Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/cutaneous-b-cell-lymphoma

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is a cancer that starts in the white blood cells and attacks the skin. […] The cause of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma often isn’t known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the skin. It starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma affects specific lymphocytes called B lymphocytes. […] Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma happens when B lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #1 Skin Lymphoma Symptoms, Types, and Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types/skin-lymphoma

  Skin lymphoma, also called cutaneous lymphoma, is a less common type of cancer. Unlike other skin cancers, its not caused by exposure to the sun. […] The causes of skin lymphoma are not completely clear. However, these risk factors have been linked to the disease: […] Some viruses and bacteria, including Epstein-Barr virus and Borellia (which causes Lyme disease), may cause skin lymphomas. […] B-cell skin lymphomas are also called cutaneous B-cell lymphomas.

• #1 Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas

  https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1851/primary-cutaneous-b-cell-lymphomas?cookies_accepted=1

  The exact etiology and pathogenesis of CBCL is poorly understood. However, dysregulation of an antigen-driven response and infectious etiologies have been proposed in some cases. Dysregulation of germinal center B-cell proliferation might play a role in PCFCL. Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi has been implicated as etiological factor in PCMZL since DNA sequences of this organism were found in skin lesions of some PCMZL cases. However, such association may be geography-dependent since some studies have questioned this association (Ponzoni 2011). […] Molecular study of immunoglobulin genes rearrangement is detected in all subtypes that are valuable to document clonality and differentiate PCBCL from pseudolymphomas. Until recently, cytogenetic studies had limited value in the diagnosis of PCBCL, since recurrent chromosomal and molecular alterations were not well characterized. Approximately 25% of PCMZLs demonstrate the t(14;18) (IGH/MALT1) translocation. The t(11;18) and t(3;14)orted in 7% and 10% of PCMZLs, respectively, whereas the t(1;14) translocation has not been identified in PCMZL (Abdul-Wahab, 2014). MYD88 mutations have been found in 50% of non-class-switched cases of PCMZL, but not in class-switched cases (Wobser 2017). Recurrent mutations in FAS were found in 24 of 38 (63%) patients with PCMZL (Maurus 2018). The overexpression of microRNAs MIR 155 and MIR150 is another molecular feature unique to PCMZL, and this feature may also predict longer progression-free survival.

• #1 Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma: Types, Diagnosis, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22925-cutaneous-b-cell-lymphoma

  Scientists dont understand what causes CBCL, but its not inherited or contagious. […] They do know that it starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, part of your immune system. […] Lymphocytes can be classified as T cells or B cells. This type of lymphoma involves B cells growing out of control. […] Because scientists dont understand what causes CBCL, there arent any proven strategies to prevent it.

• #1 Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/cutaneous-b-cell-lymphoma

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. This cancer attacks the skin. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma affects one type of germ-fighting white blood cells called B cells. These cells also are called B lymphocytes. […] The cause of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma often isn’t known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the skin. It starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma affects specific lymphocytes called B lymphocytes. […] Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma happens when B lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #1 Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/cutaneous-b-cell-lymphoma

  In cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, the cancer cells build up in the skin. The cancer cells rarely spread to other areas of the body. […] Risk factors for cutaneous B-cell lymphoma include: Weakened immune system. If the body’s germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicine or illness, there might be a higher risk of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. People with weakened immune systems might include those taking medicine to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain health conditions also can weaken the immune system, including HIV infection. […] Bacteria transmitted by ticks. Some ticks can transmit bacteria called Borrelia. Borrelia bacteria is linked to Lyme disease. There is some research that also links Borrelia bacteria to cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.

• #1 B-Cell Lymphoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22030-b-cell-lymphoma

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: This rare type starts in your skin. […] The condition typically happens because there are accidental (sporadic) changes in your B cells as they replicate themselves. Research suggests that sometimes, theres a connection between B-cell lymphomas and the following issues: Autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Sjrgrens syndrome and other related conditions. […] In B-cell lymphoma, normal B cells change (mutate), turning into abnormal cells that multiply uncontrollably, dont die and can spread from where they started to other areas of your body.

