Paciorkowiec grupy a – Etiologia i przyczyny

Paciorkowiec grupy a
Etiologia i przyczyny

Paciorkowiec grupy A (Streptococcus pyogenes) to Gram-dodatnia bakteria beta-hemolityczna, odpowiedzialna za szeroki zakres infekcji od łagodnych, takich jak paciorkowcowe zapalenie gardła i liszajec, po inwazyjne i zagrażające życiu choroby, w tym martwicze zapalenie powięzi i streptokokowy zespół wstrząsu toksycznego (STSS). Diagnostyka opiera się na wykrywaniu beta-hemolizy na podłożu z krwią oraz testach antygenowych, a leczenie standardowo obejmuje antybiotykoterapię. Szczepy GAS dzieli się na klasy I i II, odpowiedzialne odpowiednio za gorączkę reumatyczną i ostre kłębuszkowe zapalenie nerek, a ich wirulencja związana jest z czynnikami takimi jak białko M, kwas hialuronowy, streptokinaza i DNaza-B. Okres inkubacji paciorkowcowego zapalenia gardła wynosi 2-5 dni, a nosicielstwo asymptomatyczne występuje u około 12% dzieci, co sprzyja transmisji drogą kropelkową i kontaktem bezpośrednim. Wysoka zakaźność i sezonowość infekcji (szczyt późną zimą i wczesną wiosną) podkreślają znaczenie czynników środowiskowych i genetycznych w podatności na zakażenia.

Etiologia Paciorkowca Grupy A

Paciorkowiec grupy A (Group A Streptococcus, GAS), znany również jako Streptococcus pyogenes, jest bakterią Gram-dodatnią, która nie wytwarza przetrwalników, jest katalazo- i oksydazo-ujemna, rosnąca w parach i łańcuchach¹. Bakteria ta jest powszechnie występującym patogenem, który jest wyjątkowo przystosowany do człowieka, a błony śluzowe i skóra stanowią jedyne znane jego rezerwuary²³. Klasyfikacja Lancefielda kategoryzuje paciorkowce na grupy serologiczne od A do O na podstawie reakcji antysurowic z antygenami węglowodanowymi na ścianie komórkowej paciorkowca⁴.

Antygen ściany komórkowej typu A u S. pyogenes to polisacharyd, który składa się z N-acetyloglukozaminy przyłączonej do polimeru ramnozy⁵. GAS został również podzielony na podstawie serotypów antygenów M i T wyrażonych na ich powierzchni⁶. Białko M jest głównym białkiem powierzchniowym obecnym na ścianie komórkowej S. pyogenes, a szczepy GAS są dalej dzielone na różne serotypy na podstawie cech antygenowych białka M⁷.

Charakterystyka mikrobiologiczna

Streptococcus pyogenes to bakteria beta-hemolityczna, co oznacza, że powoduje całkowitą hemolizę czerwonych krwinek na podłożu agarowym z krwią⁸. Istnieje ponad 120 szczepów bakterii grupy A Streptococcus, które mogą powodować zakażenia GAS⁹¹⁰. W zależności od powikłań poinfekwencyjnych, S. pyogenes są kategoryzowane na dwie klasy: Klasa I i Klasa II. Szczepy klasy I powodują gorączkę reumatyczną, podczas gdy szczepy klasy II powodują ostre kłębuszkowe zapalenie nerek¹¹.

Bakterie paciorkowca grupy A można wykryć na podstawie ich morfologii i właściwości biochemicznych. Testy obejmują określenie obecności beta-hemolizy na podłożu z krwią oraz testy na obecność specyficznych antygenów ściany komórkowej¹². Diagnostyka zakażeń S. pyogenes obejmuje testy szybkie lub posiew z gardła¹³.

Czynniki wirulencji

Zidentyfikowano liczne determinanty wirulencji u GAS, które pomagają w adhezji, kolonizacji, unikaniu wrodzonego układu odpornościowego, inwazji i rozprzestrzenianiu się w organizmie gospodarza¹⁴. Kluczowe czynniki wirulencji obejmują białko M, kwas hialuronowy, streptokinazę i deoksyrybonukleazę (DNase)-B¹⁵.

Bakterie te wytwarzają również toksyny, które mogą prowadzić do poważnych stanów, takich jak zespół wstrząsu toksycznego lub martwicze zapalenie powięzi. Niektóre szczepy GAS są bardziej narażone na wywoływanie ciężkich chorób niż inne. Powód, dla którego niektóre szczepy powodują poważniejsze choroby, nie jest całkowicie jasny, ale może obejmować wytwarzanie substancji (toksyn), które powodują wstrząs i uszkodzenie narządów, oraz enzymów, które powodują zniszczenie tkanek¹⁶.

Pewne bakteryjne superantygeny egzotoksyn, związane z zespołami takimi jak streptokokowy zespół wstrząsu toksycznego (STSS), wywołują nietypową poliklonalną aktywację limfocytów¹⁷. Bakteria Streptococcus pyogenes jest wyjątkowa, ponieważ przeżywa w organizmie poprzez umieszczanie cząsteczek na ścianie komórkowej, które są prawie identyczne z cząsteczkami znajdującymi się w tkankach skóry, serca, stawów i mózgu. To powoduje, że układ odpornościowy może przez pomyłkę atakować zdrowe tkanki¹⁸.

Drogi zakażenia i transmisja

Paciorkowiec grupy A jest wysoce zakaźny i może rozprzestrzeniać się poprzez bliski kontakt z osobą zakażoną¹⁹. Bakterie GAS często żyją w nosie i gardle²⁰. Główne drogi transmisji obejmują:

Bezpośredni kontakt z wydzielinami z nosa lub gardła osoby zakażonej²¹
Wdychanie kropelek wydzieliny, które są rozproszone, gdy zakażona osoba kaszle lub kicha²²
Kontakt z zakażonymi ranami lub owrzodzeniami na skórze²³
Dotykanie zakażonych powierzchni lub przedmiotów, a następnie dotykanie ust, nosa lub oczu²⁴
Wspólne spożywanie posiłków lub napojów z osobą zakażoną²⁵

Bakterie paciorkowca grupy A są najbardziej zaraźliwe, gdy u osoby zakażonej występują objawy choroby²⁶. Okres inkubacji dla paciorkowcowego zapalenia gardła wynosi od dwóch do pięciu dni. Jest to czas między zakażeniem a rozwojem objawów²⁷²⁸.

Niektóre osoby mogą być nosicielami bakterii bez wystąpienia objawów (nosiciele asymptomatyczni). Około 12% dzieci bez objawów nosi GAS w gardle, a po leczeniu około 15% z nich pozostaje nosicielami²⁹. Około 15-20% dzieci w wieku szkolnym ma bakterie paciorkowca żyjące w tylnej części gardła, szczególnie w miesiącach zimowych³⁰. Osoby te mogą przenosić bakterie, ale nie wyglądają na chore³¹.

Czynniki ryzyka transmisji

Istnieją określone czynniki, które zwiększają ryzyko zakażenia paciorkowcem grupy A:

Bliski kontakt z osobą zakażoną, szczególnie w zatłoczonych miejscach, takich jak wojsko i szkoły³²
Osłabiony układ odpornościowy³³
Otwarte rany lub skaleczenia³⁴
Niektóre infekcje wirusowe, takie jak przeziębienie lub grypa³⁵
Choroby przewlekłe, takie jak nowotwory, cukrzyca i choroba nerek wymagająca dializy³⁶
Stosowanie leków takich jak sterydy³⁷
Wiek – dzieci w wieku 5-15 lat są bardziej narażone na zakażenie³⁸³⁹

Zakażenia paciorkowcem grupy A mogą wystąpić przez cały rok, ale mają sezonowe wahania. Infekcje są częstsze późną zimą i wczesną wiosną⁴⁰. Wielokrotne infekcje paciorkowcem w tej samej rodzinie są powszechne. Zakażenia skóry i gardła są bardziej prawdopodobne wśród dzieci mieszkających w zatłoczonych domach i w nieodpowiednich warunkach higienicznych⁴¹.

Spektrum chorobowe wywołane przez paciorkowca grupy A

Paciorkowiec grupy A jest odpowiedzialny za szeroki zakres infekcji, które mogą różnić się od łagodnych do zagrażających życiu⁴². GAS może prowadzić do różnych typów zakażeń skóry, tkanki miękkiej i układu oddechowego⁴³. Większość chorób wywoływanych przez bakterie GAS ma łagodny przebieg, ale nieleczone mogą prowadzić do poważnych, zagrażających życiu powikłań⁴⁴.

Łagodne infekcje paciorkowcem grupy A

Najczęstsze łagodne infekcje powodowane przez GAS obejmują:

Paciorkowcowe zapalenie gardła (angina paciorkowcowa) – zakażenie gardła i migdałków⁴⁵
Płonica – zakażenie, które powoduje charakterystyczną wysypkę⁴⁶
Liszajec – zakażenie skóry⁴⁷
Róża – infekcja skóry powodująca zaczerwienienie i obrzęk⁴⁸
Zapalenie tkanki łącznej – infekcja głębszych warstw skóry⁴⁹

GAS jest główną bakteryjną przyczyną ostrego zapalenia gardła, chociaż większość przypadków jest spowodowana przez samoograniczające się infekcje wirusowe⁵⁰. Zakażenia łagodne są łatwo leczone antybiotykami⁵¹.

Inwazyjne infekcje paciorkowcem grupy A

Inwazyjne zakażenia paciorkowcem grupy A (iGAS) występują, gdy bakterie przedostają się przez naturalne bariery organizmu i wnikają do krwi, płuc lub głębokich tkanek, gdzie normalnie nie występują bakterie⁵²⁵³. Chociaż inwazyjne zakażenia GAS są rzadkie, mogą prowadzić do poważnych, zagrażających życiu chorób⁵⁴.

Do inwazyjnych zakażeń GAS należą:

Martwicze zapalenie powięzi – czasami opisywane jako „mięsożerna bakteria”⁵⁵
Streptokokowy zespół wstrząsu toksycznego (STSS)⁵⁶
Bakteriemia – zakażenie krwi⁵⁷
Zapalenie płuc⁵⁸
Zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych⁵⁹

Inwazyjne zakażenia GAS mogą wystąpić, gdy osoba ma rany lub inne przerwy w skórze, które pozwalają bakteriom przedostać się do tkanki⁶⁰. Stany zdrowotne, które zmniejszają odporność na infekcje, również zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia choroby inwazyjnej⁶¹.

Ciężkie choroby i zakażenia iGAS wykazują rozkład bimodalny, występując najczęściej u osób w wieku 2 lat lub młodszych oraz 50 lat lub starszych⁶². Infekcje związane z iGAS nadal charakteryzują się wysoką zachorowalnością i śmiertelnością, a wskaźniki śmiertelności wahają się od 10% do 30%⁶³.

Powikłania postreptokokowe

Poza ostrymi zakażeniami, paciorkowiec grupy A może wyzwalać powikłania związane z układem odpornościowym⁶⁴. Komplikacje S. pyogenes można podzielić na ropne i nieropne⁶⁵. Nieropne powikłania to:

Gorączka reumatyczna – stan zapalny, który może wpływać na serce, stawy, układ nerwowy i skórę⁶⁶
Postreptokokowe ostre kłębuszkowe zapalenie nerek (PSGN)⁶⁷
PANDAS (pediatryczne autoimmunologiczne zaburzenia neuropsychiatryczne związane z infekcjami paciorkowcowymi)⁶⁸
Pląsawica Sydenhama i inne autoimmunologiczne zaburzenia ruchu⁶⁹

Mechanizm, w jakim niektóre szczepy GABHS powodują powikłania jest niejasny, ale może obejmować reakcję krzyżową przeciwciał streptokokowych przeciwko tkankom gospodarza⁷⁰. Paciorkowcowe zapalenie gardła (angina paciorkowcowa) leczy się głównie antybiotykami, aby zapobiec gorączce reumatycznej⁷¹.

W rzadkich przypadkach, po infekcji paciorkowcowej u pacjentów może rozwinąć się postreptokokowe kłębuszkowe zapalenie nerek, które jest chorobą nerek spowodowaną reakcją autoimmunologiczną na bakterie⁷². Postreptokokowe ostre kłębuszkowe zapalenie nerek jest ostrym zespołem nefrotycznym po zapaleniu gardła lub zakażeniu skóry przez określoną ograniczoną liczbę nefrytotwórczych szczepów GABHS (np. serotypy białka M 12 i 49)⁷³.

Niektóre formy łuszczycy (np. łuszczyca kropelkowa) mogą być również związane z zakażeniami paciorkowcowymi beta-hemolitycznymi⁷⁴.

Czynniki genetyczne i środowiskowe

Podatność na zakażenia paciorkowcem grupy A oraz ich ciężkość mogą być zależne od różnych czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych⁷⁵. Badania sugerują, że pewne predyspozycje genetyczne mogą odgrywać rolę w podatności na zakażenia GAS.

