Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Frostbite | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20372638/

  Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. […] The most common cause of frostbite is exposure to freezing cold. The risk rises if the weather also is wet and windy. Frostbite also can be caused by direct contact with ice, freezing metals or very cold liquids.

• #2 Frostbite: Signs & Symptoms, Stages, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15439-frostbite

  Frostbite occurs when your skin freezes during exposure to freezing temperatures. Frostbite is skin damage caused by freezing temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius). You can get frostbite even under cold-weather clothing. Frostbite may lead to permanent, irreversible tissue damage (necrosis). Frostbite can affect anyone with exposure to cold temperatures. Youre more likely to get frostbite with prolonged cold exposure, especially if you have an underlying medical condition like peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, Raynauds syndrome, hypothyroidism, arthritis or diabetes. Freezing temperatures cause frostbite. Cold temperatures (slightly above freezing) for long periods of time can also cause frostbite. You can get frostbite by exposure to freezing temperatures. When you get frostbite, the water within your skin freezes and crystalizes. Over 60% of your skin contains water. This damages your skin cells and tissues, which prevents blood flow to these areas of your body. Severe frostbite can damage your muscles, nerves and joints.

• #3 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Prolonged duration and lower temperatures increase the risk of frostbite and the extent of the injury. […] Certain pre-existing conditions, including peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, Raynaud’s disease, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco use may worsen frostbite-related tissue damage. […] Skin exposure to freezing conditions causes frostbite. Prolonged duration and lower temperatures increase the likelihood and the extent of the injury. […] Certain pre-existing conditions may worsen tissue injury because of frostbite, including peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, Raynaud’s disease, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, etc.

• #4 Frostbite: Signs, stages, symptoms, management and prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/frostbite

  Frostbite occurs when your skin and tissues freeze. This condition happens when you’re exposed to temperatures below the freezing point of the skin. […] When you’re exposed to freezing temperatures for a long time, your body sends signals to the blood vessels in your extremities (including your fingers and toes), telling them to constrict (narrow). By slowing blood flow to the skin, your body is able to send more blood to the vital organs, supplying them with needed nutrients and oxygen. This process also prevents a greater decrease in internal body temperature by exposing less blood to the outside cold. […] As your extremities become colder and colder, ice crystals form in the fluid in your tissue. This ice can lead to the death of the tissue in the affected area or areas, as reduced blood flow causes lower oxygen supply to your tissues.

• #5 Frostbite: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-frostbite/basics/art-20056653

  Frostbite is when skin and underlying tissues freeze after being exposed to very cold temperatures. It causes a cold feeling followed by numbness. As the frostbite gets worse, the affected skin may change color and become hard or waxy-looking. […] The areas most likely to be affected are the fingers, toes, ears, cheeks, chin and tip of the nose.

• #6 Frostbite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite

  Frostbite is a skin injury that occurs when someone is exposed to extremely low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues, commonly affecting the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin areas. Most often, frostbite occurs in the hands and feet. […] The underlying mechanism involves injury from ice crystals and blood clots in small blood vessels following thawing. […] The major risk factor for frostbite is exposure to cold through geography, occupation and/or recreation. Inadequate clothing and shelter are major risk factors. Frostbite is more likely when the body’s ability to produce or retain heat is impaired. […] In frostbite, cooling of the body causes narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction). Prolonged exposure to temperatures below 2 C (28 F) may cause ice crystals to form in the tissues, and prolonged exposure to temperatures below 4 C (25 F) may cause ice crystals to form in the blood. […] Ice crystals can damage small blood vessels at the site of injury. […] The pathological mechanism by which frostbite causes body tissue injury can be characterized by four stages: Prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and the late ischemic stage.

• #7 Frostbite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite

  Frostbite is a skin injury that occurs when someone is exposed to extremely low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues, commonly affecting the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin areas. Most often, frostbite occurs in the hands and feet. […] The underlying mechanism involves injury from ice crystals and blood clots in small blood vessels following thawing. […] The major risk factor for frostbite is exposure to cold through geography, occupation and/or recreation. Inadequate clothing and shelter are major risk factors. Frostbite is more likely when the body’s ability to produce or retain heat is impaired. […] In frostbite, cooling of the body causes narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction). Prolonged exposure to temperatures below 2 C (28 F) may cause ice crystals to form in the tissues, and prolonged exposure to temperatures below 4 C (25 F) may cause ice crystals to form in the blood. […] Ice crystals can damage small blood vessels at the site of injury. […] The pathological mechanism by which frostbite causes body tissue injury can be characterized by four stages: Prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and the late ischemic stage.

• #8 Frostbite: Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0401/p440.html

  Frostbite is divided into four overlapping phases: prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and late ischemic. The prefreeze phase consists of tissue cooling, which leads to vasoconstriction and ischemia without ice crystal formation. In the freeze-thaw phase, ice crystals form intracellularly during rapid-onset freezing or extracellularly during a slower freeze. Thawing leads to ischemia, reperfusion injury, and an inflammatory response. In the vascular stasis phase, vessels fluctuate between dilation and constriction. The late ischemic phase involves progressive tissue ischemia and infarction from a cascade of events: inflammation, intermittent vasoconstriction, reperfusion injury, emboli in microvessels, and thrombus formation in larger vessels. […] First-degree frostbite causes numbness, erythema, and often edema. White or yellow, slightly raised plaque develops over injured areas. Second-degree frostbite causes erythema, edema, and superficial skin blisters. Third-degree frostbite causes deeper hemorrhagic blisters, indicating that the injury has extended into the reticular dermis and beneath the dermal vascular plexus. Fourth-degree frostbite extends completely through the dermis and involves comparatively avascular subcutaneous tissues, with necrosis extending into muscle and bone.

• #9 Frostbite: Stages, Symptoms, Pictures, Treatment & Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/frostbite/article_em.htm

  Frostbite occurs when tissues freeze. This happens when you are exposed to temperatures below the freezing point of your skin. […] Frostbite is caused by two different means: cell death at the time of exposure and further cell deterioration and death because of a lack of oxygen. […] In the first, ice crystals form in the space outside of the cells. Water is lost from the cell’s interior, and dehydration promotes the destruction of the cell. […] In the second, the damaged lining of the blood vessels is the main culprit. As blood flow returns to the extremities upon rewarming, it finds that the blood vessels themselves are injured, also by the cold. […] Frostbite and hypothermia are the consequences of cold exposure and both can have long lasting effects.

• #10 Frostbite | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/frostbite/

  Frostbite is injury to tissue resulting from cold exposure at temperatures below 0C (32F). Frostbite exists on the severe end of a spectrum, with frostnip and pernio at the milder end. […] Frostbite injury results from: […] Immediate cold-induced cell death. Tissue cools below subfreezing extra and intracellular ice crystals form. Fluid and electrolyte fluxes lysis of cell membranes with subsequent cell death. Inflammatory process mediated by thromboxane A2, prostaglandin F2-alpha, bradykinins, and histamine. Leads to tissue ischemia and necrosis. Worsened in setting of thawing followed by refreezing. […] Tissue ischemia: Decreased temperatures increase blood viscosity microthrombi. Vasodilation and stasis result in tissue hypoperfusion and ischemia. […] Reperfusion-related localized inflammatory processes caused by return of blood flow to ischemic areas. Activated endothelial cells release activated oxygen species, initiating inflammatory response. WBCs flood to perfused area, releasing inflammatory mediators. Leads to cell death.

• #11 Frostbite : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/frostbite/

  Environmental Injuries / Exposures, Inflammatory […] Risk factors include alcohol consumption, smoking, homelessness, mental health disorders, inadequate protection, previous cold injury, polypharmacy, and working with equipment that uses NO2 or CO2. […] Causes dermatological, soft tissue, and vascular damage. […] Pathologic changes can be divided into: Direct cellular injury (e.g. ice crystal formation, cell dehydration and shrinkage, electrolyte disturbance, lipid-protein denaturation, thermal shock). […] Indirect cellular injury (e.g. post-thaw microvascular thrombosis, endothelial damage, intravascular sludging, increased inflammatory mediators, reperfusion injury). […] Destruction of the microcirculation is the main factor leading to cell death. Refreezing of thawed region will exacerbate the initial cellular damage caused by ice crystals and the subsequent post-thawing processes.