• #1 Cutaneous lymphoma – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/cutaneous-lymphoma/

  Cutaneous lymphoma: causes and risk factors […] Like any cancer, cutaneous lymphoma begins when the genetic material (DNA) of a cell changes it mutates and becomes a cancer cell. The malignant lymphocytes then divide and multiply uncontrollably. They can invade neighboring tissue and form cancer metastases in other organs. However, it often remains unclear why a healthy cell becomes a malignant cancer cell. The causes of cutaneous lymphoma are therefore still largely unknown. […] An intact immune system is normally able to recognize and eliminate such pathological cells. If it is weakened, control sometimes no longer works. In addition, cancer cells can change in such a way that they can evade immune control. […] One risk factor for cutaneous lymphomas is exposure to high doses of radioactive radiation, which alters the genetic material of the lymphocytes. In contrast to other types of skin cancer, neither excessive sun exposure, frequent sunburns in childhood and adolescence, nor diet or genes play a role in skin lymphoma.

• #1 Skin (cutaneous) B-cell lymphoma | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/types-lymphoma-skin-lymphoma/skin-cutaneous-b-cell-lymphoma

  B-cell skin lymphoma (also called cutaneous B-cell lymphoma or CBCL) is rare. Only around 100 people are diagnosed with B-cell skin lymphoma in the UK each year. […] Scientists dont know exactly what causes skin lymphoma but there are some factors that might increase your risk of developing it. These vary according to the type of skin lymphoma. […] There is a link between B-cell skin lymphoma and an infection called Borrelia burgdorferi. This infection is spread by ticks and is the cause of Lyme disease. Your doctor is likely to test you for Borrelia burgdorferi, but most people with B-cell skin lymphoma do not have it. […] Some cases are linked to an infection with a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi. This is carried by ticks and causes Lyme disease. However, most people with Lyme disease do not develop skin lymphoma.

• #1 Types of Lymphoma of the Skin | Skin Lymphoma Classification | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/skin-lymphoma/about/types-of-skin-lymphoma.html

  These lymphomas are sometimes referred to as cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCLs). […] Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: This is a very slow-growing lymphoma that is usually curable. In Europe (but not in the United States), it is sometimes linked to an infection with Borrelia, the germ that causes Lyme disease. […] Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma: This is the most common B-cell lymphoma of the skin. […] Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type: This is a fast-growing lymphoma that begins as large nodules, mainly on the lower legs.

• #1 B-cell Lymphoma: Types, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/b-cell-lymphoma

  Infections: Research has linked certain viruses, including the Epstein-Barr virus that causes mononucleosis, to higher rates of lymphoma. […] Medication: Some medications, including a group of immune-suppressing drugs called TNF antagonists, may elevate the risk. […] Chemicals: Exposure to certain toxins and pesticides could raise the risk of lymphoma. […] Age: Being over the age of 60 years puts a person at higher risk.

• #1 Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and chronic leg ulcers in a patient with type 2 diabetes in: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports Volume 2017 Issue 1 (2017)

  https://edm.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/edm/2017/1/EDM17-0032.xml

  The incidences of type 2 diabetes mellitus and many cancers are rapidly increasing worldwide. Diabetes is a strong risk factor for some cancers (including lymphomas) and is also associated with adverse cancer outcomes. […] To date, despite the large body of evidence suggesting that diabetes is strongly associated with an increased risk of some cancers, very little information is available regarding a possible association between type 2 diabetes and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. […] For example, in a community-based cohort study involving 820900 individuals, Seshasai et al. have reported that diabetes was strongly associated with substantial premature death from several cancers, independent of many important risk factors and potential confounders. […] Notably, the PCDLBCL, also named leg type, is an infrequent lymphoma with a poor prognosis.

• #1 Cutaneous B cell lymphomas: Report of two interesting cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4372911/

  Cutaneous B cell lymphomas can arise primarily from the skin or may occur due to secondary spread from nodal lymphomas. Primary lymphomas are confined to the skin without systemic spread and they differ from secondary lymphomas in their clinical behavior, treatment and prognosis. […] The distinctions between the primary and the secondary lymphomas become important in choosing the treatment and assessing the prognosis. […] Cutaneous B cell lymphomas can be primary or secondary to systemic lymphomas. Primary cutaneous B cell lymphomas are defined as tumors that are confined to the skin with no evidence of dissemination at presentation and remains so for at least 6 months. In contrast to the systemic counterpart, primary cutaneous lymphomas are more indolent in nature and the chances of dissemination are rare. They are also less aggressive and have a better prognosis.

