Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What causes aplastic anaemia? | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/research-article/what-causes-aplastic-anaemia

  Aplastic anaemia has diverse aetiologies including: (1) direct damage to haematopoietic stem or progenitor cells such as from chemicals, drugs and ionising radiations; (2) an abnormal bone marrow micro-environment, (3) immune-mediated mechanism(s); or (4) combination of these. […] Aetiologies may differ between persons with similar phenotypes and even genotypes. […] These aetiologies are not mutually exclusive and can be tested, in part, by analysing results of haematopoietic cell transplants between genetically identical twins, one of whom has aplastic anaemia. […] Recovery of bone marrow function after transplanting haematopoietic cells from a twin without pretransplant conditioning favours damage to haematopoietic stem or progenitor cells as the aetiology and suggests that a bone marrow micro-environment abnormality is an unlikely aetiology.

• #1 Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16747-aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. It happens when something damages your bone marrow so it cant make enough new blood cells and platelets. […] Aplastic anemia typically happens when your immune system attacks your bone marrow so it cant make stem cells. Certain medical conditions, inherited conditions, medical treatments and exposure to certain carcinogens may increase your risk of developing aplastic anemia. […] Medical conditions that can increase your risk include autoimmune diseases like lupus, viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and pregnancy. […] Experts link aplastic anemia to several inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. […] Certain medical treatments put you at a higher risk of developing aplastic anemia, such as autoimmune disease treatments and radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer. […] Extended exposure to carcinogens, such as arsenic and benzene, may also increase your risk of developing aplastic anemia.

• #2 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in or damage to the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. […] This condition is characterized by both qualitative loss in functions as well as quantitative loss in stem cell numbers. […] The distinction between acquired and inherited disease may present a clinical challenge, but more than 80% of cases are acquired. […] External insults (eg, infections, radiation, drugs) may disrupt stem cell homeostasis in marrow environment, leading to altered growth. […] Clinical and laboratory observations suggest that acquired aplastic anemia is an autoimmune disease. […] On morphologic evaluation, the hematopoietic elements in the bone marrow are less than 25%, and they are largely replaced with fat cells. […] Flow cytometry shows that the CD34 cell population, which contains the stem cells and the early committed progenitors, is substantially reduced.

• #2 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Aplastic anemia occurs when blood-forming stem cells in bone marrow can’t produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. The cells that are made are normal. Sometimes there’s a genetic cause that was passed from parent to child, but most often it results from the accidental destruction of stem cells by the immune system. […] Acquired aplastic anemia is usually considered an autoimmune disease. Normally, your immune system attacks only foreign substances. When your immune system attacks your own body, you are said to have an autoimmune disease. Other autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. […] About 75 out of 100 cases of acquired aplastic anemia are idiopathic. This means they have no known cause. In the remaining cases, the cause can often be linked to: Toxins, such as pesticides, arsenic and benzene; Radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer; Treatments for other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus; Pregnancy – sometimes, this type of aplastic anemia improves on its own after the woman gives birth; Infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV.

• #3 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Immunity is genetically regulated (by immune response genes), and it is also influenced by environment (eg, nutrition, aging, previous exposure). […] Although the inciting antigens that breach immune tolerance with subsequent autoimmunity are unknown, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 is overrepresented among European and United States patients with aplastic anemia, and its presence is predictive of a better response to cyclosporine. […] Suppression of hematopoiesis is likely mediated by an expanded population of CD8+ HLA-DR+, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that are frequently detectable in the blood and bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia. […] These cells produce inhibitory cytokines, such as gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor, which can suppress progenitor cell growth.

• #4 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Polymorphisms in these cytokine genes that are associated with an increased immune response are more prevalent in patients with aplastic anemia. […] These cytokines suppress hematopoiesis by affecting the mitotic cycle and cell killing by inducing Fas-mediated apoptosis. […] In addition, such cytokines induce nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production by marrow cells, which contributes to immune-mediated cytotoxicity and the elimination of hematopoietic cells. […] Hirano et al reported that CD8+ cytotoxic T cells raised against kinectin-derived peptides suppress colony-forming units (CFUs) in an HLA class Irestricted fashion, findings that suggest kinectin may be a candidate autoantigen in the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia. […] Constitutive expression of Tbet, a transcriptional regulator that is critical to type 1 T helper cell (Th1) polarization, occurs in a majority of aplastic anemia patients.

• #5 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Perforin is a cytolytic protein expressed mainly in activated cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural-killer cells. […] Mutations in the perforin gene are responsible for some cases of familial hemophagocytosis; mutations in SAP, a gene encoding for a small modulator protein that inhibits undefined-interferon production, underlie X-linked lymphoproliferation, a fatal illness associated with an aberrant immune response to herpesviruses and aplastic anemia. […] Perforin and SAP protein levels are markedly diminished in some cases of acquired aplastic anemia. […] The transcription factors FOXP3 and NFAT1 have key roles in regulatory T-cell (Treg) development and function, and Tregs play a role in autoimmunity. […] Tregs are decreased at presentation in almost all patients with aplastic anemia; FOXP3 protein and messenger RNA levels also are significantly lower in patients with this condition, and NFAT1 protein levels are decreased or absent.

• #6 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Moreover, a decrease in TPO levels is seen after immunosuppressive therapy. […] Congenital or inherited causes of aplastic anemia are responsible for at least 25% of cases in children and for perhaps up to 10% of adults. […] Patients may have dysmorphic features or physical stigmata, but marrow failure may be the initial presenting feature. […] Several loci have been identified that are associated not only with increased susceptibility to aplastic anemia but also with other physical findings. […] Acquired causes of aplastic anemia (80%) include the following: Idiopathic factors, Infections, with pathogens such as hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), parvovirus, and mycobacteria, Exposure to ionizing radiation, Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as benzene or pesticides, Transfusional graft versus host disease (GVHD), Orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis, Pregnancy, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Anorexia, Severe nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, folate), Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), MDS, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)(rarely).

• #7 Aplastic Anemia – Aplastic Anemias – Anemia and Other Nonmalignant Blood Disorders – Hematology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.15.1.7.