• #12

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/frostbite/

  Frostbite is damage to skin and tissue caused by exposure to freezing temperatures typically any temperature below -0.55C (31F). […] What causes frostbite? […] The body responds to cold temperatures by narrowing the blood vessels. Blood flow to the extremities slows down so flow to the vital organs can be increased. […] As the blood is redirected away from the extremities, these parts of the body get colder, and fluid in the tissue can freeze into ice crystals. […] The ice crystals can cause severe cell and tissue damage in the affected area. The low blood flow also deprives the tissues of oxygen. If blood flow can’t be restored, the tissue will eventually die.

• #13

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/f/article/frostbite/

  Frostbite is damage to skin and tissue caused by exposure to freezing temperatures typically any temperature below -0.55C (31F). […] What causes frostbite? The body responds to cold temperatures by narrowing the blood vessels. Blood flow to the extremities slows down so flow to the vital organs can be increased. […] As the blood is redirected away from the extremities, these parts of the body get colder, and fluid in the tissue can freeze into ice crystals. […] The ice crystals can cause severe cell and tissue damage in the affected area. The low blood flow also deprives the tissues of oxygen. If blood flow can’t be restored, the tissue will eventually die.

• #14 What is Frostbite? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/frostbite-leaflet

  Frostbite injuries are classified by the degree of injury. […] The degree of frostbite basically refers to how deep the frostbite goes. […] Frostbite can be described using these four levels but it may simply be described as superficial frostbite or deep frostbite. […] Superficial frostbite corresponds to first-degree or second-degree frostbite. […] Deep frostbite corresponds to third-degree or fourth-degree frostbite. […] These are important because superficial frostbite means there is likely to be very little or no tissue loss. […] Deep frostbite suggests there will be greater tissue loss. […] If frostbite is deep, tissue damage can be permanent and tissue loss can occur.

• #15 Frostbite: Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0401/p440.html

  Frostbite is divided into four overlapping phases: prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and late ischemic. The prefreeze phase consists of tissue cooling, which leads to vasoconstriction and ischemia without ice crystal formation. In the freeze-thaw phase, ice crystals form intracellularly during rapid-onset freezing or extracellularly during a slower freeze. Thawing leads to ischemia, reperfusion injury, and an inflammatory response. In the vascular stasis phase, vessels fluctuate between dilation and constriction. The late ischemic phase involves progressive tissue ischemia and infarction from a cascade of events: inflammation, intermittent vasoconstriction, reperfusion injury, emboli in microvessels, and thrombus formation in larger vessels. […] First-degree frostbite causes numbness, erythema, and often edema. White or yellow, slightly raised plaque develops over injured areas. Second-degree frostbite causes erythema, edema, and superficial skin blisters. Third-degree frostbite causes deeper hemorrhagic blisters, indicating that the injury has extended into the reticular dermis and beneath the dermal vascular plexus. Fourth-degree frostbite extends completely through the dermis and involves comparatively avascular subcutaneous tissues, with necrosis extending into muscle and bone.

• #16

  https://wms.org/magazine/magazine/1250/frostbite-cgp/default.aspx

  Second-degree frostbite injury causes superficial skin vesiculation; a clear or milky fluid is present in the blisters surrounded by erythema and edema. […] Third-degree frostbite causes deeper hemorrhagic blisters, indicating that the injury has extended into the reticular dermis and beneath the dermal vascular plexus. […] Fourth-degree frostbite extends completely through the dermis and involves the comparatively avascular subcutaneous tissues, with necrosis extending into muscle and bone. […] An alternate 2-tiered classification more appropriate for field use (after rewarming but before imaging) is suggested following the 4-tier classification below. […] The adage that prevention is better than treatment is especially true for frostbite, which is typically preventable and often not improved by treatment.

• #17 What is Frostbite? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/frostbite-leaflet

  Frostbite injuries are classified by the degree of injury. […] The degree of frostbite basically refers to how deep the frostbite goes. […] Frostbite can be described using these four levels but it may simply be described as superficial frostbite or deep frostbite. […] Superficial frostbite corresponds to first-degree or second-degree frostbite. […] Deep frostbite corresponds to third-degree or fourth-degree frostbite. […] These are important because superficial frostbite means there is likely to be very little or no tissue loss. […] Deep frostbite suggests there will be greater tissue loss. […] If frostbite is deep, tissue damage can be permanent and tissue loss can occur.

• #18 Frostbite | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20372638/

  Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. […] The most common cause of frostbite is exposure to freezing cold. The risk rises if the weather also is wet and windy. Frostbite also can be caused by direct contact with ice, freezing metals or very cold liquids.

• #19 Frostbite: Signs & Symptoms, Stages, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15439-frostbite

  Frostbite occurs when your skin freezes during exposure to freezing temperatures. Frostbite is skin damage caused by freezing temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius). You can get frostbite even under cold-weather clothing. Frostbite may lead to permanent, irreversible tissue damage (necrosis). Frostbite can affect anyone with exposure to cold temperatures. Youre more likely to get frostbite with prolonged cold exposure, especially if you have an underlying medical condition like peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, Raynauds syndrome, hypothyroidism, arthritis or diabetes. Freezing temperatures cause frostbite. Cold temperatures (slightly above freezing) for long periods of time can also cause frostbite. You can get frostbite by exposure to freezing temperatures. When you get frostbite, the water within your skin freezes and crystalizes. Over 60% of your skin contains water. This damages your skin cells and tissues, which prevents blood flow to these areas of your body. Severe frostbite can damage your muscles, nerves and joints.

• #20 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Risk factors for frostbite include: Winter season, No or inadequate shelter from the cold, High wind chill factor, Exposure at a high altitude, Prolonged duration of exposure, Prolonged exposure to a wet condition, Altered mental status, Alcohol or drug abuse, Malnutrition, Immobilization, Extremes of age, Homeless, Presence of medical disorders like diabetes, hypothyroidism, peripheral vascular disease, stroke or arthritis, Smoker. […] Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #21 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite, the most common type of freezing injury, is defined as the freezing and crystalizing of fluids in the interstitial and cellular spaces as a consequence of prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures. […] Frostbite may occur when skin is exposed to extreme cold, at times combined with high winds, resulting in vasoconstriction. The associated decrease in blood flow does not deliver sufficient heat to the tissue to prevent the formation of ice crystals. […] Risk factors for frostbite include the following: Inadequate shelter, Inadequate or constrictive clothing, Winter season, Wind chill factor, High altitude, Prolonged exposure to cold, Prolonged exposure to moisture – Wet skin cools faster because of heat loss from evaporation and from direct heat conduction to water, Immobilization, Malnutrition and exhaustion, Previous cold injury – Previous injury increases risk 2-fold, Acclimatization to tropical climates, Improper behavioral response to cold ambient temperature, Extremes of age, Homelessness, Altered mental status (eg, from head trauma, ethanol or illicit drug abuse, or psychiatric illness), Exposure to drugs with vasoconstrictive effects (eg, nicotine), Exposure to chronic hand or arm vibration, Tendency of hands to become white in the cold.

• #22 What causes frostbite?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/frostbite/what-causes-frostbite

  Prolonged exposure to cold weather conditions is considered the primary underlying cause of frostbite. Direct contact with extremely cold surfaces including ice, very cold liquids and freezing metals is also a common cause of frostbite. […] Factors which exacerbate common causal factors include the wearing of clothing that is not suitable for the conditions, prolonged exposure (for instance, to cold and wind) and touching extremely cold surfaces. […] The mechanisms of frostbite injury involve the following factors: Cold damage that directly affects the body’s cells. Ice crystals causing direct cell damage (including electrolyte salt, calcium, potassium and bicarbonate – imbalances, and problematic changes with proteins and lipids). Cell damage due to extracellular ice crystals (formations on the exterior or outside of cells), indirectly resulting in intracellular dehydration (fluid loss on the interior of cells). A stoppage or slowing down of blood flow or other bodily fluids (medically referred to as microvascular stasis), formation of thrombi (blood clots forming in the veins or arteries), embolism occurrences (arterial blockages) in the small blood vessels of the body, and ischemia (insufficient blood supply to an organ or bodily tissue). Inflammatory injury causing cell tissue necrosis (cell death).