Predyspozycje genetyczne

Genetyka może być jednym z powodów nawracających infekcji paciorkowcowych. Badanie z 2019 roku wykazało, że dzieci z nawracającym paciorkowcowym zapaleniem gardła miały tendencję do posiadania mniejszych centrów rozrodczych w migdałkach, które zazwyczaj rozpoznają i zwalczają infekcje⁷⁶. W niedawnych badaniach specjaliści odkryli, że niektóre dzieci są predysponowane do bakterii grupy A i mają słabą odpowiedź centrów rozrodczych na migdałkach. Oznacza to, że występuje brak przeciwciał zwalczających infekcje, potrzebnych do skutecznego odpędzenia bakterii⁷⁷.

Możliwość, że niektórzy ludzie mają genetyczną predyspozycję do reakcji na antygeny wytwarzane przez niektóre typy bakterii paciorkowcowych, jest również badana⁷⁸. W badaniach prowadzonych w kierunku gorączki reumatycznej skupiono się na tym, czy jest to nieprawidłowa odpowiedź układu odpornościowego na antygeny wytwarzane przez niektóre typy bakterii paciorkowcowych⁷⁹.

Czynniki środowiskowe

Czynniki środowiskowe mogą również wpływać na podatność na zakażenia GAS. Do głównych czynników środowiskowych należą:

Bliski kontakt z osobami zakażonymi, szczególnie w zatłoczonych miejscach jak szkoły czy przedszkola⁸⁰
Higiena jest powszechnym winowajcą, jeśli chodzi o rozprzestrzenianie się zakażeń paciorkowcowych⁸¹
Palenie tytoniu lub narażenie na bierne palenie może podrażniać gardło i drogi oddechowe, co sprawia, że są one bardziej podatne na infekcje⁸²
Sezonowość – zakażenia paciorkowcem mogą występować przez cały rok, ale mają sezonowe wahania z większą liczbą przypadków późną zimą i wczesną wiosną⁸³
Wcześniejsze zakażenie wirusowe, takie jak grypa, może zwiększyć podatność na zakażenia paciorkowcowe⁸⁴

W rzeczywistości istnieje prawdopodobnie połączenie czynników, w tym zwiększone mieszanie się społeczne w porównaniu z poprzednimi latami, a także wzrost liczby innych wirusów oddechowych⁸⁵. Warto zauważyć, że dzieci, które niedawno przebyły ospę wietrzną, są bardziej narażone na rozwój poważnych form zakażenia paciorkowcem grupy A, chociaż pozostaje to bardzo rzadkie. Wysypka ospy wietrznej może ułatwić przedostanie się paciorkowca grupy A do organizmu, co może prowadzić do infekcji inwazyjnej⁸⁶.

Teorie dotyczące mechanizmów zakażenia

Istnieje kilka teorii dotyczących dokładnych mechanizmów, poprzez które paciorkowiec grupy A powoduje różne infekcje i powikłania. Zrozumienie tych mechanizmów jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii leczenia i profilaktyki⁸⁷.

Mechanizmy inwazyjne

GAS może istnieć w gardle jako bezobjawowy stan nosicielstwa lub jako patogen powodujący zapalenie gardła⁸⁸. Bakterie mogą kolonizować gardło, odbyt i błonę śluzową narządów płciowych⁸⁹. Aby wywołać infekcję, paciorkowiec grupy A musi najpierw przylgnąć do komórek gospodarza, a następnie je zinwadować.

GAS może powodować zakażenie mięśni i powięzi, prowadząc do zapalenia mięśni i martwiczego zapalenia powięzi, zwykle po niewielkim urazie, i może powodować zespół wstrząsu toksycznego⁹⁰. Zmiany skórne zostały zidentyfikowane jako najczęstszy czynnik predysponujący do ciężkich zakażeń S. pyogenes⁹¹.

Inwazyjne infekcje GAS rozwijają się, gdy bakterie GAS przedostają się do części ciała, w których bakterie nie są normalnie obecne, takich jak krew, płuca, mięśnie, stawy i kości lub płyn otaczający mózg i rdzeń kręgowy⁹².

Reakcje immunologiczne

Objawy związane z pourazowymi chorobami zapalnymi paciorkowca nie są spowodowane przez samą bakterię paciorkowca, ale raczej przez odpowiedź układu odpornościowego na wcześniejszą infekcję⁹³. Mechanizm, w którym wcześniejsza infekcja paciorkowcowa prowadzi do gorączki reumatycznej, nie jest jasny, ale wydaje się, że bakterie oszukują układ odpornościowy. Układ odpornościowy organizmu, który zwykle atakuje bakterie, atakuje zamiast tego własne tkanki, szczególnie tkanki serca, stawów, skóry i ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Powoduje to zapalenie lub obrzęk, który może trwać od kilku tygodni do kilku miesięcy⁹⁴.

Bakteria Streptococcus jest wyjątkowa, ponieważ przeżywa w organizmie, umieszczając na swojej ścianie komórkowej cząsteczki, które są prawie identyczne z cząsteczkami znajdującymi się w tkankach skóry, serca, stawów i mózgu⁹⁵. Zaburzenia pourazowe paciorkowca występują, gdy przeciwciała, które układ odpornościowy wytworzył do walki z GAS, błędnie zaczynają atakować zdrowe komórki⁹⁶.

Superantygeny i toksyny

Bakterie GAS wytwarzają różne toksyny, które przyczyniają się do ciężkości chorób. Niektóre szczepy wytwarzają toksyny, które mogą powodować wstrząs i uszkodzenie narządów, a także enzymy powodujące zniszczenie tkanek⁹⁷.

Superantygeny bakteryjne wyzwalają niespotykany sposób aktywacji limfocytów, który prowadzi do niekontrolowanej produkcji cytokin zapalnych, co może przyczyniać się do ciężkości choroby⁹⁸. Ten mechanizm jest szczególnie istotny w streptokokowym zespole wstrząsu toksycznego, który jest jednym z najcięższych, choć rzadkich, form inwazyjnej infekcji paciorkowca grupy A⁹⁹.

Aktualne trendy i badania

W ostatnich latach zaobserwowano wzrost liczby inwazyjnych zakażeń GAS w krajach uprzemysłowionych, zwłaszcza w Europie¹⁰⁰. Badania nad nowymi metodami zapobiegania i leczenia tych infekcji są w toku¹⁰¹.

Trendy epidemiologiczne

Globalny zasięg ciężkich zakażeń GAS szacuje się na 18,1 miliona przypadków, z 1,78 miliona nowych przypadków i 616 milionów przypadków paciorkowcowego zapalenia gardła występujących rocznie¹⁰². Według raportu Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), GAS jest dziewiątą wiodącą przyczyną śmiertelności ludzi z powodu zakażeń¹⁰³.

W grudniu 2022 r. co najmniej pięć państw członkowskich w regionie europejskim zgłosiło WHO wzrost liczby przypadków inwazyjnej choroby paciorkowcowej grupy A (iGAS) i, w niektórych przypadkach, również płonicy¹⁰⁴. WHO ocenia obecnie ryzyko dla ogółu populacji stwarzane przez zgłoszony wzrost zakażeń iGAS w niektórych krajach europejskich jako niskie, biorąc pod uwagę umiarkowany wzrost przypadków iGAS, endemiczność GAS, brak nowo pojawiających się typów sekwencji genów emm oraz brak zaobserwowanych wzrostów oporności na antybiotyki¹⁰⁵.

Pomimo tego, od grudnia 2022 roku w szpitalu dziecięcym MUSC Shawn Jenkins zdiagnozowano ponad tuzin dzieci z inwazyjnymi zakażeniami paciorkowcem grupy A¹⁰⁶. Krajowy wzrost liczby inwazyjnych zakażeń paciorkowcem grupy A u dzieci jest badany przez Centra Kontroli i Zapobiegania Chorobom (CDC)¹⁰⁷.

Hipotezy dotyczące wzrostu zakażeń

Istnieje kilka hipotez próbujących wyjaśnić obserwowany wzrost liczby przypadków inwazyjnych zakażeń GAS:

Możliwe, że wzrost przypadków jest związany z faktem, że dzieci nie były tak często narażone na kontakt z paciorkowcem grupy A podczas pandemii i mają niższy poziom przeciwciał ochronnych¹⁰⁸
Inna hipoteza dotyczy efektu po przebytym COVID-19, gdzie u niektórych pacjentów występuje obniżona odporność po zakażeniu wirusem, co czyni ich bardziej podatnymi na inne infekcje¹⁰⁹
Niektóre szczepy mogą mieć czynniki zjadliwości, które czynią je bardziej agresywnymi w niektórych przypadkach i u niektórych pacjentów¹¹⁰
Obecnie nie ma dowodów na to, że pojawił się nowy szczep. Wzrost jest najprawdopodobniej związany z dużą ilością krążących bakterii¹¹¹

Nie jest jasne, dlaczego niektóre zdrowe dzieci bez czynników ryzyka zapadają na cięższe infekcje GAS niż inne¹¹². Chociaż to ta sama bakteria, która powoduje paciorkowcowe zapalenie gardła i iGAS, istnieje wiele różnych szczepów lub podtypów paciorkowca grupy A. Tylko niektóre szczepy powodują chorobę inwazyjną i mogą się one różnić od tych, które powodują powszechne infekcje paciorkowcowe¹¹³.

Postępy w badaniach i leczeniu

Pomimo że istnieje międzynarodowa presja na opracowanie szczepionki przeciwko paciorkowcowi grupy A, obecnie nie ma lekarstwa¹¹⁴. Leczenie nawracającego paciorkowcowego zapalenia gardła jest trudne w zależności od przyczyny nawrotu¹¹⁵.

Obecne opcje leczenia obejmują:

Antybiotyki, które są głównym sposobem leczenia zakażeń GAS¹¹⁶
W przypadku inwazyjnych infekcji GAS, pacjent jest zwykle hospitalizowany i leczony antybiotykami¹¹⁷
W przypadku osób z martwiczym zapaleniem powięzi często potrzebna jest wczesna i agresywna operacja w celu usunięcia uszkodzonych tkanek i zatrzymania rozprzestrzeniania się choroby¹¹⁸
Oprócz antybiotyków, w przypadku tych chorób niezbędna jest opieka wspomagająca na oddziale intensywnej terapii, a czasami operacja¹¹⁹