  Aplastic anemias (AAs) are a group of bone marrow failure syndromes characterized by pancytopenia with complications of life-threatening infections in the setting of neutropenia, bleeding due to thrombocytopenia, and severe anemia leading to transfusion dependence. […] AA can be either inherited or acquired. Acquired AA is typically due to damage to hematopoietic stem cells or the bone marrow microenvironment, which leads to the inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. […] Causes of AA: 1) Congenital or inherited causes are responsible for 25% of cases among children and up to 10% of cases among adults. Examples include Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anemia (red cell aplasia), and familial AA. […] 2) Acquired AA (up to 80% of cases): a) Idiopathic factors (50%). b) Infectious causes: Viral hepatitis (usually acute hepatitis A, B, or C that may occur 2-3 months prior to AA), Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, parvovirus B19 (eg, in the setting of sickle cell disease), mycobacteria.

• #8 Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/idiopathic-aplastic-anemia

  Idiopathic aplastic anemia is a type of anemia in which your bone marrow stops making new blood cells. Idiopathic means there is no known cause. […] In idiopathic aplastic anemia, however, the underlying cause is not known. Experts estimate that more than 6 out of 10 cases of aplastic anemia are idiopathic, making it the most common cause. […] Numerous conditions can damage your bone marrow. In people with idiopathic aplastic anemia, the cause of that damage is often unknown and several factors have been linked to it. […] Some experts believe that aplastic anemia may be an autoimmune condition. In autoimmune diseases, the body mistakes its own healthy cells for a foreign invader, like an infection, and attacks them. […] Other possible causes of aplastic anemia may include: taking certain drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and antibiotics; being exposed to toxic environmental chemicals; being exposed to radiation or chemotherapy for cancer treatment; having a viral infection, such as hepatitis; being pregnant. […] Although rare, aplastic anemia can also be inherited.

• #9 Aplastic Anemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534212/

  Aplastic anemia refers to the syndrome of chronic primary hematopoietic failure from injury leading to diminished or absent hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow and attendant pancytopenia. […] The most common etiology, idiopathic, accounts for 65%. Fanconi anemia is the most common hereditary cause. It presents in the late first decade with pancytopenia, organ hypoplasia, and bone defects including abnormal radii, absent thumbs, and short stature. Seronegative hepatitis is responsible for 5% to 10% of total cases. Telomerase defects are found in 5% to 10% of adult-onset aplastic anemia. […] Injury to bone marrow occurs in a multitude of settings.

• #10 Aplastic anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplastic_anemia

  Short-lived aplastic anemia can also be a result of parvovirus infection. […] Other viruses that have been linked to the development of aplastic anemia include hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, and HIV. […] The disease is usually acquired during life and not inherited. […] Acquired cases are often linked to environmental exposures such as chemicals, drugs, and infectious agents that damage the bone marrow and compromise its ability to generate new blood cells. […] However, in many instances the underlying cause for the disease is not found. This is referred to as idiopathic aplastic anemia and accounts for 75% of cases. […] Those with a higher risk for aplastic anemia include individuals who are exposed to high-dose radiation or toxic chemicals, take certain prescription drugs, have pre-existing autoimmune disorders or blood diseases, or are pregnant.

• #11 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Aplastic anemia occurs when blood-forming stem cells in bone marrow can’t produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. The cells that are made are normal. Sometimes there’s a genetic cause that was passed from parent to child, but most often it results from the accidental destruction of stem cells by the immune system. […] Acquired aplastic anemia is usually considered an autoimmune disease. Normally, your immune system attacks only foreign substances. When your immune system attacks your own body, you are said to have an autoimmune disease. Other autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. […] About 75 out of 100 cases of acquired aplastic anemia are idiopathic. This means they have no known cause. In the remaining cases, the cause can often be linked to: Toxins, such as pesticides, arsenic and benzene; Radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer; Treatments for other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus; Pregnancy – sometimes, this type of aplastic anemia improves on its own after the woman gives birth; Infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV.

• #12 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Aplastic anemia is a condition that happens when your bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells. […] The most common cause of aplastic anemia is from your immune system attacking the stem cells in your bone marrow. […] Other factors that can injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: Radiation and chemotherapy treatments. While these cancer-fighting therapies kill cancer cells, they can also damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals. Toxic chemicals, such as some used in pesticides and insecticides, and benzene, an ingredient in gasoline, have been linked to aplastic anemia. This type of anemia might improve if you avoid repeated exposure to the chemicals that caused your illness.

• #13 Aplastic Anemia | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/aplasticanemia.html

  Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. If you have it, your bone marrow doesn’t make enough new blood cells. It happens when there is damage to stem cells inside your bone marrow. There are different types of aplastic anemia, including Fanconi anemia. […] The causes of aplastic anemia can include: Autoimmune disorders, which are the most common cause […] Certain inherited gene changes, such as the one that can cause Fanconi anemia […] Toxic substances, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer […] Certain medicines […] Viral infections such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, or HIV […] Pregnancy. […] In many people, the cause is unknown. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #14 What is aplastic anemia? Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326781

  Aplastic anemia is a medical condition that damages stem cells in a persons bone marrow. These cells are responsible for making red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are vital to human health. […] Doctors believe various conditions can cause aplastic anemia, while the disease itself ranges in severity from mild to life threatening. […] Researchers believe that most cases of aplastic anemia are due to the immune system attacking healthy bone marrow cells, according to NORD. […] Doctors have also identified some of the possible causes of this immune system response, including: exposure to benzene, a chemical used to make plastics, synthetic fibers, dyes, detergents, and pesticides, insecticide exposure, nonviral hepatitis, pesticide exposure, medications, such as chemotherapy drugs or chloramphenicol, hepatitis, pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, cancer, other infectious diseases. […] However, doctors usually cannot pinpoint the underlying cause in most aplastic anemia cases. […] When the cause is unknown, doctors refer to the condition as idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #15 Aplastic Anemia – Aplastic Anemias – Anemia and Other Nonmalignant Blood Disorders – Hematology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.15.1.7.

  c) Exposure to ionizing radiation. d) Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): Donor T cells cause GVHD in patients with hematologic malignancies who receive purine analogues such as bendamustine or fludarabine; after autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). […] e) Chemicals such as benzene, organic solvents, trinitrotoluene, pesticides, and herbicides. […] f) Autoimmune or connective tissue diseases. […] g) Anorexia nervosa, severe nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, folate). […] h) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). […] i) Drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), busulfan, cyclophosphamide, anthracyclines, methotrexate, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and sulfonamides, gold compounds, chloroquine, chlorpropamide, phenytoin, allopurinol, and thiazides. […] j) Pregnancy (rare).