• #23 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite severity and resultant tissue injury are a function of 2 factors: (1) absolute temperature and (2) duration of cold exposure. […] The wind chill factor will greatly affect the severity of frostbite. Although the actual ambient temperature does not change as a result of wind chill, the increased rate of cooling creates a much lower effective temperature on exposed skin and accelerates the rate of cooling and the process of freezing in the tissues.

• #24 What causes frostbite?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/frostbite/what-causes-frostbite

  At temperatures below 0C / 32F blood flow to the skin is compromised and cutaneous (skin) sensation is lost. Without the circulation necessary for warming, frostbite occurs as tissues begin to freeze. […] Frostbite is essentially influenced by two factors: The temperature to which a person is exposed and the duration of exposure. […] Research has shown that the duration of exposure bears the greater impact on the degree of tissue damage experienced. […] Factors such as large areas of exposed or wet skin, a low percentage of body fat, contact with cold metals, and the wearing of clothing or footwear that is too tight and impairs blood circulation can also worsen the effects of cold exposure and exacerbate frostbite in certain conditions.

• #25 Frostbite: Causes, Symptoms, Stages, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/frostbite-symptoms-treatment/

  Long exposure to extreme cold temperatures in the winter can result in a person developing frostbite. […] The most common causes of frostbite are: Constriction – a feeling of tightness caused by the narrowing of blood vessels due to psychological, medical and environmental conditions. […] Frostbite is caused in two ways: Cell death at the time of exposure to cold and further cell death and deterioration due to lack of oxygen. […] Some factors that may increase frostbite risk include: Medical conditions like dehydration, diabetes, exhaustion, and Reynaud’s phenomenon poor blood flow that impair your response to low temperatures. […] According to an analysis published in CMAJ Open about the 22 frostbite cases reported at Whitehorse General Hospital, it was found that 86% of the cases occurred at a temperature of -21C or colder.

• #26 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite severity and resultant tissue injury are a function of 2 factors: (1) absolute temperature and (2) duration of cold exposure. […] The wind chill factor will greatly affect the severity of frostbite. Although the actual ambient temperature does not change as a result of wind chill, the increased rate of cooling creates a much lower effective temperature on exposed skin and accelerates the rate of cooling and the process of freezing in the tissues.

• #27 Stay Safe in the Extreme Cold

  https://www.weather.gov/dlh/extremecold

  Exposure to cold can cause frostbite or hypothermia and become life-threatening. […] Frostbite is damage to body tissue caused by extreme cold. A wind chill of -20 Fahrenheit (F) will cause frostbite in just 30 minutes. Frostbite causes a loss of feeling and a white or pale appearance in extremities, such as fingers, toes, ear lobes or the tip of the nose. […] Hypothermia is a condition brought on when the body temperature drops to less than 95F. It can kill. For those who survive, there are likely to be lasting kidney, liver and pancreas problems.

• #28 Frostbite – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/frostbite/

  Frostbite occurs when skin and underlying tissues freeze. The most common cause of frostbite is exposure to cold-weather conditions. But it can also be caused by direct contact with ice, freezing metals or very cold liquids. […] Specific conditions that lead to frostbite include: Wearing clothing that isn’t suitable for the conditions you’re in — for example, it doesn’t protect against cold, windy or wet weather or it’s too tight. Staying out in the cold and wind too long. Risk increases as air temperature falls below 5 F (minus 15 C), even with low wind speeds. In wind chill of minus 16.6 F (minus 27 C), frostbite can occur on exposed skin in less than 30 minutes.

• #29 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Risk factors for frostbite include: Winter season, No or inadequate shelter from the cold, High wind chill factor, Exposure at a high altitude, Prolonged duration of exposure, Prolonged exposure to a wet condition, Altered mental status, Alcohol or drug abuse, Malnutrition, Immobilization, Extremes of age, Homeless, Presence of medical disorders like diabetes, hypothyroidism, peripheral vascular disease, stroke or arthritis, Smoker. […] Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #30 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite, the most common type of freezing injury, is defined as the freezing and crystalizing of fluids in the interstitial and cellular spaces as a consequence of prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures. […] Frostbite may occur when skin is exposed to extreme cold, at times combined with high winds, resulting in vasoconstriction. The associated decrease in blood flow does not deliver sufficient heat to the tissue to prevent the formation of ice crystals. […] Risk factors for frostbite include the following: Inadequate shelter, Inadequate or constrictive clothing, Winter season, Wind chill factor, High altitude, Prolonged exposure to cold, Prolonged exposure to moisture – Wet skin cools faster because of heat loss from evaporation and from direct heat conduction to water, Immobilization, Malnutrition and exhaustion, Previous cold injury – Previous injury increases risk 2-fold, Acclimatization to tropical climates, Improper behavioral response to cold ambient temperature, Extremes of age, Homelessness, Altered mental status (eg, from head trauma, ethanol or illicit drug abuse, or psychiatric illness), Exposure to drugs with vasoconstrictive effects (eg, nicotine), Exposure to chronic hand or arm vibration, Tendency of hands to become white in the cold.

• #31 Frostbite Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/injury/frostbite

  Frostbite is damage to the skin and underlying tissues caused by extreme cold. Frostbite occurs when the skin and body tissues are exposed to cold temperature for a long period of time. […] You are more likely to develop frostbite if you: Take medicines called beta-blockers, Have poor blood supply to the legs (peripheral vascular disease), Smoke or use tobacco, Have diabetes, Have Raynaud phenomenon. […] Be aware of factors that can contribute to frostbite. These include extreme: Wet clothes, High winds, Poor blood circulation. Poor circulation can be caused by tight clothing or boots, cramped positions, fatigue, certain medicines, smoking or tobacco use, alcohol use, or diseases that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes.

• #32 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Risk factors for frostbite include: Winter season, No or inadequate shelter from the cold, High wind chill factor, Exposure at a high altitude, Prolonged duration of exposure, Prolonged exposure to a wet condition, Altered mental status, Alcohol or drug abuse, Malnutrition, Immobilization, Extremes of age, Homeless, Presence of medical disorders like diabetes, hypothyroidism, peripheral vascular disease, stroke or arthritis, Smoker. […] Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #33 Frostbite Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/injury/frostbite

  Frostbite is damage to the skin and underlying tissues caused by extreme cold. Frostbite occurs when the skin and body tissues are exposed to cold temperature for a long period of time. […] You are more likely to develop frostbite if you: Take medicines called beta-blockers, Have poor blood supply to the legs (peripheral vascular disease), Smoke or use tobacco, Have diabetes, Have Raynaud phenomenon. […] Be aware of factors that can contribute to frostbite. These include extreme: Wet clothes, High winds, Poor blood circulation. Poor circulation can be caused by tight clothing or boots, cramped positions, fatigue, certain medicines, smoking or tobacco use, alcohol use, or diseases that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes.

• #34 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite, the most common type of freezing injury, is defined as the freezing and crystalizing of fluids in the interstitial and cellular spaces as a consequence of prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures. […] Frostbite may occur when skin is exposed to extreme cold, at times combined with high winds, resulting in vasoconstriction. The associated decrease in blood flow does not deliver sufficient heat to the tissue to prevent the formation of ice crystals. […] Risk factors for frostbite include the following: Inadequate shelter, Inadequate or constrictive clothing, Winter season, Wind chill factor, High altitude, Prolonged exposure to cold, Prolonged exposure to moisture – Wet skin cools faster because of heat loss from evaporation and from direct heat conduction to water, Immobilization, Malnutrition and exhaustion, Previous cold injury – Previous injury increases risk 2-fold, Acclimatization to tropical climates, Improper behavioral response to cold ambient temperature, Extremes of age, Homelessness, Altered mental status (eg, from head trauma, ethanol or illicit drug abuse, or psychiatric illness), Exposure to drugs with vasoconstrictive effects (eg, nicotine), Exposure to chronic hand or arm vibration, Tendency of hands to become white in the cold.