• #1 Malignant Wounds – Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma | AccessMedicine Network

  http://www.accessmedicinenetwork.com/posts/malignant-wounds-primary-cutaneous-lymphoma

  Primary cutaneous lymphomas are a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas that manifest themselves primarily in the skin without evidence of extra-cutaneous disease at the time of initial presentation. […] These malignant skin wounds represent clonal proliferation of neoplastic B cells or T cells that migrate from the blood to the skin and cause the progressive lesions. […] Secondary skin involvement of B-cell lymphomas can occur as a result of retrograde lymphatic spread from involved lymph nodes, hematogenous dissemination, and direct extension to the skin from the underlying lymph nodes. […] In 2005 the World Health Organization and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO-EORTC) classified primary cutaneous lymphomas as either T-cell or B-cell with subdivisions of each type.

• #1 Cutaneous B cell lymphomas: Report of two interesting cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4372911/

  The presence of extensive skin lesions and B symptoms (fever, night sweats and weight loss) concurrently at presentation, raises greater diagnostic difficulty in determining the origin of lymphoma. […] Patients with skin involvement in systemic lymphomas develop brain metastasis eventually. Further studies in the larger group may help us delineate primary cutaneous B cell lymphomas from disseminated B cell lymphomas. […] A patient diagnosed with cutaneous nodule suggestive of B cell lymphoma should undergo a staging evaluation for NHL with complete physical examination, laboratory investigations like serum LDH, beta-2 microglobulin and serum electrophoresis in addition to routine tests. […] Systemic diffuse large cell lymphomas can have predominant cutaneous involvement in addition to systemic symptoms. Skin can be a potential diagnostic clue in the evaluation of fever of unknown origin.

• #1 Cutaneous B cell pseudolymphoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cutaneous-b-cell-pseudolymphoma

  Cutaneous B cell pseudolymphoma represents a reactive B cell proliferation response to a variety of antigenic stimuli, including arthropod bites, piercings, tattoo dyes, and drugs. […] Cutaneous pseudolymphomas can be separated into two major subtypes: pseudolymphoma mimicking a cutaneous B cell lymphoma (B cell pseudolymphoma) and pseudolymphoma mimicking a cutaneous T cell lymphoma (T cell pseudolymphoma).

• #1 About Cutaneous Lymphoma | Cutaneous Lymphoma Foundation

  https://www.clfoundation.org/

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCL) make up about 20-25% of all cutaneous lymphomas, and are cancers that develop from skin-based B-cells. […] There are 3 main types of CBCL; primary cutaneous follicle center (follicular) lymphoma, primary cutaneous marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma, and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL, leg type) lymphoma. […] Systemic or nodal B-cell lymphomas can secondarily involve the skin, and when a skin biopsy shows B-cell lymphoma it is very important to make sure that the lymphoma is truly coming from the skin and not from a systemic lymphoma that has spread to the skin. […] Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCLs) are a cutaneous lymphoma (a cancer of white blood cells) that affects B-cells in the skin.

• #1 Cutaneous Lymphoma | Boston Medical Center

  https://www.bmc.org/patient-care/conditions-we-treat/db/cutaneous-lymphoma

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCLs) are much rarer than cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and make up about 20% to 25% of cutaneous lymphomas. […] More common systemic B-cell lymphomas, such as Hodgkins disease, can spread to the skin and mimic a CBCL. […] The three main types of CBCL are: […] Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma […] This slow-progressing lymphoma often presents with multiple small, pink bumps that frequently recur on the skin after treatment. […] Primary Cutaneous Follicle-Center Lymphoma […] This also has a slowly progressing course and presents with single or multiple pink/violet skin lesions that tend to be on the head and face or, less commonly, on the trunk and legs. […] Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type […] Unlike the other two CBCLs, this lymphoma characteristically presents with fast-growing red/violet lesions on the legs, although it can also present elsewhere.

• #1 Facts About Cutaneous Lymphoma | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/cutaneous-lymphoma/facts-resources.html

  Cutaneous lymphomas, also known as lymphomas of the skin, are cancers of the lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that are primarily in the skin, but may involve the lymph nodes, blood, and other organs. […] Most cases of cutaneous lymphoma have no known cause, so it is difficult to prevent; however, keeping your immune system healthy by avoiding risk factors for HIV/AIDS may lower your risk.