• #16 Aplastic Anaemia: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/aplastic-anaemia

  The majority (70-80%) of cases are idiopathic. The remainder mainly consist of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. Environmental triggers include drugs, viruses and toxins. […] Congenital or inherited – eg, Fanconi’s anaemia, Diamond-Blackfan syndrome: congenital aplastic anaemia is very rare, the most common type being Fanconi’s anaemia (inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder). […] Acquired: Idiopathic. Infection: 5-10% of severe acquired cases are preceded by seronegative hepatitis. Ebstein-Barr virus, HIV, parvovirus and mycobacteria. Toxic exposure: radiation, chemicals (eg, benzene). Drugs – eg, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, gold, penicillamine, indometacin, diclofenac, naproxen, piroxicam, phenytoin, carbamazepine, carbimazole, thiouracil, dosulepin, phenothiazines, chlorpropamide, chloroquine. […] Genetic factors influencing the capacity for bone marrow to regenerate have been identified.

• #17 Aplastic Anemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/anemia/aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop at some point during childhood. Or it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #18 Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16747-aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. It happens when something damages your bone marrow so it cant make enough new blood cells and platelets. […] Aplastic anemia typically happens when your immune system attacks your bone marrow so it cant make stem cells. Certain medical conditions, inherited conditions, medical treatments and exposure to certain carcinogens may increase your risk of developing aplastic anemia. […] Medical conditions that can increase your risk include autoimmune diseases like lupus, viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and pregnancy. […] Experts link aplastic anemia to several inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. […] Certain medical treatments put you at a higher risk of developing aplastic anemia, such as autoimmune disease treatments and radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer. […] Extended exposure to carcinogens, such as arsenic and benzene, may also increase your risk of developing aplastic anemia.

• #19 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Use of certain drugs. Some medicines, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and some antibiotics, can cause aplastic anemia. […] Autoimmune disorders. An autoimmune disorder, in which your immune system attacks healthy cells, might involve stem cells in your bone marrow. […] A viral infection. Viral infections that affect bone marrow can play a role in the development of aplastic anemia. Viruses that have been linked to aplastic anemia include hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy. Your immune system might attack your bone marrow during pregnancy. […] Unknown factors. In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #20 What Causes Aplastic Anemia? | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/aplastic-anemia/what-causes-aplastic-anemia

  Damage to the bone marrow’s stem cells causes aplastic anemia. When stem cells are damaged, they don’t grow into healthy blood cells. […] The cause of the damage can be acquired or inherited. „Acquired” means you aren’t born with the condition, but you develop it. „Inherited” means your parents passed the gene for the condition on to you. […] In many people who have aplastic anemia, the cause is unknown. Some research suggests that stem cell damage may occur because the body’s immune system attacks its own cells by mistake. […] Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause aplastic anemia, including: Toxins, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene. Radiation and chemotherapy (treatments for cancer). Medicines, such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic rarely used in the United States). Infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (si-to-MEG-ah-lo-VI-rus), parvovirus B19, and HIV. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Pregnancy. (Aplastic anemia that occurs during pregnancy often goes away after delivery.)

• #21 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Moreover, a decrease in TPO levels is seen after immunosuppressive therapy. […] Congenital or inherited causes of aplastic anemia are responsible for at least 25% of cases in children and for perhaps up to 10% of adults. […] Patients may have dysmorphic features or physical stigmata, but marrow failure may be the initial presenting feature. […] Several loci have been identified that are associated not only with increased susceptibility to aplastic anemia but also with other physical findings. […] Acquired causes of aplastic anemia (80%) include the following: Idiopathic factors, Infections, with pathogens such as hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), parvovirus, and mycobacteria, Exposure to ionizing radiation, Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as benzene or pesticides, Transfusional graft versus host disease (GVHD), Orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis, Pregnancy, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Anorexia, Severe nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, folate), Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), MDS, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)(rarely).

• #22 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Moreover, a decrease in TPO levels is seen after immunosuppressive therapy. […] Congenital or inherited causes of aplastic anemia are responsible for at least 25% of cases in children and for perhaps up to 10% of adults. […] Patients may have dysmorphic features or physical stigmata, but marrow failure may be the initial presenting feature. […] Several loci have been identified that are associated not only with increased susceptibility to aplastic anemia but also with other physical findings. […] Acquired causes of aplastic anemia (80%) include the following: Idiopathic factors, Infections, with pathogens such as hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), parvovirus, and mycobacteria, Exposure to ionizing radiation, Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as benzene or pesticides, Transfusional graft versus host disease (GVHD), Orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis, Pregnancy, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Anorexia, Severe nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, folate), Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), MDS, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)(rarely).

• #23 What Causes Aplastic Anemia? | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/aplastic-anemia/what-causes-aplastic-anemia

  Sometimes, cancer from another part of the body can spread to the bone and cause aplastic anemia. […] Certain inherited conditions can damage the stem cells and lead to aplastic anemia. Examples include Fanconi anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis (DIS-ker-ah-TO-sis) congenita, and Diamond-Blackfan anemia.

