Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Frostbite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite

  There is a lack of comprehensive statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite. In the United States, frostbite is more common in northern states. In Finland, annual incidence was 2.5 per 100,000 among civilians, compared with 3.2 per 100,000 in Montreal. Research suggests that men aged 30-49 are at highest risk, possibly due to occupational or recreational exposures to cold.

• #2

  https://journals.anstar.edu.pl/index.php/hppa/article/view/555

  Frostbite is freezing of the tissue that mostly affects skin but also the underlying tissues. It results from prolonged exposure to temperatures below the freezing point of water (0C). […] Although frostbite has been a known phenomenon for a long time, occurring as early as 5000 years ago, the exact incidence of frostbite is not known. […] The comparison of the seven studies shows a great variability of frostbite incidence depending on the population, its size, and the method of data collection. […] Frostbite incidence, expressed as the ratio of injured individuals to non-injured inhabitants, is only comparable in studies using the same methodology. […] Frostbite incidences of the included studies are insufficiently comparable to draw any conclusions on possible general frostbite incidence in a population.

• #3

  https://www.pepidconnect.com/Default.aspx?new=2&accessCode=Frostbite_Treatment

  Damage to tissues exposed to temperature below the freezing point, 32F [0C]. […] No standardized reporting: Incidence is unknown. […] Seen predominantly in northern states and through the Midwest during winter as well as countries in the extremes of latitude. […] Mortality is rare, but morbidity is high.

• #4

  https://journals.anstar.edu.pl/index.php/hppa/article/view/555

  Frostbite is freezing of the tissue that mostly affects skin but also the underlying tissues. It results from prolonged exposure to temperatures below the freezing point of water (0C). […] Although frostbite has been a known phenomenon for a long time, occurring as early as 5000 years ago, the exact incidence of frostbite is not known. […] The comparison of the seven studies shows a great variability of frostbite incidence depending on the population, its size, and the method of data collection. […] Frostbite incidence, expressed as the ratio of injured individuals to non-injured inhabitants, is only comparable in studies using the same methodology. […] Frostbite incidences of the included studies are insufficiently comparable to draw any conclusions on possible general frostbite incidence in a population.

• #5 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite is uncommon in most of North America, except for northern states, Alaska, and Canada. US Army data noted an incidence of all cold weather injuries of 38.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1985, decreasing to 0.2 case per 100,000 persons in 1999. Woman and African American men were 2.2-4.0 times more likely to exhibit cold injuries. […] In the civilian population, the largest published series reviewed a 12-year experience in Saskatchewan, which noted alcohol intoxication and psychiatric illness as the leading risk factors for frostbite incidence and severity. […] In Finland, authors calculated an annual occurrence of frostbite of 2.2% and a lifetime risk of 44% in military recruits aged 17-30 years. […] Among the civilian population in Finland, the annual incidence of frostbite was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants.

• #6 Frostbite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite

  There is a lack of comprehensive statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite. In the United States, frostbite is more common in northern states. In Finland, annual incidence was 2.5 per 100,000 among civilians, compared with 3.2 per 100,000 in Montreal. Research suggests that men aged 30-49 are at highest risk, possibly due to occupational or recreational exposures to cold.

• #7 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  In Montreal, the incidence was 3.2 per 100,000 persons. […] Among 637 mountaineers queried in Iran, the incidence of frostbite injury was 366 per 1000 persons per year. This appeared to be related mostly to the use of inappropriate clothing or to the incorrect use of equipment. […] When compared with the incidence of frostbite in the general population, such data clearly show that an increased risk of frostbite exists for individuals participating in military activities and extreme sports activities. […] The most commonly affected group includes adult males aged 30-49 years, although all age groups are at risk. In one case series, the mean patient age was 41 years. […] Most frostbite victims are male. […] Unacclimatized individuals from tropical climates are at increased risk of frostbite. Individuals from cold climates, such as Eskimos and Tibetans, are acclimated and consequently are less prone to frostbite. However, no definitive studies on the role of racial predisposition to frostbite have been completed.

• #8 Frostbite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite

  There is a lack of comprehensive statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite. In the United States, frostbite is more common in northern states. In Finland, annual incidence was 2.5 per 100,000 among civilians, compared with 3.2 per 100,000 in Montreal. Research suggests that men aged 30-49 are at highest risk, possibly due to occupational or recreational exposures to cold.

• #9 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite is uncommon in most of North America, except for northern states, Alaska, and Canada. US Army data noted an incidence of all cold weather injuries of 38.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1985, decreasing to 0.2 case per 100,000 persons in 1999. Woman and African American men were 2.2-4.0 times more likely to exhibit cold injuries. […] In the civilian population, the largest published series reviewed a 12-year experience in Saskatchewan, which noted alcohol intoxication and psychiatric illness as the leading risk factors for frostbite incidence and severity. […] In Finland, authors calculated an annual occurrence of frostbite of 2.2% and a lifetime risk of 44% in military recruits aged 17-30 years. […] Among the civilian population in Finland, the annual incidence of frostbite was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants.

• #10 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  In Montreal, the incidence was 3.2 per 100,000 persons. […] Among 637 mountaineers queried in Iran, the incidence of frostbite injury was 366 per 1000 persons per year. This appeared to be related mostly to the use of inappropriate clothing or to the incorrect use of equipment. […] When compared with the incidence of frostbite in the general population, such data clearly show that an increased risk of frostbite exists for individuals participating in military activities and extreme sports activities. […] The most commonly affected group includes adult males aged 30-49 years, although all age groups are at risk. In one case series, the mean patient age was 41 years. […] Most frostbite victims are male. […] Unacclimatized individuals from tropical climates are at increased risk of frostbite. Individuals from cold climates, such as Eskimos and Tibetans, are acclimated and consequently are less prone to frostbite. However, no definitive studies on the role of racial predisposition to frostbite have been completed.

• #11 Frostbite – WikiSM (Sports Medicine Wiki)

  https://wikism.org/Frostbite

  Incidence […] Among mountaineers, one study found a mean incidence of 366 per 1000 population per year. […] The incidence for cold injury of 65.6 per 1000 per year in the British Antarctic Survey; 95% of this was for frostbite. […] At the Mount Everest Emergency Room, cold exposure accounts for 18.4% of visits, of which 83.7% are attributable to frostbite.

• #12 Frostbite – WikiSM (Sports Medicine Wiki)

  https://wikism.org/Frostbite

  Incidence […] Among mountaineers, one study found a mean incidence of 366 per 1000 population per year. […] The incidence for cold injury of 65.6 per 1000 per year in the British Antarctic Survey; 95% of this was for frostbite. […] At the Mount Everest Emergency Room, cold exposure accounts for 18.4% of visits, of which 83.7% are attributable to frostbite.

• #13 The epidemiology of cold injury in Antarctica – British Antarctic Survey – Publication

  https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/the-epidemiology-of-cold-injury-in-antarctica/

  There were 61 new consultations for cold injury. These comprised 2.5% of all new consultations with an incidence of 65.6 per 1000 per year. Cold injuries seen were frostbite (95%), hypothermia (3%) and trench foot (2%). Superficial frostbite was the most common injury (74% of cases) with the face the most frequently affected area (47% of injuries). No cases of frostbite severe enough to cause permanent tissue loss were seen. The prevalence of cold injury increased with falling temperature to a maximum between -25 and -35 degrees C, despite these temperatures occurring infrequently. […] Neither temperature nor windchill were found to significantly influence the severity of frostbite. Prior cold injury was shown to be significantly (chi2 p 0.001) associated with further cold injury. […] Cold injury is uncommon in Antarctica. Despite this, it warrants a continued high profile as under most circumstances it may be regarded as an entirely preventable occurrence.

• #14 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite is uncommon in most of North America, except for northern states, Alaska, and Canada. US Army data noted an incidence of all cold weather injuries of 38.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1985, decreasing to 0.2 case per 100,000 persons in 1999. Woman and African American men were 2.2-4.0 times more likely to exhibit cold injuries. […] In the civilian population, the largest published series reviewed a 12-year experience in Saskatchewan, which noted alcohol intoxication and psychiatric illness as the leading risk factors for frostbite incidence and severity. […] In Finland, authors calculated an annual occurrence of frostbite of 2.2% and a lifetime risk of 44% in military recruits aged 17-30 years. […] Among the civilian population in Finland, the annual incidence of frostbite was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants.

• #15 Cold injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_injury

  There is lacking comprehensive data on the overall incidence of freezing cold injuries, including frostbite. […] Military populations have been disproportionally affected due to prolonged cold exposure associated with work requirements. […] From 2015-2020, the United States military reported 1,120 frostbite cases. […] Increased incidence of cases have been noted in individuals who participate in winter recreational activities, especially mountaineering. […] Several physical, behavioral, and environmental risk factors contribute to freezing cold injury cases. […] Individuals with previous cold injury are at increased risk for another cold injury. […] Pre-existing medical conditions that compromise blood flow, such as diabetes, Raynaud syndrome, and peripheral vascular disease increase risk of injury.