• #35 Frostbite | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/f/frostbite.html

  Frostbite is caused by exposure to cold temperature, often below 32F (0C). Intense cold can freeze the water in the body’s cells. […] Some conditions may lead to an increased risk for frostbite, such as: Reduced blood circulation from health conditions, such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, or Raynaud disease. […] Permanent damage may happen if the affected area is not treated right away. […] If tissue dies, a condition called gangrene can happen. You may need surgery to remove the dead tissue. Amputation may be needed in the most severe cases.

• #36 Frostbite: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000057.htm

  Frostbite is damage to the skin and underlying tissues caused by extreme cold. Frostbite is the most common freezing injury. […] Frostbite occurs when the skin and body tissues are exposed to cold temperature for a long period of time. […] You are more likely to develop frostbite if you: Take medicines called beta-blockers, Have poor blood supply to the legs (peripheral vascular disease), Smoke or use tobacco, Have diabetes, Have Raynaud phenomenon.

• #37 Hypothermia and Frostbite – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/hypothermia-and-frostbite

  Frostbite happens when a part of the body actually freezes. It happens most often to the hands, feet, nose, and ears. Mild frostbite doesn’t leave lasting damage, but severe frostbite does cause permanent damage and may even require amputation of a body part. […] Frostbite is caused when body parts, usually fingers, toes, noses, and ears, are frozen. Extreme cold, a wind-chill factor, altitude, and lack of proper protective clothing all contribute to quicker freezing of the skin. People taking beta-blocker medications such as propranolol and metoprolol may also have a higher risk of frostbite.

• #38 What causes frostbite?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/frostbite/what-causes-frostbite

  Prolonged exposure to cold weather conditions is considered the primary underlying cause of frostbite. Direct contact with extremely cold surfaces including ice, very cold liquids and freezing metals is also a common cause of frostbite. […] Factors which exacerbate common causal factors include the wearing of clothing that is not suitable for the conditions, prolonged exposure (for instance, to cold and wind) and touching extremely cold surfaces. […] The mechanisms of frostbite injury involve the following factors: Cold damage that directly affects the body’s cells. Ice crystals causing direct cell damage (including electrolyte salt, calcium, potassium and bicarbonate – imbalances, and problematic changes with proteins and lipids). Cell damage due to extracellular ice crystals (formations on the exterior or outside of cells), indirectly resulting in intracellular dehydration (fluid loss on the interior of cells). A stoppage or slowing down of blood flow or other bodily fluids (medically referred to as microvascular stasis), formation of thrombi (blood clots forming in the veins or arteries), embolism occurrences (arterial blockages) in the small blood vessels of the body, and ischemia (insufficient blood supply to an organ or bodily tissue). Inflammatory injury causing cell tissue necrosis (cell death).

• #39 Frostbite Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/injury/frostbite

  Frostbite is damage to the skin and underlying tissues caused by extreme cold. Frostbite occurs when the skin and body tissues are exposed to cold temperature for a long period of time. […] You are more likely to develop frostbite if you: Take medicines called beta-blockers, Have poor blood supply to the legs (peripheral vascular disease), Smoke or use tobacco, Have diabetes, Have Raynaud phenomenon. […] Be aware of factors that can contribute to frostbite. These include extreme: Wet clothes, High winds, Poor blood circulation. Poor circulation can be caused by tight clothing or boots, cramped positions, fatigue, certain medicines, smoking or tobacco use, alcohol use, or diseases that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes.

• #40 Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview

  Frostbite, the most common type of freezing injury, is defined as the freezing and crystalizing of fluids in the interstitial and cellular spaces as a consequence of prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures. […] Frostbite may occur when skin is exposed to extreme cold, at times combined with high winds, resulting in vasoconstriction. The associated decrease in blood flow does not deliver sufficient heat to the tissue to prevent the formation of ice crystals. […] Risk factors for frostbite include the following: Inadequate shelter, Inadequate or constrictive clothing, Winter season, Wind chill factor, High altitude, Prolonged exposure to cold, Prolonged exposure to moisture – Wet skin cools faster because of heat loss from evaporation and from direct heat conduction to water, Immobilization, Malnutrition and exhaustion, Previous cold injury – Previous injury increases risk 2-fold, Acclimatization to tropical climates, Improper behavioral response to cold ambient temperature, Extremes of age, Homelessness, Altered mental status (eg, from head trauma, ethanol or illicit drug abuse, or psychiatric illness), Exposure to drugs with vasoconstrictive effects (eg, nicotine), Exposure to chronic hand or arm vibration, Tendency of hands to become white in the cold.

• #41 Frostbite: Signs & Symptoms, Stages, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15439-frostbite

  Frostbite occurs when your skin freezes during exposure to freezing temperatures. Frostbite is skin damage caused by freezing temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius). You can get frostbite even under cold-weather clothing. Frostbite may lead to permanent, irreversible tissue damage (necrosis). Frostbite can affect anyone with exposure to cold temperatures. Youre more likely to get frostbite with prolonged cold exposure, especially if you have an underlying medical condition like peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, Raynauds syndrome, hypothyroidism, arthritis or diabetes. Freezing temperatures cause frostbite. Cold temperatures (slightly above freezing) for long periods of time can also cause frostbite. You can get frostbite by exposure to freezing temperatures. When you get frostbite, the water within your skin freezes and crystalizes. Over 60% of your skin contains water. This damages your skin cells and tissues, which prevents blood flow to these areas of your body. Severe frostbite can damage your muscles, nerves and joints.

• #42 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Frostbite, also known as freezing cold injury is tissue damage that occurs due to cold exposure, occurring at temperatures below zero degrees celsius. […] Prolonged duration and lower temperatures increase the risk of frostbite and the extent of the injury. […] Certain pre-existing conditions, including peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, Raynaud’s disease, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco use may worsen frostbite-related tissue damage. […] Skin exposure to freezing conditions causes frostbite. Prolonged duration and lower temperatures increase the likelihood and the extent of the injury. […] Certain pre-existing conditions may worsen tissue injury because of frostbite, including peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, Raynaud’s disease, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, etc.

• #43 Frostbite | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/f/frostbite.html

  Frostbite is caused by exposure to cold temperature, often below 32F (0C). Intense cold can freeze the water in the body’s cells. […] Some conditions may lead to an increased risk for frostbite, such as: Reduced blood circulation from health conditions, such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, or Raynaud disease. […] Permanent damage may happen if the affected area is not treated right away. […] If tissue dies, a condition called gangrene can happen. You may need surgery to remove the dead tissue. Amputation may be needed in the most severe cases.

• #44 Frostbite – OrthoInfo – American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/frostbite/

  Frostbite is an injury to the body’s tissues caused by exposure to very cold temperatures. The condition results in a loss of feeling and color in the affected area and can cause permanent tissue damage. In severe cases, frostbite can lead to amputation of the extremity. […] Frostbite is caused by exposure to very cold temperatures. The elderly and the young are particularly susceptible to frostbite. Other risk factors include: Not dressing properly for the weather, staying out in the cold too long, or getting wet while you are exposed to the cold. Having a medical condition that affects your circulation, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Having had a previous injury that was caused by the cold. Taking certain drugs, including alcohol and nicotine, or medications such as beta-blockers which decrease the flow of blood to the skin. […] Body tissues actually freeze when they are frostbitten. Ice crystals form in the cells, causing physical damage and permanent changes in cell chemistry. When the ice thaws, additional changes occur that may result in cell death.