• #24 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Drugs and elements (eg, chloramphenicol, gold) may cause aplasia of the marrow. […] The immune mechanism does not account for the marrow failure in idiosyncratic drug reactions. […] In such cases, direct toxicity may occur, perhaps due to genetically determined differences in metabolic detoxification pathways. […] For example, the null phenotype of certain glutathione transferases is overrepresented among patients with aplastic anemia. […] PNH is caused by an acquired genetic defect affecting the PIGA gene and limited to the stem cell compartment. […] Mutations in the PIGA gene render cells of hematopoietic origin sensitive to increased complement lysis. […] Approximately one third of patients with aplastic anemia have evidence of PNH at presentation, as detected by means of flow cytometry. […] Furthermore, patients whose disease responds after immunosuppressive therapy may recover with clonal hematopoiesis and PNH. […] Very rarely, aplastic anemia has been reported following vaccination.

• #25 Aplastic Anemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534212/

  Aplastic anemia refers to the syndrome of chronic primary hematopoietic failure from injury leading to diminished or absent hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow and attendant pancytopenia. […] The most common etiology, idiopathic, accounts for 65%. Fanconi anemia is the most common hereditary cause. It presents in the late first decade with pancytopenia, organ hypoplasia, and bone defects including abnormal radii, absent thumbs, and short stature. Seronegative hepatitis is responsible for 5% to 10% of total cases. Telomerase defects are found in 5% to 10% of adult-onset aplastic anemia. […] Injury to bone marrow occurs in a multitude of settings.

• #26 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Sometimes, cancer from another part of the body can spread to the bone marrow and cause aplastic anemia. […] Hereditary aplastic anemia is passed down through the genes from parent to child. It is usually diagnosed in childhood and is much less common than acquired aplastic anemia. People who develop hereditary aplastic anemia usually have other genetic or developmental abnormalities that cause the aplastic anemia. […] Some inherited conditions can damage stem cells and lead to aplastic anemia, including: Fanconi anemia; Shwachman-Diamond syndrome; Dyskeratosis congenita; Diamond-Blackfan anemia. […] A newly discovered type of hereditary aplastic anemia is due to excessive shortening of the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres. This is usually diagnosed in adults. Family members of the patient may have a history of aplastic anemia or scarring of the lungs or liver. This type of aplastic anemia can only be diagnosed with special tests.

• #27 Aplastic Anemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/anemia/aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop at some point during childhood. Or it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #28 Severe Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia/severe-aplastic-anemia

  About 70% of aplastic anemia cases are thought to be acquired, meaning theyre triggered by environmental factors like medications, such as some chemotherapy medications, toxic chemicals, and viral infections like viral hepatitis. […] The remaining 30% of cases are thought to be hereditary, meaning theyre linked to genes passed through families. […] The most common hereditary cause is Fanconi anemia. Fanconi anemia is usually a recessive disease caused by mutations in the FANC gene, but about 2% of cases develop from a gene mutation on the X chromosome. Recessive means you need an associated mutation from both parents to develop the disease.

• #29 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Sometimes, cancer from another part of the body can spread to the bone marrow and cause aplastic anemia. […] Hereditary aplastic anemia is passed down through the genes from parent to child. It is usually diagnosed in childhood and is much less common than acquired aplastic anemia. People who develop hereditary aplastic anemia usually have other genetic or developmental abnormalities that cause the aplastic anemia. […] Some inherited conditions can damage stem cells and lead to aplastic anemia, including: Fanconi anemia; Shwachman-Diamond syndrome; Dyskeratosis congenita; Diamond-Blackfan anemia. […] A newly discovered type of hereditary aplastic anemia is due to excessive shortening of the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres. This is usually diagnosed in adults. Family members of the patient may have a history of aplastic anemia or scarring of the lungs or liver. This type of aplastic anemia can only be diagnosed with special tests.

• #30 Aplastic Anemia | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/aplasticanemia.html

  Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. If you have it, your bone marrow doesn’t make enough new blood cells. It happens when there is damage to stem cells inside your bone marrow. There are different types of aplastic anemia, including Fanconi anemia. […] The causes of aplastic anemia can include: Autoimmune disorders, which are the most common cause […] Certain inherited gene changes, such as the one that can cause Fanconi anemia […] Toxic substances, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer […] Certain medicines […] Viral infections such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, or HIV […] Pregnancy. […] In many people, the cause is unknown. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #31 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Sometimes, cancer from another part of the body can spread to the bone marrow and cause aplastic anemia. […] Hereditary aplastic anemia is passed down through the genes from parent to child. It is usually diagnosed in childhood and is much less common than acquired aplastic anemia. People who develop hereditary aplastic anemia usually have other genetic or developmental abnormalities that cause the aplastic anemia. […] Some inherited conditions can damage stem cells and lead to aplastic anemia, including: Fanconi anemia; Shwachman-Diamond syndrome; Dyskeratosis congenita; Diamond-Blackfan anemia. […] A newly discovered type of hereditary aplastic anemia is due to excessive shortening of the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres. This is usually diagnosed in adults. Family members of the patient may have a history of aplastic anemia or scarring of the lungs or liver. This type of aplastic anemia can only be diagnosed with special tests.

• #32 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Variations in telomere length in peripheral blood cells, especially neutrophils, have been reported in severe aplastic anemia, but the clinical significance of this finding is uncertain. […] A faster reduction in telomere length in aplastic anemia leads to decreased expression of cell cycle checkpoint genes such as CDK2/6 and MYC, and a high number of mutations is observed in the telomere reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene. […] However, although telomere length was unrelated to response, it has been associated with the risk of relapse, clonal evolution, and overall survival in patients with severe aplastic anemia. […] Studies in murine models also suggest a role of thrombopoietin (TPO) and associated signalling pathway during normal hematopoiesis. […] Raised levels of TPO have been observed in aplastic anemia, most likely due to compensatory response to diminished stem cells function.

• #33 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Sometimes, cancer from another part of the body can spread to the bone marrow and cause aplastic anemia. […] Hereditary aplastic anemia is passed down through the genes from parent to child. It is usually diagnosed in childhood and is much less common than acquired aplastic anemia. People who develop hereditary aplastic anemia usually have other genetic or developmental abnormalities that cause the aplastic anemia. […] Some inherited conditions can damage stem cells and lead to aplastic anemia, including: Fanconi anemia; Shwachman-Diamond syndrome; Dyskeratosis congenita; Diamond-Blackfan anemia. […] A newly discovered type of hereditary aplastic anemia is due to excessive shortening of the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres. This is usually diagnosed in adults. Family members of the patient may have a history of aplastic anemia or scarring of the lungs or liver. This type of aplastic anemia can only be diagnosed with special tests.

