Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4130971/

  Dyspepsia refers to group of upper gastrointestinal symptoms that occur commonly in adults. […] Epidemiological data from population-based studies of various geographical locations have been reviewed, as they provide more realistic information. […] Globally, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) varies between 7%- 45%, depending on definition used and geographical location, whilst the prevalence of FD has been noted to vary between 11%-29.2%. […] It is clear that dyspepsia and FD in particular are common conditions globally, affecting most populations, regardless of location. […] The prevalence of dyspepsia varies considerably between different populations. […] The true prevalence and epidemiology of FD amongst the general population has not been evaluated as much, due to the difficulties in excluding organic disease in large numbers of people.

• #2 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i17/2661.htm

  Dyspepsia refers to group of upper gastrointestinal symptoms that occur commonly in adults. […] Epidemiological data from population-based studies of various geographical locations have been reviewed, as they provide more realistic information. […] Globally, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) varies between 7%- 45%, depending on definition used and geographical location, whilst the prevalence of FD has been noted to vary between 11%-29.2%. […] It is clear that dyspepsia and FD in particular are common conditions globally, affecting most populations, regardless of location. […] This review aims to describe the epidemiology of functional dyspepsia from a global perspective. […] The prevalence of dyspepsia varies considerably between different populations. […] The true prevalence and epidemiology of FD amongst the general population has not been evaluated as much, due to the difficulties in excluding organic disease in large numbers of people.

• #3 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=11&number=3&spage=349

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. Epidemiologically, there are two clinically distinct FD syndromes (although these often overlap clinically): postprandial distress syndrome (PDS; comprising early satiety or meal-related fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome. […] In 100 population-based studies comprising over 312,000 subjects, the pooled prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia was 21% (95% confidence interval, 18% to 24%); the risk of dyspepsia was increased in females and those with Helicobacter pylori infection, smokers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. […] In Olmsted County in the United States, evidence has emerged that FD is underdiagnosed in clinical practice; only 12.5% with FD symptoms received an FD diagnosis.

• #4 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. Epidemiologically, there are two clinically distinct FD syndromes (although these often overlap clinically): postprandial distress syndrome (PDS; comprising early satiety or meal-related fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome. […] In 100 population-based studies comprising over 312,000 subjects, the pooled prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia was 21% (95% confidence interval, 18% to 24%); the risk of dyspepsia was increased in females and those with Helicobacter pylori infection, smokers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. […] In Olmsted County in the United States, evidence has emerged that FD is underdiagnosed in clinical practice; only 12.5% with FD symptoms received an FD diagnosis.

• #5 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  Dyspepsia affects up to 30% of the general population in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, with 70% of these patients having functional dyspepsia.1 The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) broadly define functional dyspepsia as at least one month of epigastric discomfort without evidence of organic disease on endoscopy.2 The more detailed Rome IV diagnostic criteria define functional dyspepsia as one to three days per week of symptoms of postprandial fullness, early satiety, epigastric pain, or epigastric burning without evidence of structural disease.3 A cross-sectional study using the Rome IV criteria estimated the prevalence of functional dyspepsia to be 12% in the United States and was the most common cause of dyspepsia.1

• #6 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3

  Although functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastroduodenal disorder with a high socioeconomic burden, little is known about its global prevalence. […] The overall global pooled prevalence of FD was 8.4% (95% CI 7.4.9.5). […] The prevalence was the highest in Rome I (11.9%; 95% CI 5.125.4) and lowest in Rome IV (6.8%; 95% CI 5.87.9). […] Developing countries showed a higher prevalence than developed countries (9.1% versus 8.0%), and prevalence was higher in women, irrespective of the definition used (9.0% versus 7.0%). […] The pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 1990 to 2020 (12.4% [8.218.3] in 19902002 versus 7.3% [6.18.7] in 20132020). […] The prevalence of FD differs by country, economic status, geographical region, and sex, and the global prevalence has been gradually declining.

• #7 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia—a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder—varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Functional dyspepsia is characterized by a relapsing and remitting course, with periods of symptom relief interspersed with flare-ups. While lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes psychotherapy can provide significant relief for some patients, others may experience persistent symptoms over an extended period. Studies indicate that approximately half of individuals diagnosed with functional dyspepsia continue to experience symptoms up to a year after diagnosis.