• #16 Results of the 2022–2023 「Winter Cold-Related Illness Surveillance」

  https://eng.phwr.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=5&spage=167

  The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency establishes a cold-related illness (CRI) surveillance system that monitors the occurrence of CRI (hypothermia, frostbite, chilblains, immersion disease, etc.) in approximately 500 medical institutions operating emergency rooms across the country every winter (December to February of the following year) is being operated. […] During the 20222023 season (Dec 1, 2022Feb 28, 2023), 447 cases of cold-related illnesses including 12 deaths, were reported through the Cold-related Illness Emergency Room Surveillance System, representing a 49.0% increase over the previous year (300 cases, 9 deaths). […] Cold-related illnesses are classified into two types: systemic and localized diseases. Systemic diseases include hypothermia, while localized diseases include frostbite, chilblains, immersion foot, and trench foot. Of the 447 reported cases of cold-related illness, 300 cases (67.1%) were of systemic diseases like hypothermia, while 147 cases (32.9%) were of localized diseases like frostbite. […] The KDCA has been running a cold-related illness emergency room surveillance system since 2013, monitoring health damages caused by winter cold waves in approximately 500 emergency rooms nationwide and providing daily data on key occurrence characteristics.

• #17 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #18 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #19 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  In Montreal, the incidence was 3.2 per 100,000 persons. […] Among 637 mountaineers queried in Iran, the incidence of frostbite injury was 366 per 1000 persons per year. This appeared to be related mostly to the use of inappropriate clothing or to the incorrect use of equipment. […] When compared with the incidence of frostbite in the general population, such data clearly show that an increased risk of frostbite exists for individuals participating in military activities and extreme sports activities. […] The most commonly affected group includes adult males aged 30-49 years, although all age groups are at risk. In one case series, the mean patient age was 41 years. […] Most frostbite victims are male. […] Unacclimatized individuals from tropical climates are at increased risk of frostbite. Individuals from cold climates, such as Eskimos and Tibetans, are acclimated and consequently are less prone to frostbite. However, no definitive studies on the role of racial predisposition to frostbite have been completed.

• #20

  https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/12105/frostbite

  Frostbite is the extensive soft tissue damage associated with exposure to temperatures below freezing point. […] Epidemiology: Demographics: males (M:F = 10:1). […] age 30-50 years. […] Risk factors: host factors: alcohol abuse, mental illness, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, malnutrition, chronic illness, tobacco use. […] race: African descent more likely to sustain frostbite than Caucasians who have better cold induced vasodilatation. […] environmental factors: degree of cold temperature: risk of frostbite is low at -10C, risk of frostbite is high at. […] duration of exposure. […] windchill: tissues at -18C freeze in 1h at windspeed of 10mph, tissues at -18C freeze in 10min at windspeed of 40mph. […] altitude 17,000 feet. […] contact with conductive materials (water, ice, metal).

• #21 Frostbite: A Conundrum in High Altitudes | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75697

  Frostbite continues to afflict modern militaries. […] The predisposing factors to cold injury include high altitude (above 17,000 feet), alcohol consumption, psychiatric illness, smoking, immobility, homelessness, unplanned exposure to cold with inadequate protection, contact with cold objects, previous history of cold injury, medical conditions like atherosclerosis, medications (eg, b-blockers), and working with equipment that uses refrigerant liquids and gases. […] Also genetic factors like African American ethnicity, O group blood typing and angiotensin-converting enzyme DD allele may increase risk to cold injuries. […] 3049 years are the most susceptible age groups. […] Most common anatomic sites involved are hands and feet (90% of all recorded sites), others include ears, nose, cheeks and penis.

• #22 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  In Montreal, the incidence was 3.2 per 100,000 persons. […] Among 637 mountaineers queried in Iran, the incidence of frostbite injury was 366 per 1000 persons per year. This appeared to be related mostly to the use of inappropriate clothing or to the incorrect use of equipment. […] When compared with the incidence of frostbite in the general population, such data clearly show that an increased risk of frostbite exists for individuals participating in military activities and extreme sports activities. […] The most commonly affected group includes adult males aged 30-49 years, although all age groups are at risk. In one case series, the mean patient age was 41 years. […] Most frostbite victims are male. […] Unacclimatized individuals from tropical climates are at increased risk of frostbite. Individuals from cold climates, such as Eskimos and Tibetans, are acclimated and consequently are less prone to frostbite. However, no definitive studies on the role of racial predisposition to frostbite have been completed.

• #23

  https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/12105/frostbite

  Frostbite is the extensive soft tissue damage associated with exposure to temperatures below freezing point. […] Epidemiology: Demographics: males (M:F = 10:1). […] age 30-50 years. […] Risk factors: host factors: alcohol abuse, mental illness, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, malnutrition, chronic illness, tobacco use. […] race: African descent more likely to sustain frostbite than Caucasians who have better cold induced vasodilatation. […] environmental factors: degree of cold temperature: risk of frostbite is low at -10C, risk of frostbite is high at. […] duration of exposure. […] windchill: tissues at -18C freeze in 1h at windspeed of 10mph, tissues at -18C freeze in 10min at windspeed of 40mph. […] altitude 17,000 feet. […] contact with conductive materials (water, ice, metal).

• #24 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #25 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #26 Frostbite | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/frostbite/

  Frostbite is injury to tissue resulting from cold exposure at temperatures below 0C (32F). Frostbite exists on the severe end of a spectrum, with frostnip and pernio at the milder end. […] Poor population statistics (no formal reporting) […] Vulnerable populations: Homeless, Military personnel, Children, Elderly […] Risk factors: Low ambient temperature, High-velocity wind, Exposure to water or snow, Clothing that is wet, constrictive, or inadequately insulating, Impaired judgment, History of peripheral vascular disease or Raynauds phenomenon […] Commonly affected areas: poorly vascularized periphery: Fingers, Toes, Nose, Ears, Penis. […] The diagnosis of frostbite is clinical and should be distinguished from less severe forms of cold injury (frostnip). […] Frostbite (severe form of injuries that may present in any of following stages): Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4. […] Initial assessment might overestimate real extent of tissue injury. […] Frostbite in January, amputation in July.

• #27 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  In Montreal, the incidence was 3.2 per 100,000 persons. […] Among 637 mountaineers queried in Iran, the incidence of frostbite injury was 366 per 1000 persons per year. This appeared to be related mostly to the use of inappropriate clothing or to the incorrect use of equipment. […] When compared with the incidence of frostbite in the general population, such data clearly show that an increased risk of frostbite exists for individuals participating in military activities and extreme sports activities. […] The most commonly affected group includes adult males aged 30-49 years, although all age groups are at risk. In one case series, the mean patient age was 41 years. […] Most frostbite victims are male. […] Unacclimatized individuals from tropical climates are at increased risk of frostbite. Individuals from cold climates, such as Eskimos and Tibetans, are acclimated and consequently are less prone to frostbite. However, no definitive studies on the role of racial predisposition to frostbite have been completed.

• #28 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  Frostbite injuries are often due to being in cold weather during winter sports, vehicle malfunction in winter storms, substance abuse, and homelessness. Frostbite injuries among military personnel occur from living and training in extreme cold weather. According to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active service members in 2020-2021. […] Both prevention of frostbite and early treatment are critical. However, little progress has been made to widely test and improve treatments. […] National studies report an amputation rate in severe frostbite injury between 20-30%. […] Frostbite injury affects both military and civilian populations. The incidence of frostbite among both populations is increasing. […] Early treatment is paramount in treating frostbite.

• #29 Epidemiology and treatment outcome of frostbite at high altitudes in North India – A cross-sectional study – Document – Gale Academic OneFile

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA649587287&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09753605&p=AONE&sw=w

  Frost bite is an important cause of morbidity among armed forces personnel who are employed in high altitude areas. […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in sub-zero temperatures of the Himalayas. […] Frostbite remains one of the major health hazards in the troops posted in that area and mountaineers. […] First and second degree frost bite were the most common, predominantly noticed in young individuals during peak winter months of December and January.

• #30 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  During the Korean War, frostbite was more common among black soldiers than whites. Similarly, a US Army study of all cases of cold weather injuries, including frostbite, from 1980-1999 demonstrated that African American men and women were 4 times and 2.2 times, respectively, as likely to sustain cold weather injuries as their white counterparts. […] An increased risk among those of African descent was noted by British investigators during the Falklands Islands War in 1982, and a subsequent British Army study showed that soldiers of African descent had a 30 times greater chance of developing a peripheral cold injury than did white soldiers. […] A small study suggests a potential explanation for the observed increased susceptibility of African Americans to frostbite. When their arms were immersed in water cooled to 10C, vasoconstriction was noted to continue longer and the rate of rewarming when removed from the water was slower in African Americans compared with whites. […] Arabs appear to be similarly predisposed to cold weather injuries, as are individuals from warmer climates, such as Pacific Islanders.