Badania koncentrują się na lepszym zrozumieniu mechanizmów choroby i opracowaniu skuteczniejszych metod zapobiegania i leczenia zakażeń GAS¹²⁰. Istnieje nadzieja, że te wysiłki doprowadzą do opracowania szczepionki lub nowych terapii, które mogą zmniejszyć obciążenie tymi infekcjami¹²¹.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
GAS is a gram-positive, nonspore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS is ubiquitous in nature and uniquely adapted to humans, with mucous membranes and skin serving as its only known reservoirs. […] The Lancefield classification categorizes streptococci into serologic groups, labeled A to O, based on the reactions of antisera with carbohydrate antigens on the streptococcal cell wall. […] GAS has also been subdivided based on serotypes of M- and T antigens expressed on their surface. […] Numerous virulence determinants in GAS have been identified, aiding in adhesion, colonization, evasion of the innate immune system, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Key virulence factors include the M-protein, hyaluronic acid, streptokinase, and deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-B.
#2 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
GAS is a gram-positive, nonspore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS is ubiquitous in nature and uniquely adapted to humans, with mucous membranes and skin serving as its only known reservoirs. […] The Lancefield classification categorizes streptococci into serologic groups, labeled A to O, based on the reactions of antisera with carbohydrate antigens on the streptococcal cell wall. […] GAS has also been subdivided based on serotypes of M- and T antigens expressed on their surface. […] Numerous virulence determinants in GAS have been identified, aiding in adhesion, colonization, evasion of the innate immune system, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Key virulence factors include the M-protein, hyaluronic acid, streptokinase, and deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-B.
#3
http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/streptococcal-disease-invasive-group-a
Group A streptococcal disease (GAS) is caused by a bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, group A. […] Sometimes, the bacteria invade the lungs, blood, or spread along the layers of tissue that surround muscle. These infections are called invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) disease and are very serious, even life-threatening. […] Group A streptococcal disease (GAS) is caused by a bacterium (germ) called Streptococcus pyogenes, group A. […] Sometimes, the bacteria invade the lungs (pneumonia), blood (septicemia), or spread along the layers of tissue that surround muscle (called the fascia). These infections are called invasive Group A streptococcal (iGAS) disease and are very serious, even life-threatening. […] The bacteria are spread from person to person through close personal contact with the nose and throat secretions of an infected person:
#4 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
GAS is a gram-positive, nonspore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS is ubiquitous in nature and uniquely adapted to humans, with mucous membranes and skin serving as its only known reservoirs. […] The Lancefield classification categorizes streptococci into serologic groups, labeled A to O, based on the reactions of antisera with carbohydrate antigens on the streptococcal cell wall. […] GAS has also been subdivided based on serotypes of M- and T antigens expressed on their surface. […] Numerous virulence determinants in GAS have been identified, aiding in adhesion, colonization, evasion of the innate immune system, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Key virulence factors include the M-protein, hyaluronic acid, streptokinase, and deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-B.
#5 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Streptococcus pyogenes is a major human-specific bacterial pathogen that causes a wide array of manifestations ranging from mild localized infections to life-threatening invasive infections. […] Ineffective treatment of S. pyogenes infections can result in the postinfectious sequela acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] Moreover, it causes invasive infections like necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome that is associated with and high morbidity and mortality. […] Identify the etiology of S. pyogenes. […] S. pyogenes is a gram-positive, catalase-negative, oxidase negative, -hemolytic streptococci. […] The type A antigen of S. pyogenes is a polysaccharide which comprised of N-acetylglucosamine attached to a rhamnose polymer backbone. […] M protein is the major surface protein presents on S. pyogenes cell wall, and GAS strains are further divided into different serotypes based on the antigenic characteristics of the M protein.
#6 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
GAS is a gram-positive, nonspore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS is ubiquitous in nature and uniquely adapted to humans, with mucous membranes and skin serving as its only known reservoirs. […] The Lancefield classification categorizes streptococci into serologic groups, labeled A to O, based on the reactions of antisera with carbohydrate antigens on the streptococcal cell wall. […] GAS has also been subdivided based on serotypes of M- and T antigens expressed on their surface. […] Numerous virulence determinants in GAS have been identified, aiding in adhesion, colonization, evasion of the innate immune system, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Key virulence factors include the M-protein, hyaluronic acid, streptokinase, and deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-B.
#7 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Streptococcus pyogenes is a major human-specific bacterial pathogen that causes a wide array of manifestations ranging from mild localized infections to life-threatening invasive infections. […] Ineffective treatment of S. pyogenes infections can result in the postinfectious sequela acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] Moreover, it causes invasive infections like necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome that is associated with and high morbidity and mortality. […] Identify the etiology of S. pyogenes. […] S. pyogenes is a gram-positive, catalase-negative, oxidase negative, -hemolytic streptococci. […] The type A antigen of S. pyogenes is a polysaccharide which comprised of N-acetylglucosamine attached to a rhamnose polymer backbone. […] M protein is the major surface protein presents on S. pyogenes cell wall, and GAS strains are further divided into different serotypes based on the antigenic characteristics of the M protein.
#8 Streptococcal pharyngitis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis
Strep throat is caused by group A -hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS or S. pyogenes). […] Humans are the primary natural reservoir for group A streptococcus. […] Other bacteria such as nongroup A -hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis. […] It is spread by direct, close contact with an infected person; thus crowding, as may be found in the military and schools, increases the rate of transmission. […] Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious, although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days. […] Contaminated food can result in outbreaks, but this is rare. […] Of children with no signs or symptoms, 12% carry GAS in their pharynx, and, after treatment, approximately 15% of those remain positive, and are true „carriers”.
#9 Strep Throat: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4602-strep-throat
Strep throat is an infection in your throat and tonsils caused by a type of bacteria called group A Streptococcus (group A strep). […] Strep throat gets its name from the type of bacteria that causes it group A Streptococcus. There are more than 120 strains of group A Streptococcus bacteria. Strep throat is a type of group A streptococcal (GAS) infection. […] A type of bacteria known as group A Streptococcus (group A strep) causes strep throat. This makes strep throat different from most other cases of sore throat, which occur due to viruses. […] Yes. Strep throat is very contagious. Some people with the infection dont have symptoms or look sick. But even if you dont have symptoms, you can still easily spread the infection to others. […] Strep throat spreads from person to person very easily, especially among members of the same household. You can spread the bacteria that causes strep throat to other people through respiratory droplets and direct contact.
#10 Group A Streptococcal Infections: Types & Symptoms
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5911-group-a-streptococcal-infections
Group A streptococcal (GAS) infections occur when a microorganism (bacteria) enters your body and causes an illness, most often in your skin and throat. There are more than 120 strains of group A Streptococcus bacteria, which is the bacteria that causes group A streptococcal infections. […] The majority of illnesses caused by GAS bacteria are mild. Sometimes, GAS infections cause severe, life-threatening symptoms if you dont receive treatment. […] Group A Streptococcus bacteria causes group A streptococcal infections. […] Your immune system is responsible for defending your body from outside invaders, like bacteria, that cause illness. When bacteria enter your body, you experience symptoms. At the same time, your immune system works to destroy the bacteria to limit the amount of harm it does to your body.
#11 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Depending upon the postinfectious sequelae, S. pyogenes are categorized into two classes: Class I and Class II. Class I strains cause rheumatic fever while class II strains result in acute glomerulonephritis. […] S. pyogenes usually colonizes, pharynx, anus, and genital mucosa. […] Infections caused by S. pyogenes are highly contagious. […] Transmission can occur through airborne droplets, hand contact with nasal discharge or with objects or surfaces contaminated with bacteria, skin contact with contaminated lesions, or contaminated food sources. […] GAS can cause infection in muscle and fascia resulting in myositis and necrotizing fascitis usually following a mild trauma and can result in toxic shock syndrome. […] Skin lesions have been identified as the most common predisposing factor for severe S. pyogenes infections.
#12 Streptococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/streptococcal-infections
Streptococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms that cause many disorders, including pharyngitis, pneumonia, wound and skin infections, sepsis, and endocarditis. […] Sequelae of infections due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci may include rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. […] The most significant streptococcal pathogen is S. pyogenes, which is beta-hemolytic and in Lancefield group A and is thus denoted as group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). […] The most common acute diseases due to GABHS are pharyngitis and skin infections. […] In addition, delayed, nonsuppurative complications (rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis) sometimes occur 2 weeks after infection. […] The mechanism by which certain strains of GABHS cause delayed complications is unclear but may involve cross-reactivity of streptococcal antibodies against host tissue.
#13 Patient education: Sore throat in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sore-throat-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print
– Temperature is â¥101Â°F or 38.3Â°C […] – Season is late fall, winter, or early spring […] – The child does not have a cough […] – Child’s age is between 5 and 15 years […] – Recent exposure to someone with strep throat […] – Difficulty breathing or swallowing […] – Child’s voice sounds muffled […] – Stiff neck or difficulty opening the mouth […] – Caregiver has questions or concerns about child’s symptoms […] Laboratory testing â If the provider suspects that the child could have strep throat, a test may be done to confirm the diagnosis. If the child does not have signs or symptoms of strep throat, testing is not usually necessary. […] There are two main types of tests available to diagnose strep throat: a rapid test and a culture. Both tests require the provider to swab the back and sides of the child’s throat.
#14 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
GAS is a gram-positive, nonspore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS is ubiquitous in nature and uniquely adapted to humans, with mucous membranes and skin serving as its only known reservoirs. […] The Lancefield classification categorizes streptococci into serologic groups, labeled A to O, based on the reactions of antisera with carbohydrate antigens on the streptococcal cell wall. […] GAS has also been subdivided based on serotypes of M- and T antigens expressed on their surface. […] Numerous virulence determinants in GAS have been identified, aiding in adhesion, colonization, evasion of the innate immune system, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Key virulence factors include the M-protein, hyaluronic acid, streptokinase, and deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-B.
#15 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
GAS is a gram-positive, nonspore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS is ubiquitous in nature and uniquely adapted to humans, with mucous membranes and skin serving as its only known reservoirs. […] The Lancefield classification categorizes streptococci into serologic groups, labeled A to O, based on the reactions of antisera with carbohydrate antigens on the streptococcal cell wall. […] GAS has also been subdivided based on serotypes of M- and T antigens expressed on their surface. […] Numerous virulence determinants in GAS have been identified, aiding in adhesion, colonization, evasion of the innate immune system, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Key virulence factors include the M-protein, hyaluronic acid, streptokinase, and deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-B.
#16 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Group A streptococci are bacteria commonly found in the throat and on the skin. […] Occasionally, however, these bacteria can cause much more severe and even life threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (occasionally described as „the flesh-eating bacteria”) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). […] Invasive group A streptococcal infections occur when the bacteria gets past the defenses of the person who is infected. This may occur when a person has sores or other breaks in the skin that allow the bacteria to get into the tissue. Health conditions that decrease a person’s immunity to infection also make invasive disease more likely. […] In addition, there are certain strains of GAS that are more likely to cause severe disease than others. The reason why some strains will cause more severe illness is not totally clear but may involve the production of substances (toxins) that cause shock and organ damage and of enzymes that cause tissue destruction.
#17 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Certain bacterial superantigenic exotoxins, associated with syndromes such as STSS, trigger an atypical polyclonal activation of lymphocytes. […] GAS exclusively infects humans. […] The epidemiology of GAS infections varies based on the type of infection. […] GAS can exist in the pharynx either as an asymptomatic carrier state or as a pathogen causing pharyngitis. […] Severe illness and iGAS infections exhibit a bimodal distribution, occurring most commonly in individuals aged 2 or younger and 50 or older. […] The global prevalence of severe GAS infections is estimated at 18.1 million cases, with 1.78 million new cases and 616 million cases of GAS pharyngitis occurring annually. […] GAS is responsible for a wide range of infections and has historically been associated with increased morbidity and high mortality, particularly before the advent of antibiotics.
#18 Poststreptococcal Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis
https://www.healthline.com/health/post-streptococcal-gn
Poststreptococcal disorder is caused by an infection with bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS). […] The Streptococcus bacterium is unique because it survives in the body by putting molecules on its cell wall that are almost identical to the molecules found on the skin, heart, joints, and brain tissues. […] Poststreptococcal disorder happens when the antibodies that your immune system created to fight against GAS erroneously start attacking your healthy cells.
#19 Group A Streptococcal Infections: Types & Symptoms
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5911-group-a-streptococcal-infections
Yes, group A Streptococcus bacteria is contagious. The bacteria spread through contact with someone who has a GAS infection including: […] The bacteria is most contagious when you experience symptoms of being sick. […] Antibiotics usually treat group A streptococcal infections. […] Group A streptococcal infections cause temporary illnesses that are easily treated with antibiotics.
#20 About Group A Strep Infection | Group A Strep | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/index.html
Group A Streptococcus (group A strep bacteria) can cause many different infections. […] Group A strep bacteria can also cause inflammatory diseases. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections that range from minor to serious. The bacteria can also cause inflammatory diseases. […] Both are thought to be caused by an immune response to an earlier group A strep infection. […] Group A strep bacteria are very contagious. […] Group A strep bacteria often live in the nose and throat. […] People can also spread group A strep bacteria from infected sores on the skin. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections including strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, and more.