• #1 What is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)? | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/lymphoma/diffuse-large-b-cell-lymphoma-dlbcl/what-is-diffuse-large-b-cell-lymphoma-dlbcl/

  People who have had the EBV virus in the past may be at higher risk of getting DLBCL, but this is rare. […] Rarely, a low grade (slow growing) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma can develop into a high grade (fast growing) one. This is called transformation. Each year, around 3% of people (three people in every 100) with follicular lymphoma will transform to high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma, usually to DLBCL. […] It’s important to realise that there’s nothing you could have done to stop yourself getting DLBCL or any other type of high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. You cant catch it or pass it on to someone else.

• #1 Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas

  https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1851/primary-cutaneous-b-cell-lymphomas?cookies_accepted=1

  In conclusion, these studies clearly demonstrate distinct chromosomal and genomic aberrations in PCFCL and PCDLBCL, LT which provides further support for their categorization in the WHO-EORTC classification as separate entities. Finally, loss of chromosome 9p21.3 might prove to be an important prognostic marker in PCDLBCL, LT associated with inferior outcome (Sneff 2009) although confirmation on a larger group of patients is required.

• #2 Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma: Types, Diagnosis, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22925-cutaneous-b-cell-lymphoma

  Scientists dont understand what causes CBCL, but its not inherited or contagious. […] They do know that it starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, part of your immune system. […] Lymphocytes can be classified as T cells or B cells. This type of lymphoma involves B cells growing out of control. […] Because scientists dont understand what causes CBCL, there arent any proven strategies to prevent it.

• #2 Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20306945/

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. This cancer attacks the skin. […] The cause of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma often isnt known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the skin. It starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma affects specific lymphocytes called B lymphocytes. […] Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma happens when B lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cells DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #2 Skin Lymphoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/skin-lymphoma

  Skin lymphoma (also known as cutaneous lymphoma) is a rare form of skin cancer that is not linked to sun exposure. […] Doctors dont know what causes skin lymphomas. They arent associated with any viruses, nor is there a genetic link. […] Broadly, there are two types of skin lymphomas: B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas (B cells and T cells are subtypes of lymphocytes). B-cell and T-cell skin lymphomas behave differently.

• #2 Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas

  https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1851/primary-cutaneous-b-cell-lymphomas?cookies_accepted=1

  In conclusion, these studies clearly demonstrate distinct chromosomal and genomic aberrations in PCFCL and PCDLBCL, LT which provides further support for their categorization in the WHO-EORTC classification as separate entities. Finally, loss of chromosome 9p21.3 might prove to be an important prognostic marker in PCDLBCL, LT associated with inferior outcome (Sneff 2009) although confirmation on a larger group of patients is required.

• #2 Skin lymphoma | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/types-lymphoma/skin-lymphoma

  Doctors dont know exactly what causes skin lymphoma. Research has shown that: […] it isnt caused by anything youve done […] it isnt passed down in families (inherited) […] you cant catch it or pass it on.

• #2 Cutaneous Lymphoma | Boston Medical Center

  https://www.bmc.org/patient-care/conditions-we-treat/db/cutaneous-lymphoma

  Although the exact causes remain unknown, certain risk factors connected to the disease have been identified. […] Possible risk factors for cutaneous lymphoma include: […] Age: They generally develop in people 50 years of age and older. […] Gender: They tend to affect men more than women. […] Race: African Americans are at higher risk than Caucasians. […] Compromised immune system: They often develop in people with weakened immune systems. […] Infection and disease: As mentioned above, infection and disease can weaken the immune system.

• #2 B-cell Lymphoma: Types, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/b-cell-lymphoma

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: This is lymphoma in the skin. When cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is primary meaning that it originated in the skin rather than developing elsewhere before spreading to the skin it usually grows very slowly. […] No single cause accounts for all cases of B-cell lymphoma, and some people who get the condition have none of the known risk factors. […] In general, doctors think that the interaction of several different factors may steadily change the immune system, which can lead to lymphoma. […] Risk factors for B-cell lymphoma include: Immunosuppression: Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV, may lead to lymphoma and increase the risk of more aggressive forms of the disease. […] Autoimmune conditions: Conditions that cause the immune system to attack healthy tissue, such as rheumatoid arthritis, may elevate the risk.