• #31 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite is uncommon in most of North America, except for northern states, Alaska, and Canada. US Army data noted an incidence of all cold weather injuries of 38.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1985, decreasing to 0.2 case per 100,000 persons in 1999. Woman and African American men were 2.2-4.0 times more likely to exhibit cold injuries. […] In the civilian population, the largest published series reviewed a 12-year experience in Saskatchewan, which noted alcohol intoxication and psychiatric illness as the leading risk factors for frostbite incidence and severity. […] In Finland, authors calculated an annual occurrence of frostbite of 2.2% and a lifetime risk of 44% in military recruits aged 17-30 years. […] Among the civilian population in Finland, the annual incidence of frostbite was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants.

• #32 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  During the Korean War, frostbite was more common among black soldiers than whites. Similarly, a US Army study of all cases of cold weather injuries, including frostbite, from 1980-1999 demonstrated that African American men and women were 4 times and 2.2 times, respectively, as likely to sustain cold weather injuries as their white counterparts. […] An increased risk among those of African descent was noted by British investigators during the Falklands Islands War in 1982, and a subsequent British Army study showed that soldiers of African descent had a 30 times greater chance of developing a peripheral cold injury than did white soldiers. […] A small study suggests a potential explanation for the observed increased susceptibility of African Americans to frostbite. When their arms were immersed in water cooled to 10C, vasoconstriction was noted to continue longer and the rate of rewarming when removed from the water was slower in African Americans compared with whites. […] Arabs appear to be similarly predisposed to cold weather injuries, as are individuals from warmer climates, such as Pacific Islanders.

• #33

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=794537&Journal_ID=448075&Issue_ID=794491

  Frostbite is freezing of tissue most often on extremities that leads to tissue destruction. In general, frostbite causes morbidity but rarely causes mortality. However, when combined with hypothermia or wound-related sepsis, death is possible. […] The epidemiology of frostbite in the United States is not known. A study involving 1,275 patients admitted to hospitals in Finland showed an incidence of 2.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Frostbite affects people of all ages: the adult athlete who runs outside no matter the temperature, the child who is reluctant to leave his or her winter fun to go inside and warm up, or as with Varnado’s case study the 22-year-old college student. […] The literature reports that frostbite patients tend to be male. However, a cross-sectional study involving 2,143 medical records or soldiers demonstrated that African American men and women were 4 times and 2.2 times (respectively) more likely to sustain cold weather injuries than white soldiers. Not surprisingly, the homeless are frequent victims of frostbite. One burn unit reported that 29% of homeless patients are admitted to burn units because of frostbite.

• #34 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  During the Korean War, frostbite was more common among black soldiers than whites. Similarly, a US Army study of all cases of cold weather injuries, including frostbite, from 1980-1999 demonstrated that African American men and women were 4 times and 2.2 times, respectively, as likely to sustain cold weather injuries as their white counterparts. […] An increased risk among those of African descent was noted by British investigators during the Falklands Islands War in 1982, and a subsequent British Army study showed that soldiers of African descent had a 30 times greater chance of developing a peripheral cold injury than did white soldiers. […] A small study suggests a potential explanation for the observed increased susceptibility of African Americans to frostbite. When their arms were immersed in water cooled to 10C, vasoconstriction was noted to continue longer and the rate of rewarming when removed from the water was slower in African Americans compared with whites. […] Arabs appear to be similarly predisposed to cold weather injuries, as are individuals from warmer climates, such as Pacific Islanders.

• #35 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  During the Korean War, frostbite was more common among black soldiers than whites. Similarly, a US Army study of all cases of cold weather injuries, including frostbite, from 1980-1999 demonstrated that African American men and women were 4 times and 2.2 times, respectively, as likely to sustain cold weather injuries as their white counterparts. […] An increased risk among those of African descent was noted by British investigators during the Falklands Islands War in 1982, and a subsequent British Army study showed that soldiers of African descent had a 30 times greater chance of developing a peripheral cold injury than did white soldiers. […] A small study suggests a potential explanation for the observed increased susceptibility of African Americans to frostbite. When their arms were immersed in water cooled to 10C, vasoconstriction was noted to continue longer and the rate of rewarming when removed from the water was slower in African Americans compared with whites. […] Arabs appear to be similarly predisposed to cold weather injuries, as are individuals from warmer climates, such as Pacific Islanders.

• #36 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  During the Korean War, frostbite was more common among black soldiers than whites. Similarly, a US Army study of all cases of cold weather injuries, including frostbite, from 1980-1999 demonstrated that African American men and women were 4 times and 2.2 times, respectively, as likely to sustain cold weather injuries as their white counterparts. […] An increased risk among those of African descent was noted by British investigators during the Falklands Islands War in 1982, and a subsequent British Army study showed that soldiers of African descent had a 30 times greater chance of developing a peripheral cold injury than did white soldiers. […] A small study suggests a potential explanation for the observed increased susceptibility of African Americans to frostbite. When their arms were immersed in water cooled to 10C, vasoconstriction was noted to continue longer and the rate of rewarming when removed from the water was slower in African Americans compared with whites. […] Arabs appear to be similarly predisposed to cold weather injuries, as are individuals from warmer climates, such as Pacific Islanders.

• #37 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  In Montreal, the incidence was 3.2 per 100,000 persons. […] Among 637 mountaineers queried in Iran, the incidence of frostbite injury was 366 per 1000 persons per year. This appeared to be related mostly to the use of inappropriate clothing or to the incorrect use of equipment. […] When compared with the incidence of frostbite in the general population, such data clearly show that an increased risk of frostbite exists for individuals participating in military activities and extreme sports activities. […] The most commonly affected group includes adult males aged 30-49 years, although all age groups are at risk. In one case series, the mean patient age was 41 years. […] Most frostbite victims are male. […] Unacclimatized individuals from tropical climates are at increased risk of frostbite. Individuals from cold climates, such as Eskimos and Tibetans, are acclimated and consequently are less prone to frostbite. However, no definitive studies on the role of racial predisposition to frostbite have been completed.

• #38 PPT – Frostbite and Hypothermia PowerPoint Presentation, free download – ID:205496

  https://www.slideserve.com/ostinmannual/frostbite-and-hypothermia

  Frostbite is the inability to physiologically compensate for cold that produces injury. […] Duration of exposure, humidity, wind, altitude, clothing, medical conditions, behavior, and individual variability are contributing factors. […] Alcoholic or drug-intoxicated persons account for the majority of frostbite cases in the US. […] Disease states as atherosclerosis, arteritis, hypovolemia, diabetes, vascular injury may predispose to cold-related injury. […] Dark-skinned people and those from warmer climates are more susceptible to frostbite. […] Local cold-related injuries are classified into nonfreezing and freezing injuries.

• #39 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #40 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #41 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #42 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #43 Psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injury and associated amputation: a systematic review | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-024-00546-w

  Of the 36 studies identified, 29 studies reported on psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injuries that led to amputation, whereas seven studies reported on frostbite injuries that did not require amputation. […] Six psychosocial predisposing factors were observed in 28 out of the 36 studies reviewed, which included people experiencing homelessness, low socioeconomic status, alcohol intoxication/abuse, smoking, psychiatric disorders, and substance use. Personal predisposing factors identified included inadequate/improper winter clothing, delay in seeking medical care, and lack of knowledge of how to deal with the cold. […] Identifying key psychosocial and personal predisposing factors would allow for focused and targeted interventions/preventions to help alter the rising incidence of frostbite injury and associated amputation.

• #44 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #45 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #46 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #47 Frostbite and Immersion Foot Care

  https://tccc.org.ua/en/guide/frostbite-and-immersion-foot-care-cpg

  Historically, cold Injury, hypothermia and frost bite have been a severe problems for military units on the battlefield. While not common in modern conflicts, the potential exists for large numbers of these casualties in war and during training. Cold injury requires two things: a low absolute temperature and an exposure duration. Increased rates of frostbite occur at extreme high altitude secondary to ambient temperature decreases and microcirculatory changes that occur at altitudes greater than 17,00ft. All patients diagnosed with cold injury (frostbite) or immersion foot. Patients with diagnosis of frostbite have rewarming of affected extremities with 104-108F (40-42C) water. Patients with severe cold injury (frostbite with tissue necrosis) AND who undergo rewarming within 24 hours of the start of cold injury receive TPA, unless documented contraindication.

• #48 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #49 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #50 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #51

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=794537&Journal_ID=448075&Issue_ID=794491

  Other predisposing factors and populations at risk include (1) persons who are stranded in the cold; (2) cold weather rescuers, soldiers, and people who work in the cold; (3) winter and high-altitude athletes, persons with altered mental status caused by trauma, alcohol, drug abuse, psychiatric illness; (4) cigarette smokers or persons using vasoconstrictive drugs; (5) individuals with inadequate or constrictive clothing; and (6) those with underlying conditions such as malnutrition, infection, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, or previous cold injury rendering them susceptible to cold related injury.

• #52 Frostbite: A Conundrum in High Altitudes | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75697

  Frostbite continues to afflict modern militaries. […] The predisposing factors to cold injury include high altitude (above 17,000 feet), alcohol consumption, psychiatric illness, smoking, immobility, homelessness, unplanned exposure to cold with inadequate protection, contact with cold objects, previous history of cold injury, medical conditions like atherosclerosis, medications (eg, b-blockers), and working with equipment that uses refrigerant liquids and gases. […] Also genetic factors like African American ethnicity, O group blood typing and angiotensin-converting enzyme DD allele may increase risk to cold injuries. […] 3049 years are the most susceptible age groups. […] Most common anatomic sites involved are hands and feet (90% of all recorded sites), others include ears, nose, cheeks and penis.