#21 Streptococcal Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/streptococcal-infections
Streptococcal infections are caused by any one of several species of Streptococcus. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria cause many disorders, including strep throat, pneumonia, and wound, skin, heart valve, and bloodstream infections. […] Many species of streptococci live harmlessly in and on the body. Some species that can cause infection are also present in some healthy people but cause no symptoms. These people are called carriers. […] Streptococci are divided into groups based on their appearance when grown in the laboratory and on their different chemical components. Each group tends to produce specific infections. Groups that are most likely to cause diseases in people include Group A, Group B, Group D (enterococcus), and Viridans. […] Group A streptococci are spread through the following: Inhalation of droplets of secretions from the nose or throat that are dispersed when an infected person coughs or sneezes; Contact with infected wounds or sores on the skin.
#22 Strep throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/strep-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20350338
Strep throat is caused by infection with a bacterium known as Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus. […] Streptococcal bacteria are contagious. They can spread through droplets when someone with the infection coughs or sneezes, or through shared food or drinks. You can also pick up the bacteria from a doorknob or other surface and transfer them to your nose, mouth or eyes.
#23 Streptococcal Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/streptococcal-infections
Streptococcal infections are caused by any one of several species of Streptococcus. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria cause many disorders, including strep throat, pneumonia, and wound, skin, heart valve, and bloodstream infections. […] Many species of streptococci live harmlessly in and on the body. Some species that can cause infection are also present in some healthy people but cause no symptoms. These people are called carriers. […] Streptococci are divided into groups based on their appearance when grown in the laboratory and on their different chemical components. Each group tends to produce specific infections. Groups that are most likely to cause diseases in people include Group A, Group B, Group D (enterococcus), and Viridans. […] Group A streptococci are spread through the following: Inhalation of droplets of secretions from the nose or throat that are dispersed when an infected person coughs or sneezes; Contact with infected wounds or sores on the skin.
#24 Strep throat – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/strep-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20350338
Strep throat is caused by infection with a bacterium known as Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus. […] Streptococcal bacteria are contagious. They can spread through droplets when someone with the infection coughs or sneezes, or through shared food or drinks. You can also pick up the bacteria from a doorknob or other surface and transfer them to your nose, mouth or eyes.
#25 Strep Throat: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More
https://www.healthline.com/health/strep-throat
Strep throat is a bacterial infection that causes inflammation and pain in the throat. This common condition is caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. […] Strep throat is caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes or group A Streptococcus (also known as group A strep, or GAS). […] You can catch strep throat if you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth after being exposed to these bacteria, like when someone with strep throat coughs or sneezes. […] Strep throat can be spread when you share food or a drink with someone with an active strep throat infection. […] You can also get strep throat by coming into contact with an object contaminated with group A strep bacteria, like a doorknob or faucet, and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. […] Because close contact is the greatest risk factor for strep throat, the illness commonly spreads among members of a household.
#26 Group A Streptococcal Infections: Types & Symptoms
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5911-group-a-streptococcal-infections
Yes, group A Streptococcus bacteria is contagious. The bacteria spread through contact with someone who has a GAS infection including: […] The bacteria is most contagious when you experience symptoms of being sick. […] Antibiotics usually treat group A streptococcal infections. […] Group A streptococcal infections cause temporary illnesses that are easily treated with antibiotics.
#27 Strep Throat: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4602-strep-throat
The bacteria that cause strep throat often live in your nose and throat. When you sneeze, cough or talk, you can spread the infection through respiratory droplets. […] The bacteria that cause strep throat may live in infected sores on your skin. Other people can get the infection if they touch your sores or come into contact with the fluid from them. […] The incubation period for strep throat is two to five days. An incubation period is the time between when you get infected and when symptoms develop. […] Strep throat treatment includes antibiotics. An antibiotic is a type of medicine that kills the bacteria that cause an infection. […] No, strep throat wont go away on its own. A type of bacteria causes strep throat, and antibiotics treat infections caused by bacteria. Strep throat can lead to more serious illnesses if not treated, so its important to start on antibiotics immediately. […] Only group A Streptococcus bacteria can cause strep throat. Its never viral.
#28 Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228936-overview
S pyogenes is highly communicable and can cause disease in healthy people of all ages who do not have type-specific immunity against the specific serotype responsible for infection. The streptococcus can be present on healthy skin for at least a week before lesions appear. […] S pyogenes is primarily spread through person-to-person transmission, although foodborne and waterborne outbreaks have been documented. Neither spread of organisms by fomites nor transmission from animals (eg, family pets) appears to play a significant role in contagion. […] Respiratory droplet spread is the major route for transmission of strains associated with upper respiratory tract infection, although skin-to-skin spread is known to occur with strains associated with streptococcal pyoderma. […] Children with untreated acute infections spread organisms by airborne salivary droplet and nasal discharge. The incubation period for pharyngitis is 2-5 days.
#29 Streptococcal pharyngitis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis
Strep throat is caused by group A -hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS or S. pyogenes). […] Humans are the primary natural reservoir for group A streptococcus. […] Other bacteria such as nongroup A -hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis. […] It is spread by direct, close contact with an infected person; thus crowding, as may be found in the military and schools, increases the rate of transmission. […] Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious, although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days. […] Contaminated food can result in outbreaks, but this is rare. […] Of children with no signs or symptoms, 12% carry GAS in their pharynx, and, after treatment, approximately 15% of those remain positive, and are true „carriers”.
#30 How do you know if itâs strep throat or sore throat?menu iconsearch iconsubscribe iconsearch iconarrow up right icon
https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/how-do-you-know-if-its-strep-throat-or-sore-throat/2024/12
Sore throats are pretty common. In fact, they make up about 6% of all primary care visits. Of those appointments, only about 20-30% of people test positive for strep. […] Strep throat is caused by a bacteria that is spread through respiratory droplets. The most common causes of strep infection include: […] Strep throat is very contagious. It can be spread when people talk, cough or sneeze. […] There are also some people who carry strep infection but donât have symptoms. About 15-20% of school-aged children have strep bacteria living in the back of their throats, especially during the winter months. They may test positive, but donât actually have symptoms of infection.
#31 Strep Throat: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4602-strep-throat
Strep throat is an infection in your throat and tonsils caused by a type of bacteria called group A Streptococcus (group A strep). […] Strep throat gets its name from the type of bacteria that causes it group A Streptococcus. There are more than 120 strains of group A Streptococcus bacteria. Strep throat is a type of group A streptococcal (GAS) infection. […] A type of bacteria known as group A Streptococcus (group A strep) causes strep throat. This makes strep throat different from most other cases of sore throat, which occur due to viruses. […] Yes. Strep throat is very contagious. Some people with the infection dont have symptoms or look sick. But even if you dont have symptoms, you can still easily spread the infection to others. […] Strep throat spreads from person to person very easily, especially among members of the same household. You can spread the bacteria that causes strep throat to other people through respiratory droplets and direct contact.
#32 Streptococcal pharyngitis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis
Strep throat is caused by group A -hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS or S. pyogenes). […] Humans are the primary natural reservoir for group A streptococcus. […] Other bacteria such as nongroup A -hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis. […] It is spread by direct, close contact with an infected person; thus crowding, as may be found in the military and schools, increases the rate of transmission. […] Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious, although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days. […] Contaminated food can result in outbreaks, but this is rare. […] Of children with no signs or symptoms, 12% carry GAS in their pharynx, and, after treatment, approximately 15% of those remain positive, and are true „carriers”.
#33 Strep A
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/strep-a/
Strep A is a common type of bacteria. Most strep A infections are mild and easily treated, but some are more serious. […] Most strep A infections are not serious and can be treated with antibiotics. […] But rarely, the infection can cause serious problems. This is called invasive group A strep (iGAS). […] Serious strep A infections (invasive group A strep, iGAS) need to be treated in hospital with antibiotics. […] Strep A infections are spread by close contact with an infected person. They can be passed on through coughs and sneezes or from a wound. […] In some people, the bacteria live in the body without causing symptoms or making them feel unwell. But they can still pass the bacteria on to others. […] Things that might make you more at risk of strep A infections include: a weakened immune system, open sores or wounds, some viral infections, such as a cold or flu.
#34 Strep A
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/strep-a/
Strep A is a common type of bacteria. Most strep A infections are mild and easily treated, but some are more serious. […] Most strep A infections are not serious and can be treated with antibiotics. […] But rarely, the infection can cause serious problems. This is called invasive group A strep (iGAS). […] Serious strep A infections (invasive group A strep, iGAS) need to be treated in hospital with antibiotics. […] Strep A infections are spread by close contact with an infected person. They can be passed on through coughs and sneezes or from a wound. […] In some people, the bacteria live in the body without causing symptoms or making them feel unwell. But they can still pass the bacteria on to others. […] Things that might make you more at risk of strep A infections include: a weakened immune system, open sores or wounds, some viral infections, such as a cold or flu.
#35 Strep A
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/strep-a/
Strep A is a common type of bacteria. Most strep A infections are mild and easily treated, but some are more serious. […] Most strep A infections are not serious and can be treated with antibiotics. […] But rarely, the infection can cause serious problems. This is called invasive group A strep (iGAS). […] Serious strep A infections (invasive group A strep, iGAS) need to be treated in hospital with antibiotics. […] Strep A infections are spread by close contact with an infected person. They can be passed on through coughs and sneezes or from a wound. […] In some people, the bacteria live in the body without causing symptoms or making them feel unwell. But they can still pass the bacteria on to others. […] Things that might make you more at risk of strep A infections include: a weakened immune system, open sores or wounds, some viral infections, such as a cold or flu.
#36 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Few people who come in contact with a virulent strain of GAS will develop invasive GAS disease; most will have a routine throat or skin infection and some may have no symptoms whatsoever. […] Although healthy people can get invasive GAS disease, people with chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes and kidney dialysis, and those who use medications such as steroids, are at higher risk. […] Group A streptococcus bacteria can be treated with common, inexpensive antibiotics. […] In addition to antibiotics, supportive care in an intensive care unit and sometimes surgery are necessary with these diseases. […] The risk of secondary cases of invasive GAS disease among persons with casual contact to a case is very small. […] The spread of all types of group A streptococcal infections may be reduced by good hand washing, especially after coughing and sneezing, before and after preparing foods and before eating.
#37 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Few people who come in contact with a virulent strain of GAS will develop invasive GAS disease; most will have a routine throat or skin infection and some may have no symptoms whatsoever. […] Although healthy people can get invasive GAS disease, people with chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes and kidney dialysis, and those who use medications such as steroids, are at higher risk. […] Group A streptococcus bacteria can be treated with common, inexpensive antibiotics. […] In addition to antibiotics, supportive care in an intensive care unit and sometimes surgery are necessary with these diseases. […] The risk of secondary cases of invasive GAS disease among persons with casual contact to a case is very small. […] The spread of all types of group A streptococcal infections may be reduced by good hand washing, especially after coughing and sneezing, before and after preparing foods and before eating.
#38 About Strep Throat | Group A Strep | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/strep-throat.html
Strep throat is a bacterial infection in the throat and tonsils. […] Group A Streptococcus (group A strep bacteria) cause strep throat and are contagious. […] Strep throat is more common in children than adults.
#39 Causes and Risk Factors of Strep Throat
https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-of-strep-throat-4160460
Most of the time pharyngitis (sore throat) is caused by viruses. Strep throat is the most common bacterial cause of a sore throat. It is responsible for 15 to 30% of cases in children and 5 to 10% in adults. […] While streptococcus infection is the definitive cause of strep throat, there are several factors that can make someone more susceptible to this infection. […] Group A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes, is the bacteria responsible for strep throat. […] Untreated strep throat can lead to recurrent episodes, or to the more serious but rare complication of rheumatic fever. […] Even if treated, strep throat can sometimes lead to post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSG), a disease that causes inflammation in the kidneys. […] Strep throat is most common in children 5 to 15 years old.
#40 Causes and Risk Factors of Strep Throat
https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-of-strep-throat-4160460
A meta-analysis of 29 articles in Pediatrics showed that among children of all ages who presented with a sore throat, 37% were diagnosed with S. pyogenes, but that prevalence decreased to only 24% for children younger than 5 years old. […] Adults are infected at a much lower rate of 5 to 10%. […] Close quarters make it more likely that infection will spread from person to person. […] Hygiene is a common culprit when it comes to the spread of strep infections. […] Whether you smoke or are exposed to second-hand smoke, your throat and airways are likely to be irritated by the particulate matter. This leaves the throat prone to infection from strep and viruses. […] Strep throat can occur year-round, but it has seasonal variations. Infections are more common in late winter and early spring. […] Genetics may be one reason, according to a 2019 study. Researchers found that kids with recurring strep throat tended to have smaller germinal centers in their tonsils, which usually recognize and fight infections.
#41 Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228936-overview
Individuals who are streptococcal carriers (chronic asymptomatic pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal colonization) are not usually at risk of spreading disease to others because of the generally small reservoir of often-avirulent organisms. […] Multiple streptococcal infections in the same family are common. Impetigo and pharyngitis are more likely to occur among children living in crowded homes and in suboptimal hygienic conditions.