• #45

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/enviro-health-conditions/frostbite

  Frostbite is a severe medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, leading to damage of skin and underlying tissues. […] Frostbite occurs when the skin and underlying tissues freeze due to prolonged exposure to extremely cold temperatures. […] Several factors contribute to the development of frostbite: […] Cold Weather Exposure: Extreme Temperatures: Exposure to temperatures below freezing (32F or 0C) for extended periods increases the risk of frostbite. […] Wet Conditions: Wet or damp clothing and skin are more susceptible to frostbite as moisture conducts heat away from the body more rapidly. […] Inadequate Clothing: Wearing clothing that does not provide adequate insulation or protection from the cold can increase the risk of frostbite. […] Physical Factors: Circulation Issues: Conditions that impair blood circulation, such as peripheral artery disease, can increase susceptibility to frostbite.

• #46 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Risk factors for frostbite include: Winter season, No or inadequate shelter from the cold, High wind chill factor, Exposure at a high altitude, Prolonged duration of exposure, Prolonged exposure to a wet condition, Altered mental status, Alcohol or drug abuse, Malnutrition, Immobilization, Extremes of age, Homeless, Presence of medical disorders like diabetes, hypothyroidism, peripheral vascular disease, stroke or arthritis, Smoker. […] Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #47 Frostbite | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/f/frostbite.html

  Frostbite is caused by exposure to cold temperature, often below 32F (0C). Intense cold can freeze the water in the body’s cells. […] Some conditions may lead to an increased risk for frostbite, such as: Reduced blood circulation from health conditions, such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, or Raynaud disease. […] Permanent damage may happen if the affected area is not treated right away. […] If tissue dies, a condition called gangrene can happen. You may need surgery to remove the dead tissue. Amputation may be needed in the most severe cases.

• #48 Frostbite

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/Library/Wellness/Fitness/85,P00840

  Frostbite is a freezing injury to the body’s tissues caused by prolonged exposure to cold. […] Frostbite is caused by exposure to cold temperature, often below 32F (0C). […] How severe the symptoms are depends on several things. These include air temperature, length of time in the cold, wind chill, dampness, and type of clothing worn. […] Some conditions may lead to an increased risk for frostbite, such as: Reduced blood circulation from health conditions, such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, or Raynaud disease. […] Permanent damage may happen if the affected area is not treated right away. […] If tissue dies, a condition called gangrene can happen. You may need surgery to remove the dead tissue. Amputation may be needed in the most severe cases.

• #49 Frostbite – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK536914/

  Risk factors for frostbite include: Winter season, No or inadequate shelter from the cold, High wind chill factor, Exposure at a high altitude, Prolonged duration of exposure, Prolonged exposure to a wet condition, Altered mental status, Alcohol or drug abuse, Malnutrition, Immobilization, Extremes of age, Homeless, Presence of medical disorders like diabetes, hypothyroidism, peripheral vascular disease, stroke or arthritis, Smoker. […] Risk factors include behavioral (lack of clothing, alcohol/drug consumption, access to shelter), physiological (dehydration, high altitudes, hypoxia), and other comorbidities with a predilection for tissue hypoxia (diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon).

• #50 Cold injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_injury

  Freezing cold skin injuries include frostbite and frostnip. Frostbite involves freezing of fluids inside and outside of cells that results in cell breakdown, electrolyte imbalances, and inflammation. Surrounding blood vessel constriction and injury disrupts blood flow to affected tissue, which may cause tissue death (necrosis). […] Damage from freezing cold injury occurs through direct freezing of tissue, disrupted blood flow to affected skin, and rewarming injury. Freezing causes ice crystal formation in tissue that disrupts cell membranes and surrounding blood vessels. Electrolyte imbalances, tissue swelling (edema), and inflammation occur as intracellular contents enter surrounding tissue fluid. Constriction of blood vessels in response to freezing can cause tissue death (necrosis) in severe cases due to blood vessel blockage.

• #51 Frostbite | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/frostbite/

  Frostbite is injury to tissue resulting from cold exposure at temperatures below 0C (32F). Frostbite exists on the severe end of a spectrum, with frostnip and pernio at the milder end. […] Frostbite injury results from: […] Immediate cold-induced cell death. Tissue cools below subfreezing extra and intracellular ice crystals form. Fluid and electrolyte fluxes lysis of cell membranes with subsequent cell death. Inflammatory process mediated by thromboxane A2, prostaglandin F2-alpha, bradykinins, and histamine. Leads to tissue ischemia and necrosis. Worsened in setting of thawing followed by refreezing. […] Tissue ischemia: Decreased temperatures increase blood viscosity microthrombi. Vasodilation and stasis result in tissue hypoperfusion and ischemia. […] Reperfusion-related localized inflammatory processes caused by return of blood flow to ischemic areas. Activated endothelial cells release activated oxygen species, initiating inflammatory response. WBCs flood to perfused area, releasing inflammatory mediators. Leads to cell death.

• #52 What causes frostbite?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/frostbite/what-causes-frostbite

  Prolonged exposure to cold weather conditions is considered the primary underlying cause of frostbite. Direct contact with extremely cold surfaces including ice, very cold liquids and freezing metals is also a common cause of frostbite. […] Factors which exacerbate common causal factors include the wearing of clothing that is not suitable for the conditions, prolonged exposure (for instance, to cold and wind) and touching extremely cold surfaces. […] The mechanisms of frostbite injury involve the following factors: Cold damage that directly affects the body’s cells. Ice crystals causing direct cell damage (including electrolyte salt, calcium, potassium and bicarbonate – imbalances, and problematic changes with proteins and lipids). Cell damage due to extracellular ice crystals (formations on the exterior or outside of cells), indirectly resulting in intracellular dehydration (fluid loss on the interior of cells). A stoppage or slowing down of blood flow or other bodily fluids (medically referred to as microvascular stasis), formation of thrombi (blood clots forming in the veins or arteries), embolism occurrences (arterial blockages) in the small blood vessels of the body, and ischemia (insufficient blood supply to an organ or bodily tissue). Inflammatory injury causing cell tissue necrosis (cell death).

• #53 Frostbite: Stages, Symptoms, Pictures, Treatment & Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/frostbite/article_em.htm

  Frostbite occurs when tissues freeze. This happens when you are exposed to temperatures below the freezing point of your skin. […] Frostbite is caused by two different means: cell death at the time of exposure and further cell deterioration and death because of a lack of oxygen. […] In the first, ice crystals form in the space outside of the cells. Water is lost from the cell’s interior, and dehydration promotes the destruction of the cell. […] In the second, the damaged lining of the blood vessels is the main culprit. As blood flow returns to the extremities upon rewarming, it finds that the blood vessels themselves are injured, also by the cold. […] Frostbite and hypothermia are the consequences of cold exposure and both can have long lasting effects.

• #54 Frostbite: Stages, Symptoms, Pictures, Treatment & Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/frostbite/article_em.htm

  Frostbite occurs when tissues freeze. This happens when you are exposed to temperatures below the freezing point of your skin. […] Frostbite is caused by two different means: cell death at the time of exposure and further cell deterioration and death because of a lack of oxygen. […] In the first, ice crystals form in the space outside of the cells. Water is lost from the cell’s interior, and dehydration promotes the destruction of the cell. […] In the second, the damaged lining of the blood vessels is the main culprit. As blood flow returns to the extremities upon rewarming, it finds that the blood vessels themselves are injured, also by the cold. […] Frostbite and hypothermia are the consequences of cold exposure and both can have long lasting effects.

