
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a rheumatic disorder characterized by pain and stiffness around the neck, shoulder, and hip area. […] It is an inflammatory condition associated with an elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), being the common findings. […] Understanding the intricacies of PMR is essential for clinicians, as it requires a nuanced approach to management, including careful consideration of the potential long-term complications and the crucial interplay with GCA. This review aims to highlight the key aspects of PMR, including the etiology, clinical features, and optimal management strategies. […] The etiology of PMR is not well-understood. Familial aggregation of PMR has suggested a genetic predisposition. HLA class II alleles are found to be associated with PMR, and among these, the HLA-DRB1*04 allele correlates most frequently, seen in up to 67% of cases. Genetic polymorphisms for ICAM-1, RANTES, and IL-1 receptors also appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of PMR in some populations.
  • #1 Polymyalgia rheumatica pathophysiology – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Polymyalgia_rheumatica_pathophysiology
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the articular and periarticular structures of the cervical region, shoulder girdle and hip girdle. The underlying pathophysiology of PMR remains unknown. It has been hypothesized that genetic and environmental factors are implicated, particularly due to the seasonal and geographical differences in the prevalence of this disease. […] The cause of PMR remains unknown; however, there is evidence in the literature of possible involvement of genetic and environmental factors. […] This hypothesis is supported by the seasonal and geographical variations of the prevalence of PMR. In fact, the prevalence of PMR is the highest among patients from northern European descent and Scandinavian countries, which suggests a genetic and/or environmental role in the pathophysiology of PMR.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537274/
    There were reports of increased incidence of PMR along with GCA during epidemics of mycoplasma pneumonia and parvovirus B19 in Denmark, suggesting a possible role of infection in etiopathogenesis. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has also been proposed as a possible trigger for PMR. […] However, several other studies have not supported an infectious etiology hypothesis. […] There are also reports of an association between PMR and diverticulitis, which could suggest a role of a change in microbiota and chronic bowel inflammation in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. […] PMR is an immune-mediated disorder, and elevated inflammatory markers are common. IL-6 is key in mediating inflammation and is elevated in both PMR and GCA. […] Interferon (IFN) may be present in temporal artery biopsies in patients with GCA but not in patients with PMR, suggesting its role in the development of arteritis.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27416
    Autoantibodies with a significant role in pathogenesis are not a feature of PMR. Like GCA, patients with PMR also have decreased regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper (Th)1 cells and increased Th17 cells. […] Some studies have suggested a cyclical pattern of GCA and PMR in seasonal variation and incidence, implying possible environmental triggers. […] Increased expression of toll-like receptors 7 and 9 in peripheral blood monocytes suggests the role of innate immunity in pathogenesis as well.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27416
    A case series of previously healthy subjects developing GCA/PMR after influenza vaccination also exists. […] Vaccine adjuvants can trigger autoimmunity-causing autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA), which can have clinical features similar to PMR. […] PMR is an immune-mediated disorder, and elevated inflammatory markers are common. IL-6 is key in mediating inflammation and is elevated in both PMR and GCA. […] Interferon (IFN) may be present in temporal artery biopsies in patients with GCA but not in patients with PMR, suggesting its role in the development of arteritis. […] An elevated IgG4 level was found in patients with PMR but less frequently in patients with GCA. […] Patients with PMR have a decreased number of circulating B cells compared to healthy adults. The circulating B cell number inversely correlates with ESR and CRP. This altered distribution of B cells possibly contributes to the IL-6 response in PMR.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537274/
    Patients with PMR have a decreased number of circulating B cells compared to healthy adults. The circulating B cell number inversely correlates with ESR and CRP. This altered distribution of B cells possibly contributes to the IL-6 response in PMR. […] Autoantibodies with a significant role in pathogenesis are not a feature of PMR. Like GCA, patients with PMR also have decreased regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper (Th)1 cells and increased Th17 cells. […] Some studies have suggested a cyclical pattern of GCA and PMR in seasonal variation and incidence, implying possible environmental triggers. […] Increased expression of toll-like receptors 7 and 9 in peripheral blood monocytes suggests the role of innate immunity in pathogenesis as well.