#42 About Group A Strep Infection | Group A Strep | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/index.html
Group A Streptococcus (group A strep bacteria) can cause many different infections. […] Group A strep bacteria can also cause inflammatory diseases. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections that range from minor to serious. The bacteria can also cause inflammatory diseases. […] Both are thought to be caused by an immune response to an earlier group A strep infection. […] Group A strep bacteria are very contagious. […] Group A strep bacteria often live in the nose and throat. […] People can also spread group A strep bacteria from infected sores on the skin. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections including strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, and more.
#43 Streptococcus A (Strep A) | NHS inform
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/
Group A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Strep A, are bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the throat. Under some circumstances these bacteria can cause disease. […] GAS bacteria can cause a wide variety of skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. […] In rare cases, patients may go on to develop post-streptococcal complications, such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis (heart and kidney diseases caused by an immune reaction to the bacteria). […] GAS can very rarely cause more serious conditions, known as invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infections. […] iGAS infections tend to happen in the elderly, the very young, or people with an underlying risk factor with groups considered to be at risk of serious GAS infection being people with existing health conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or a weakened immune system. […] GAS are spread by close contact between individuals, through respiratory droplets (moisture in your breath) and direct skin contact. […] GAS can be a secondary infection, developing in people who are already unwell with illnesses like the flu.
#44 Group A Streptococcal Infections: Types & Symptoms
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5911-group-a-streptococcal-infections
Group A streptococcal (GAS) infections occur when a microorganism (bacteria) enters your body and causes an illness, most often in your skin and throat. There are more than 120 strains of group A Streptococcus bacteria, which is the bacteria that causes group A streptococcal infections. […] The majority of illnesses caused by GAS bacteria are mild. Sometimes, GAS infections cause severe, life-threatening symptoms if you dont receive treatment. […] Group A Streptococcus bacteria causes group A streptococcal infections. […] Your immune system is responsible for defending your body from outside invaders, like bacteria, that cause illness. When bacteria enter your body, you experience symptoms. At the same time, your immune system works to destroy the bacteria to limit the amount of harm it does to your body.
#45 About Strep Throat | Group A Strep | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/strep-throat.html
Strep throat is a bacterial infection in the throat and tonsils. […] Group A Streptococcus (group A strep bacteria) cause strep throat and are contagious. […] Strep throat is more common in children than adults.
#46 Scarlet fever Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever
Scarlet fever is caused by an infection with bacteria called group A streptococcus. […] The main risk factor for getting scarlet fever is infection with the bacteria that cause strep throat. […] Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria that cause the throat infection.
#47 Streptococcal skin infections
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/streptococcal-skin-infections
Streptococci (plural of streptococcus) are bacteria that are commonly found harmlessly living in the human respiratory, gut and genitourinary systems. Several species are capable of causing disease in humans, including skin diseases. […] Skin diseases due to direct infection with streptococcus include: Impetigo, Ecthyma, Cellulitis, Erysipelas, Necrotising fasciitis, Secondary skin infection of wounds, dermatitis, scabies, diabetic ulcers etc., Tropical ulcers, Blistering distal dactylitis, Streptococcal perianal and/or vulval dermatitis. […] In addition, streptococci are capable of causing skin disease through means other than direct infection of the skin; for example: Scarlet fever is a reaction to a circulating toxin that is produced by some strains of streptococcus, Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSS), Allergic hypersensitivity to streptococcal bacteria may result in erythema nodosum or vasculitis, Psoriasis, especially guttate forms, may be provoked or aggravated by streptococcal infection, Pustulosis acuta generalisata: scattered sterile pustules on hands, feet and elsewhere following an streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection; may be associated with painful joints.
#48 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) refers to the bacterial species „Streptococcus pyogenes,” which is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in nature and uniquely adapted to humans. GAS can potentially trigger epidemic waves, often driven by the emergence of new genotypes. GAS is associated with a wide range of infections, including pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas. Additionally, GAS infections can result in more severe conditions known as invasive GAS infections, such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, which are increasingly occurring worldwide. […] GAS is the leading bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis, although most cases are caused by self-limiting viral infections. […] Beyond acute infections, GAS can trigger immune-mediated complications such as acute rheumatic fever, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequelae of immune-mediated processes, such as rheumatic heart disease.
#49 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) refers to the bacterial species „Streptococcus pyogenes,” which is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in nature and uniquely adapted to humans. GAS can potentially trigger epidemic waves, often driven by the emergence of new genotypes. GAS is associated with a wide range of infections, including pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas. Additionally, GAS infections can result in more severe conditions known as invasive GAS infections, such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, which are increasingly occurring worldwide. […] GAS is the leading bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis, although most cases are caused by self-limiting viral infections. […] Beyond acute infections, GAS can trigger immune-mediated complications such as acute rheumatic fever, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequelae of immune-mediated processes, such as rheumatic heart disease.
#50 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) refers to the bacterial species „Streptococcus pyogenes,” which is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in nature and uniquely adapted to humans. GAS can potentially trigger epidemic waves, often driven by the emergence of new genotypes. GAS is associated with a wide range of infections, including pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas. Additionally, GAS infections can result in more severe conditions known as invasive GAS infections, such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, which are increasingly occurring worldwide. […] GAS is the leading bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis, although most cases are caused by self-limiting viral infections. […] Beyond acute infections, GAS can trigger immune-mediated complications such as acute rheumatic fever, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequelae of immune-mediated processes, such as rheumatic heart disease.
#51 Group A Streptococcal Infections: Types & Symptoms
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5911-group-a-streptococcal-infections
Yes, group A Streptococcus bacteria is contagious. The bacteria spread through contact with someone who has a GAS infection including: […] The bacteria is most contagious when you experience symptoms of being sick. […] Antibiotics usually treat group A streptococcal infections. […] Group A streptococcal infections cause temporary illnesses that are easily treated with antibiotics.
#52 Group A Strep – What you need to know – UK Health Security Agency
https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2022/12/05/group-a-strep-what-you-need-to-know/
Group A streptococcus (GAS), also referred to as Strep A is a common bacterium. […] However, GAS does cause a number of infections, some mild and some more serious. […] The most serious infections linked to GAS come from invasive group A strep, known as iGAS. […] These infections are caused by the bacteria getting into parts of the body where it is not normally found, such as the lungs or bloodstream. […] GAS causes infections in the skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract. […] Its responsible for infections such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo and cellulitis among others. […] The most serious infections linked to GAS come from invasive group A strep, known as iGAS. […] Necrotising fasciitis, necrotising pneumonia and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome are some of the most severe but rare forms of invasive group A strep.
#53
http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/streptococcal-disease-invasive-group-a
Group A streptococcal disease (GAS) is caused by a bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, group A. […] Sometimes, the bacteria invade the lungs, blood, or spread along the layers of tissue that surround muscle. These infections are called invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) disease and are very serious, even life-threatening. […] Group A streptococcal disease (GAS) is caused by a bacterium (germ) called Streptococcus pyogenes, group A. […] Sometimes, the bacteria invade the lungs (pneumonia), blood (septicemia), or spread along the layers of tissue that surround muscle (called the fascia). These infections are called invasive Group A streptococcal (iGAS) disease and are very serious, even life-threatening. […] The bacteria are spread from person to person through close personal contact with the nose and throat secretions of an infected person:
#54 Streptococcus A (Strep A) | NHS inform
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/
Group A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Strep A, are bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the throat. Under some circumstances these bacteria can cause disease. […] GAS bacteria can cause a wide variety of skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. […] In rare cases, patients may go on to develop post-streptococcal complications, such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis (heart and kidney diseases caused by an immune reaction to the bacteria). […] GAS can very rarely cause more serious conditions, known as invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infections. […] iGAS infections tend to happen in the elderly, the very young, or people with an underlying risk factor with groups considered to be at risk of serious GAS infection being people with existing health conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or a weakened immune system. […] GAS are spread by close contact between individuals, through respiratory droplets (moisture in your breath) and direct skin contact. […] GAS can be a secondary infection, developing in people who are already unwell with illnesses like the flu.
#55 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Group A streptococci are bacteria commonly found in the throat and on the skin. […] Occasionally, however, these bacteria can cause much more severe and even life threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (occasionally described as „the flesh-eating bacteria”) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). […] Invasive group A streptococcal infections occur when the bacteria gets past the defenses of the person who is infected. This may occur when a person has sores or other breaks in the skin that allow the bacteria to get into the tissue. Health conditions that decrease a person’s immunity to infection also make invasive disease more likely. […] In addition, there are certain strains of GAS that are more likely to cause severe disease than others. The reason why some strains will cause more severe illness is not totally clear but may involve the production of substances (toxins) that cause shock and organ damage and of enzymes that cause tissue destruction.
#56 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Group A streptococci are bacteria commonly found in the throat and on the skin. […] Occasionally, however, these bacteria can cause much more severe and even life threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (occasionally described as „the flesh-eating bacteria”) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). […] Invasive group A streptococcal infections occur when the bacteria gets past the defenses of the person who is infected. This may occur when a person has sores or other breaks in the skin that allow the bacteria to get into the tissue. Health conditions that decrease a person’s immunity to infection also make invasive disease more likely. […] In addition, there are certain strains of GAS that are more likely to cause severe disease than others. The reason why some strains will cause more severe illness is not totally clear but may involve the production of substances (toxins) that cause shock and organ damage and of enzymes that cause tissue destruction.
#57 What Problems Can Strep Throat Cause?
https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/problems-strep-throat-cause
Strep throat is an infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. […] The bacteria that cause strep throat can spread to other parts of your body if antibiotics don’t kill them. […] You may hear these called invasive strep infections. […] The strep bacteria can also get into your bloodstream, where they don’t normally live. This is called bacteremia. […] If the strep bacteria release toxins in multiple organs, it can create another rare, life-threatening condition called streptococcal toxic shock syndrome that can cause organ failure. […] Rheumatic fever: An inflammatory condition that can affect the heart, joints, nervous system, and skin. […] Scarlet fever: You get a noticeable rash with this. […] Inflammation of the kidneys: Its formal name is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] Researchers are also looking at a possible connection between a complication called PANDAS (Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A streptococci) and strep throat.
#58 Group A and B Streptococcus: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur
https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/group-and-b-streptococcus
The bacteria cause frequent benign, non-invasive infections, such as strep throat and impetigo. […] But group A Streptococcus is also responsible for severe invasive infections, such as bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), necrotizing skin infections, puerperal infections (post-partum infections), pleurisy (a complication associated with lung inflammation) and meningitis, which may be associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. […] Most invasive infections in pregnant women present as bacteremia, sometimes associated with intrauterine infections (infection of the placental tissue). […] Infection with group B Streptococcus outside the context of pregnancy and early infancy mainly gives rise to bacteremia, but cases of arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis have also been reported. […] There has been a significant rise in invasive GAS infections in industrialized countries, especially in Europe.
#59
https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/groupa-streptococcal-meningitis
Group A streptococcal meningitis (GAS) is the swelling of the membranes, called meninges, that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. The bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes cause group A streptococcal meningitis. […] GAS meningitis occurs when GAS bacteria invade the body and enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. In the CSF, bacteria can rapidly multiply and release poisons, causing inflammation and swelling in the meninges. This increases pressure on the brain, producing symptoms of meningitis. […] The bacteria that cause group A streptococcal meningitis are common, but they very rarely cause meningitis. Most GAS infections cause relatively mild illnesses (also known as non-invasive GAS) such as sore throat (also known as strep throat), tonsillitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, and cellulitis. In rare cases, the bacteria move to other parts of your body, where they can cause serious and even life-threatening disease. These infections are called invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) disease. If the bacteria travel through the blood and invade the membranes and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, it can cause meningitis. […] GAS meningitis remains rare and represents only 1%4% of all invasive GAS cases detected worldwide.
#60 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Group A streptococci are bacteria commonly found in the throat and on the skin. […] Occasionally, however, these bacteria can cause much more severe and even life threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (occasionally described as „the flesh-eating bacteria”) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). […] Invasive group A streptococcal infections occur when the bacteria gets past the defenses of the person who is infected. This may occur when a person has sores or other breaks in the skin that allow the bacteria to get into the tissue. Health conditions that decrease a person’s immunity to infection also make invasive disease more likely. […] In addition, there are certain strains of GAS that are more likely to cause severe disease than others. The reason why some strains will cause more severe illness is not totally clear but may involve the production of substances (toxins) that cause shock and organ damage and of enzymes that cause tissue destruction.