• #55 Frostbite | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/frostbite/

  Frostbite is injury to tissue resulting from cold exposure at temperatures below 0C (32F). Frostbite exists on the severe end of a spectrum, with frostnip and pernio at the milder end. […] Frostbite injury results from: […] Immediate cold-induced cell death. Tissue cools below subfreezing extra and intracellular ice crystals form. Fluid and electrolyte fluxes lysis of cell membranes with subsequent cell death. Inflammatory process mediated by thromboxane A2, prostaglandin F2-alpha, bradykinins, and histamine. Leads to tissue ischemia and necrosis. Worsened in setting of thawing followed by refreezing. […] Tissue ischemia: Decreased temperatures increase blood viscosity microthrombi. Vasodilation and stasis result in tissue hypoperfusion and ischemia. […] Reperfusion-related localized inflammatory processes caused by return of blood flow to ischemic areas. Activated endothelial cells release activated oxygen species, initiating inflammatory response. WBCs flood to perfused area, releasing inflammatory mediators. Leads to cell death.

• #56 Frostbite | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/frostbite/

  Frostbite is injury to tissue resulting from cold exposure at temperatures below 0C (32F). Frostbite exists on the severe end of a spectrum, with frostnip and pernio at the milder end. […] Frostbite injury results from: […] Immediate cold-induced cell death. Tissue cools below subfreezing extra and intracellular ice crystals form. Fluid and electrolyte fluxes lysis of cell membranes with subsequent cell death. Inflammatory process mediated by thromboxane A2, prostaglandin F2-alpha, bradykinins, and histamine. Leads to tissue ischemia and necrosis. Worsened in setting of thawing followed by refreezing. […] Tissue ischemia: Decreased temperatures increase blood viscosity microthrombi. Vasodilation and stasis result in tissue hypoperfusion and ischemia. […] Reperfusion-related localized inflammatory processes caused by return of blood flow to ischemic areas. Activated endothelial cells release activated oxygen species, initiating inflammatory response. WBCs flood to perfused area, releasing inflammatory mediators. Leads to cell death.

• #57 Frostbite: Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0401/p440.html

  Frostbite is divided into four overlapping phases: prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and late ischemic. The prefreeze phase consists of tissue cooling, which leads to vasoconstriction and ischemia without ice crystal formation. In the freeze-thaw phase, ice crystals form intracellularly during rapid-onset freezing or extracellularly during a slower freeze. Thawing leads to ischemia, reperfusion injury, and an inflammatory response. In the vascular stasis phase, vessels fluctuate between dilation and constriction. The late ischemic phase involves progressive tissue ischemia and infarction from a cascade of events: inflammation, intermittent vasoconstriction, reperfusion injury, emboli in microvessels, and thrombus formation in larger vessels. […] First-degree frostbite causes numbness, erythema, and often edema. White or yellow, slightly raised plaque develops over injured areas. Second-degree frostbite causes erythema, edema, and superficial skin blisters. Third-degree frostbite causes deeper hemorrhagic blisters, indicating that the injury has extended into the reticular dermis and beneath the dermal vascular plexus. Fourth-degree frostbite extends completely through the dermis and involves comparatively avascular subcutaneous tissues, with necrosis extending into muscle and bone.

• #58 Frostbite – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/cold-injuries/frostbite

  It is more damaging to thaw and refreeze tissue than to allow it to remain frozen. […] Some health care professionals also use medications given into a vein or artery to improve circulation to the affected area, although these forms of treatment are beneficial only in the first few days after injury. […] Areas that will not recover require amputation.

• #59 Frostbite : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/frostbite/

  Environmental Injuries / Exposures, Inflammatory […] Risk factors include alcohol consumption, smoking, homelessness, mental health disorders, inadequate protection, previous cold injury, polypharmacy, and working with equipment that uses NO2 or CO2. […] Causes dermatological, soft tissue, and vascular damage. […] Pathologic changes can be divided into: Direct cellular injury (e.g. ice crystal formation, cell dehydration and shrinkage, electrolyte disturbance, lipid-protein denaturation, thermal shock). […] Indirect cellular injury (e.g. post-thaw microvascular thrombosis, endothelial damage, intravascular sludging, increased inflammatory mediators, reperfusion injury). […] Destruction of the microcirculation is the main factor leading to cell death. Refreezing of thawed region will exacerbate the initial cellular damage caused by ice crystals and the subsequent post-thawing processes.

• #60 Frostbite: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/frostbite?srsltid=AfmBOopM3hXOo_h3XkbpEb70AlSwVvqlqXwz1pqTx-lhh4kYKdrR76KK

  Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues as a result of prolonged exposure to freezing or subfreezing temperatures. […] Once the rewarming process is started, the tissue cannot be allowed to refreeze because refreezing can lead to tissue necrosis (death).

• #61 Frostbite: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166187

  Frostbite is a type of injury in which extreme cold damages the skin and the tissues beneath it. […] Frostbite can cause permanent physical damage and might even lead to amputation. […] Frostbite occurs in extremely cold temperatures or after prolonged exposure to freezing conditions. […] When parts of the body do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, the cells and tissues may die. […] Tiny blood clots might occur as circulation decreases. The tissues and fluids in the affected part may freeze, causing soft tissue to die. Gangrene may result, possibly leading to amputation. […] The physical damage from frostbite can be severe and long-lasting. […] People with extreme frostbite might develop gangrene. Gangrene is the death of body tissue. Amputation may be necessary for areas that become gangrenous, such as fingers or toes, to prevent the spread of tissue death. […] Frostbite can lead to systemic diseases, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In DIC, small blood clots form in the blood vessels. Cardiovascular collapse and sepsis can also occur. […] Frostbite is a medical emergency.

• #62 Cold injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_injury

  Long-term complications of freezing cold injury depend on the extent of tissue damage. Higher degrees of injury with firm skin after rewarming, hemorrhagic blisters, and tissue necrosis or gangrene carry a worse prognosis. In addition to possible amputation, several complications have been reported months or years after initial injury. These include chronic pain, increased sensitivity to cold, abnormal skin sensation, and arthritis. Long-term impaired circulation of blood flow and nerve damage have been attributed as possible causes.

• #63 Frostbite

  https://mountnittanyib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/82,116100en

  Frostbite is a freezing injury to the body’s tissues caused by prolonged exposure to cold. […] It can cause permanent damage to the tissues. […] Frostbite causes the skin to turn white, grey, or blue-white. […] The skin may feel cold and hard. […] The body part often loses feeling and becomes completely numb. […] As the damage gets worse, the skin may turn black. […] Don’t drink alcohol and don’t smoke. They make the skin more sensitive to cold. […] Protect the injured part from any exposure to cold for at least 6 months to a year or longer. The affected part is likely to always be more sensitive to damage from cold.

• #64 Frostbite (Frostnip): Signs, Stages, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/frostbite/article.htm

  Frostbite is severe damage to tissues from cold exposure, due to the formation of ice crystals within cells, rupturing the cells and leading to cell death. […] Frostbite occurs when the body part is frozen and then develops ice crystals within the cells, which ruptures them and causes cell death. […] Frostbite is a severe injury and requires emergency treatment. […] Frostbite usually affects the hands, feet, nose, ears, and cheeks, though other body areas may also be affected. This type of injury results from decreased blood flow and heat delivery to body tissues, resulting in damaging ice crystal formation, which ultimately leads to cell death. […] Frostbite injuries can be classified as either superficial or deep, depending on the tissue depth of the injury. […] Deep frostbite: This is the most severe stage, where all layers of the skin and underlying tissues are affected. Over a short amount of time, the affected area may appear blackened and necrotic, with a complete loss of sensation. […] Frostbite requires immediate medical attention. […] The recovery time for a frostbite injury depends on the extent of tissue injury and whether or not there are any subsequent complications, such as infection. […] Frostbite may require admission to a hospital for further care.

• #65 Frostbite: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166187

  Frostbite is a type of injury in which extreme cold damages the skin and the tissues beneath it. […] Frostbite can cause permanent physical damage and might even lead to amputation. […] Frostbite occurs in extremely cold temperatures or after prolonged exposure to freezing conditions. […] When parts of the body do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, the cells and tissues may die. […] Tiny blood clots might occur as circulation decreases. The tissues and fluids in the affected part may freeze, causing soft tissue to die. Gangrene may result, possibly leading to amputation. […] The physical damage from frostbite can be severe and long-lasting. […] People with extreme frostbite might develop gangrene. Gangrene is the death of body tissue. Amputation may be necessary for areas that become gangrenous, such as fingers or toes, to prevent the spread of tissue death. […] Frostbite can lead to systemic diseases, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In DIC, small blood clots form in the blood vessels. Cardiovascular collapse and sepsis can also occur. […] Frostbite is a medical emergency.