  • #1 Involvement of CD8+ T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica – ACR Meeting Abstracts
    https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/involvement-of-cd8-t-cells-in-the-pathogenesis-of-giant-cell-arteritis-and-polymyalgia-rheumatica/
    Previous studies have demonstrated the implication of CD4+ T cells, especially T helper (Th1) and Th17 cells, in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). However, very little is known concerning CD8+ T cells. This study aimed to investigate their implication in the pathogenesis of GCA and PMR. […] This study provides the first data that demonstrate an implication of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of GCA and PMR. In untreated patients, CD8+ T cells, that infiltrate lesions of vasculitis, have an activated phenotype that is partly corrected by GC treatment. CXCR3 is upregulated on CD8+ T cells from GCA and PMR patients while levels of CCL9, -10 and -11 are increased in the serum of patients, which argues for the implication of CXCR3 in the homing of CD8+ T cells in the lesions of GCA.
  • #1 IL-6 AND PMR
    https://www.pmrandil6.com/il-6-and-pmr/
    Proinflammatory cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of PMR1 […] IL-6 is implicated in the pathogenesis of PMR […] persistently elevated IL-6 levels drive inflammation, which can help promote the pathologic conditions observed in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as PMR […] In PMR, IL-6 is a major driver of acute-phase response and systemic inflammation […] IL-6 levels correlate with PMR disease activity […] Elevated serum soluble IL-6 concentrations were identified as a potential prognostic marker for PMR relapses […] Synovitis is observed in PMR as a type of inflammation accompanied by increased level of IL-6 in the synovial fluid […] A study of patients with PMR demonstrated that muscle pain and stiffness concurrently developed when IL-6 concentrations were increased
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | KEVZARA® (sarilumab) injection 200 mg
    https://www.kevzara.com/hcp/pmr/pmr-and-il-6
    In PMR, IL-6 is a major driver of acute-phase response and systemic inflammation. IL-6 stimulates increases in CRP and ESR. Persistently high serum concentrations of IL-6 are associated with an increased risk of relapse in patients with PMR. Elevated IL-6 levels are key drivers to PMR pathophysiology. […] Soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) levels correlated with the number of PMR relapses. […] This study explored the role of proinflammatory cytokines in PMR, a clinically related syndrome characterized by an intense acute phase reaction. In particular, to determine plasma concentrations of IL-6 and TNF and to correlate changes in plasma IL-6 levels with clinical symptoms during corticosteroid therapy.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330815-overview
    A study of circadian variation in PMR found that plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-, and IL-4 peaked between 4 and 8 am in both untreated patients and controls, although levels of those cytokines were higher throughout the day in patients. The peak in cytokines matched the early-morning peak of pain and stiffness in untreated patients. In addition, melatonin levels were consistently higher in patients than in controls and varied with time, peaking around 2 am, suggesting that melatonin stimulates cytokine production, which in turn accounts at least partly for PMR symptoms.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330815-overview
    Data on other circulating cytokines (eg, IL-1, IL-2, TNF-, IL-10) are too scant to draw any conclusions. However, studies do show that interferon-gamma (IFN-) is expressed in nearly 70% of temporal artery biopsy samples from patients with GCA but is not detected in patients with isolated PMR, suggesting IFN- may be crucial to the development of GCA. […] Although PMR causes severe pain and stiffness in the proximal muscle groups, no evidence of disease is present on muscle biopsy. Muscle strength and electromyographic findings are normal. Instead, the inflammation is at the level of the synovium and bursae, with MRI studies revealing periarticular inflammation as well as bursitis in the bursae associated with both the shoulder and hip girdles. […] Some evidence suggests the presence of cell-mediated injury to the elastic lamina in the blood vessels in the affected muscle groups.