#61 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Group A streptococci are bacteria commonly found in the throat and on the skin. […] Occasionally, however, these bacteria can cause much more severe and even life threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (occasionally described as „the flesh-eating bacteria”) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). […] Invasive group A streptococcal infections occur when the bacteria gets past the defenses of the person who is infected. This may occur when a person has sores or other breaks in the skin that allow the bacteria to get into the tissue. Health conditions that decrease a person’s immunity to infection also make invasive disease more likely. […] In addition, there are certain strains of GAS that are more likely to cause severe disease than others. The reason why some strains will cause more severe illness is not totally clear but may involve the production of substances (toxins) that cause shock and organ damage and of enzymes that cause tissue destruction.
#62 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Certain bacterial superantigenic exotoxins, associated with syndromes such as STSS, trigger an atypical polyclonal activation of lymphocytes. […] GAS exclusively infects humans. […] The epidemiology of GAS infections varies based on the type of infection. […] GAS can exist in the pharynx either as an asymptomatic carrier state or as a pathogen causing pharyngitis. […] Severe illness and iGAS infections exhibit a bimodal distribution, occurring most commonly in individuals aged 2 or younger and 50 or older. […] The global prevalence of severe GAS infections is estimated at 18.1 million cases, with 1.78 million new cases and 616 million cases of GAS pharyngitis occurring annually. […] GAS is responsible for a wide range of infections and has historically been associated with increased morbidity and high mortality, particularly before the advent of antibiotics.
#63 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Infections related to iGAS continue to have high morbidity and mortality, with case fatality rates ranging from 10% to 30%. […] GAS is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In addition to causing infections, GAS can trigger immune-mediated sequelae, including ARF and PSGN, as well as direct consequences such as RHD.
#64 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) refers to the bacterial species „Streptococcus pyogenes,” which is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in nature and uniquely adapted to humans. GAS can potentially trigger epidemic waves, often driven by the emergence of new genotypes. GAS is associated with a wide range of infections, including pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas. Additionally, GAS infections can result in more severe conditions known as invasive GAS infections, such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, which are increasingly occurring worldwide. […] GAS is the leading bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis, although most cases are caused by self-limiting viral infections. […] Beyond acute infections, GAS can trigger immune-mediated complications such as acute rheumatic fever, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequelae of immune-mediated processes, such as rheumatic heart disease.
#65 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Complications of S. pyogenes infections can be divided into suppurative and non-suppurative complications. […] Non-suppurative complications are rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections), Sydenham chorea, and other autoimmune movement disorders. […] According to a report of the World Health Organization (WHO) GAS is the ninth leading infectious etiology of human mortality.
#66 Rheumatic fever – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatic-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20354588
Rheumatic fever can happen after a throat infection from group A streptococcus bacteria, also called strep bacteria. The bacteria cause strep throat and scarlet fever. Improperly treated strep throat or scarlet fever infections cause rheumatic fever. […] How a strep infection causes rheumatic fever isn’t clear. It may be that the bacteria trick the body’s immune system into attacking healthy tissue. This usually happens in the heart, joints, skin and central nervous system. The incorrect immune system reaction causes swelling of joints and tissues. This swelling is called inflammation.
#67 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Complications of S. pyogenes infections can be divided into suppurative and non-suppurative complications. […] Non-suppurative complications are rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections), Sydenham chorea, and other autoimmune movement disorders. […] According to a report of the World Health Organization (WHO) GAS is the ninth leading infectious etiology of human mortality.
#68 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Complications of S. pyogenes infections can be divided into suppurative and non-suppurative complications. […] Non-suppurative complications are rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections), Sydenham chorea, and other autoimmune movement disorders. […] According to a report of the World Health Organization (WHO) GAS is the ninth leading infectious etiology of human mortality.
#69 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Complications of S. pyogenes infections can be divided into suppurative and non-suppurative complications. […] Non-suppurative complications are rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections), Sydenham chorea, and other autoimmune movement disorders. […] According to a report of the World Health Organization (WHO) GAS is the ninth leading infectious etiology of human mortality.
#70 Streptococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/streptococcal-infections
One of the most important reasons for treating GABHS pharyngitis (strep throat) is to prevent rheumatic fever. […] Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is an acute nephritic syndrome following pharyngitis or skin infection due to a certain limited number of nephritogenic strains of GABHS (eg, M protein serotypes 12 and 49). […] Certain forms of psoriasis (eg, guttate) may also be related to beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections.
#71 Streptococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/streptococcal-infections
One of the most important reasons for treating GABHS pharyngitis (strep throat) is to prevent rheumatic fever. […] Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is an acute nephritic syndrome following pharyngitis or skin infection due to a certain limited number of nephritogenic strains of GABHS (eg, M protein serotypes 12 and 49). […] Certain forms of psoriasis (eg, guttate) may also be related to beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections.
#72 Strep A (GAS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/infections/strep-a-group-a-strep-gas
Strep A, or Group A streptococcus, is a common type of bacteria, which has been recognised as a cause of infections for many years. Most Group A streptococcus infections are mild, but in rare cases, these can cause serious illness and even death. […] Strep A infections cause various different types of illnesses. The symptoms depend on what type of infection it is: […] Strep A can also cause 'invasive’ infections, which are more serious. These are rare. […] Strep A infection can also cause a series of delayed problems that develop after the initial infection. […] This is a condition where Group A strep infection triggers an autoimmune reaction, leading to various problems such as heart, joint, and nerve inflammation. […] Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a kidney problem which seems to be caused by an autoimmune reaction to previous Group A strep infection.
#73 Streptococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/streptococcal-infections
One of the most important reasons for treating GABHS pharyngitis (strep throat) is to prevent rheumatic fever. […] Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is an acute nephritic syndrome following pharyngitis or skin infection due to a certain limited number of nephritogenic strains of GABHS (eg, M protein serotypes 12 and 49). […] Certain forms of psoriasis (eg, guttate) may also be related to beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections.
#74 Streptococcal Infections – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/streptococcal-infections
One of the most important reasons for treating GABHS pharyngitis (strep throat) is to prevent rheumatic fever. […] Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is an acute nephritic syndrome following pharyngitis or skin infection due to a certain limited number of nephritogenic strains of GABHS (eg, M protein serotypes 12 and 49). […] Certain forms of psoriasis (eg, guttate) may also be related to beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections.
#75 Causes and Risk Factors of Strep Throat
https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-of-strep-throat-4160460
A meta-analysis of 29 articles in Pediatrics showed that among children of all ages who presented with a sore throat, 37% were diagnosed with S. pyogenes, but that prevalence decreased to only 24% for children younger than 5 years old. […] Adults are infected at a much lower rate of 5 to 10%. […] Close quarters make it more likely that infection will spread from person to person. […] Hygiene is a common culprit when it comes to the spread of strep infections. […] Whether you smoke or are exposed to second-hand smoke, your throat and airways are likely to be irritated by the particulate matter. This leaves the throat prone to infection from strep and viruses. […] Strep throat can occur year-round, but it has seasonal variations. Infections are more common in late winter and early spring. […] Genetics may be one reason, according to a 2019 study. Researchers found that kids with recurring strep throat tended to have smaller germinal centers in their tonsils, which usually recognize and fight infections.
#76 Causes and Risk Factors of Strep Throat
https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-of-strep-throat-4160460
A meta-analysis of 29 articles in Pediatrics showed that among children of all ages who presented with a sore throat, 37% were diagnosed with S. pyogenes, but that prevalence decreased to only 24% for children younger than 5 years old. […] Adults are infected at a much lower rate of 5 to 10%. […] Close quarters make it more likely that infection will spread from person to person. […] Hygiene is a common culprit when it comes to the spread of strep infections. […] Whether you smoke or are exposed to second-hand smoke, your throat and airways are likely to be irritated by the particulate matter. This leaves the throat prone to infection from strep and viruses. […] Strep throat can occur year-round, but it has seasonal variations. Infections are more common in late winter and early spring. […] Genetics may be one reason, according to a 2019 study. Researchers found that kids with recurring strep throat tended to have smaller germinal centers in their tonsils, which usually recognize and fight infections.
#77 Why do I keep getting Strep Throat? Learn Now | DispatchHealth
https://www.dispatchhealth.com/blog/what-causes-frequent-strep-throat/
Strep throat is commonly caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. […] In recent studies, professionals found that some children are predisposed to group A bacteria and have a poor germinal center response on the tonsils. […] This means there is a lack of infection-fighting antibodies needed to successfully drive the bacteria away. […] In most cases, the strep bacteria in these individuals will lay dormant and can leave those at risk for future infections.
#78 Rheumatic Fever | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/r/rheumatic-fever.html
Rheumatic fever is a complication of a strep throat. Fighting off the strep infection can cause other parts of the body to develop swelling or inflammation. This can happen even to those parts of the body that aren’t directly infected by the virus. […] It is not yet known what causes rheumatic fever. It appears that when some people’s bodies fight off a strep throat infection, other parts of the body develop inflammation (swelling and tenderness). […] Research has focused on whether this is an abnormal response by the immune system to the antigens produced by some types of streptococcal bacteria. The possibility that some people have a genetic disposition to have this response is also being studied.
#79 Rheumatic Fever | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/r/rheumatic-fever.html
Rheumatic fever is a complication of a strep throat. Fighting off the strep infection can cause other parts of the body to develop swelling or inflammation. This can happen even to those parts of the body that aren’t directly infected by the virus. […] It is not yet known what causes rheumatic fever. It appears that when some people’s bodies fight off a strep throat infection, other parts of the body develop inflammation (swelling and tenderness). […] Research has focused on whether this is an abnormal response by the immune system to the antigens produced by some types of streptococcal bacteria. The possibility that some people have a genetic disposition to have this response is also being studied.
#80 Causes and Risk Factors of Strep Throat
https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-of-strep-throat-4160460
A meta-analysis of 29 articles in Pediatrics showed that among children of all ages who presented with a sore throat, 37% were diagnosed with S. pyogenes, but that prevalence decreased to only 24% for children younger than 5 years old. […] Adults are infected at a much lower rate of 5 to 10%. […] Close quarters make it more likely that infection will spread from person to person. […] Hygiene is a common culprit when it comes to the spread of strep infections. […] Whether you smoke or are exposed to second-hand smoke, your throat and airways are likely to be irritated by the particulate matter. This leaves the throat prone to infection from strep and viruses. […] Strep throat can occur year-round, but it has seasonal variations. Infections are more common in late winter and early spring. […] Genetics may be one reason, according to a 2019 study. Researchers found that kids with recurring strep throat tended to have smaller germinal centers in their tonsils, which usually recognize and fight infections.
#81 Causes and Risk Factors of Strep Throat
https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-of-strep-throat-4160460
A meta-analysis of 29 articles in Pediatrics showed that among children of all ages who presented with a sore throat, 37% were diagnosed with S. pyogenes, but that prevalence decreased to only 24% for children younger than 5 years old. […] Adults are infected at a much lower rate of 5 to 10%. […] Close quarters make it more likely that infection will spread from person to person. […] Hygiene is a common culprit when it comes to the spread of strep infections. […] Whether you smoke or are exposed to second-hand smoke, your throat and airways are likely to be irritated by the particulate matter. This leaves the throat prone to infection from strep and viruses. […] Strep throat can occur year-round, but it has seasonal variations. Infections are more common in late winter and early spring. […] Genetics may be one reason, according to a 2019 study. Researchers found that kids with recurring strep throat tended to have smaller germinal centers in their tonsils, which usually recognize and fight infections.
#82 Causes and Risk Factors of Strep Throat
https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-of-strep-throat-4160460
A meta-analysis of 29 articles in Pediatrics showed that among children of all ages who presented with a sore throat, 37% were diagnosed with S. pyogenes, but that prevalence decreased to only 24% for children younger than 5 years old. […] Adults are infected at a much lower rate of 5 to 10%. […] Close quarters make it more likely that infection will spread from person to person. […] Hygiene is a common culprit when it comes to the spread of strep infections. […] Whether you smoke or are exposed to second-hand smoke, your throat and airways are likely to be irritated by the particulate matter. This leaves the throat prone to infection from strep and viruses. […] Strep throat can occur year-round, but it has seasonal variations. Infections are more common in late winter and early spring. […] Genetics may be one reason, according to a 2019 study. Researchers found that kids with recurring strep throat tended to have smaller germinal centers in their tonsils, which usually recognize and fight infections.
#83 Causes and Risk Factors of Strep Throat
https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-of-strep-throat-4160460
A meta-analysis of 29 articles in Pediatrics showed that among children of all ages who presented with a sore throat, 37% were diagnosed with S. pyogenes, but that prevalence decreased to only 24% for children younger than 5 years old. […] Adults are infected at a much lower rate of 5 to 10%. […] Close quarters make it more likely that infection will spread from person to person. […] Hygiene is a common culprit when it comes to the spread of strep infections. […] Whether you smoke or are exposed to second-hand smoke, your throat and airways are likely to be irritated by the particulate matter. This leaves the throat prone to infection from strep and viruses. […] Strep throat can occur year-round, but it has seasonal variations. Infections are more common in late winter and early spring. […] Genetics may be one reason, according to a 2019 study. Researchers found that kids with recurring strep throat tended to have smaller germinal centers in their tonsils, which usually recognize and fight infections.