• #53

  https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/12105/frostbite

  Frostbite is the extensive soft tissue damage associated with exposure to temperatures below freezing point. […] Epidemiology: Demographics: males (M:F = 10:1). […] age 30-50 years. […] Risk factors: host factors: alcohol abuse, mental illness, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, malnutrition, chronic illness, tobacco use. […] race: African descent more likely to sustain frostbite than Caucasians who have better cold induced vasodilatation. […] environmental factors: degree of cold temperature: risk of frostbite is low at -10C, risk of frostbite is high at. […] duration of exposure. […] windchill: tissues at -18C freeze in 1h at windspeed of 10mph, tissues at -18C freeze in 10min at windspeed of 40mph. […] altitude 17,000 feet. […] contact with conductive materials (water, ice, metal).

• #54

  https://journals.lww.com/jmsc/fulltext/9900/clinico_epidemiological_profile_of_frostbite_cases.111.aspx

  The severity of frostbite injury was studied in relation to those with a history of direct exposure to snow, cold winds, or metallic bodies. […] It is common knowledge that the risk of development of cold injuries aggravates with the rise in altitude. […] Extreme weather conditions predispose individuals to risk of cold injury however, it is dependent not only on temperature but combination of temperature, wetness, and wind. […] Factors identified in this study that play an important role in the occurrence of cold injuries are nativity to regions with no temperature extremes, exposure to extreme climatic conditions and higher altitude, direct exposure to snow/ice or winds or blizzards, and physical exertion. […] In high altitude extreme cold climate regions in Northern India, various risk factors for the development of frostbite injury are present.

• #55 The epidemiology of cold injury in Antarctica – British Antarctic Survey – Publication

  https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/the-epidemiology-of-cold-injury-in-antarctica/

  There were 61 new consultations for cold injury. These comprised 2.5% of all new consultations with an incidence of 65.6 per 1000 per year. Cold injuries seen were frostbite (95%), hypothermia (3%) and trench foot (2%). Superficial frostbite was the most common injury (74% of cases) with the face the most frequently affected area (47% of injuries). No cases of frostbite severe enough to cause permanent tissue loss were seen. The prevalence of cold injury increased with falling temperature to a maximum between -25 and -35 degrees C, despite these temperatures occurring infrequently. […] Neither temperature nor windchill were found to significantly influence the severity of frostbite. Prior cold injury was shown to be significantly (chi2 p 0.001) associated with further cold injury. […] Cold injury is uncommon in Antarctica. Despite this, it warrants a continued high profile as under most circumstances it may be regarded as an entirely preventable occurrence.

• #56 Cold injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_injury

  There is lacking comprehensive data on the overall incidence of freezing cold injuries, including frostbite. […] Military populations have been disproportionally affected due to prolonged cold exposure associated with work requirements. […] From 2015-2020, the United States military reported 1,120 frostbite cases. […] Increased incidence of cases have been noted in individuals who participate in winter recreational activities, especially mountaineering. […] Several physical, behavioral, and environmental risk factors contribute to freezing cold injury cases. […] Individuals with previous cold injury are at increased risk for another cold injury. […] Pre-existing medical conditions that compromise blood flow, such as diabetes, Raynaud syndrome, and peripheral vascular disease increase risk of injury.

• #57

  https://journals.lww.com/jmsc/fulltext/2020/22020/epidemiology_and_treatment_outcome_of_frostbite_at.7.aspx

  Frost bite is an important cause of morbidity among armed forces personnel who are employed in high altitude areas. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in sub-zero temperatures of the Himalayas. The study was carried out as a retrospective observational study among all frost bite patients (n = 72) reporting to two zonal hospitals in Northern sector of India from during January 2014 to November 2016. Majority of cases 57 (79.2%) had first and second degree frost bite while, third and fourth degree frost bites were noted in 10 and five patients respectively. Frostbite can result in a wide spectrum of injury, ranging from complete resolution without significant sequelae to major limb amputation and its functional morbidity. First and second degree frost bite were the most common, predominantly noticed in young individuals during peak winter months of December and January. There is a lack of comprehensive Indian statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite injuries occurring in these regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in subzero temperatures of the Himalayas. The present study included 72 patients who reported with frostbite during the study period. Majority of the patients (57; 79.2%) reported with frostbite who were exposed to freezing cold of up to 36 h. The majority of the cases (42, 58.3%) developed frostbite at an altitude between 12,000 and 17,000 feet above the sea level, followed by 27 (37.5%) patients who developed frostbite between 17,000 and 21,000 feet. The seasonal distribution of frostbite shows the highest occurrence in January and February (with at least three times as many injuries as in other months). The principles of treatment in frostbite include prevention of refreezing, aspirin and ibuprofen can be given to prevent clotting and inflammation, managing coexisting hypothermia, antibiotics are added if there is trauma, skin infection (cellulitis), or severe injury, and debridement or amputation of necrotic tissue should be delayed. Timely prehospital and definitive hospital management are important to minimize the final tissue loss and maximize the functionality of the affected limb.

• #58

  https://journals.lww.com/jmsc/fulltext/2020/22020/epidemiology_and_treatment_outcome_of_frostbite_at.7.aspx

  Frost bite is an important cause of morbidity among armed forces personnel who are employed in high altitude areas. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in sub-zero temperatures of the Himalayas. The study was carried out as a retrospective observational study among all frost bite patients (n = 72) reporting to two zonal hospitals in Northern sector of India from during January 2014 to November 2016. Majority of cases 57 (79.2%) had first and second degree frost bite while, third and fourth degree frost bites were noted in 10 and five patients respectively. Frostbite can result in a wide spectrum of injury, ranging from complete resolution without significant sequelae to major limb amputation and its functional morbidity. First and second degree frost bite were the most common, predominantly noticed in young individuals during peak winter months of December and January. There is a lack of comprehensive Indian statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite injuries occurring in these regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in subzero temperatures of the Himalayas. The present study included 72 patients who reported with frostbite during the study period. Majority of the patients (57; 79.2%) reported with frostbite who were exposed to freezing cold of up to 36 h. The majority of the cases (42, 58.3%) developed frostbite at an altitude between 12,000 and 17,000 feet above the sea level, followed by 27 (37.5%) patients who developed frostbite between 17,000 and 21,000 feet. The seasonal distribution of frostbite shows the highest occurrence in January and February (with at least three times as many injuries as in other months). The principles of treatment in frostbite include prevention of refreezing, aspirin and ibuprofen can be given to prevent clotting and inflammation, managing coexisting hypothermia, antibiotics are added if there is trauma, skin infection (cellulitis), or severe injury, and debridement or amputation of necrotic tissue should be delayed. Timely prehospital and definitive hospital management are important to minimize the final tissue loss and maximize the functionality of the affected limb.

• #59 Epidemiology and treatment outcome of frostbite at high altitudes in North India – A cross-sectional study – Document – Gale Academic OneFile

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA649587287&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09753605&p=AONE&sw=w

  Frost bite is an important cause of morbidity among armed forces personnel who are employed in high altitude areas. […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in sub-zero temperatures of the Himalayas. […] Frostbite remains one of the major health hazards in the troops posted in that area and mountaineers. […] First and second degree frost bite were the most common, predominantly noticed in young individuals during peak winter months of December and January.

• #60 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite is uncommon in most of North America, except for northern states, Alaska, and Canada. US Army data noted an incidence of all cold weather injuries of 38.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1985, decreasing to 0.2 case per 100,000 persons in 1999. Woman and African American men were 2.2-4.0 times more likely to exhibit cold injuries. […] In the civilian population, the largest published series reviewed a 12-year experience in Saskatchewan, which noted alcohol intoxication and psychiatric illness as the leading risk factors for frostbite incidence and severity. […] In Finland, authors calculated an annual occurrence of frostbite of 2.2% and a lifetime risk of 44% in military recruits aged 17-30 years. […] Among the civilian population in Finland, the annual incidence of frostbite was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants.

• #61 Frostbite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite

  There is a lack of comprehensive statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite. In the United States, frostbite is more common in northern states. In Finland, annual incidence was 2.5 per 100,000 among civilians, compared with 3.2 per 100,000 in Montreal. Research suggests that men aged 30-49 are at highest risk, possibly due to occupational or recreational exposures to cold.

• #62 Cold Injuries: A Guide to Preventing–and Treating–Hypothermia and Frostbite

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/cold-injuries-guide-preventing-and-treating-hypothermia-and-frostbite

  Hypothermia is not limited to the northern states: other areas of the country with milder climates (the Carolinas and Virginia, for example) have also reported deaths from hypothermia. The majority of these deaths occur in November through February. Each year, approximately 500 deaths are attributed to hypothermia; about half the victims are 65 years or older and two thirds are male. Fortunately, fewer than 20 children younger than 20 years die every year of overexposure to the cold: the vast majority of these deaths are preventable. Children at highest risk for death secondary to hypothermia include infants younger than 1 year, boys in early adolescence, and inadequately dressed older adolescents who abuse alcohol or illicit drugs. […] The most clinically significant type of localized cold injury in the pediatric population is frostbite, which implies actual freezing of tissue. The number of cases of localized cold injuries that occur per year nationally is unknown. The American Red Cross predicts that thousands of people can expect to experience frostbite in the winter months.