  • #1 Pathogenesis Of Polymyalgia Rheumatica | SeekHealthZ
    https://www.seekhealthz.com/health/pathogenesis-of-polymyalgia-rheumatica/
    The cause of Polymyalgia Rheumatica is unknown. […] One animal model suggests that both PMR and GCA start with the activation of dendritic cells at the adventitia-media border of the large vessels resulting in the production of IL-1 and IL-6 causing suppression of T-regulatory cells and an increased Th17 response. […] Unlike GCA, patients with PMR do not recruit T cells capable of producing interferon- (IFN-). […] Without IFN- to stimulate macrophages, the arterial inflammation characteristic of GCA does not develop.
  • #1 Polymyalgia rheumatica: An update (Review)
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12242
    The role of infectious and environmental factors has been postulated in PMR pathogenesis. […] Another factor involved in the development of PMR is the use of immune check-point inhibitors in cancer patients, due to their antagonizing effect on cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death cell protein 1 (PD-1). […] The pathophysiology of PMR may entail an abnormal immune response, particularly one involving T cells. […] IL-17 has also been recently linked to PMR and GCA, due to the subsequently incited activation of Th17 responses. […] Pro-inflammatory cytokines could be markedly implicated in PMR pathogenesis as well. […] The clinical symptoms of PMR may be attributed to immune cell infiltration in the muscles and periarticular areas. […] Also, the process of endocrine senescence that produces decreased levels of dehydropiandrosterone and alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with adrenal cortex insufficiency and decreased cortisol secretion in response to the inflammatory status was incriminated as an etiopathogenically important mechanism.
  • #1 JAK signaling was involved in the pathogenesis of Polymyalgia Rheumatica | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.22272242v1.full-text
    Objectives Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) is a common inflammatory disease in elderly persons whose pathogenesis is unclear. We aimed to explore the pathogenetic features of PMR and find a new therapeutic strategy. […] Many inflammatory genes associated with JAK signaling were increased in patients with PMR, suggesting an important role of JAK signaling in PMR disease development. JAK inhibitors may effectively treat PMR. […] PMR is a multi-gene susceptibility disease, and many alleles may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. […] The JAK-STAT pathway may be crucial in the pathogenesis of PMR. […] We found that IL6R, IL1B, IL1R1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR8, S100A8, S100A12, CCR1, CR1, and IL17RA expression was increased in PBMCs from patients with PMR. These genes may be partly involved in the pathogenesis of PMR via JAK-STAT signaling. […] Many inflammatory genes associated with JAK signaling are highly enriched in PBMCs from patients with PMR.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330815-overview
    Immunogenetic studies support a polygenic basis for GCA and PMR. Occurrence in siblings and increased prevalence in those of Northern European heritage suggest a genetic role in the pathophysiology of the disease. […] Pathologically, GCA and PMR are similar, except that significant vascular involvement does not occur in pure PMR. Synovitis, bursitis, and tenosynovitis around the joints, especially the shoulders, hips, knees, metacarpal phalangeal joints, and wrists, are seen in PMR. Inflammation is thought to start within the synovium and bursae, with recognition of an unknown antigen by dendritic cells or macrophages. […] Systemic macrophage and T-cell activation are characteristic of both GCA and PMR. Patients often have an elevated IL-6 level, which is likely responsible for the systemic inflammatory response in both GCA and PMR.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/polymyalgia-rheumatica
    Etiology and pathogenesis of polymyalgia rheumatica are unknown. […] Ultrasound and MRI findings suggest that there is low-grade axial synovitis and bursitis.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330815-overview
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a complex disorder. A review by Hysa et al concludes that, „PMR may be regarded as an inflammatory immune-mediated disease with mixed mechanisms in a background of genetic and epigenetic factors together with immunological and endocrine senescence.” […] PMR is closely linked to giant cell arteritis (GCA, temporal arteritis), although it is controversial whether GCA and PMR are two separate diseases or part of the same spectrum of disease. […] One hypothesis is that in a genetically predisposed patient, an environmental factor, possibly a virus, causes monocyte activation, which helps determine the production of cytokines that induce manifestations characteristic of PMR and GCA. However, although several infectious agents have been investigated as possible triggers, results are inconclusive.