#84 Streptococcus A (Strep A) | NHS inform
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/
Group A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Strep A, are bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the throat. Under some circumstances these bacteria can cause disease. […] GAS bacteria can cause a wide variety of skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. […] In rare cases, patients may go on to develop post-streptococcal complications, such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis (heart and kidney diseases caused by an immune reaction to the bacteria). […] GAS can very rarely cause more serious conditions, known as invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infections. […] iGAS infections tend to happen in the elderly, the very young, or people with an underlying risk factor with groups considered to be at risk of serious GAS infection being people with existing health conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or a weakened immune system. […] GAS are spread by close contact between individuals, through respiratory droplets (moisture in your breath) and direct skin contact. […] GAS can be a secondary infection, developing in people who are already unwell with illnesses like the flu.
#85 Group A Strep – What you need to know – UK Health Security Agency
https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2022/12/05/group-a-strep-what-you-need-to-know/
Currently, there is no evidence that a new strain is circulating. The increase is most likely related to high amounts of circulating bacteria. […] There is likely a combination of factors, including increased social mixing compared to the previous years as well as increases in other respiratory viruses. […] Children who have had chickenpox recently are more likely to develop serious forms of Group A Strep infection, although this remains very uncommon. […] The chickenpox rash can make it easier for Group A Strep to get into the body, which can lead to invasive infection.
#86 Group A Strep – What you need to know – UK Health Security Agency
https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2022/12/05/group-a-strep-what-you-need-to-know/
Currently, there is no evidence that a new strain is circulating. The increase is most likely related to high amounts of circulating bacteria. […] There is likely a combination of factors, including increased social mixing compared to the previous years as well as increases in other respiratory viruses. […] Children who have had chickenpox recently are more likely to develop serious forms of Group A Strep infection, although this remains very uncommon. […] The chickenpox rash can make it easier for Group A Strep to get into the body, which can lead to invasive infection.
#87 Rheumatic Fever | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/r/rheumatic-fever.html
Rheumatic fever is a complication of a strep throat. Fighting off the strep infection can cause other parts of the body to develop swelling or inflammation. This can happen even to those parts of the body that aren’t directly infected by the virus. […] It is not yet known what causes rheumatic fever. It appears that when some people’s bodies fight off a strep throat infection, other parts of the body develop inflammation (swelling and tenderness). […] Research has focused on whether this is an abnormal response by the immune system to the antigens produced by some types of streptococcal bacteria. The possibility that some people have a genetic disposition to have this response is also being studied.
#88 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Certain bacterial superantigenic exotoxins, associated with syndromes such as STSS, trigger an atypical polyclonal activation of lymphocytes. […] GAS exclusively infects humans. […] The epidemiology of GAS infections varies based on the type of infection. […] GAS can exist in the pharynx either as an asymptomatic carrier state or as a pathogen causing pharyngitis. […] Severe illness and iGAS infections exhibit a bimodal distribution, occurring most commonly in individuals aged 2 or younger and 50 or older. […] The global prevalence of severe GAS infections is estimated at 18.1 million cases, with 1.78 million new cases and 616 million cases of GAS pharyngitis occurring annually. […] GAS is responsible for a wide range of infections and has historically been associated with increased morbidity and high mortality, particularly before the advent of antibiotics.
#89 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Depending upon the postinfectious sequelae, S. pyogenes are categorized into two classes: Class I and Class II. Class I strains cause rheumatic fever while class II strains result in acute glomerulonephritis. […] S. pyogenes usually colonizes, pharynx, anus, and genital mucosa. […] Infections caused by S. pyogenes are highly contagious. […] Transmission can occur through airborne droplets, hand contact with nasal discharge or with objects or surfaces contaminated with bacteria, skin contact with contaminated lesions, or contaminated food sources. […] GAS can cause infection in muscle and fascia resulting in myositis and necrotizing fascitis usually following a mild trauma and can result in toxic shock syndrome. […] Skin lesions have been identified as the most common predisposing factor for severe S. pyogenes infections.
#90 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Depending upon the postinfectious sequelae, S. pyogenes are categorized into two classes: Class I and Class II. Class I strains cause rheumatic fever while class II strains result in acute glomerulonephritis. […] S. pyogenes usually colonizes, pharynx, anus, and genital mucosa. […] Infections caused by S. pyogenes are highly contagious. […] Transmission can occur through airborne droplets, hand contact with nasal discharge or with objects or surfaces contaminated with bacteria, skin contact with contaminated lesions, or contaminated food sources. […] GAS can cause infection in muscle and fascia resulting in myositis and necrotizing fascitis usually following a mild trauma and can result in toxic shock syndrome. […] Skin lesions have been identified as the most common predisposing factor for severe S. pyogenes infections.
#91 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Depending upon the postinfectious sequelae, S. pyogenes are categorized into two classes: Class I and Class II. Class I strains cause rheumatic fever while class II strains result in acute glomerulonephritis. […] S. pyogenes usually colonizes, pharynx, anus, and genital mucosa. […] Infections caused by S. pyogenes are highly contagious. […] Transmission can occur through airborne droplets, hand contact with nasal discharge or with objects or surfaces contaminated with bacteria, skin contact with contaminated lesions, or contaminated food sources. […] GAS can cause infection in muscle and fascia resulting in myositis and necrotizing fascitis usually following a mild trauma and can result in toxic shock syndrome. […] Skin lesions have been identified as the most common predisposing factor for severe S. pyogenes infections.
#92 Group A streptococcal diseases (Streptococcus pyogenes) – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/group-a-streptococcal-diseases.html
Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus (GAS) is a common bacterium that can cause many types of GAS diseases. […] In rare cases, GAS causes severe, life-threatening diseases. These are called „invasive” group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infections, meaning that the bacteria has entered deep tissues and organs, such as: […] iGAS develops when the GAS bacteria enter parts of the body where bacteria are not normally found, such as the blood, lungs, muscles, joints and bones, or the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
#93 Poststreptococcal Inflammatory Syndromes
https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_poststreptococcal-inflammatory-syndromes.asp
Following infection by group-A streptococcus bacteria (such as strep throat), a number of different inflammatory syndromes can occur in the body. […] The symptoms associated with poststreptococcal inflammatory diseases are not caused by the strep bacteria itself, but rather by the immune systems response to the prior infection. […] In patients with both acute rheumatic fever and post-strep reactive arthritis, the joint inflammation resolves on its own. Carditis may lead to chronic heart disease and ultimately heart failure, particularly if unrecognized and untreated. Patients with a history of poststreptococcal inflammatory disease, particularly those with carditis, are at high risk of developing repeat episodes of carditis with subsequent strep infections. Antibiotic prophylaxis as above can prevent future strep infections and repeated damage to the heart.
#94 What Is Strep Throat? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
https://www.everydayhealth.com/strep-throat/
Caused by bacteria known as Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus), strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis) is spread by secretions from an infected persons respiratory tract often transmitted in droplets when that person coughs or sneezes. (1) […] Strep throat is highly contagious. When people with the infection cough or sneeze, they spread the bacteria through airborne droplets. You can get strep throat by touching surfaces that carry the bacteria, like door handles, and then transferring this bacteria to your eyes, nose, or mouth. (3) […] The link between strep infection and rheumatic fever isnt clear, but it appears that the bacteria trick the immune system. The bodys immune system, which normally targets bacteria, attacks its own tissue instead, particularly tissues of the heart, joints, skin, and central nervous system. This results in inflammation or swelling that can last from a few weeks to several months. (11) […] The group A streptococcus bacteria that cause strep throat are responsible for the most common type of streptococcal infection, but Group B, C, and G streptococcal bacteria can also result in illness.
#95 Poststreptococcal Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis
https://www.healthline.com/health/post-streptococcal-gn
Poststreptococcal disorder is caused by an infection with bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS). […] The Streptococcus bacterium is unique because it survives in the body by putting molecules on its cell wall that are almost identical to the molecules found on the skin, heart, joints, and brain tissues. […] Poststreptococcal disorder happens when the antibodies that your immune system created to fight against GAS erroneously start attacking your healthy cells.
#96 Poststreptococcal Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis
https://www.healthline.com/health/post-streptococcal-gn
Poststreptococcal disorder is caused by an infection with bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS). […] The Streptococcus bacterium is unique because it survives in the body by putting molecules on its cell wall that are almost identical to the molecules found on the skin, heart, joints, and brain tissues. […] Poststreptococcal disorder happens when the antibodies that your immune system created to fight against GAS erroneously start attacking your healthy cells.
#97 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Group A streptococci are bacteria commonly found in the throat and on the skin. […] Occasionally, however, these bacteria can cause much more severe and even life threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (occasionally described as „the flesh-eating bacteria”) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). […] Invasive group A streptococcal infections occur when the bacteria gets past the defenses of the person who is infected. This may occur when a person has sores or other breaks in the skin that allow the bacteria to get into the tissue. Health conditions that decrease a person’s immunity to infection also make invasive disease more likely. […] In addition, there are certain strains of GAS that are more likely to cause severe disease than others. The reason why some strains will cause more severe illness is not totally clear but may involve the production of substances (toxins) that cause shock and organ damage and of enzymes that cause tissue destruction.
#98 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Certain bacterial superantigenic exotoxins, associated with syndromes such as STSS, trigger an atypical polyclonal activation of lymphocytes. […] GAS exclusively infects humans. […] The epidemiology of GAS infections varies based on the type of infection. […] GAS can exist in the pharynx either as an asymptomatic carrier state or as a pathogen causing pharyngitis. […] Severe illness and iGAS infections exhibit a bimodal distribution, occurring most commonly in individuals aged 2 or younger and 50 or older. […] The global prevalence of severe GAS infections is estimated at 18.1 million cases, with 1.78 million new cases and 616 million cases of GAS pharyngitis occurring annually. […] GAS is responsible for a wide range of infections and has historically been associated with increased morbidity and high mortality, particularly before the advent of antibiotics.
#99 Group A Strep – What you need to know – UK Health Security Agency
https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2022/12/05/group-a-strep-what-you-need-to-know/
Group A streptococcus (GAS), also referred to as Strep A is a common bacterium. […] However, GAS does cause a number of infections, some mild and some more serious. […] The most serious infections linked to GAS come from invasive group A strep, known as iGAS. […] These infections are caused by the bacteria getting into parts of the body where it is not normally found, such as the lungs or bloodstream. […] GAS causes infections in the skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract. […] Its responsible for infections such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo and cellulitis among others. […] The most serious infections linked to GAS come from invasive group A strep, known as iGAS. […] Necrotising fasciitis, necrotising pneumonia and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome are some of the most severe but rare forms of invasive group A strep.
#100 Group A and B Streptococcus: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur
https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/group-and-b-streptococcus
The bacteria cause frequent benign, non-invasive infections, such as strep throat and impetigo. […] But group A Streptococcus is also responsible for severe invasive infections, such as bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), necrotizing skin infections, puerperal infections (post-partum infections), pleurisy (a complication associated with lung inflammation) and meningitis, which may be associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. […] Most invasive infections in pregnant women present as bacteremia, sometimes associated with intrauterine infections (infection of the placental tissue). […] Infection with group B Streptococcus outside the context of pregnancy and early infancy mainly gives rise to bacteremia, but cases of arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis have also been reported. […] There has been a significant rise in invasive GAS infections in industrialized countries, especially in Europe.
#101 Why Your Strep Throat Keeps Coming Back | Banner Health
https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/teach-me/what-happens-if-you-get-strep-throat-a-lot
Strep throat is a bacterial infection, called group A streptococcus, in the throat and tonsils that causes a painful sore throat and swollen or inflamed tonsils that are sometimes dotted with white pus-filled spots known as plaque or exudate. […] According to Dr. Redding, there are several reasons you may get frequent strep throat infections: […] A hidden carrier. If there is someone you are in close contact with, they could be a strep carrier. […] An immune system deficiency. If you are in overall poor health or have an immune system that isnt working the way it should, you are most vulnerable. […] Resistance to antibiotics. Because it is a bacterial infection, most providers prescribe antibiotics to fight the infection, with penicillin or amoxicillin. However, if youre treated with antibiotics too often, the bacteria can become resistant to antibiotic treatment. […] Though there is a push internationally to develop a vaccine against Strep A, there currently is no cure. […] Treating repetitive strep throat is tricky depending on the cause of the recurrence.
#102 Group A Streptococcal Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559240/
Certain bacterial superantigenic exotoxins, associated with syndromes such as STSS, trigger an atypical polyclonal activation of lymphocytes. […] GAS exclusively infects humans. […] The epidemiology of GAS infections varies based on the type of infection. […] GAS can exist in the pharynx either as an asymptomatic carrier state or as a pathogen causing pharyngitis. […] Severe illness and iGAS infections exhibit a bimodal distribution, occurring most commonly in individuals aged 2 or younger and 50 or older. […] The global prevalence of severe GAS infections is estimated at 18.1 million cases, with 1.78 million new cases and 616 million cases of GAS pharyngitis occurring annually. […] GAS is responsible for a wide range of infections and has historically been associated with increased morbidity and high mortality, particularly before the advent of antibiotics.
#103 Streptococcus Pyogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554528/
Complications of S. pyogenes infections can be divided into suppurative and non-suppurative complications. […] Non-suppurative complications are rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections), Sydenham chorea, and other autoimmune movement disorders. […] According to a report of the World Health Organization (WHO) GAS is the ninth leading infectious etiology of human mortality.