• #8 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  The division of FD into the subtypes of EPS and PDS dates from the development of the Rome III criteria. […] Prevalence using a broad definition of dyspepsia is estimated to be almost 30% at any one point in time. […] However, this falls with each successive iteration of the Rome criteria. […] Using the Rome IV criteria, prevalence was estimated at 7% in the recent Rome Foundation global survey, although this varied between individual countries with the lowest reported prevalence 2.4% in Japan, and the highest 12.3% in Egypt. […] Risk factors for dyspepsia in the community include female sex, smoking, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and H. pylori infection, although these associations are modest. […] Symptoms of FD fluctuate, but are chronic in around two-thirds of patients, and even among those who no longer meet criteria for FD, often their gastrointestinal symptoms have fluctuated to those of another DGBI.

• #9 Functional Dyspepsia Market in 7MM is estimated to show modest growth at 0.58% CAGR, During the Study Period [2018-2030], Evaluates DelveInsight

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/functional-dyspepsia-market-in-7mm-is-estimated-to-show-modest-growth-at-0-58-cagr-during-the-study-period-20182030-evaluates-delveinsight-301363655.html

  DelveInsight’s „Functional Dyspepsia Market” report provides a thorough comprehension of the Functional Dyspepsia historical and forecasted epidemiology and the Functional Dyspepsia market trends in the 7MM [the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan]. […] DelveInsight estimates that the total prevalent Functional Dyspepsia population in the 7MM was estimated to be 4,89,59,808 cases in 2020. It is also observed that the disease is more prominent in females as compared to males. […] The growth of the Functional Dyspepsia Market is increasing because of the high disease prevalence, recent changes in diagnostic criteria for better awareness, and scientific advancements help to understand the Functional Dyspepsia pathogenesis better to identify causes and treatment targets in the future.

• #10 Epidemiology of Uninvestigated and Functional Dyspepsia in Asia: Facts and Fiction

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm.2011.17.3.235

  Dyspepsia refers to a combination of upper gut symptoms such as epigastric pain, burning, fullness, discomfort, early satiety, nausea, vomiting and belching. […] Since there is considerable heterogeneity in the above issues among different Asian countries, it is important to review the epidemiology of dyspepsia in Asia. […] The frequency of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) and FD vary considerably in different populations. […] Though the data on UD in general and FD in particular are somewhat scanty from Asia, quite a few studies from Asian countries explored the epidemiology of these conditions. […] Frequency of UD and FD varied between 8%-30% and 8%-23%, respectively in Asia. […] However, the frequency of FD is not known in several countries as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) has not been done in most community studies.

• #11 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, and FD imposes social and economic burden worldwide. […] The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence and risk factors of FD in health check-up population in tertiary centers in Korea. […] A total of 1714 subjects without organic disease were enrolled. The mean ( SD) age was 51.5 ( 12.7) years, and 917 patients (53.5%) were female. The prevalence of FD was 10.3% (176/1714), and the subtypes of postprandial distress syndrome alone, epigastric pain syndrome alone, and postprandial distress syndrome-epigastric pain syndrome overlap were 4.8%, 3.0%, and 2.5%, respectively. […] The prevalence of FD was 10.3% in the health check-up population in Korea. Female sex and education below college level were risk factors for FD.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-021-01843-7

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is defined as a condition chronically presenting symptoms centered in the upper abdomen, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, in the absence of any organic, systemic, or metabolic disease that is likely to explain the symptoms. […] The prevalence of FD in Japanese patients ranges from 11 to 17% in patients who appear for medical checkups and from 45 to 53% in patients who seek medical care because of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Because of the absence of reliable data, it is difficult to determine whether the prevalence of FD is increasing in Japan. […] Although the mechanism by which H. pylori infection affects gastro-duodenal pathophysiology remain unclear, eradication treatment for H. pylori improves dyspeptic symptoms in a subset of FD patients.

• #13 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms and heartburn of adults in Belo Horizonte, Brazil Prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms and heartburn of adults in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/PJwp4x9jkdXqnrc6wsSwTtJ/

  Medical literature has shown dyspepsia and heartburn-related symptoms occur among 15% to 40% of the population. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 10.6% (postprandial discomfort syndrome (8.2%) and epigastric pain syndrome (2.4%). […] Among all participants, 52.5% reported heartburn, and 11.1% presented this symptom at least once a week. […] The prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms and heartburn among a Brazilian adult urban population is similar to those described in other countries. […] By adopting the criteria suggested in the Rome III consensus, we observed that the prevalence of FD was 10.6%, and 8.2% met the criteria for the diagnosis of postprandial discomfort syndrome (PDS) (early satiety and/or postprandial fullness) and 2.4% for epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). […] In this study, 52.8% reported heartburn, and more than 18% have it at least once a week.