• #63

  https://journals.lww.com/jmsc/fulltext/2020/22020/epidemiology_and_treatment_outcome_of_frostbite_at.7.aspx

  Frost bite is an important cause of morbidity among armed forces personnel who are employed in high altitude areas. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in sub-zero temperatures of the Himalayas. The study was carried out as a retrospective observational study among all frost bite patients (n = 72) reporting to two zonal hospitals in Northern sector of India from during January 2014 to November 2016. Majority of cases 57 (79.2%) had first and second degree frost bite while, third and fourth degree frost bites were noted in 10 and five patients respectively. Frostbite can result in a wide spectrum of injury, ranging from complete resolution without significant sequelae to major limb amputation and its functional morbidity. First and second degree frost bite were the most common, predominantly noticed in young individuals during peak winter months of December and January. There is a lack of comprehensive Indian statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite injuries occurring in these regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in subzero temperatures of the Himalayas. The present study included 72 patients who reported with frostbite during the study period. Majority of the patients (57; 79.2%) reported with frostbite who were exposed to freezing cold of up to 36 h. The majority of the cases (42, 58.3%) developed frostbite at an altitude between 12,000 and 17,000 feet above the sea level, followed by 27 (37.5%) patients who developed frostbite between 17,000 and 21,000 feet. The seasonal distribution of frostbite shows the highest occurrence in January and February (with at least three times as many injuries as in other months). The principles of treatment in frostbite include prevention of refreezing, aspirin and ibuprofen can be given to prevent clotting and inflammation, managing coexisting hypothermia, antibiotics are added if there is trauma, skin infection (cellulitis), or severe injury, and debridement or amputation of necrotic tissue should be delayed. Timely prehospital and definitive hospital management are important to minimize the final tissue loss and maximize the functionality of the affected limb.

• #64 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #65 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #66 Frostbite: pathophysiology and treatment options

  https://www.oatext.com/frostbite-pathophysiology-and-treatment-options.php

  Frostbite is a cold-induced injury and the term used to indicate damage to the skin and other tissues caused by freezing. […] Historically, frostbite concerns were primarily of interest to the military as those personnel had the greatest risk of cold weather injury. […] The severity of injury is related to the temperature gradient at the skin surface and the duration of exposure and wind chill. […] The mechanism(s) involved in the delayed tissue damage following cold injury represent a complex cascade of factors. Contributing to the treatment difficulties is the fact that the injured tissues are likely to be at different stages of injury making it apparent that a combination of interventions should be used rather than a single treatment. […] Von Heimburg, et al. suggests that with the low risk associated with HBO2 and its potential benefit, it should be recommended as adjunct therapy in the treatment of deep frostbite.

• #67 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  Frostbite is tissue damage caused by freezing temperatures and constitutes an important cause of morbidity in cold climate zones and high altitude. The severity of frostbite injury depends on environmental temperature, wind chill factor, and length of exposure. There is a wide spectrum of clinical presentation of frostbites, ranging from injuries that resolve completely without any consequences, to injuries that result in major limb amputation. However, even without significant tissue loss, patients may suffer from long-term sequelae after having suffered a frostbite injury. These can include vasomotor disorders, neuropathic and nociceptive pain, and frostbite arthritis. Thus far, long-term sequelae of frostbite have been little explored. […] There are no data on the overall incidence of frostbite. Thus far, the oldest recorded frostbite injury was found in the little toe of a 5300 years-old mummified body found on a glacier in the Italian Alps. In military medicine, frostbite has been a significant factor of morbidity since ancient times, e.g., during the crossing of the Alps of Hannibal’s soldiers. In World War II, allied forces recorded 91,000 cases of frostbite, while German troops reported 46,000 cases.

• #68 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  Frostbite injuries are often due to being in cold weather during winter sports, vehicle malfunction in winter storms, substance abuse, and homelessness. Frostbite injuries among military personnel occur from living and training in extreme cold weather. According to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active service members in 2020-2021. […] Both prevention of frostbite and early treatment are critical. However, little progress has been made to widely test and improve treatments. […] National studies report an amputation rate in severe frostbite injury between 20-30%. […] Frostbite injury affects both military and civilian populations. The incidence of frostbite among both populations is increasing. […] Early treatment is paramount in treating frostbite.

• #69

  https://journals.lww.com/jmsc/fulltext/2020/22020/epidemiology_and_treatment_outcome_of_frostbite_at.7.aspx

  Frost bite is an important cause of morbidity among armed forces personnel who are employed in high altitude areas. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in sub-zero temperatures of the Himalayas. The study was carried out as a retrospective observational study among all frost bite patients (n = 72) reporting to two zonal hospitals in Northern sector of India from during January 2014 to November 2016. Majority of cases 57 (79.2%) had first and second degree frost bite while, third and fourth degree frost bites were noted in 10 and five patients respectively. Frostbite can result in a wide spectrum of injury, ranging from complete resolution without significant sequelae to major limb amputation and its functional morbidity. First and second degree frost bite were the most common, predominantly noticed in young individuals during peak winter months of December and January. There is a lack of comprehensive Indian statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite injuries occurring in these regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in subzero temperatures of the Himalayas. The present study included 72 patients who reported with frostbite during the study period. Majority of the patients (57; 79.2%) reported with frostbite who were exposed to freezing cold of up to 36 h. The majority of the cases (42, 58.3%) developed frostbite at an altitude between 12,000 and 17,000 feet above the sea level, followed by 27 (37.5%) patients who developed frostbite between 17,000 and 21,000 feet. The seasonal distribution of frostbite shows the highest occurrence in January and February (with at least three times as many injuries as in other months). The principles of treatment in frostbite include prevention of refreezing, aspirin and ibuprofen can be given to prevent clotting and inflammation, managing coexisting hypothermia, antibiotics are added if there is trauma, skin infection (cellulitis), or severe injury, and debridement or amputation of necrotic tissue should be delayed. Timely prehospital and definitive hospital management are important to minimize the final tissue loss and maximize the functionality of the affected limb.

• #70 Psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injury and associated amputation: a systematic review | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-024-00546-w

  Of the 36 studies identified, 29 studies reported on psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injuries that led to amputation, whereas seven studies reported on frostbite injuries that did not require amputation. […] Six psychosocial predisposing factors were observed in 28 out of the 36 studies reviewed, which included people experiencing homelessness, low socioeconomic status, alcohol intoxication/abuse, smoking, psychiatric disorders, and substance use. Personal predisposing factors identified included inadequate/improper winter clothing, delay in seeking medical care, and lack of knowledge of how to deal with the cold. […] Identifying key psychosocial and personal predisposing factors would allow for focused and targeted interventions/preventions to help alter the rising incidence of frostbite injury and associated amputation.

• #71

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=794537&Journal_ID=448075&Issue_ID=794491

  Frostbite is freezing of tissue most often on extremities that leads to tissue destruction. In general, frostbite causes morbidity but rarely causes mortality. However, when combined with hypothermia or wound-related sepsis, death is possible. […] The epidemiology of frostbite in the United States is not known. A study involving 1,275 patients admitted to hospitals in Finland showed an incidence of 2.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Frostbite affects people of all ages: the adult athlete who runs outside no matter the temperature, the child who is reluctant to leave his or her winter fun to go inside and warm up, or as with Varnado’s case study the 22-year-old college student. […] The literature reports that frostbite patients tend to be male. However, a cross-sectional study involving 2,143 medical records or soldiers demonstrated that African American men and women were 4 times and 2.2 times (respectively) more likely to sustain cold weather injuries than white soldiers. Not surprisingly, the homeless are frequent victims of frostbite. One burn unit reported that 29% of homeless patients are admitted to burn units because of frostbite.

• #72 PPT – Frostbite and Hypothermia PowerPoint Presentation, free download – ID:205496

  https://www.slideserve.com/ostinmannual/frostbite-and-hypothermia

  Frostbite is the inability to physiologically compensate for cold that produces injury. […] Duration of exposure, humidity, wind, altitude, clothing, medical conditions, behavior, and individual variability are contributing factors. […] Alcoholic or drug-intoxicated persons account for the majority of frostbite cases in the US. […] Disease states as atherosclerosis, arteritis, hypovolemia, diabetes, vascular injury may predispose to cold-related injury. […] Dark-skinned people and those from warmer climates are more susceptible to frostbite. […] Local cold-related injuries are classified into nonfreezing and freezing injuries.