• #2 Early Detection of Cutaneous Lymphoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/early-detection-cutaneous-lymphoma

  Many factors have been implicated in the etiology of cutaneous lymphomas, including chemical and drug exposures, as well as microbial agents, such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-lymphocyte virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Borrelia burgdorferi. […] Evidence implicating viral infections as possible etiologic or contributing factors has been sought since the isolation of HTLV-1, a type-C retrovirus, from the lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome has been found in B-cell lymphoma cells in persons with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency. […] Chronic infection with Borrelia burgdorferi has also been associated with low-grade B-cell lymphoma, while some cases of gastric B-cell lymphoma have regressed after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. […] Immunosuppression may be a risk factor for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

• #2 Primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/primary-cutaneous-follicle-centre-lymphoma

  Primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma has been associated with infections including Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori, and Borrelia burgdorferi. […] Primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma is a form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #2 B-Cell Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Classification

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202677-overview

  Any of the following may play a role in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a particular patient: […] Genetic abnormalities […] Environmental factors […] Viral infections […] Immunodeficiency states […] Connective-tissue disorders. […] The most common chromosomal abnormality associated with NHL is the t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation, which is found in 85% of follicular lymphomas and 25-30% of intermediate-grade NHLs. […] Several viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NHL. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked to Burkitt lymphoma (especially in endemic areas of Africa), sinonasal lymphoma in Asia and South America, and lymphomas in immunocompromised patients. […] Immunodeficiency states that seem to predispose to NHL include congenital immunodeficiency states (eg, ataxia telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, and severe combined immunodeficiency), as well as acquired immunodeficiency states (eg, HIV infection and iatrogenic immunosuppression for solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients).

• #2 Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and chronic leg ulcers in a patient with type 2 diabetes in: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports Volume 2017 Issue 1 (2017)

  https://edm.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/edm/2017/1/EDM17-0032.xml

  The cause seems to be multifactorial involving chronic antigen stimulation, such as viral and bacterial infections. […] Obesity and T2DM are strongly associated with insulin resistance and also with a chronic inflammatory state, promoting the release into bloodstream of several molecules, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-). […] There is now convincing evidence to suggest that all these diabetes-related mediators can concur to the development of certain cancers by promoting cellular growth and proliferation, inhibition of cellular apoptosis, angiogenesis and DNA damage. […] Interestingly, emerging experimental studies also suggest that, compared with those without T2DM, patients with T2DM have a higher level of genomic instability as well as several epigenetic alterations that may play a role in the development of cancer. […] It is important to remember that several glucose-lowering agents (including insulin) are associated with cancer risk. […] In conclusion, our case report is clinically relevant as it highlights the finding of a PCDLBCL in a chronic leg ulcer in a patient with T2DM.

• #2 Malignant Wounds – Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma | AccessMedicine Network

  http://www.accessmedicinenetwork.com/posts/malignant-wounds-primary-cutaneous-lymphoma

  Primary cutaneous lymphomas are a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas that manifest themselves primarily in the skin without evidence of extra-cutaneous disease at the time of initial presentation. […] These malignant skin wounds represent clonal proliferation of neoplastic B cells or T cells that migrate from the blood to the skin and cause the progressive lesions. […] Secondary skin involvement of B-cell lymphomas can occur as a result of retrograde lymphatic spread from involved lymph nodes, hematogenous dissemination, and direct extension to the skin from the underlying lymph nodes. […] In 2005 the World Health Organization and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO-EORTC) classified primary cutaneous lymphomas as either T-cell or B-cell with subdivisions of each type.

• #2 Malignant Wounds – Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma | AccessMedicine Network

  http://www.accessmedicinenetwork.com/posts/malignant-wounds-primary-cutaneous-lymphoma

  Each of the subtypes has a distinct histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular genetics, and clinical presentation which is beyond the scope of this discussion; however, some of the lesions can mimic wounds caused by venous disease, trauma, cysts, or other skin disorders. […] All primary cutaneous lymphomas are confirmed with biopsy and staged according to the guidelines established by the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the US Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the EORTC. […] The primary provider of care is advised to refer any patient with a wound that does not respond to standard care in 2-3 weeks and has no other identifiable etiology, to a specialist for further assessment so that an accurate diagnosis can be made and treatment initiated as soon as possible in order to obtain the optimal outcome.

• #2 Types of Lymphoma of the Skin | Skin Lymphoma Classification | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/skin-lymphoma/about/types-of-skin-lymphoma.html

  These lymphomas are sometimes referred to as cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCLs). […] Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: This is a very slow-growing lymphoma that is usually curable. In Europe (but not in the United States), it is sometimes linked to an infection with Borrelia, the germ that causes Lyme disease. […] Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma: This is the most common B-cell lymphoma of the skin. […] Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type: This is a fast-growing lymphoma that begins as large nodules, mainly on the lower legs.