• #14 Mexican consensus on dyspepsia | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-mexican-consensus-on-dyspepsia-articulo-S2255534X17300506

  1. The prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia in Mexico is 12%, according to the largest population study conducted up to now, but it varies in accordance with the population studied and the criteria employed for defining its presence. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia and the incidence of any type of dyspepsia are unknown in Mexico […] Dyspepsia affects 25-40% of the population at some time of life and is the reason for 3-5% of first-contact care consultations in the United States. However, 50-60% of the subjects with dyspepsia have no structural lesions that explain their complaints. The prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia widely varies according to the population studied and the definition used to establish its presence. A meta-analysis that included more than 300 international studies estimated the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia to be 21%. In Mexico, the prevalence of this disorder has been reported at 7 to 68% […] The largest population study conducted in Mexico at present that included more than 3,000 subjects in an open population from 8 different regions of the country reported a 12% prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia. Because the diagnostic criteria currently require the performance of endoscopy to diagnosis functional dyspepsia, there are no studies that allow its prevalence to be known.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx

  Dyspepsia is one of the most common chronic digestive diseases, which is due to underlying organic causes that can be detected, or causes that cannot be detected called functional dyspepsia (FD). […] There is no epidemiological study to date that measures the prevalence and risk factors of the FD in low- and middle-income countries, so this international cross-sectional study was conducted in 15 low- and middle-income countries from data previously published its protocol NCT05340400. […] Our study concluded that the prevalence of FD is much higher in low- and middle-income countries 37.9% [6.2%44.2%], compared to high-income countries 10% [8%12%]. […] Moreover, there are many risk factors, including modifiable ones, such as severe stress, chronic fatigue, smoking, abnormal BMI, insufficient or too many hours of sleep, and previous infection with Covid-19, and non-modifiable ones such as advanced age, chronic diseases, and female sex.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx

  However, these epidemiological studies to calculate prevalence and risk factors have not yet included low- and middle-income countries such as Egypt, Syria, Sudan, Algeria, and many others. […] Our study is the first to investigate the prevalence of the disease in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria and Pakistan, and it is the first to determine the prevalence among Caucasians in general. […] The prevalence of FD increased significantly with age, reaching 48.3% at age more than 60 years. […] Females were more likely to have the disease than males (41.9% vs 32.2%, P value .001). […] The prevalence of FD was significantly higher in participants with certain co-morbidities (Hypertension requiring medication, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, headache or migraine, anemia, allergies to certain substances, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and endometriosis). […] Our study concluded that the prevalence of FD is much higher in low- and middle-income countries 37.9% [6.2%44.2%], compared to high-income countries 10% [8%12%].

• #17 Functional Dyspepsia Market Size & Share – 2034

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/functional-dyspepsia-market

  Functional dyspepsia affects more than 20% of the population. […] A study revealed that the prevalence of functional dyspepsia is substantially higher in low- and middle-income nations, 37.9%, than in high-income countries, 10%, with a higher proportion among the Afro-Caribbean race, 47.9%. […] In research conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, an average prevalence rate of 10% was recorded, with a higher frequency in the United States, at 12%. […] A meta-analysis of epidemiological research found that female sex, smoking, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), and H. pylori infection were risk factors for the condition, but with a moderate correlation between them.

• #18

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2007/april/dyspepsia.aspx

  Dyspepsia is extremely common with a prevalence of 23-41% in OECD countries. Most people with dyspepsia do not seek advice about it from their GPs and often accept symptoms as part of their lifestyle and dietary habits. This explains the widespread availability and purchase of over the counter (OTC) antacids, H2RAs (e.g. ranitidine) and PPIs in some countries. […] It has been estimated that only 25% of people with symptoms of dyspepsia actually seek medical advice but because it is so common dyspepsia accounts for between 2% and 7% of visits to GPs. […] Dyspepsia can occur at any age but in older people it is more likely to be associated with organic diseases such as peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. NSAIDs are a major cause of dyspepsia and peptic ulcer and are more frequently prescribed in people over 65, who are more susceptible to complications.