• #73 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite is uncommon in most of North America, except for northern states, Alaska, and Canada. US Army data noted an incidence of all cold weather injuries of 38.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1985, decreasing to 0.2 case per 100,000 persons in 1999. Woman and African American men were 2.2-4.0 times more likely to exhibit cold injuries. […] In the civilian population, the largest published series reviewed a 12-year experience in Saskatchewan, which noted alcohol intoxication and psychiatric illness as the leading risk factors for frostbite incidence and severity. […] In Finland, authors calculated an annual occurrence of frostbite of 2.2% and a lifetime risk of 44% in military recruits aged 17-30 years. […] Among the civilian population in Finland, the annual incidence of frostbite was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants.

• #74 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite is uncommon in most of North America, except for northern states, Alaska, and Canada. US Army data noted an incidence of all cold weather injuries of 38.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 1985, decreasing to 0.2 case per 100,000 persons in 1999. Woman and African American men were 2.2-4.0 times more likely to exhibit cold injuries. […] In the civilian population, the largest published series reviewed a 12-year experience in Saskatchewan, which noted alcohol intoxication and psychiatric illness as the leading risk factors for frostbite incidence and severity. […] In Finland, authors calculated an annual occurrence of frostbite of 2.2% and a lifetime risk of 44% in military recruits aged 17-30 years. […] Among the civilian population in Finland, the annual incidence of frostbite was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants.

• #75 Psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injury and associated amputation: a systematic review | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-024-00546-w

  This review confirms that psychiatric disorders found significantly contribute to the risk factor of frostbite and related amputations. […] The findings of this review indicating that alcohol abuse/intoxication are major contributing/etiologic factors to frostbite and related amputation are consistent with those identified in Reamy’s earlier review. […] The present review identified 36 articles specifically focused on psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injuries and associated amputations.

• #76

  https://journals.lww.com/jmsc/fulltext/2020/22020/epidemiology_and_treatment_outcome_of_frostbite_at.7.aspx

  Frost bite is an important cause of morbidity among armed forces personnel who are employed in high altitude areas. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in sub-zero temperatures of the Himalayas. The study was carried out as a retrospective observational study among all frost bite patients (n = 72) reporting to two zonal hospitals in Northern sector of India from during January 2014 to November 2016. Majority of cases 57 (79.2%) had first and second degree frost bite while, third and fourth degree frost bites were noted in 10 and five patients respectively. Frostbite can result in a wide spectrum of injury, ranging from complete resolution without significant sequelae to major limb amputation and its functional morbidity. First and second degree frost bite were the most common, predominantly noticed in young individuals during peak winter months of December and January. There is a lack of comprehensive Indian statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite injuries occurring in these regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and treatment outcome of frostbite injuries among healthy adults working in subzero temperatures of the Himalayas. The present study included 72 patients who reported with frostbite during the study period. Majority of the patients (57; 79.2%) reported with frostbite who were exposed to freezing cold of up to 36 h. The majority of the cases (42, 58.3%) developed frostbite at an altitude between 12,000 and 17,000 feet above the sea level, followed by 27 (37.5%) patients who developed frostbite between 17,000 and 21,000 feet. The seasonal distribution of frostbite shows the highest occurrence in January and February (with at least three times as many injuries as in other months). The principles of treatment in frostbite include prevention of refreezing, aspirin and ibuprofen can be given to prevent clotting and inflammation, managing coexisting hypothermia, antibiotics are added if there is trauma, skin infection (cellulitis), or severe injury, and debridement or amputation of necrotic tissue should be delayed. Timely prehospital and definitive hospital management are important to minimize the final tissue loss and maximize the functionality of the affected limb.

• #77 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  Frostbite is tissue damage caused by freezing temperatures and constitutes an important cause of morbidity in cold climate zones and high altitude. The severity of frostbite injury depends on environmental temperature, wind chill factor, and length of exposure. There is a wide spectrum of clinical presentation of frostbites, ranging from injuries that resolve completely without any consequences, to injuries that result in major limb amputation. However, even without significant tissue loss, patients may suffer from long-term sequelae after having suffered a frostbite injury. These can include vasomotor disorders, neuropathic and nociceptive pain, and frostbite arthritis. Thus far, long-term sequelae of frostbite have been little explored. […] There are no data on the overall incidence of frostbite. Thus far, the oldest recorded frostbite injury was found in the little toe of a 5300 years-old mummified body found on a glacier in the Italian Alps. In military medicine, frostbite has been a significant factor of morbidity since ancient times, e.g., during the crossing of the Alps of Hannibal’s soldiers. In World War II, allied forces recorded 91,000 cases of frostbite, while German troops reported 46,000 cases.

• #78 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #79 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #80 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #81 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #82 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  Frostbite injuries are often due to being in cold weather during winter sports, vehicle malfunction in winter storms, substance abuse, and homelessness. Frostbite injuries among military personnel occur from living and training in extreme cold weather. According to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active service members in 2020-2021. […] Both prevention of frostbite and early treatment are critical. However, little progress has been made to widely test and improve treatments. […] National studies report an amputation rate in severe frostbite injury between 20-30%. […] Frostbite injury affects both military and civilian populations. The incidence of frostbite among both populations is increasing. […] Early treatment is paramount in treating frostbite.

• #83 TURKISH JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

  https://onkder.org/text.php?&id=1409

  Frostbites can be associated with a number of acute or long-term complications. One of these chronic adversities is neoplastic disorders, arising from frostbite lesions. Because of the sparseness of the available studies in medical literature, in this narrative review, the association between frostbite and cancer was explored with more focus on real-life clinical cases. The results from database searching revealed that only a few studies have evaluated this vicious companionship. According to the studies, frostbite can be a causative factor in the initiation and development of cancerous pathologies. […] Cancer should be considered a potential long-term adverse effect of acute frostbites. Continued, recurrent, or incomplete wound healing at the site of frostbites is always the hallmark that gives the clinicians clues for further pathologic authentication of FAC. Skin is the most common tissue for this complication and lesions on lower limbs, especially those on heels, have been more associated with cancerous outcomes. […] In a study from Kazakhstan, where generally a cold climate is predominant, frostbite has been presented as the causative element in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

• #84 TURKISH JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

  https://onkder.org/text.php?&id=1409

  Frostbites can be associated with a number of acute or long-term complications. One of these chronic adversities is neoplastic disorders, arising from frostbite lesions. Because of the sparseness of the available studies in medical literature, in this narrative review, the association between frostbite and cancer was explored with more focus on real-life clinical cases. The results from database searching revealed that only a few studies have evaluated this vicious companionship. According to the studies, frostbite can be a causative factor in the initiation and development of cancerous pathologies. […] Cancer should be considered a potential long-term adverse effect of acute frostbites. Continued, recurrent, or incomplete wound healing at the site of frostbites is always the hallmark that gives the clinicians clues for further pathologic authentication of FAC. Skin is the most common tissue for this complication and lesions on lower limbs, especially those on heels, have been more associated with cancerous outcomes. […] In a study from Kazakhstan, where generally a cold climate is predominant, frostbite has been presented as the causative element in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

• #85 TURKISH JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

  https://onkder.org/text.php?&id=1409

  Frostbites can be associated with a number of acute or long-term complications. One of these chronic adversities is neoplastic disorders, arising from frostbite lesions. Because of the sparseness of the available studies in medical literature, in this narrative review, the association between frostbite and cancer was explored with more focus on real-life clinical cases. The results from database searching revealed that only a few studies have evaluated this vicious companionship. According to the studies, frostbite can be a causative factor in the initiation and development of cancerous pathologies. […] Cancer should be considered a potential long-term adverse effect of acute frostbites. Continued, recurrent, or incomplete wound healing at the site of frostbites is always the hallmark that gives the clinicians clues for further pathologic authentication of FAC. Skin is the most common tissue for this complication and lesions on lower limbs, especially those on heels, have been more associated with cancerous outcomes. […] In a study from Kazakhstan, where generally a cold climate is predominant, frostbite has been presented as the causative element in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

• #86 TURKISH JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

  https://onkder.org/text.php?&id=1409

  Frostbites can be associated with a number of acute or long-term complications. One of these chronic adversities is neoplastic disorders, arising from frostbite lesions. Because of the sparseness of the available studies in medical literature, in this narrative review, the association between frostbite and cancer was explored with more focus on real-life clinical cases. The results from database searching revealed that only a few studies have evaluated this vicious companionship. According to the studies, frostbite can be a causative factor in the initiation and development of cancerous pathologies. […] Cancer should be considered a potential long-term adverse effect of acute frostbites. Continued, recurrent, or incomplete wound healing at the site of frostbites is always the hallmark that gives the clinicians clues for further pathologic authentication of FAC. Skin is the most common tissue for this complication and lesions on lower limbs, especially those on heels, have been more associated with cancerous outcomes. […] In a study from Kazakhstan, where generally a cold climate is predominant, frostbite has been presented as the causative element in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

• #87 TURKISH JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

  https://onkder.org/text.php?&id=1409

  Frostbites can be associated with a number of acute or long-term complications. One of these chronic adversities is neoplastic disorders, arising from frostbite lesions. Because of the sparseness of the available studies in medical literature, in this narrative review, the association between frostbite and cancer was explored with more focus on real-life clinical cases. The results from database searching revealed that only a few studies have evaluated this vicious companionship. According to the studies, frostbite can be a causative factor in the initiation and development of cancerous pathologies. […] Cancer should be considered a potential long-term adverse effect of acute frostbites. Continued, recurrent, or incomplete wound healing at the site of frostbites is always the hallmark that gives the clinicians clues for further pathologic authentication of FAC. Skin is the most common tissue for this complication and lesions on lower limbs, especially those on heels, have been more associated with cancerous outcomes. […] In a study from Kazakhstan, where generally a cold climate is predominant, frostbite has been presented as the causative element in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