• #2 Skin lymphoma: Rare cancer, strange symptoms, effective treatments | Cancer | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/skin-lymphoma-treatment/

  Skin lymphomas can develop from either T-cells or B-cells, resulting in two types: cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. This is a very uncommon disease, accounting for about 4% of all types of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. […] CBCL is less common and tends to cause lumps in the skin, often clustered in one or two areas of the body. The most common B-cell skin lymphoma is primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma. The lesions typically are groups of red pimples that sometimes grow into nodules or plaques that form on the scalp, forehead, or upper body. […] Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma is another type of B-cell lymphoma. It appears as skin lesions one or several that look like large pimples, plaques, or bumps on the arms or upper body. It tends to occur most often in older adults.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40257-022-00704-0

  Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma represents 9% of all primary cutaneous lymphomas and is the second most common variant. […] The etiology of PCMZL remains unknown but likely occurs in the setting of chronic antigen stimulation. The association of PCMZL with Borrelia burgdorferi is debated, as only European cases have been described. Additional associations of PCMZL reported in the literature include Helicobacter pylori colonization of the stomach, immunization against influenza or hepatitis A, arthropod bites, traumatic injuries, tattoos, gastrointestinal disorders, and autoimmune diseases. […] The etiology of PCFCL is unknown as no specific genetic mutations have been identified (unlike in systemic follicular BCL). There is a proposed role for lectins from commensal skin bacteria in the pathogenesis of this rare mature B-cell lymphoma. […] The etiology of PCDLBCL, LT is poorly understood, though continued advancements in genetic studies have contributed to an enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis.

• #2 Cutaneous lymphoma – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/cutaneous-lymphoma/

  […] […] The causes of skin lymphoma are still largely unclear. Therefore, you cannot prevent cutaneous lymphoma. […] Researchers have so far identified radioactive radiation as the only risk factor. If you have to deal with this professionally, make sure you take adequate protective measures. Otherwise, consult a dermatologist if you notice any unusual changes to your skin.

• #2 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Most lymphomas are not associated with any known risk factors. Some factors that can increase your risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: […] In the vast majority of individual cases, however, no specific cause can be identified. Lymphoma is not infectious to partners or anyone else, and does not run in families.

• #3 Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/cutaneous-b-cell-lymphoma?content_id=CON-20306945

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is a cancer that starts in the white blood cells and attacks the skin. […] The cause of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma often isn’t known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the skin. It starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma affects specific lymphocytes called B lymphocytes. […] Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma happens when B lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #3 How to Recognize Skin Lymphoma Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/skin-lymphoma-symptoms-5218265

  Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL), also occurs when a mutation develops in the cell. The mutation instructs the cell to divide rapidly and allows it to live longer than it should. This process causes an accumulation of B cells, resulting in skin tumors and lesions. […] Skin lymphomas develop from cancerous white blood cells called B cells and T cells. Although skin lymphomas are usually identified early, they are often mistaken for other skin conditions, delaying diagnosis.

• #3 Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/lymphoma/non-hodgkin/types/primary-mediastinal-large-b-cell

  The causes of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) are not known. […] Like other cancers, PMBCL is not infectious. It cannot be passed on to other people.

• #3 Pathology Outlines – Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma / lymphoproliferative disorder

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/skintumornonmelanocyticmalt.html

  B cell lymphoma derived from mature, predominantly postgerminal center B cells […] Etiology is poorly understood, although thought to evolve in the setting of cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia resulting from a variety of antigenic triggers […] Chronic antigenic stimulation may lead to immune dysregulation (analogous to the role of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection in the pathogenesis of gastric MALT lymphoma) […] Two distinct subcategories […] Some cases associated with medications including methotrexate, cyclosporine, antidepressants and antihistamines […] Infectious disease associations have also included Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis C and Epstein Barr virus […] Autoimmune disease associations include polyarteritis nodosa, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto thyroiditis and ulcerative colitis […] Recurrent mutations involving FAS that affected the death domain of the apoptosis regulating FAS / CD95 protein were recently identified in 24 of 38 cases.

• #3 Cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-marginal-zone-lymphoma

  It remains unclear whether cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma is the result of a de novo neoplastic process (the beginnings of a tumour) or a reaction to exogenous and/or endogenous agents. […] A small number of cases have been associated with Borrelia burgdorferi (the cause of Lyme disease), and hepatitis C infection.