• #66 Frostbite – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/cold-injuries/frostbite

  Frostbite is a cold injury in which an area of the body is frozen. […] Extreme cold may freeze tissues, destroying them and sometimes the surrounding tissues. […] The damage caused by frostbite results from a combination of factors. Freezing kills some cells, but others survive. Because cold causes blood vessels to narrow, tissue that is near the frozen area but not itself frozen may be damaged as a result of the decreased blood flow. […] Sometimes cold also causes clots to form in small blood vessels in this tissue. These clots may limit blood flow so that the tissue dies. […] Exposure to below-freezing temperatures puts any part of the body at risk of frostbite. The risk of frostbite damage depends on how cold it is and how long the part was exposed. […] People at greatest risk of developing frostbite are those who have poor circulation because of diabetes or arteriosclerosis, blood vessel spasm (which may be caused by smoking, some neurologic disorders, or certain drugs), or constriction of blood flow by gloves or boots that are too tight.

• #67 Frostbite | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/frostbite

  Frostbite occurs when skin tissue freezes after exposure to cold weather. […] Factors such as exhaustion, hunger and dehydration further lower the body’s defences against frostbite. […] Frostbite is often the result of a lack of preparation. The risk can be reduced with greater awareness and preparation for cold weather conditions. […] Most of the damage of frostbite occurs during or after rewarming or thawing of the affected tissues. Damage can occur when an area is rewarmed and then exposed again to cold. […] If frostbite occurs far from help, it may be unwise to thaw out the affected areas in case they refreeze again. […] A person with severe frostbite needs to be treated in hospital. […] A person who has experienced severe frostbite will have long term damage, despite the best medical care. The damage may include: numbness, sensitivity to the cold, problems with nail growth, loss of fingers/toes. […] Exposure to cold weather, even for relatively brief periods of time, can be dangerous if you are not adequately prepared.

• #68 Frostbite: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention | BabyFoot

  https://blog.babyfoot.com/frostbite-what-it-is-and-what-to-do/

  Frostbite occurs when body tissues freeze due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures. […] Factors that increase your risk of frostbite include lack of warm shoes and clothing, as well as windy conditions which cause the body to cool more rapidly. […] Some medications may make you more prone to frostbite, as can a number of medical conditions. A few examples include: Diabetes, Peripheral artery disease, Peripheral neuropathy, Raynaud phenomenon. […] Permanent damage may occur after moderate or severe frostbite. Patients with moderate frostbite may experience ongoing numbness and increased sensitivity to cold and pain. […] Severe frostbite may leave you with long-term damage to muscles, bones and tendons. Patients may be at greater risk of developing arthritis, bone deformities, general weakness and changes to skin and nail texture.

• #69 Frostbite: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention | BabyFoot

  https://blog.babyfoot.com/frostbite-what-it-is-and-what-to-do/

  Frostbite occurs when body tissues freeze due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures. […] Factors that increase your risk of frostbite include lack of warm shoes and clothing, as well as windy conditions which cause the body to cool more rapidly. […] Some medications may make you more prone to frostbite, as can a number of medical conditions. A few examples include: Diabetes, Peripheral artery disease, Peripheral neuropathy, Raynaud phenomenon. […] Permanent damage may occur after moderate or severe frostbite. Patients with moderate frostbite may experience ongoing numbness and increased sensitivity to cold and pain. […] Severe frostbite may leave you with long-term damage to muscles, bones and tendons. Patients may be at greater risk of developing arthritis, bone deformities, general weakness and changes to skin and nail texture.

• #70 Frostbite: Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0401/p440.html

  The effect of hydration on frostbite outcomes has not been studied, but appropriate hydration is important for recovery. […] Intravenous low-molecular-weight dextran decreases blood viscosity by preventing red blood cell aggregation and microthrombi formation. […] Ibuprofen should be given in the field at standard dosages (up to 600 mg four times daily) to decrease vasoconstriction and further tissue damage. […] Although outcomes are better with rapid rewarming, frostbite should be allowed to thaw spontaneously if rapid rewarming is not possible. […] Physicians should monitor for compartment syndrome after frozen tissue has thawed. This surgical emergency can be caused by reperfusion of ischemic tissue. […] Complete demarcation of tissue necrosis after frostbite may take up to three months. Until demarcation is complete, amputation should be performed only if signs of sepsis are present.

• #71 Frostbite: Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0401/p440.html

  The effect of hydration on frostbite outcomes has not been studied, but appropriate hydration is important for recovery. […] Intravenous low-molecular-weight dextran decreases blood viscosity by preventing red blood cell aggregation and microthrombi formation. […] Ibuprofen should be given in the field at standard dosages (up to 600 mg four times daily) to decrease vasoconstriction and further tissue damage. […] Although outcomes are better with rapid rewarming, frostbite should be allowed to thaw spontaneously if rapid rewarming is not possible. […] Physicians should monitor for compartment syndrome after frozen tissue has thawed. This surgical emergency can be caused by reperfusion of ischemic tissue. […] Complete demarcation of tissue necrosis after frostbite may take up to three months. Until demarcation is complete, amputation should be performed only if signs of sepsis are present.

• #72 Cold injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_injury

  Long-term complications of freezing cold injury depend on the extent of tissue damage. Higher degrees of injury with firm skin after rewarming, hemorrhagic blisters, and tissue necrosis or gangrene carry a worse prognosis. In addition to possible amputation, several complications have been reported months or years after initial injury. These include chronic pain, increased sensitivity to cold, abnormal skin sensation, and arthritis. Long-term impaired circulation of blood flow and nerve damage have been attributed as possible causes.

• #73 Frostbite: Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0401/p440.html

  The effect of hydration on frostbite outcomes has not been studied, but appropriate hydration is important for recovery. […] Intravenous low-molecular-weight dextran decreases blood viscosity by preventing red blood cell aggregation and microthrombi formation. […] Ibuprofen should be given in the field at standard dosages (up to 600 mg four times daily) to decrease vasoconstriction and further tissue damage. […] Although outcomes are better with rapid rewarming, frostbite should be allowed to thaw spontaneously if rapid rewarming is not possible. […] Physicians should monitor for compartment syndrome after frozen tissue has thawed. This surgical emergency can be caused by reperfusion of ischemic tissue. […] Complete demarcation of tissue necrosis after frostbite may take up to three months. Until demarcation is complete, amputation should be performed only if signs of sepsis are present.

• #74 Frostbite | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/frostbite/

  Frostbite is injury to tissue resulting from cold exposure at temperatures below 0C (32F). Frostbite exists on the severe end of a spectrum, with frostnip and pernio at the milder end. […] Frostbite injury results from: […] Immediate cold-induced cell death. Tissue cools below subfreezing extra and intracellular ice crystals form. Fluid and electrolyte fluxes lysis of cell membranes with subsequent cell death. Inflammatory process mediated by thromboxane A2, prostaglandin F2-alpha, bradykinins, and histamine. Leads to tissue ischemia and necrosis. Worsened in setting of thawing followed by refreezing. […] Tissue ischemia: Decreased temperatures increase blood viscosity microthrombi. Vasodilation and stasis result in tissue hypoperfusion and ischemia. […] Reperfusion-related localized inflammatory processes caused by return of blood flow to ischemic areas. Activated endothelial cells release activated oxygen species, initiating inflammatory response. WBCs flood to perfused area, releasing inflammatory mediators. Leads to cell death.