• #88 Results of the 2022–2023 「Winter Cold-Related Illness Surveillance」

  https://eng.phwr.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=5&spage=167

  The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency establishes a cold-related illness (CRI) surveillance system that monitors the occurrence of CRI (hypothermia, frostbite, chilblains, immersion disease, etc.) in approximately 500 medical institutions operating emergency rooms across the country every winter (December to February of the following year) is being operated. […] During the 20222023 season (Dec 1, 2022Feb 28, 2023), 447 cases of cold-related illnesses including 12 deaths, were reported through the Cold-related Illness Emergency Room Surveillance System, representing a 49.0% increase over the previous year (300 cases, 9 deaths). […] Cold-related illnesses are classified into two types: systemic and localized diseases. Systemic diseases include hypothermia, while localized diseases include frostbite, chilblains, immersion foot, and trench foot. Of the 447 reported cases of cold-related illness, 300 cases (67.1%) were of systemic diseases like hypothermia, while 147 cases (32.9%) were of localized diseases like frostbite. […] The KDCA has been running a cold-related illness emergency room surveillance system since 2013, monitoring health damages caused by winter cold waves in approximately 500 emergency rooms nationwide and providing daily data on key occurrence characteristics.

• #89 Cold-Related Illness – CSTE | Knowledge Repository

  https://knowledgerepository.syndromicsurveillance.org/cold-related-illness-cste

  In winter, people are at risk for cold-related illness (CRI) such as hypothermia. […] Deaths coded as weather-related from 2006 through 2010 showed exposure to excessive cold as the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the United States. […] The workgroup compiled known cold-related illness syndromes from health departments around the country. […] To validate the proposed CRI definition, three workgroup members applied it to their public health department data. […] This collaboration across organizations and public health departments developed the CRI syndrome definition and guidance document Cold-related Illness Query: Guidance for Implementing Cold-related Illness Syndromic Surveillance in Public Health Practice.

• #90 Results of the 2022–2023 「Winter Cold-Related Illness Surveillance」

  https://eng.phwr.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=5&spage=167

  The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency establishes a cold-related illness (CRI) surveillance system that monitors the occurrence of CRI (hypothermia, frostbite, chilblains, immersion disease, etc.) in approximately 500 medical institutions operating emergency rooms across the country every winter (December to February of the following year) is being operated. […] During the 20222023 season (Dec 1, 2022Feb 28, 2023), 447 cases of cold-related illnesses including 12 deaths, were reported through the Cold-related Illness Emergency Room Surveillance System, representing a 49.0% increase over the previous year (300 cases, 9 deaths). […] Cold-related illnesses are classified into two types: systemic and localized diseases. Systemic diseases include hypothermia, while localized diseases include frostbite, chilblains, immersion foot, and trench foot. Of the 447 reported cases of cold-related illness, 300 cases (67.1%) were of systemic diseases like hypothermia, while 147 cases (32.9%) were of localized diseases like frostbite. […] The KDCA has been running a cold-related illness emergency room surveillance system since 2013, monitoring health damages caused by winter cold waves in approximately 500 emergency rooms nationwide and providing daily data on key occurrence characteristics.

• #91 Cold-Related Illness – CSTE | Knowledge Repository

  https://knowledgerepository.syndromicsurveillance.org/cold-related-illness-cste

  In winter, people are at risk for cold-related illness (CRI) such as hypothermia. […] Deaths coded as weather-related from 2006 through 2010 showed exposure to excessive cold as the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the United States. […] The workgroup compiled known cold-related illness syndromes from health departments around the country. […] To validate the proposed CRI definition, three workgroup members applied it to their public health department data. […] This collaboration across organizations and public health departments developed the CRI syndrome definition and guidance document Cold-related Illness Query: Guidance for Implementing Cold-related Illness Syndromic Surveillance in Public Health Practice.

• #92

  https://lupinepublishers.com/research-and-reviews-journal/fulltext/real-time-laser-doppler-imaging-as-a-prognostic-tool-in-frostbite-injuries-of-the-upper-extremity.ID.000185.php

  Cold-induced lesions, better known as frostbite lesions, are the result of prolonged exposure of the skin to a low temperature. […] Recently, Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) has been proposed as a valuable method in the quantification of (micro) perfusion of tissues in burn victims and in the surveillance of free flaps. LDI may also be a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of frostbite lesions. […] Real-time laser Doppler imaging (LDI), is known to be a viable monitoring tool for the postoperative surveillance of microvascular anastomoses and free flaps. […] Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) is a non-invasive, low-cost technique, well-known in Plastic surgery for the surveillance of free flaps and in burn victims. […] A recent randomized control trial including 202 patients from various Dutch burn centers used LDI to aid in burn staging, optimizing treatment timing. By identifying patients in need of surgery earlier the authors reported an amelioration in patient outcomes and a decrease in healthcare costs.

• #93

  https://lupinepublishers.com/research-and-reviews-journal/fulltext/real-time-laser-doppler-imaging-as-a-prognostic-tool-in-frostbite-injuries-of-the-upper-extremity.ID.000185.php

  Cold-induced lesions, better known as frostbite lesions, are the result of prolonged exposure of the skin to a low temperature. […] Recently, Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) has been proposed as a valuable method in the quantification of (micro) perfusion of tissues in burn victims and in the surveillance of free flaps. LDI may also be a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of frostbite lesions. […] Real-time laser Doppler imaging (LDI), is known to be a viable monitoring tool for the postoperative surveillance of microvascular anastomoses and free flaps. […] Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) is a non-invasive, low-cost technique, well-known in Plastic surgery for the surveillance of free flaps and in burn victims. […] A recent randomized control trial including 202 patients from various Dutch burn centers used LDI to aid in burn staging, optimizing treatment timing. By identifying patients in need of surgery earlier the authors reported an amelioration in patient outcomes and a decrease in healthcare costs.

• #94

  https://lupinepublishers.com/research-and-reviews-journal/fulltext/real-time-laser-doppler-imaging-as-a-prognostic-tool-in-frostbite-injuries-of-the-upper-extremity.ID.000185.php

  In another study, LDI was used to evaluate 148 burns in 115 patients and was reported to be useful in quantifying burn depth, showing a correlation between vascular micro perfusion and burn depth. […] APU results correlated directly to prognosis, in terms of time to remission and final clinical aspect.

• #95

  https://lupinepublishers.com/research-and-reviews-journal/fulltext/real-time-laser-doppler-imaging-as-a-prognostic-tool-in-frostbite-injuries-of-the-upper-extremity.ID.000185.php

  Cold-induced lesions, better known as frostbite lesions, are the result of prolonged exposure of the skin to a low temperature. […] Recently, Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) has been proposed as a valuable method in the quantification of (micro) perfusion of tissues in burn victims and in the surveillance of free flaps. LDI may also be a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of frostbite lesions. […] Real-time laser Doppler imaging (LDI), is known to be a viable monitoring tool for the postoperative surveillance of microvascular anastomoses and free flaps. […] Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) is a non-invasive, low-cost technique, well-known in Plastic surgery for the surveillance of free flaps and in burn victims. […] A recent randomized control trial including 202 patients from various Dutch burn centers used LDI to aid in burn staging, optimizing treatment timing. By identifying patients in need of surgery earlier the authors reported an amelioration in patient outcomes and a decrease in healthcare costs.

• #96 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  Frostbite injuries are often due to being in cold weather during winter sports, vehicle malfunction in winter storms, substance abuse, and homelessness. Frostbite injuries among military personnel occur from living and training in extreme cold weather. According to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active service members in 2020-2021. […] Both prevention of frostbite and early treatment are critical. However, little progress has been made to widely test and improve treatments. […] National studies report an amputation rate in severe frostbite injury between 20-30%. […] Frostbite injury affects both military and civilian populations. The incidence of frostbite among both populations is increasing. […] Early treatment is paramount in treating frostbite.

• #97 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #98 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #99 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. […] Classically, frostbite injuries were common in military personnel. However, with the increase in technology and accessibility, recreational sports have become a significant repository for frostbite cases. Homeless populations, children, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to frostbite. Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #100 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  Frostbite is tissue damage caused by freezing temperatures and constitutes an important cause of morbidity in cold climate zones and high altitude. The severity of frostbite injury depends on environmental temperature, wind chill factor, and length of exposure. There is a wide spectrum of clinical presentation of frostbites, ranging from injuries that resolve completely without any consequences, to injuries that result in major limb amputation. However, even without significant tissue loss, patients may suffer from long-term sequelae after having suffered a frostbite injury. These can include vasomotor disorders, neuropathic and nociceptive pain, and frostbite arthritis. Thus far, long-term sequelae of frostbite have been little explored. […] There are no data on the overall incidence of frostbite. Thus far, the oldest recorded frostbite injury was found in the little toe of a 5300 years-old mummified body found on a glacier in the Italian Alps. In military medicine, frostbite has been a significant factor of morbidity since ancient times, e.g., during the crossing of the Alps of Hannibal’s soldiers. In World War II, allied forces recorded 91,000 cases of frostbite, while German troops reported 46,000 cases.