• #3 What Is the Treatment for Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/cancer/cutaneous-b-cell-lymphoma

  As the prevalence of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma increases with age. Specific factors that may contribute to the development of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma are: […] Chronic inflammation. […] DNA damage. […] Weakened immunity.

• #3 Cutaneous (skin) Lymphomas – Lymphoma Australia

  https://www.lymphoma.org.au/types-of-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/skin-lymphoma/

  Cutaneous lymphomas happen when either the B-cells or T-cells that travel to your skin become cancerous. The cancerous lymphoma cells then divide and grow uncontrollably, or do not die when they should. […] Both adults and children can get cutaneous lymphomas and most people with cutaneous lymphoma will have cancerous T-cells. Only about 5 out of every 20 people with cutaneous lymphoma will have a B-cell lymphoma. […] Primary Cutaneous Follicle Centre Lymphoma (pcFCL) is an indolent (slow-growing) B-cell lymphoma. […] This is the most common subtype of Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma. […] Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoma (pcMZL) is the second most common subtype of B-cell cutaneous lymphomas and affects men twice as much as women, however it can also occur in children. […] EBV+ Mucocutaneous Ulcers is a very rare subtype of CBCL found in patients who are immune compromised and have had Epstein-Barr virus the virus that causes glandular fever. […] Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (pcDLBCL) is a rare subtype of lymphoma affecting less than 1 out of 100 people with NHL. […] This is less common than other subtypes of Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas. It is more common in women than men and tends to be aggressive or fast growing.

• #4 What is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)? | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/lymphoma/diffuse-large-b-cell-lymphoma-dlbcl/what-is-diffuse-large-b-cell-lymphoma-dlbcl/

  In most cases, we cant say what causes DLBCL. But there are some things that could make you more likely to develop it: […] DLBCL is most common in people over 60, but can happen at any age. It is very rare in children. […] Men are slightly more likely than women to develop DLBCL we dont know why. […] Your risk of getting DLBCL is slightly higher than normal if you have a close family member who has been diagnosed with blood cancer. But for most people with DLBCL, there is no history of blood cancer in the family. […] You may be at higher risk of developing DLBCL if you have been taking medicine to dampen your immune system. This might be to treat another condition, or after an organ or stem cell transplant. […] There is a link between the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and DLBCL, but most people with HIV wont develop DLBCL if the HIV is treated and well controlled.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40257-022-00704-0

  Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma represents 9% of all primary cutaneous lymphomas and is the second most common variant. […] The etiology of PCMZL remains unknown but likely occurs in the setting of chronic antigen stimulation. The association of PCMZL with Borrelia burgdorferi is debated, as only European cases have been described. Additional associations of PCMZL reported in the literature include Helicobacter pylori colonization of the stomach, immunization against influenza or hepatitis A, arthropod bites, traumatic injuries, tattoos, gastrointestinal disorders, and autoimmune diseases. […] The etiology of PCFCL is unknown as no specific genetic mutations have been identified (unlike in systemic follicular BCL). There is a proposed role for lectins from commensal skin bacteria in the pathogenesis of this rare mature B-cell lymphoma. […] The etiology of PCDLBCL, LT is poorly understood, though continued advancements in genetic studies have contributed to an enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis.

• #4 Cutaneous lymphoma – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/cutaneous-lymphoma/

  Cutaneous lymphoma: causes and risk factors […] Like any cancer, cutaneous lymphoma begins when the genetic material (DNA) of a cell changes it mutates and becomes a cancer cell. The malignant lymphocytes then divide and multiply uncontrollably. They can invade neighboring tissue and form cancer metastases in other organs. However, it often remains unclear why a healthy cell becomes a malignant cancer cell. The causes of cutaneous lymphoma are therefore still largely unknown. […] An intact immune system is normally able to recognize and eliminate such pathological cells. If it is weakened, control sometimes no longer works. In addition, cancer cells can change in such a way that they can evade immune control. […] One risk factor for cutaneous lymphomas is exposure to high doses of radioactive radiation, which alters the genetic material of the lymphocytes. In contrast to other types of skin cancer, neither excessive sun exposure, frequent sunburns in childhood and adolescence, nor diet or genes play a role in skin lymphoma.

• #5 Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-cutaneous-marginal-zone-lymphoma

  Infectious etiology […] – Borrelia burgdorferi […] – Viral etiologies […] Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma with solitary tumor on lower leg associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection.

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