• #75 Frostbite: Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0401/p440.html

  The effect of hydration on frostbite outcomes has not been studied, but appropriate hydration is important for recovery. […] Intravenous low-molecular-weight dextran decreases blood viscosity by preventing red blood cell aggregation and microthrombi formation. […] Ibuprofen should be given in the field at standard dosages (up to 600 mg four times daily) to decrease vasoconstriction and further tissue damage. […] Although outcomes are better with rapid rewarming, frostbite should be allowed to thaw spontaneously if rapid rewarming is not possible. […] Physicians should monitor for compartment syndrome after frozen tissue has thawed. This surgical emergency can be caused by reperfusion of ischemic tissue. […] Complete demarcation of tissue necrosis after frostbite may take up to three months. Until demarcation is complete, amputation should be performed only if signs of sepsis are present.

• #76 Frostbite – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/cold-injuries/frostbite

  It is more damaging to thaw and refreeze tissue than to allow it to remain frozen. […] Some health care professionals also use medications given into a vein or artery to improve circulation to the affected area, although these forms of treatment are beneficial only in the first few days after injury. […] Areas that will not recover require amputation.

• #77 Frostbite: Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0401/p440.html

  The effect of hydration on frostbite outcomes has not been studied, but appropriate hydration is important for recovery. […] Intravenous low-molecular-weight dextran decreases blood viscosity by preventing red blood cell aggregation and microthrombi formation. […] Ibuprofen should be given in the field at standard dosages (up to 600 mg four times daily) to decrease vasoconstriction and further tissue damage. […] Although outcomes are better with rapid rewarming, frostbite should be allowed to thaw spontaneously if rapid rewarming is not possible. […] Physicians should monitor for compartment syndrome after frozen tissue has thawed. This surgical emergency can be caused by reperfusion of ischemic tissue. […] Complete demarcation of tissue necrosis after frostbite may take up to three months. Until demarcation is complete, amputation should be performed only if signs of sepsis are present.

• #78 A drug to treat frostbite is finally available

  https://theconversation.com/a-drug-to-treat-frostbite-is-finally-available-223948

  Iloprost works by expanding the blood vessels (called a vasodilator) of patients and stopping blood clots from forming. As frostbite causes constriction of blood vessels, this suggests one mechanism through which iloprost helps heal frostbitten tissue is by reversing this constriction. […] Frostbite is a common condition in colder parts of the world with one Finnish study finding that 1.1% of the Finnish population experiences severe frostbite every year and 12.9% suffer from mild frostbite.

• #79 Frostbite – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/cold-injuries/frostbite

  It is more damaging to thaw and refreeze tissue than to allow it to remain frozen. […] Some health care professionals also use medications given into a vein or artery to improve circulation to the affected area, although these forms of treatment are beneficial only in the first few days after injury. […] Areas that will not recover require amputation.

• #80 Frostbite – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/cold-injuries/frostbite

  It is more damaging to thaw and refreeze tissue than to allow it to remain frozen. […] Some health care professionals also use medications given into a vein or artery to improve circulation to the affected area, although these forms of treatment are beneficial only in the first few days after injury. […] Areas that will not recover require amputation.

• #81 Frostbite: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166187

  Frostbite is a type of injury in which extreme cold damages the skin and the tissues beneath it. […] Frostbite can cause permanent physical damage and might even lead to amputation. […] Frostbite occurs in extremely cold temperatures or after prolonged exposure to freezing conditions. […] When parts of the body do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, the cells and tissues may die. […] Tiny blood clots might occur as circulation decreases. The tissues and fluids in the affected part may freeze, causing soft tissue to die. Gangrene may result, possibly leading to amputation. […] The physical damage from frostbite can be severe and long-lasting. […] People with extreme frostbite might develop gangrene. Gangrene is the death of body tissue. Amputation may be necessary for areas that become gangrenous, such as fingers or toes, to prevent the spread of tissue death. […] Frostbite can lead to systemic diseases, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In DIC, small blood clots form in the blood vessels. Cardiovascular collapse and sepsis can also occur. […] Frostbite is a medical emergency.

• #82 Frostbite | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/frostbite

  Frostbite occurs when skin tissue freezes after exposure to cold weather. […] Factors such as exhaustion, hunger and dehydration further lower the body’s defences against frostbite. […] Frostbite is often the result of a lack of preparation. The risk can be reduced with greater awareness and preparation for cold weather conditions. […] Most of the damage of frostbite occurs during or after rewarming or thawing of the affected tissues. Damage can occur when an area is rewarmed and then exposed again to cold. […] If frostbite occurs far from help, it may be unwise to thaw out the affected areas in case they refreeze again. […] A person with severe frostbite needs to be treated in hospital. […] A person who has experienced severe frostbite will have long term damage, despite the best medical care. The damage may include: numbness, sensitivity to the cold, problems with nail growth, loss of fingers/toes. […] Exposure to cold weather, even for relatively brief periods of time, can be dangerous if you are not adequately prepared.

• #83 Frostbite | SIU Demo | SIU

  https://emergency.siu.edu/wx/frostbite.php

  Frostbite is an injury to the body that is caused by freezing. Frostbite causes a loss of feeling and color in affected areas. It most often affects the nose, ears, cheeks, chin, fingers, or toes. Frostbite can permanently damage the body, and severe cases can lead to amputation. The risk of frostbite is increased in people with reduced blood circulation and among people who are not dressed properly for extremely cold temperatures. […] If you detect symptoms of frostbite, seek medical care. […] These procedures are not substitutes for proper medical care. Hypothermia is a medical emergency and frostbite should be evaluated by a health care provider. […] Taking preventive action is your best defense against having to deal with extreme cold-weather conditions.

• #84 Frostbite

  https://mountnittanyib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/82,116100en

  Frostbite is a freezing injury to the body’s tissues caused by prolonged exposure to cold. […] It can cause permanent damage to the tissues. […] Frostbite causes the skin to turn white, grey, or blue-white. […] The skin may feel cold and hard. […] The body part often loses feeling and becomes completely numb. […] As the damage gets worse, the skin may turn black. […] Don’t drink alcohol and don’t smoke. They make the skin more sensitive to cold. […] Protect the injured part from any exposure to cold for at least 6 months to a year or longer. The affected part is likely to always be more sensitive to damage from cold.

• #85 HJ/75/10 Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite:

  https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/75/10/prevention-and-treatment-of-frostbite/

  The mountain adventurer should recognize cold-induced numbness as a warning that frostbite injury may be imminent if protective and/or avoidance measures are not taken to decrease tissue cooling. […] Frostnip signals conditions favorable for frostbite; appropriate action should be undertaken immediately to prevent injury. […] The severity of frostbite may vary within a single extremity. […] Underlying medical problems may increase risk of frostbite, so prevention must address both environmental and health-related aspects.

• #86 Frostbite

  https://mountnittanyib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/82,116100en

  Frostbite is a freezing injury to the body’s tissues caused by prolonged exposure to cold. […] It can cause permanent damage to the tissues. […] Frostbite causes the skin to turn white, grey, or blue-white. […] The skin may feel cold and hard. […] The body part often loses feeling and becomes completely numb. […] As the damage gets worse, the skin may turn black. […] Don’t drink alcohol and don’t smoke. They make the skin more sensitive to cold. […] Protect the injured part from any exposure to cold for at least 6 months to a year or longer. The affected part is likely to always be more sensitive to damage from cold.

• #87 Frostbite – Causes, Risk factors, and Diagnosis. –

  https://diseasesdic.com/frostbite-causes/

  Frostbite is a type of injury that can occur when your skins exposure to the cold. It is also refered as the freezing of body tissue (usually skin) that results when the blood vessels contract, reducing blood flow and oxygen to the affected body parts. […] This condition is happening when the skin and underlying tissues freeze. The exposure to cold weather conditions is the most common cause for the frostbite. But also frostbites can be also caused by direct contact with freezing metals, ice or very cold liquids. […] Factors that increase the chance of frostbite include: Medical conditions, such as exhaustion, dehydration, circulatory problems, diabetes, hunger, and malnutrition. […] People who have a condition that affects blood vessels and circulation should take extra measures to protect themselves against frostbite.

Zobacz więcej