  • #1 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1101/p1547.html
    Although the pathogeneses of GCA and PMR are uncertain, similar cellular immune responses involving T cells, antigen-presenting cells, macrophage-derived inflammatory cytokines, genetic human leukocyte antigen molecules, and macrophages are found in both conditions. […] Because there is so much clinical and pathophysiologic overlap, the conditions are thought to be manifestations of the same disease. […] In GCA, a syndrome of systemic inflammation accompanies the vascular manifestations. Arterial biopsies often reveal inflammatory changes to the tunica media vasorum and tunica adventitia, which cause narrowing or occlusion of the vessel leading to ischemia distal to the lesion. GCA most commonly affects the branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. The involvement of these branches leads to the clinical findings of headache, jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, and blindness. […] However, GCA can affect vessels anywhere in the body. […] In PMR, the systemic inflammatory response is the most prominent feature, but inflammation of the blood vessels remains clinically undetectable.
  • #1 Polymyalgia rheumatica: An updated review | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/9/549
    PMRs etiology is not well understood. Genetic and infectious associations have been investigated without conclusive results. Studies in various geographic regions have revealed increased numbers of certain polymorphisms for genes involved in the immune system, but they have not been consistently found across different populations of patients with PMR. […] GCA is diagnosed in 16% to 21% of patients with PMR, and between 35% and 50% of patients with GCA have coexisting PMR. A number of studies have explored genetic features that might link these diseases. Both are associated with certain genetic polymorphisms, particularly those related to the immune system, including genes for human leukocyte antigen and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). However, these associations have not been found consistently. […] IL-6 plays a major role in sustaining disease activity in PMR, so IL-6 blockade has been explored as a possible treatment, with promising results.
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/09200/polymyalgia_rheumatica_and_giant_cell_arteritis__a.85.aspx
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) as 2 types of autoimmune diseases are frequently concomitant, and Mendelian randomization (MR) was applied in this study to assess the causal relationship between them. […] The evidence of the impact of GCA on PMR risk was found in inverse variance weighted results (odds ratio, 1.22 [95% confidence interval, 1.111.34]; P.01), and the evidence of the impact of PMR on GCA risk has also been found (odds ratio, 1.58 [95% confidence interval, 1.281.96]; P.01). […] Meanwhile, the peak incidence and circulatory patterns observed in several studies suggested that interleukin (IL)-6 and infection factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of both diseases, namely, PMR and GCA. […] This conjecture is supported by our findings that the presence of GCA may increase the risk of PMR by 22% (OR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.111.34]; P.01), while the presence of PMR may increase the risk of GCA by 58% (OR, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.281.96]; P.01).
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/fulltext/2017/45050/diagnosis_of_polymyalgia_rheumatica_usually_means.4.aspx
    Silent vasculitis has been demonstrated in some of PMR patients. […] PMR pathogenesis is mediated by innate immunity. It triggers non-specific inflammatory reaction which is not unique for PMR. […] Pro-depressive characteristics of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which plays substantial role in PMR pathogenesis, should be taken into account for a better explanation of this phenomenon.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10067-023-06708-3
    Polymyalgia rheumatica is one of the most common inflammatory rheumatic conditions in older adults. […] The current article aimed to provide explanations for the age preference of polymyalgia rheumatica by reviewing the literature regarding disease etiology and pathogenesis. Potential factors related to the association between polymyalgia rheumatica and aging include immunosenescence/inflammaging, increased risk of infections by aging, endocrinosenescence, and age-related changes in gut microbiota. […] These factors and their potential contributions to immune-mediated inflammation will be discussed.
  • #1 The contributions of deleterious rare alleles in NLRP12 and inflammasome-related genes to polymyalgia rheumatica | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-51320-3
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by arthralgia and myalgia of the shoulder and hip girdles, and fever. PMR is linked to autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory disorders. Exome sequencing has revealed the roles of rare variants in some diseases. Causative genes for monogenic autoinflammatory disorders might be candidate genes for the selective exome analysis of PMR. […] The deleterious rare allele frequencies of the candidate genes including NLRP12 were increased in PMR patients, showing links to autoinflammatory disorders in the pathogenesis of PMR. […] It is currently thought that PMR is linked to autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory disorders. […] Thus, PMR is linked to autoinflammatory disorders. […] The present study revealed an association between deleterious rare alleles of NLRP12 and PMR.