• #34 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in or damage to the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. […] This condition is characterized by both qualitative loss in functions as well as quantitative loss in stem cell numbers. […] The distinction between acquired and inherited disease may present a clinical challenge, but more than 80% of cases are acquired. […] External insults (eg, infections, radiation, drugs) may disrupt stem cell homeostasis in marrow environment, leading to altered growth. […] Clinical and laboratory observations suggest that acquired aplastic anemia is an autoimmune disease. […] On morphologic evaluation, the hematopoietic elements in the bone marrow are less than 25%, and they are largely replaced with fat cells. […] Flow cytometry shows that the CD34 cell population, which contains the stem cells and the early committed progenitors, is substantially reduced.

• #35 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Fas-mediated apoptosis of CD34+ progenitor cells causes stem cell depletion. […] Data from in vitro colony-culture assays suggest profound functional loss of the hematopoietic progenitors, so much so that they are unresponsive even to high levels of hematopoietic growth factors. […] Previously, it had been hypothesized that aplastic anemia may be due to a defect at various levels, such as an intrinsic defect of hematopoietic cells; external injury to hematopoietic cells; and defective stroma, which is critical for normal proliferation and functioning of hematopoietic cells. […] Theoretically, all of these mechanisms could be responsible for aplastic anemia. […] This theory was the basis of many in vitro stem cell culture experiments using a crossover design in which stem cells from patients with aplastic anemia were cultured with normal stroma and vice versa.

• #36 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Variations in telomere length in peripheral blood cells, especially neutrophils, have been reported in severe aplastic anemia, but the clinical significance of this finding is uncertain. […] A faster reduction in telomere length in aplastic anemia leads to decreased expression of cell cycle checkpoint genes such as CDK2/6 and MYC, and a high number of mutations is observed in the telomere reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene. […] However, although telomere length was unrelated to response, it has been associated with the risk of relapse, clonal evolution, and overall survival in patients with severe aplastic anemia. […] Studies in murine models also suggest a role of thrombopoietin (TPO) and associated signalling pathway during normal hematopoiesis. […] Raised levels of TPO have been observed in aplastic anemia, most likely due to compensatory response to diminished stem cells function.

• #37 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Aplastic anemia is a condition that happens when your bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells. […] The most common cause of aplastic anemia is from your immune system attacking the stem cells in your bone marrow. […] Other factors that can injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: Radiation and chemotherapy treatments. While these cancer-fighting therapies kill cancer cells, they can also damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals. Toxic chemicals, such as some used in pesticides and insecticides, and benzene, an ingredient in gasoline, have been linked to aplastic anemia. This type of anemia might improve if you avoid repeated exposure to the chemicals that caused your illness.

• #38 Aplastic Anemia | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/aplasticanemia.html

  Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. If you have it, your bone marrow doesn’t make enough new blood cells. It happens when there is damage to stem cells inside your bone marrow. There are different types of aplastic anemia, including Fanconi anemia. […] The causes of aplastic anemia can include: Autoimmune disorders, which are the most common cause […] Certain inherited gene changes, such as the one that can cause Fanconi anemia […] Toxic substances, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer […] Certain medicines […] Viral infections such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, or HIV […] Pregnancy. […] In many people, the cause is unknown. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #39 What is aplastic anemia? Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326781

  Aplastic anemia is a medical condition that damages stem cells in a persons bone marrow. These cells are responsible for making red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are vital to human health. […] Doctors believe various conditions can cause aplastic anemia, while the disease itself ranges in severity from mild to life threatening. […] Researchers believe that most cases of aplastic anemia are due to the immune system attacking healthy bone marrow cells, according to NORD. […] Doctors have also identified some of the possible causes of this immune system response, including: exposure to benzene, a chemical used to make plastics, synthetic fibers, dyes, detergents, and pesticides, insecticide exposure, nonviral hepatitis, pesticide exposure, medications, such as chemotherapy drugs or chloramphenicol, hepatitis, pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, cancer, other infectious diseases. […] However, doctors usually cannot pinpoint the underlying cause in most aplastic anemia cases. […] When the cause is unknown, doctors refer to the condition as idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #40 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Aplastic anemia occurs when blood-forming stem cells in bone marrow can’t produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. The cells that are made are normal. Sometimes there’s a genetic cause that was passed from parent to child, but most often it results from the accidental destruction of stem cells by the immune system. […] Acquired aplastic anemia is usually considered an autoimmune disease. Normally, your immune system attacks only foreign substances. When your immune system attacks your own body, you are said to have an autoimmune disease. Other autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. […] About 75 out of 100 cases of acquired aplastic anemia are idiopathic. This means they have no known cause. In the remaining cases, the cause can often be linked to: Toxins, such as pesticides, arsenic and benzene; Radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer; Treatments for other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus; Pregnancy – sometimes, this type of aplastic anemia improves on its own after the woman gives birth; Infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV.

• #41 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Aplastic anemia is a condition that happens when your bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells. […] The most common cause of aplastic anemia is from your immune system attacking the stem cells in your bone marrow. […] Other factors that can injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: Radiation and chemotherapy treatments. While these cancer-fighting therapies kill cancer cells, they can also damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals. Toxic chemicals, such as some used in pesticides and insecticides, and benzene, an ingredient in gasoline, have been linked to aplastic anemia. This type of anemia might improve if you avoid repeated exposure to the chemicals that caused your illness.

• #42 Aplastic Anemia | Colorado Blood Cancer Institute

  https://bloodcancerinstitute.com/service/aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia can be caused by a variety of things or can occur sporadically for no known reason. Causes for aplastic anemia may include, but are not limited to: […] Recent history of a viral infectious disease […] Previous use of medications such as antibiotics or anticonvulsants […] Exposure to certain toxins such as heavy metals […] Exposure to radiation […] History of autoimmune diseases or inherited conditions.