• #101 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #102 Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite—A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9655

  With the increase in people enjoying recreational activities in cold environments, and an increased accessibility to these environments for people with limited experience and/or inadequate preparation and equipment, the importance of frostbite has become more prevalent in such populations in recent years; additional risk factors include dehydration, high-altitude, and hypoxia, and pre-existing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and Raynaud’s disease. […] Many of the subjects that had suffered from frostbite complained about long-term sequelae. Due to short periods of follow-up and the fact that most case reports in the literature do not address long-term sequelae, it is difficult to indicate an exact incidence of these conditions. […] Among 493 patients from five studies in which long-term sequalae could be clearly attributed to individuals, 341 were affected (69%). Long-term sequelae included neuropathy-related signs and symptoms like chronic dysesthesia, chronic pain, and hyperhidrosis, often leading to functional impairment. Such long-term sequelae were common even with frostbites of first and second grade in healthy individuals. […] The main findings of the present scoping review are that data about long-term sequelae from frostbite are scarce and, in many publications, patients were not followed-up for the long term.

• #103 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  Frostbite injuries are often due to being in cold weather during winter sports, vehicle malfunction in winter storms, substance abuse, and homelessness. Frostbite injuries among military personnel occur from living and training in extreme cold weather. According to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active service members in 2020-2021. […] Both prevention of frostbite and early treatment are critical. However, little progress has been made to widely test and improve treatments. […] National studies report an amputation rate in severe frostbite injury between 20-30%. […] Frostbite injury affects both military and civilian populations. The incidence of frostbite among both populations is increasing. […] Early treatment is paramount in treating frostbite.

• #104 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  There is very little good research on frostbite. […] The seasonality of frostbite limit research opportunities. Also, there is no funding stream to research frostbite. […] Frostbite continues to be a significant problem for both the military and civilians. Unfortunately, the lack of studies with scientific rigor inhibits the recommendation or adoption of clinical guidelines. […] Prevention is key. Anyone can be frostbitten when the temperature falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Adequate clothing and limiting your time outdoors during cold weather are important.

• #105 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  There is very little good research on frostbite. […] The seasonality of frostbite limit research opportunities. Also, there is no funding stream to research frostbite. […] Frostbite continues to be a significant problem for both the military and civilians. Unfortunately, the lack of studies with scientific rigor inhibits the recommendation or adoption of clinical guidelines. […] Prevention is key. Anyone can be frostbitten when the temperature falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Adequate clothing and limiting your time outdoors during cold weather are important.

• #106 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  There is very little good research on frostbite. […] The seasonality of frostbite limit research opportunities. Also, there is no funding stream to research frostbite. […] Frostbite continues to be a significant problem for both the military and civilians. Unfortunately, the lack of studies with scientific rigor inhibits the recommendation or adoption of clinical guidelines. […] Prevention is key. Anyone can be frostbitten when the temperature falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Adequate clothing and limiting your time outdoors during cold weather are important.

• #107 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  There is very little good research on frostbite. […] The seasonality of frostbite limit research opportunities. Also, there is no funding stream to research frostbite. […] Frostbite continues to be a significant problem for both the military and civilians. Unfortunately, the lack of studies with scientific rigor inhibits the recommendation or adoption of clinical guidelines. […] Prevention is key. Anyone can be frostbitten when the temperature falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Adequate clothing and limiting your time outdoors during cold weather are important.

• #108

  https://www.pepidconnect.com/Default.aspx?new=2&accessCode=Frostbite_Treatment

  Damage to tissues exposed to temperature below the freezing point, 32F [0C]. […] No standardized reporting: Incidence is unknown. […] Seen predominantly in northern states and through the Midwest during winter as well as countries in the extremes of latitude. […] Mortality is rare, but morbidity is high.

• #109 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  There is very little good research on frostbite. […] The seasonality of frostbite limit research opportunities. Also, there is no funding stream to research frostbite. […] Frostbite continues to be a significant problem for both the military and civilians. Unfortunately, the lack of studies with scientific rigor inhibits the recommendation or adoption of clinical guidelines. […] Prevention is key. Anyone can be frostbitten when the temperature falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Adequate clothing and limiting your time outdoors during cold weather are important.

• #110 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  Frostbite injuries are often due to being in cold weather during winter sports, vehicle malfunction in winter storms, substance abuse, and homelessness. Frostbite injuries among military personnel occur from living and training in extreme cold weather. According to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active service members in 2020-2021. […] Both prevention of frostbite and early treatment are critical. However, little progress has been made to widely test and improve treatments. […] National studies report an amputation rate in severe frostbite injury between 20-30%. […] Frostbite injury affects both military and civilian populations. The incidence of frostbite among both populations is increasing. […] Early treatment is paramount in treating frostbite.

• #111 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  There is very little good research on frostbite. […] The seasonality of frostbite limit research opportunities. Also, there is no funding stream to research frostbite. […] Frostbite continues to be a significant problem for both the military and civilians. Unfortunately, the lack of studies with scientific rigor inhibits the recommendation or adoption of clinical guidelines. […] Prevention is key. Anyone can be frostbitten when the temperature falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Adequate clothing and limiting your time outdoors during cold weather are important.

• #112 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  Frostbite injuries are often due to being in cold weather during winter sports, vehicle malfunction in winter storms, substance abuse, and homelessness. Frostbite injuries among military personnel occur from living and training in extreme cold weather. According to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active service members in 2020-2021. […] Both prevention of frostbite and early treatment are critical. However, little progress has been made to widely test and improve treatments. […] National studies report an amputation rate in severe frostbite injury between 20-30%. […] Frostbite injury affects both military and civilian populations. The incidence of frostbite among both populations is increasing. […] Early treatment is paramount in treating frostbite.

• #113 Frostbite injuries: Q & A with Dr. Wibbenmeyer – Injury Prevention Research Center

  https://iprc.public-health.uiowa.edu/2023/01/30/frostbite-injuries-q-a-with-dr-wibbenmeyer/

  Frostbite injuries are often due to being in cold weather during winter sports, vehicle malfunction in winter storms, substance abuse, and homelessness. Frostbite injuries among military personnel occur from living and training in extreme cold weather. According to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active service members in 2020-2021. […] Both prevention of frostbite and early treatment are critical. However, little progress has been made to widely test and improve treatments. […] National studies report an amputation rate in severe frostbite injury between 20-30%. […] Frostbite injury affects both military and civilian populations. The incidence of frostbite among both populations is increasing. […] Early treatment is paramount in treating frostbite.

• #114 Frostbite: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention – Journal of Special Operations Medicine

  https://jsomonline.org/product/frostbite-pathophysiology-epidemiology-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention/

  Frostbite: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Knapik JJ, Reynolds KL, Castellani JW 20(4). 123 Publication Type: Journal Article (Ongoing Series / Injury Prevention) […] Abstract: Frostbite can occur during cold-weather operations when the temperature is 0C (32F). […] Lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and moisture exacerbate the process. […] Prevention is focused primarily on covering exposed skin with proper clothing and minimizing exposure to wind and moisture.

• #115 Psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injury and associated amputation: a systematic review | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-024-00546-w

  Of the 36 studies identified, 29 studies reported on psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injuries that led to amputation, whereas seven studies reported on frostbite injuries that did not require amputation. […] Six psychosocial predisposing factors were observed in 28 out of the 36 studies reviewed, which included people experiencing homelessness, low socioeconomic status, alcohol intoxication/abuse, smoking, psychiatric disorders, and substance use. Personal predisposing factors identified included inadequate/improper winter clothing, delay in seeking medical care, and lack of knowledge of how to deal with the cold. […] Identifying key psychosocial and personal predisposing factors would allow for focused and targeted interventions/preventions to help alter the rising incidence of frostbite injury and associated amputation.

• #116 Severe Frostbite Market Outlook and Forecast – Thelansis

  https://thelansis.com/reports/severe-frostbite-market-outlook-forecast/

  Severe Frostbite Market Outlook, Epidemiology, Competitive Landscape, and Market Forecast Report – 2023 To 2033 covers disease overview, epidemiology, drug utilization, prescription share analysis, competitive landscape, clinical practice, regulatory landscape, patient share, market uptake, market forecast, and key market insights under the potential Severe Frostbite treatment modalities options for eight major markets (USA, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, and China). […] KOLs across 8 MM markets from the center of Excellence/ Public/ Private hospitals participated in the study. Insights around current treatment landscape, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, future treatment paradigm, and Unmet needs. […] Epidemiology Overview […] Epidemiology by Geography […] Severe Frostbite Epidemiology in US (2023-2033) […] Severe Frostbite Epidemiology in EU-5 (2023-2033) […] Severe Frostbite Epidemiology in Japan (2023-2033) […] Severe Frostbite Epidemiology in China (2023-2033).

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