  • #1
    https://www.healio.com/news/rheumatology/20250220/rapid-advances-propel-polymyalgia-rheumatica-care-and-research
    Enter polymyalgia rheumatica, the subject of this months round table by an outstanding group of clinicians, including Bhaskar Dasgupta, MD; Sebastian E. Sattui, MD, MS; Tanaz A. Kermani, MD; and Kenneth J. Warrington, MD; who we deeply thank. It is interesting to note that PMR has long been a disease of great interest to rheumatology practitioners, but up until recently was cared for in a non-standardized way, greatly influenced by where and with whom you trained. […] We are now squarely in an area of rapidly advancing evidence-based practice, as well as witnessing exciting advances in research into pathogenesis, clinical assessment and especially therapy. […] Similarly, it is clear that much of the current advances in our understanding of PMRs immunobiology have been influenced by the first steps already taken in GCA. As a result of these forces, there is now newfound interest in the disease, which is already influencing our capacity to diagnose, monitor and treat. […] With PMR, a disease that up until now was often diagnosed and managed by non-rheumatologists, new care pathways are warranted not only to secure accurate diagnoses, but also to bring the benefits of newer therapies that may be superior to previous standards and attended by less toxicity.
  • #2 Polymyalgia rheumatica – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymyalgia_rheumatica
    The pathophysiology of polymyalgia rheumatica is not well-understood. Evidence shows that there is likely a combined genetic and environmental pathophysiology behind the disease, but concrete identification of the causes, including whether or not polymyalgia rheumatica is an autoimmune disease, remains elusive. […] It is, at the very least, an immune-mediated disease, with both innate and adaptive immune system elements being known to play a role. […] The immune cell involvement in polymyalgia rheumatica includes the activation of dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, leading to inflammation in the synovium and bursae of the shoulder and hip girdles which is primarily mediated by the innate immune system. […] There is an altered balance between Th17 and Treg cells, with increased IL-6 levels driving Th17 cell activation.
  • #2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330815-overview
    Immunogenetic studies support a polygenic basis for GCA and PMR. Occurrence in siblings and increased prevalence in those of Northern European heritage suggest a genetic role in the pathophysiology of the disease. […] Pathologically, GCA and PMR are similar, except that significant vascular involvement does not occur in pure PMR. Synovitis, bursitis, and tenosynovitis around the joints, especially the shoulders, hips, knees, metacarpal phalangeal joints, and wrists, are seen in PMR. Inflammation is thought to start within the synovium and bursae, with recognition of an unknown antigen by dendritic cells or macrophages. […] Systemic macrophage and T-cell activation are characteristic of both GCA and PMR. Patients often have an elevated IL-6 level, which is likely responsible for the systemic inflammatory response in both GCA and PMR.
  • #2 Polymyalgia rheumatica: An update (Review)
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12242
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a chronic inflammatory disease which affects the connective vascular tissue, characterized by pain accompanied by morning stiffness, predominantly of the neck muscles, hip and shoulder girdle. […] The aim of the present review was to depict the current pathogenic hypothesis, diagnostic and treatment approach for patients with PMR, and novelties since the development of the currently used 2012 European League Against Rheumatism and American College of Rheumatology provisional classification criteria. […] To date, the etiology and pathogenesis of PMR are not clearly understood. […] HLA-DRB1*04 allele is usually associated with PMR in conjunction with GCA. […] Since PMR is associated with inflammation of the bursae, the cytokines implicated in the inflammatory process may be responsible for some of the pathogenic traits of this disease.