• #19 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4130971/

  Nevertheless, several studies have been able to examine this in some detail. […] With the data that is available, the true prevalence of FD globally is estimated between 11.5%-29.2% (including symptoms of reflux). […] Epidemiologically, it appears that risk factors for FD are different to that of organic dyspepsia and even general UD. […] Where this has been studied in some detail, female gender and underlying psychological disturbances have been shown to be important factors in FD. […] In contrast, environmental/lifestyle habits such as poor socio-economic status, smoking, increased caffeine intake and NSAID ingestion appear to be more relevant to UD.

• #20 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i17/2661.htm

  Nevertheless, several studies have been able to examine this in some detail. […] With the data that is available, the true prevalence of FD globally is estimated between 11.5%-29.2% (including symptoms of reflux). […] Epidemiologically, it appears that risk factors for FD are different to that of organic dyspepsia and even general UD. […] Where this has been studied in some detail, female gender and underlying psychological disturbances have been shown to be important factors in FD. […] In contrast, environmental/lifestyle habits such as poor socio-economic status, smoking, increased caffeine intake and NSAID ingestion appear to be more relevant to UD.

• #21 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068

  The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of FD was 10.3%. […] The prevalence of FD in females (12.4%) was higher than in males (7.8%), and was 11.3% in individuals aged 60 years, slightly higher than those aged below 60 (9.9%). […] Risk factors varied slightly according to these groups in that female gender and education below college level were risk factors for FD. […] In conclusion, FD is a relatively prevalent gastrointestinal disorder in a health check-up population in tertiary centers in Korea, with a higher prevalence in females and older groups. The risk factors for FD are female sex and low education level.

• #22

  https://benthamscience.com/public/chapter/6141

  Dyspepsia comprises a group of symptoms including epigastric pain, burning, postprandial fullness and early satiation. Its prevalence in general population ranges from 10 to 40%. Functional dyspepsia prevalence estimates are 5-12%. […] The relationship between Helicobacter pylori and functional dyspepsia is complicated. There are no differences between infected and uninfected patients in prevalence and severity of dyspepsia. […] According to the Maastricht IV guidelines, eradication therapy is considered appropriate for patients that have a confirmed Helicobacter pylori infection and a diagnosis of functional dyspepsia (recommendation grade: A).

• #23 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/landing/article.kci?arti_id=ART002224140

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. Epidemiologically, there are two clinically distinct FD syndromes (although these often overlap clinically): postprandial distress syndrome (PDS; comprising early satiety or meal-related fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome. […] Postinfectious gastroenteritis is a risk factor for FD. […] Therapeutic options remain limited and provide only symptomatic benefit in most cases.

• #24 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=11&number=3&spage=349

  In FD, an increased risk of atopic diseases most notably asthma has been observed in a general practice database in the United Kingdom. […] Further, an increased risk of autoimmune disease has now been observed based on an extensive analysis of over 23,000 patients and controls from the U.K. general practice database; rheumatological disease in particular was increased.

• #25 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine

  https://www.kjim.org/m/journal/view.php?number=169265

  Dyspepsia refers to group of commonly occurring upper gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Although there is a lack of epidemiological data from population-based or patient cohort studies in Korea, the current understanding of this condition has been updated using data from various recent research studies, which have facilitated the development of clinical guidelines for functional dyspepsia. […] According to a survey using the Rome III criteria, more than 40% of respondents who visited primary clinics and tertiary hospitals were defined as having functional dyspepsia, most of who were within a subgroup of patients with postprandial distress syndrome. […] In addition, a population-based cross-sectional survey revealed considerable overlap between functional dyspepsia and other functional gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (especially nonerosive reflux disease) and irritable bowel syndrome.

• #26 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine

  https://www.kjim.org/m/journal/view.php?number=169265

  The prevalences of FD from various Korean studies are presented in Table 2. […] The mixed subgroup percentage in this report was much lower than those reported in Western studies. […] A report regarding the overlap of FD and GERD in patients undergoing health screening revealed that FD occurred more frequently in patients with nonerosive reflux disease than in patients with reflux esophagitis (74.3% vs. 10.5%, respectively). […] The recently developed Korean version of the Rome III questionnaire may be useful for diagnosing FD and performing clinical and research assessments in the Korean population. […] In contrast to results from Western trials, there is insufficient evidence that the Helicobacter pylori test-and-treat strategy is superior as an initial approach to FD in Korea. […] The results do, however, suggest the benefit of early endoscopic evaluation in Korea.