#104
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON429
As of 8 December 2022, at least five Member States in the European Region, reported to WHO an increase in cases of invasive group A streptococcus (iGAS) disease and in some cases also scarlet fever. […] Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection commonly causes mild illnesses such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, impetigo, cellulitis and scarlet fever. However, in rare instances, GAS infection can lead to invasive iGAS, which can cause life-threatening conditions. […] GAS is considered a common cause of bacterial pharyngitis in school-aged children and may also affect younger children. […] However, in rare instances, GAS infection can lead to invasive GAS, which can cause life-threatening conditions, such as necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and other severe infections, as well as post-immune mediated diseases, such as poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
#105
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON429
WHO currently assesses the risk for the general population posed by the reported increase in iGAS infections in some European countries as low, considering the moderate rise in iGAS cases, GAS endemicity, no newly emerging emm gene sequence types identified, and no observed increases in antibiotic resistance.
#106 'Unprecedented’ uptick in invasive group A strep infections | MUSC | Charleston, SC
https://web.musc.edu/about/news-center/2023/05/16/unprecedented-uptick-in-invasive-group-a-strep-infections
More than a dozen children at the MUSC Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital have been diagnosed with invasive group A strep infections since December. […] The national increase in invasive group A strep infections in children, under investigation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is borne out by the numbers at the MUSC Shawn Jenkins Childrens Hospital. […] Strep throat is a common childhood ailment often treated with antibiotics. Its caused by group A strep bacteria. In some cases, the bacteria may be present in childrens throats, and they dont even require treatment. Occasionally, however, group A strep can cause very serious invasive infections, Eckard said. […] Group A strep is considered invasive when the bacteria infect an area that doesnt normally have bacteria. […] Group A strep bacteria can enter the body through the respiratory tract, she said, or and this may surprise some parents through a break in the skin.
#107 'Unprecedented’ uptick in invasive group A strep infections | MUSC | Charleston, SC
https://web.musc.edu/about/news-center/2023/05/16/unprecedented-uptick-in-invasive-group-a-strep-infections
More than a dozen children at the MUSC Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital have been diagnosed with invasive group A strep infections since December. […] The national increase in invasive group A strep infections in children, under investigation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is borne out by the numbers at the MUSC Shawn Jenkins Childrens Hospital. […] Strep throat is a common childhood ailment often treated with antibiotics. Its caused by group A strep bacteria. In some cases, the bacteria may be present in childrens throats, and they dont even require treatment. Occasionally, however, group A strep can cause very serious invasive infections, Eckard said. […] Group A strep is considered invasive when the bacteria infect an area that doesnt normally have bacteria. […] Group A strep bacteria can enter the body through the respiratory tract, she said, or and this may surprise some parents through a break in the skin.
#108 'Unprecedented’ uptick in invasive group A strep infections | MUSC | Charleston, SC
https://web.musc.edu/about/news-center/2023/05/16/unprecedented-uptick-in-invasive-group-a-strep-infections
Certain strains can have virulence factors that make it more aggressive in some cases and in some patients. […] The CDC said invasive group A strep infections have also caused cases of necrotizing fasciitis. […] But you have to have a healthy respect for the bacteria, as serious infections can develop and progress very rapidly. […] While invasive group A strep is rare, a person suffering from it can get very sick quickly. […] It is possible that this uptick in cases is related to the fact that children were not exposed to group A strep as often during the pandemic and have lower levels of protective antibody. […] Another hypothesis is that there is a post-COVID effect, where some patients have a suppressed immune system after being infected with the virus, making them more susceptible to other infections. […] People tend to not think of group A strep as serious. But it can be very serious. And there are certain strains that tend to cause more morbidity and potential mortality in any age group but particularly in children because they’re often exposed to group A strep in the school environment.
#109 'Unprecedented’ uptick in invasive group A strep infections | MUSC | Charleston, SC
https://web.musc.edu/about/news-center/2023/05/16/unprecedented-uptick-in-invasive-group-a-strep-infections
Certain strains can have virulence factors that make it more aggressive in some cases and in some patients. […] The CDC said invasive group A strep infections have also caused cases of necrotizing fasciitis. […] But you have to have a healthy respect for the bacteria, as serious infections can develop and progress very rapidly. […] While invasive group A strep is rare, a person suffering from it can get very sick quickly. […] It is possible that this uptick in cases is related to the fact that children were not exposed to group A strep as often during the pandemic and have lower levels of protective antibody. […] Another hypothesis is that there is a post-COVID effect, where some patients have a suppressed immune system after being infected with the virus, making them more susceptible to other infections. […] People tend to not think of group A strep as serious. But it can be very serious. And there are certain strains that tend to cause more morbidity and potential mortality in any age group but particularly in children because they’re often exposed to group A strep in the school environment.
#110 'Unprecedented’ uptick in invasive group A strep infections | MUSC | Charleston, SC
https://web.musc.edu/about/news-center/2023/05/16/unprecedented-uptick-in-invasive-group-a-strep-infections
Certain strains can have virulence factors that make it more aggressive in some cases and in some patients. […] The CDC said invasive group A strep infections have also caused cases of necrotizing fasciitis. […] But you have to have a healthy respect for the bacteria, as serious infections can develop and progress very rapidly. […] While invasive group A strep is rare, a person suffering from it can get very sick quickly. […] It is possible that this uptick in cases is related to the fact that children were not exposed to group A strep as often during the pandemic and have lower levels of protective antibody. […] Another hypothesis is that there is a post-COVID effect, where some patients have a suppressed immune system after being infected with the virus, making them more susceptible to other infections. […] People tend to not think of group A strep as serious. But it can be very serious. And there are certain strains that tend to cause more morbidity and potential mortality in any age group but particularly in children because they’re often exposed to group A strep in the school environment.
#111 Group A Strep – What you need to know – UK Health Security Agency
https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2022/12/05/group-a-strep-what-you-need-to-know/
Currently, there is no evidence that a new strain is circulating. The increase is most likely related to high amounts of circulating bacteria. […] There is likely a combination of factors, including increased social mixing compared to the previous years as well as increases in other respiratory viruses. […] Children who have had chickenpox recently are more likely to develop serious forms of Group A Strep infection, although this remains very uncommon. […] The chickenpox rash can make it easier for Group A Strep to get into the body, which can lead to invasive infection.
#112 Invasive group A streptococcal disease (iGAS)
https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/invasive-group-a-streptococcal-disease-igas
Invasive group A streptococcal disease (iGAS) is a serious infection that occurs when bacteria called group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS) spread to different organs in the body. […] In rare cases, GAS bacteria may invade and infect other organs, such as the bloodstream, muscles, bones, joints, lungs and the brain. […] The bacteria produce toxins that can have life-threatening effects and require treatment with intravenous antibiotics and other medications to minimize damage to vital organs. […] It is not known why some healthy children with no risk factors get more severe GAS infections than others. […] In rare cases, some strains of the same bacteria can cause severe disease by producing toxins and invading other organs. […] However, there has been an unexplained increase in the number of healthy children with no previous risk factors who have been diagnosed with iGAS infections. […] While it is the same bacteria that causes strep throat and iGAS, there are many different strains, or sub-types, of group A Streptococcus. Only certain strains cause invasive disease, and they may be different from the ones that cause common strep infections.
#113 Invasive group A streptococcal disease (iGAS)
https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/invasive-group-a-streptococcal-disease-igas
Invasive group A streptococcal disease (iGAS) is a serious infection that occurs when bacteria called group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS) spread to different organs in the body. […] In rare cases, GAS bacteria may invade and infect other organs, such as the bloodstream, muscles, bones, joints, lungs and the brain. […] The bacteria produce toxins that can have life-threatening effects and require treatment with intravenous antibiotics and other medications to minimize damage to vital organs. […] It is not known why some healthy children with no risk factors get more severe GAS infections than others. […] In rare cases, some strains of the same bacteria can cause severe disease by producing toxins and invading other organs. […] However, there has been an unexplained increase in the number of healthy children with no previous risk factors who have been diagnosed with iGAS infections. […] While it is the same bacteria that causes strep throat and iGAS, there are many different strains, or sub-types, of group A Streptococcus. Only certain strains cause invasive disease, and they may be different from the ones that cause common strep infections.
#114 Why Your Strep Throat Keeps Coming Back | Banner Health
https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/teach-me/what-happens-if-you-get-strep-throat-a-lot
Strep throat is a bacterial infection, called group A streptococcus, in the throat and tonsils that causes a painful sore throat and swollen or inflamed tonsils that are sometimes dotted with white pus-filled spots known as plaque or exudate. […] According to Dr. Redding, there are several reasons you may get frequent strep throat infections: […] A hidden carrier. If there is someone you are in close contact with, they could be a strep carrier. […] An immune system deficiency. If you are in overall poor health or have an immune system that isnt working the way it should, you are most vulnerable. […] Resistance to antibiotics. Because it is a bacterial infection, most providers prescribe antibiotics to fight the infection, with penicillin or amoxicillin. However, if youre treated with antibiotics too often, the bacteria can become resistant to antibiotic treatment. […] Though there is a push internationally to develop a vaccine against Strep A, there currently is no cure. […] Treating repetitive strep throat is tricky depending on the cause of the recurrence.
#115 Why Your Strep Throat Keeps Coming Back | Banner Health
https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/teach-me/what-happens-if-you-get-strep-throat-a-lot
Strep throat is a bacterial infection, called group A streptococcus, in the throat and tonsils that causes a painful sore throat and swollen or inflamed tonsils that are sometimes dotted with white pus-filled spots known as plaque or exudate. […] According to Dr. Redding, there are several reasons you may get frequent strep throat infections: […] A hidden carrier. If there is someone you are in close contact with, they could be a strep carrier. […] An immune system deficiency. If you are in overall poor health or have an immune system that isnt working the way it should, you are most vulnerable. […] Resistance to antibiotics. Because it is a bacterial infection, most providers prescribe antibiotics to fight the infection, with penicillin or amoxicillin. However, if youre treated with antibiotics too often, the bacteria can become resistant to antibiotic treatment. […] Though there is a push internationally to develop a vaccine against Strep A, there currently is no cure. […] Treating repetitive strep throat is tricky depending on the cause of the recurrence.
#116 Group A Streptococcal Infections: Types & Symptoms
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5911-group-a-streptococcal-infections
Yes, group A Streptococcus bacteria is contagious. The bacteria spread through contact with someone who has a GAS infection including: […] The bacteria is most contagious when you experience symptoms of being sick. […] Antibiotics usually treat group A streptococcal infections. […] Group A streptococcal infections cause temporary illnesses that are easily treated with antibiotics.
#117
http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/streptococcal-disease-invasive-group-a
People with chronic illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, and chronic heart or lung disease, and those who use medications such as steroids have a higher risk for iGAS. […] Diagnosis is made by a test of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue from deep inside a wound. […] The case is usually hospitalized and is treated with antibiotics. For persons with necrotizing fasciitis, early and aggressive surgery is often needed to remove damaged tissue and stop the spread of the disease.
#118
http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/streptococcal-disease-invasive-group-a
People with chronic illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, and chronic heart or lung disease, and those who use medications such as steroids have a higher risk for iGAS. […] Diagnosis is made by a test of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue from deep inside a wound. […] The case is usually hospitalized and is treated with antibiotics. For persons with necrotizing fasciitis, early and aggressive surgery is often needed to remove damaged tissue and stop the spread of the disease.
#119 Streptococcal Infections (invasive group A strep, GAS)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/streptococcal/group_a/fact_sheet.htm
Few people who come in contact with a virulent strain of GAS will develop invasive GAS disease; most will have a routine throat or skin infection and some may have no symptoms whatsoever. […] Although healthy people can get invasive GAS disease, people with chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes and kidney dialysis, and those who use medications such as steroids, are at higher risk. […] Group A streptococcus bacteria can be treated with common, inexpensive antibiotics. […] In addition to antibiotics, supportive care in an intensive care unit and sometimes surgery are necessary with these diseases. […] The risk of secondary cases of invasive GAS disease among persons with casual contact to a case is very small. […] The spread of all types of group A streptococcal infections may be reduced by good hand washing, especially after coughing and sneezing, before and after preparing foods and before eating.
#120 Rheumatic Fever | Cedars-Sinai
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/r/rheumatic-fever.html
Rheumatic fever is a complication of a strep throat. Fighting off the strep infection can cause other parts of the body to develop swelling or inflammation. This can happen even to those parts of the body that aren’t directly infected by the virus. […] It is not yet known what causes rheumatic fever. It appears that when some people’s bodies fight off a strep throat infection, other parts of the body develop inflammation (swelling and tenderness). […] Research has focused on whether this is an abnormal response by the immune system to the antigens produced by some types of streptococcal bacteria. The possibility that some people have a genetic disposition to have this response is also being studied.
#121 Why Your Strep Throat Keeps Coming Back | Banner Health
https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/teach-me/what-happens-if-you-get-strep-throat-a-lot
Strep throat is a bacterial infection, called group A streptococcus, in the throat and tonsils that causes a painful sore throat and swollen or inflamed tonsils that are sometimes dotted with white pus-filled spots known as plaque or exudate. […] According to Dr. Redding, there are several reasons you may get frequent strep throat infections: […] A hidden carrier. If there is someone you are in close contact with, they could be a strep carrier. […] An immune system deficiency. If you are in overall poor health or have an immune system that isnt working the way it should, you are most vulnerable. […] Resistance to antibiotics. Because it is a bacterial infection, most providers prescribe antibiotics to fight the infection, with penicillin or amoxicillin. However, if youre treated with antibiotics too often, the bacteria can become resistant to antibiotic treatment. […] Though there is a push internationally to develop a vaccine against Strep A, there currently is no cure. […] Treating repetitive strep throat is tricky depending on the cause of the recurrence.