  • #2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27416
    The etiology of PMR is not well-understood. […] Familial aggregation of PMR has suggested a genetic predisposition. HLA class II alleles are found to be associated with PMR, and among these, the HLA-DRB1*04 allele correlates most frequently, seen in up to 67% of cases. […] Genetic polymorphisms for ICAM-1, RANTES, and IL-1 receptors also appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of PMR in some populations. […] There were reports of increased incidence of PMR along with GCA during epidemics of mycoplasma pneumonia and parvovirus B19 in Denmark, suggesting a possible role of infection in etiopathogenesis. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has also been proposed as a possible trigger for PMR. […] However, several other studies have not supported an infectious etiology hypothesis. […] There are also reports of an association between PMR and diverticulitis, which could suggest a role of a change in microbiota and chronic bowel inflammation in the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
  • #2
    https://step2.medbullets.com/rheumatology/120723/polymyalgia-rheumatica
    pathogenesis is unclear but may be triggered by environmental factors such as winter or viral infections and inflammatory cytokines play a key role […] inflammatory cytokines play a key role.
  • #2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27416
    A case series of previously healthy subjects developing GCA/PMR after influenza vaccination also exists. […] Vaccine adjuvants can trigger autoimmunity-causing autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA), which can have clinical features similar to PMR. […] PMR is an immune-mediated disorder, and elevated inflammatory markers are common. IL-6 is key in mediating inflammation and is elevated in both PMR and GCA. […] Interferon (IFN) may be present in temporal artery biopsies in patients with GCA but not in patients with PMR, suggesting its role in the development of arteritis. […] An elevated IgG4 level was found in patients with PMR but less frequently in patients with GCA. […] Patients with PMR have a decreased number of circulating B cells compared to healthy adults. The circulating B cell number inversely correlates with ESR and CRP. This altered distribution of B cells possibly contributes to the IL-6 response in PMR.
  • #2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27416
    Autoantibodies with a significant role in pathogenesis are not a feature of PMR. Like GCA, patients with PMR also have decreased regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper (Th)1 cells and increased Th17 cells. […] Some studies have suggested a cyclical pattern of GCA and PMR in seasonal variation and incidence, implying possible environmental triggers. […] Increased expression of toll-like receptors 7 and 9 in peripheral blood monocytes suggests the role of innate immunity in pathogenesis as well.
  • #2 IL-6 AND PMR
    https://www.pmrandil6.com/il-6-and-pmr/
    Proinflammatory cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of PMR1 […] IL-6 is implicated in the pathogenesis of PMR […] persistently elevated IL-6 levels drive inflammation, which can help promote the pathologic conditions observed in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as PMR […] In PMR, IL-6 is a major driver of acute-phase response and systemic inflammation […] IL-6 levels correlate with PMR disease activity […] Elevated serum soluble IL-6 concentrations were identified as a potential prognostic marker for PMR relapses […] Synovitis is observed in PMR as a type of inflammation accompanied by increased level of IL-6 in the synovial fluid […] A study of patients with PMR demonstrated that muscle pain and stiffness concurrently developed when IL-6 concentrations were increased
  • #2 IL-6 AND PMR
    https://www.pmrandil6.com/il-6-and-pmr/
    The increase of IL-6 is associated with fatigue, impaired sleep, and mood disorders, particularly anxiety and depression […] Elevated concentrations of plasma IL-6 are a characteristic feature in patients with PMR vs healthy controls […] Serum IL-6 levels correlate with ESR and CRP levels […] sIL-6R levels correlate with number of PMR relapses.
  • #2 JAK signaling was involved in the pathogenesis of Polymyalgia Rheumatica | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.22272242v1
    Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) is a common inflammatory disease in elderly persons whose pathogenesis is unclear. […] Many inflammatory genes associated with JAK signaling were increased in patients with PMR, suggesting an important role of JAK signaling in PMR disease development. […] JAK signaling may be highly activated. […] Tofacitinib may treat PMR with clinical remission and a significant decrease in inflammatory genes.