• #27 Gastroesophageal reflux disease in a typical African population: a symptom-based multicenter study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-020-01261-8

  The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Africa is not known but is believed to be increasing because of demographic and epidemiologic transition. […] The prevalence of GERD in this study is 7.6%. […] A high degree of overlap with dyspepsia and IBS exists in Nigerian patients with GERD. […] The prevalence of GERD in Africa is not known, and may actually be on the increase along with the trend in western world and Asia because of the obesity epidemic, advancing age, changes in diet and sedentary lifestyle. […] Overlap of GERD with dyspepsia and/or IBS was observed in over 50% of cases.

• #28 Approach to the adult with dyspepsia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-dyspepsia

  Dyspepsia is a common symptom with an extensive differential diagnosis and a heterogeneous pathophysiology. It occurs in up to 20 percent of the population, although prevalence rates vary depending on which diagnostic criteria are used to establish the diagnosis. […] In an analysis of ambulatory visits for chronic upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the United States, dyspepsia was the second most common reason for a visit, with more than 1.2 million visits annually. […] Although dyspepsia does not affect survival, it significantly reduces quality of life and results in substantial health care costs. […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management of functional dyspepsia are discussed separately. […] Approximately 25 percent of patients with dyspepsia are found to have an underlying organic disease on diagnostic evaluation. Approximately 75 percent of patients have functional (idiopathic or nonulcer) dyspepsia.

• #29 Indigestion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigestion

  Indigestion is a common problem and frequent reason for primary care physicians to refer patients to GI specialists. Worldwide, dyspepsia affects about a third of the population. It can affect a person’s quality of life even if the symptoms within themselves are usually not life-threatening. Additionally, the financial burden on the patient and healthcare system is costly – patients with dyspepsia were more likely to have lower work productivity and higher healthcare costs compared to those without indigestion. Risk factors include NSAID-use, H. pylori infection, and smoking.

• #30 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=11&number=3&spage=349

  FD impacts on quality of life and impaired quality of life is associated with symptom severity and comorbid depression. […] The direct and indirect costs of FD because it is a highly prevalent and chronic condition are enormous. Extrapolating data on FD patients to the U.S. population, it has been calculated in 2009 the costs of FD were $18.4 billion, and other independent data support these high cost figures. […] However, there is no mortality associated with dyspepsia symptoms in the general population indicating FD once diagnosed is a benign disorder and repeat EGD usually unhelpful. […] The diagnosis of FD remains one of exclusion as EGD is required to exclude peptic ulceration, esophagitis and malignancy. […] The pretest probability of FD in the patient who presents with classical dyspepsia (fullness, satiety, or epigastric pain) and no alarm features however is high, around 0.7 and therefore a provisional diagnosis in clinical practice can be considered in selected cases.

• #31 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055

  FD impacts on quality of life and impaired quality of life is associated with symptom severity and comorbid depression. […] The direct and indirect costs of FD because it is a highly prevalent and chronic condition are enormous. Extrapolating data on FD patients to the U.S. population, it has been calculated in 2009 the costs of FD were $18.4 billion, and other independent data support these high cost figures. […] However, there is no mortality associated with dyspepsia symptoms in the general population indicating FD once diagnosed is a benign disorder and repeat EGD usually unhelpful.

• #32 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  The incidence of FD is less well-studied, but is estimated at between 3% and 5% per year. […] There is no effect of FD on mortality. […] However, it has a substantial impact on quality of life, consultation rates with a physician are around 40%, and presenteeism and absenteeism common. […] The economic consequences of FD are, therefore, considerable, estimated at US$18.4 billion in the USA in 2009.

• #33 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/february-2020/functional-dyspepsia-a-review-of-the-symptoms-evaluation-and-treatment-options/

  The community prevalence of dyspepsia is typically quoted in the range of 20% to 40%, and the disorder accounts for 3% to 5% of primary care visits. […] Of patients with investigated dyspepsia, approximately 70% have negative endoscopic studies and approximately 50% to 60% are subsequently classified as functional dyspepsia. […] Admittedly, estimating the prevalence of functional dyspepsia is challenging due to variable diagnostic criteria used in prevalence studies, the overlap in symptoms with other disorders, and inconsistent interpretation of dyspepsia symptoms. […] Risk factors include female sex, increasing age, Helicobacter pylori infection, high socioeconomic status, smoking, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.

• #34 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3

  This systematic review and meta-analysis integrated data from 44 original articles and over 256,915 participants from 40 countries across six continents (Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America), which reported the prevalence of FD in the community using all iterations of the Rome criteria from 1990 to 2020. […] The estimated global prevalence of FD was 8.4% (95% CI 7.49.5). […] This study also found differences in prevalence between developed and developing countries, with a higher prevalence in developing countries. […] The prevalence according to the Rome criteria definitions showed a change of less than 1.5% between Rome I, II, and III but showed a sharp decrease in the prevalence with the Rome IV criteria. […] Finally, according to study year, we found that the worldwide prevalence of FD showed gradual decreased.