• #43 Aplastic Anemia – Aplastic Anemias – Anemia and Other Nonmalignant Blood Disorders – Hematology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.15.1.7.

  c) Exposure to ionizing radiation. d) Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): Donor T cells cause GVHD in patients with hematologic malignancies who receive purine analogues such as bendamustine or fludarabine; after autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). […] e) Chemicals such as benzene, organic solvents, trinitrotoluene, pesticides, and herbicides. […] f) Autoimmune or connective tissue diseases. […] g) Anorexia nervosa, severe nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, folate). […] h) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). […] i) Drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), busulfan, cyclophosphamide, anthracyclines, methotrexate, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and sulfonamides, gold compounds, chloroquine, chlorpropamide, phenytoin, allopurinol, and thiazides. […] j) Pregnancy (rare).

• #44 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Aplastic anemia is a condition that happens when your bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells. […] The most common cause of aplastic anemia is from your immune system attacking the stem cells in your bone marrow. […] Other factors that can injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: Radiation and chemotherapy treatments. While these cancer-fighting therapies kill cancer cells, they can also damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals. Toxic chemicals, such as some used in pesticides and insecticides, and benzene, an ingredient in gasoline, have been linked to aplastic anemia. This type of anemia might improve if you avoid repeated exposure to the chemicals that caused your illness.

• #45 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Aplastic anemia is a condition that happens when your bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells. […] The most common cause of aplastic anemia is from your immune system attacking the stem cells in your bone marrow. […] Other factors that can injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: Radiation and chemotherapy treatments. While these cancer-fighting therapies kill cancer cells, they can also damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals. Toxic chemicals, such as some used in pesticides and insecticides, and benzene, an ingredient in gasoline, have been linked to aplastic anemia. This type of anemia might improve if you avoid repeated exposure to the chemicals that caused your illness.

• #46 Aplastic anemia – BJH

  https://www.bjh.be/conditions/aplastic-anemia/

  Aplastic anaemia is acquired during life. It develops when damage occurs to the bone marrow, slowing or shutting down the production of new blood cells. Factors that can temporarily or permanently injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: […] Radiation and chemotherapy treatments can damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anaemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as benzene. This type of anaemia may get better on its own by avoiding repeated exposure to the chemicals. […] Use of certain medications, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, anticonvulsants to treat epilepsy and some antibiotics. […] Autoimmune disorders in which the immune system begins attacking healthy stem cells in the bone marrow. This can be acquired due to exposure to other conditions and it not a hereditary condition. […] Viral infections that affect bone marrow, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy which may cause an autoimmune problem. […] In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anaemia.

• #47 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Use of certain drugs. Some medicines, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and some antibiotics, can cause aplastic anemia. […] Autoimmune disorders. An autoimmune disorder, in which your immune system attacks healthy cells, might involve stem cells in your bone marrow. […] A viral infection. Viral infections that affect bone marrow can play a role in the development of aplastic anemia. Viruses that have been linked to aplastic anemia include hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy. Your immune system might attack your bone marrow during pregnancy. […] Unknown factors. In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #48 Aplastic anemia – BJH

  https://www.bjh.be/conditions/aplastic-anemia/

  Aplastic anaemia is acquired during life. It develops when damage occurs to the bone marrow, slowing or shutting down the production of new blood cells. Factors that can temporarily or permanently injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: […] Radiation and chemotherapy treatments can damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anaemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as benzene. This type of anaemia may get better on its own by avoiding repeated exposure to the chemicals. […] Use of certain medications, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, anticonvulsants to treat epilepsy and some antibiotics. […] Autoimmune disorders in which the immune system begins attacking healthy stem cells in the bone marrow. This can be acquired due to exposure to other conditions and it not a hereditary condition. […] Viral infections that affect bone marrow, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy which may cause an autoimmune problem. […] In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anaemia.

• #49 Aplastic Anemia – Aplastic Anemias – Anemia and Other Nonmalignant Blood Disorders – Hematology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.15.1.7.

  c) Exposure to ionizing radiation. d) Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): Donor T cells cause GVHD in patients with hematologic malignancies who receive purine analogues such as bendamustine or fludarabine; after autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). […] e) Chemicals such as benzene, organic solvents, trinitrotoluene, pesticides, and herbicides. […] f) Autoimmune or connective tissue diseases. […] g) Anorexia nervosa, severe nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, folate). […] h) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). […] i) Drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), busulfan, cyclophosphamide, anthracyclines, methotrexate, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and sulfonamides, gold compounds, chloroquine, chlorpropamide, phenytoin, allopurinol, and thiazides. […] j) Pregnancy (rare).

• #50 Aplastic anemia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000554.htm

  Aplastic anemia results from damage to the blood stem cells. Stem cells are immature cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all blood cell types (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Injury to the stem cells leads to a decrease in the number of these blood cell types. […] Aplastic anemia can be caused by: […] Use of certain medicines or exposure to toxic chemicals (such as chloramphenicol, benzene) […] Exposure to radiation or chemotherapy […] Autoimmune disorders […] Pregnancy […] Viruses […] Sometimes, the cause is unknown. In this case, the disorder is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #51 Aplastic anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplastic_anemia

  Aplastic anemia can be caused by immune disease or exposure to certain chemicals, drugs, radiation, or infection; in about half the cases, a definitive cause is unknown. […] It can be caused by immune disease, inherited diseases, or by exposure to chemicals, drugs, or radiation. […] Aplastic anemia is also sometimes associated with exposure to toxins such as benzene or with the use of certain drugs, including chloramphenicol, carbamazepine, felbamate, phenytoin, quinine, and phenylbutazone. […] Exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive materials or radiation-producing devices is also associated with the development of aplastic anemia. […] One known cause is an autoimmune disorder in which white blood cells attack the bone marrow. […] Acquired aplastic anemia is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease, in which regulatory T cells are decreased and T-bet, a transcription factor and key regulator of Th1 development and function, is upregulated in affected T-cells.