  • #2 Polymyalgia rheumatica – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymyalgia_rheumatica
    Despite the severe pain associated with the condition in multiple muscle groups, as well as the signs of systemic inflammation, muscle biopsies have found no signs of localized inflammation in muscle tissue in patients with PMR. […] The only locations known definitively to be inflamed in PMR are the synovial membranes and bursae of joints.
  • #2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1101/p1547.html/1000
    Although the pathogeneses of GCA and PMR are uncertain, similar cellular immune responses involving T cells, antigen-presenting cells, macrophage-derived inflammatory cytokines, genetic human leukocyte antigen molecules, and macrophages are found in both conditions. […] Because there is so much clinical and pathophysiologic overlap, the conditions are thought to be manifestations of the same disease. […] In GCA, a syndrome of systemic inflammation accompanies the vascular manifestations. Arterial biopsies often reveal inflammatory changes to the tunica media vasorum and tunica adventitia, which cause narrowing or occlusion of the vessel leading to ischemia distal to the lesion. […] GCA most commonly affects the branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. The involvement of these branches leads to the clinical findings of headache, jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, and blindness. […] However, GCA can affect vessels anywhere in the body. […] In PMR, the systemic inflammatory response is the most prominent feature, but inflammation of the blood vessels remains clinically undetectable.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10067-023-06708-3
    Polymyalgia rheumatica is one of the most common inflammatory rheumatic conditions in older adults. […] The current article aimed to provide explanations for the age preference of polymyalgia rheumatica by reviewing the literature regarding disease etiology and pathogenesis. Potential factors related to the association between polymyalgia rheumatica and aging include immunosenescence/inflammaging, increased risk of infections by aging, endocrinosenescence, and age-related changes in gut microbiota. […] These factors and their potential contributions to immune-mediated inflammation will be discussed.
  • #2 Polymyalgia rheumatica pathophysiology – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Polymyalgia_rheumatica_pathophysiology
    Several genes have been reported to be involved in PMR, such as: HLA DRB1, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, Tumor necrosis factor 3b (TNFb3). […] Moreover, the association between PMR and infections is another hypothesis for the development of PMR through viral stimulation of the immune system. This hypothesis is supported by the highest incidence of PMR in the time of some infection epidemics. Some of the infections that have been linked to PMR are: Parainfluenza virus type 1, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Parvovirus B19. […] In addition to the previous hypotheses, it has been postulated that PMR can be explained by an age related dysregulation in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and gonads. This disturbance leads to adrenal insufficiency and decrement in dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione. […] Imaging studies such as ultrasound and MRI reveal inflammation in the articular and periarticular regions. The examination of histopathological specimens demonstrates mild synovitis with a predominance of T helper cells and macrophages.
  • #2 The contributions of deleterious rare alleles in NLRP12 and inflammasome-related genes to polymyalgia rheumatica | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-51320-3
    The NLRP12 gene encodes a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor with a pyrin domain and the NLRP12 protein inhibits the activation of NF-B and forms the NLRP12 inflammasome. […] In the multigene analysis, deleterious rare alleles of the causative genes for monogenic autoinflammatory disorders were associated with PMR. […] The results of the current study indicate the potential links to autoinflammatory disorders in the pathogenesis of PMR. […] This study revealed the genetic links to autoinflammatory disorders in the pathogenesis of PMR.
  • #2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica-Like Syndrome from Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy
    https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/polymyalgia-rheumatica-like-syndrome-from-checkpoint-inhibitor-therapy
    Checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has caused a paradigm shift in the field of oncology, producing significant survival benefits in patients with an ever-growing list of malignancies. […] A syndrome resembling polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) has been described in the setting of ICI; however, little is known about this entity. […] This study suggests a high proportion of reported cases of ICI-related PMR fulfill preliminary criteria for PMR, yet clinical details were incomplete in one-quarter of the cases, making verification problematic. Furthermore, in the absence of a gold standard for the diagnosis of PMR, the relationship of ICI-related PMR to the idiopathic form remains unclear, and our data underscore the urgency for prospective registry-based studies with uniform assessment and reporting of data.