• #35

  https://jmsronline.com/archive-article/dyspepsia-young-old-patients-ultrasound-abdomen-esophagogastroduodenoscopy

  Dyspepsia is an upper gastrointestinal disorder affecting 20-45% of the global population. […] A meta-analysis mentioned that the frequency of dyspepsia increased with the changing lifestyle of the modern community. Dyspepsia was observed in about 45% of patients in 2020-21 which rose to 54% in 2022. […] According to various studies, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia was the highest in the US (23-25.8%), India (30.4%) and New Zealand (34.2%). […] A multicentre study reported that around 7.6%-49% of individuals in India experience dyspeptic symptoms. […] An average of 20-30% of patients consulting primary healthcare for gastrointestinal disorder have dyspepsia. […] There are various reviews and reports published elucidating epidemiological factors of dyspepsia and various investigative modalities used for diagnosis; yet the precise cause of this disease is still being investigated.

• #36 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176595-overview

  Epidemiology […] Western dietary habits have made GERD a common disease. The prevalence of GERD in Western populations is estimated to be 10-20%, whereas it is about 2.5-17.0% in Asian populations. Richter and associates reported that 25%-40% of Americans experience symptomatic GERD at some point. Approximately 7%-10% of Americans experience symptoms of GERD on a daily basis. Because many individuals control their symptoms with over-the-counter (OTC) medications and without consulting a medical professional, the actual number of individuals with GERD is probably higher. […] No sexual predilection exists: GERD is as common in men as in women. However, the male-to-female incidence ratio for esophagitis is 2:1-3:1. The male-to-female incidence ratio for Barrett esophagus is 10:1. White males are at a greater risk for Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma than other populations. […] GERD occurs in all age groups. The prevalence of GERD increases in people older than 40 years.

• #37 Epidemiology of Uninvestigated and Functional Dyspepsia in Asia: Facts and Fiction

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm.2011.17.3.235

  Most patients with UD are found to have FD in Asia. […] Older patients with UD in Asia are more likely to have organic causes than younger people. […] Validation of Rome II criteria for FGIDs by factor analysis had been done among Asian patients. […] Dyspepsia is common in Asia. FD is commonest cause of dyspepsia in most Asian population, particularly in absence of alarm features and in young age. […] Variation in frequency of dyspepsia in different studies might be related to criteria used to diagnose, variation in survey population and environmental factors. […] However, its impact on patients’ QOL and health care services has been shown to be considerable. […] Overlap of symptoms of FD, IBS and GERD is not uncommon in Asia. […] Hence, more cross-cultural studies to explore the real facts of epidemiology of FD in Asia and world are needed.

• #38 Initial management of dyspepsia in primary care: an evidence-based approach | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/63/614/498

  Dyspepsia is common in the community. It represents a considerable burden to the health service, therefore correct initial management is important. Upper GI cancer is a rare cause of dyspepsia, and almost 80% of those with dyspepsia in the community will have no structural cause to explain their symptoms at UGIE. Prompt UGIE for everyone is not a cost-effective management strategy, and this should be reserved for those with alarm symptoms, and considered in those aged 55 years with persistent symptoms. Either test and treat or empirical PPI should be used as first-line management strategies in primary care, and if symptoms persist the diagnosis should be reconsidered, but if there is no other potential cause uncovered the likely diagnosis is functional dyspepsia. Up-to-date economic data concerning the costs of dyspepsia to the health service are not available, and this issue needs to be addressed if healthcare providers are to make decisions on how best to manage the condition.

• #39 Functional Dyspepsia Market in 7MM is estimated to show modest growth at 0.58% CAGR, During the Study Period [2018-2030], Evaluates DelveInsight

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/functional-dyspepsia-market-in-7mm-is-estimated-to-show-modest-growth-at-0-58-cagr-during-the-study-period-20182030-evaluates-delveinsight-301363655.html

  However, the lack of clear-cut disease definition, the ready availability of PPI Therapy for Functional Dyspepsia patients, the lack of epidemiology studies specific to functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) or disorders of gut-brain interaction disorders interaction; and the high cost of novel treatments will impede the Functional Dyspepsia Market growth size.

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