• #52 Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/idiopathic-aplastic-anemia

  Idiopathic aplastic anemia is a type of anemia in which your bone marrow stops making new blood cells. Idiopathic means there is no known cause. […] In idiopathic aplastic anemia, however, the underlying cause is not known. Experts estimate that more than 6 out of 10 cases of aplastic anemia are idiopathic, making it the most common cause. […] Numerous conditions can damage your bone marrow. In people with idiopathic aplastic anemia, the cause of that damage is often unknown and several factors have been linked to it. […] Some experts believe that aplastic anemia may be an autoimmune condition. In autoimmune diseases, the body mistakes its own healthy cells for a foreign invader, like an infection, and attacks them. […] Other possible causes of aplastic anemia may include: taking certain drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and antibiotics; being exposed to toxic environmental chemicals; being exposed to radiation or chemotherapy for cancer treatment; having a viral infection, such as hepatitis; being pregnant. […] Although rare, aplastic anemia can also be inherited.

• #53 Aplastic Anaemia: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/aplastic-anaemia

  The majority (70-80%) of cases are idiopathic. The remainder mainly consist of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. Environmental triggers include drugs, viruses and toxins. […] Congenital or inherited – eg, Fanconi’s anaemia, Diamond-Blackfan syndrome: congenital aplastic anaemia is very rare, the most common type being Fanconi’s anaemia (inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder). […] Acquired: Idiopathic. Infection: 5-10% of severe acquired cases are preceded by seronegative hepatitis. Ebstein-Barr virus, HIV, parvovirus and mycobacteria. Toxic exposure: radiation, chemicals (eg, benzene). Drugs – eg, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, gold, penicillamine, indometacin, diclofenac, naproxen, piroxicam, phenytoin, carbamazepine, carbimazole, thiouracil, dosulepin, phenothiazines, chlorpropamide, chloroquine. […] Genetic factors influencing the capacity for bone marrow to regenerate have been identified.

• #54 Aplastic anemia – BJH

  https://www.bjh.be/conditions/aplastic-anemia/

  Aplastic anaemia is acquired during life. It develops when damage occurs to the bone marrow, slowing or shutting down the production of new blood cells. Factors that can temporarily or permanently injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: […] Radiation and chemotherapy treatments can damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anaemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as benzene. This type of anaemia may get better on its own by avoiding repeated exposure to the chemicals. […] Use of certain medications, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, anticonvulsants to treat epilepsy and some antibiotics. […] Autoimmune disorders in which the immune system begins attacking healthy stem cells in the bone marrow. This can be acquired due to exposure to other conditions and it not a hereditary condition. […] Viral infections that affect bone marrow, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy which may cause an autoimmune problem. […] In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anaemia.

• #55 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Use of certain drugs. Some medicines, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and some antibiotics, can cause aplastic anemia. […] Autoimmune disorders. An autoimmune disorder, in which your immune system attacks healthy cells, might involve stem cells in your bone marrow. […] A viral infection. Viral infections that affect bone marrow can play a role in the development of aplastic anemia. Viruses that have been linked to aplastic anemia include hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy. Your immune system might attack your bone marrow during pregnancy. […] Unknown factors. In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #56 Aplastic Anemia – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/anemias-caused-by-deficient-erythropoiesis/aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia is a disorder of the hematopoietic stem cell that results in a loss of blood cell precursors, hypoplasia or aplasia of bone marrow, and cytopenias in two or more cell lines (red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets). […] True aplastic anemia (most common in adolescents and young adults) is idiopathic in approximately half of cases. Recognized causes are […] Chemicals (eg, benzene, inorganic arsenic) […] Medications (eg, antineoplastic drugs, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiseizure medications, acetazolamide, gold salts, penicillamine, quinacrine) or toxins […] Hepatitis (seronegative for hepatitis viruses) […] Pregnancy […] Radiation […] Viruses (Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus) […] Inherited disorders of bone marrow failure due to genetic mutations (eg, Fanconi anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita). […] The precise mechanism remains unclear, but in the majority of acquired cases, the mechanism involves an immune attack on the hematopoietic stem cell. […] Many cases are idiopathic, but chemicals, medications or drugs, or radiation may be causes.

• #57 Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16747-aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. It happens when something damages your bone marrow so it cant make enough new blood cells and platelets. […] Aplastic anemia typically happens when your immune system attacks your bone marrow so it cant make stem cells. Certain medical conditions, inherited conditions, medical treatments and exposure to certain carcinogens may increase your risk of developing aplastic anemia. […] Medical conditions that can increase your risk include autoimmune diseases like lupus, viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and pregnancy. […] Experts link aplastic anemia to several inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. […] Certain medical treatments put you at a higher risk of developing aplastic anemia, such as autoimmune disease treatments and radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer. […] Extended exposure to carcinogens, such as arsenic and benzene, may also increase your risk of developing aplastic anemia.

• #58 Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16747-aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. It happens when something damages your bone marrow so it cant make enough new blood cells and platelets. […] Aplastic anemia typically happens when your immune system attacks your bone marrow so it cant make stem cells. Certain medical conditions, inherited conditions, medical treatments and exposure to certain carcinogens may increase your risk of developing aplastic anemia. […] Medical conditions that can increase your risk include autoimmune diseases like lupus, viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and pregnancy. […] Experts link aplastic anemia to several inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. […] Certain medical treatments put you at a higher risk of developing aplastic anemia, such as autoimmune disease treatments and radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer. […] Extended exposure to carcinogens, such as arsenic and benzene, may also increase your risk of developing aplastic anemia.

• #59 Aplastic anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplastic_anemia

  Short-lived aplastic anemia can also be a result of parvovirus infection. […] Other viruses that have been linked to the development of aplastic anemia include hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, and HIV. […] The disease is usually acquired during life and not inherited. […] Acquired cases are often linked to environmental exposures such as chemicals, drugs, and infectious agents that damage the bone marrow and compromise its ability to generate new blood cells. […] However, in many instances the underlying cause for the disease is not found. This is referred to as idiopathic aplastic anemia and accounts for 75% of cases. […] Those with a higher risk for aplastic anemia include individuals who are exposed to high-dose radiation or toxic chemicals, take certain prescription drugs, have pre-existing autoimmune disorders or blood diseases, or are pregnant.