  • #2 Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330815-overview
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a complex disorder. A review by Hysa et al concludes that, „PMR may be regarded as an inflammatory immune-mediated disease with mixed mechanisms in a background of genetic and epigenetic factors together with immunological and endocrine senescence.” […] PMR is closely linked to giant cell arteritis (GCA, temporal arteritis), although it is controversial whether GCA and PMR are two separate diseases or part of the same spectrum of disease. […] One hypothesis is that in a genetically predisposed patient, an environmental factor, possibly a virus, causes monocyte activation, which helps determine the production of cytokines that induce manifestations characteristic of PMR and GCA. However, although several infectious agents have been investigated as possible triggers, results are inconclusive.
  • #3 Polymyalgia Rheumatica | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27416
    The etiology of PMR is not well-understood. […] Familial aggregation of PMR has suggested a genetic predisposition. HLA class II alleles are found to be associated with PMR, and among these, the HLA-DRB1*04 allele correlates most frequently, seen in up to 67% of cases. […] Genetic polymorphisms for ICAM-1, RANTES, and IL-1 receptors also appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of PMR in some populations. […] There were reports of increased incidence of PMR along with GCA during epidemics of mycoplasma pneumonia and parvovirus B19 in Denmark, suggesting a possible role of infection in etiopathogenesis. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has also been proposed as a possible trigger for PMR. […] However, several other studies have not supported an infectious etiology hypothesis. […] There are also reports of an association between PMR and diverticulitis, which could suggest a role of a change in microbiota and chronic bowel inflammation in the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
  • #3
    https://step1.medbullets.com/msk/112042/polymyalgia-rheumatica
    pathogenesis is unclear but may be triggered by environmental factors such as winter or viral infections and inflammatory cytokines play a key role
  • #3 Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/polymyalgia-rheumatica-pro
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is an inflammatory condition of unknown cause which is characterised by severe bilateral pain and morning stiffness of the shoulder, neck and pelvic girdle. […] The cause of PMR is unknown. Studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors might be important in disease pathogenesis. […] Genetic studies have shown the presence of the HLA-DRB1*04 allele in up to 67% of cases of PMR. […] There have also been studies showing a possible association between PMR and diverticulitis, suggesting a possible role of the microbiome in polymyalgia rheumatica development. […] Some studies have suggested an infectious aetiology hypothesis with clustering of PMR and GCA during epidemics of mycoplasma pneumonia and parvovirus. However, other studies have not supported these hypotheses.
  • #3
    https://www.reumatismo.org/index.php/reuma/article/view/1048/0
    Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder of unknown cause, almost exclusively occurring in people aged over 50 and often associated with giant cell arteritis. […] The evidence that PMR occurs almost exclusively in individuals aged over 50 may indicate that age-related immune alterations in genetically predisposed subjects contribute to development of the disease. […] Activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems has been proved in PMR patients as demonstrated by the activation of dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages and the altered balance between Th17 and Treg cells. […] Disturbed B cell distribution and function have been also demonstrated in PMR patients suggesting a pathogenesis more complex than previously imagined. […] In this review we will discuss the recent findings regarding the pathogenesis of PMR.
  • #3 Polymyalgia rheumatica: An update (Review)
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12242
    The role of infectious and environmental factors has been postulated in PMR pathogenesis. […] Another factor involved in the development of PMR is the use of immune check-point inhibitors in cancer patients, due to their antagonizing effect on cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death cell protein 1 (PD-1). […] The pathophysiology of PMR may entail an abnormal immune response, particularly one involving T cells. […] IL-17 has also been recently linked to PMR and GCA, due to the subsequently incited activation of Th17 responses. […] Pro-inflammatory cytokines could be markedly implicated in PMR pathogenesis as well. […] The clinical symptoms of PMR may be attributed to immune cell infiltration in the muscles and periarticular areas. […] Also, the process of endocrine senescence that produces decreased levels of dehydropiandrosterone and alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with adrenal cortex insufficiency and decreased cortisol secretion in response to the inflammatory status was incriminated as an etiopathogenically important mechanism.