• #60 Aplastic anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplastic_anemia

  Short-lived aplastic anemia can also be a result of parvovirus infection. […] Other viruses that have been linked to the development of aplastic anemia include hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, and HIV. […] The disease is usually acquired during life and not inherited. […] Acquired cases are often linked to environmental exposures such as chemicals, drugs, and infectious agents that damage the bone marrow and compromise its ability to generate new blood cells. […] However, in many instances the underlying cause for the disease is not found. This is referred to as idiopathic aplastic anemia and accounts for 75% of cases. […] Those with a higher risk for aplastic anemia include individuals who are exposed to high-dose radiation or toxic chemicals, take certain prescription drugs, have pre-existing autoimmune disorders or blood diseases, or are pregnant.

• #61 Aplastic Crisis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24557-aplastic-crisis

  Aplastic crisis happens when your bone marrow suddenly stops making red blood cells so you develop severe and potentially life-threatening anemia. […] A common viral infection, parvovirus B19, triggers aplastic crises. […] In an aplastic crisis, your bone marrow cant produce healthy red blood cells because parvovirus B19 targets and damages immature red blood cells. […] Aplastic crisis happens when people with certain blood disorders have parvovirus B19 infections. […] Aplastic crisis is one of several serious complications that affect people with sickle cell anemia and similar blood disorders.

• #62 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Polymorphisms in these cytokine genes that are associated with an increased immune response are more prevalent in patients with aplastic anemia. […] These cytokines suppress hematopoiesis by affecting the mitotic cycle and cell killing by inducing Fas-mediated apoptosis. […] In addition, such cytokines induce nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production by marrow cells, which contributes to immune-mediated cytotoxicity and the elimination of hematopoietic cells. […] Hirano et al reported that CD8+ cytotoxic T cells raised against kinectin-derived peptides suppress colony-forming units (CFUs) in an HLA class Irestricted fashion, findings that suggest kinectin may be a candidate autoantigen in the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia. […] Constitutive expression of Tbet, a transcriptional regulator that is critical to type 1 T helper cell (Th1) polarization, occurs in a majority of aplastic anemia patients.

• #63 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Immunity is genetically regulated (by immune response genes), and it is also influenced by environment (eg, nutrition, aging, previous exposure). […] Although the inciting antigens that breach immune tolerance with subsequent autoimmunity are unknown, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 is overrepresented among European and United States patients with aplastic anemia, and its presence is predictive of a better response to cyclosporine. […] Suppression of hematopoiesis is likely mediated by an expanded population of CD8+ HLA-DR+, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that are frequently detectable in the blood and bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia. […] These cells produce inhibitory cytokines, such as gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor, which can suppress progenitor cell growth.

• #64

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.284312

  Aplastic anemia (AA) is a disease characterized by failure of hematopoiesis, bone marrow aplasia, and pancytopenia. It can be inherited or acquired. Although acquired AA is believed to be immune-mediated and random, new evidence suggests an underlying genetic predisposition. […] Besides confirmed genomic mutations that contribute to inherited AA (such as pathogenic mutations of TERT and TERC), germline variants, often in heterozygous states, also play a not negligible role in the onset and progression of acquired AA. […] These variants, associated with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes and inborn errors of immunity, contribute to the disease, possibly through mechanisms including gene homeostasis, DNA repair, and immune injury. […] Exploring the prevalence and mechanisms of germline variants in acquired AA will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the etiology and risk factors of the disease.

• #65

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.284312

  The risk of developing cancer in heterozygous carriers is comparable to that in the general population, and these states are generally considered non-pathogenic. […] However, in a study integrating AA and hematologic malignancies, heterozygous carriers of FANC variants showed susceptibility to both conditions, suggesting that in certain disease contexts, heterozygosity may be insufficient to maintain proper function. […] Some patients with acquired AA carry immune-related germline variants, exacerbating the immune response in disease progression. […] The association between acquired AA and immune-related variants appears to be non-incidental. […] In conclusion, heterozygous recessive variants or VUS in dominant genes may lead to aberrant responses or incomplete reactions to antigens, ultimately resulting in the development of acquired AA due to the failure of feedback regulatory mechanisms, as detailed in the preceding discussion.

• #66 Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/idiopathic-aplastic-anemia

  Idiopathic aplastic anemia is a type of anemia in which your bone marrow stops making new blood cells. Idiopathic means there is no known cause. […] In idiopathic aplastic anemia, however, the underlying cause is not known. Experts estimate that more than 6 out of 10 cases of aplastic anemia are idiopathic, making it the most common cause. […] Numerous conditions can damage your bone marrow. In people with idiopathic aplastic anemia, the cause of that damage is often unknown and several factors have been linked to it. […] Some experts believe that aplastic anemia may be an autoimmune condition. In autoimmune diseases, the body mistakes its own healthy cells for a foreign invader, like an infection, and attacks them. […] Other possible causes of aplastic anemia may include: taking certain drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and antibiotics; being exposed to toxic environmental chemicals; being exposed to radiation or chemotherapy for cancer treatment; having a viral infection, such as hepatitis; being pregnant. […] Although rare, aplastic anemia can also be inherited.

• #67 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Use of certain drugs. Some medicines, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and some antibiotics, can cause aplastic anemia. […] Autoimmune disorders. An autoimmune disorder, in which your immune system attacks healthy cells, might involve stem cells in your bone marrow. […] A viral infection. Viral infections that affect bone marrow can play a role in the development of aplastic anemia. Viruses that have been linked to aplastic anemia include hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy. Your immune system might attack your bone marrow during pregnancy. […] Unknown factors. In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #68 Aplastic Anemia: Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/blood-conditions/aplastic-anemia

  Aplastic anemia is either hereditary or acquired. Hereditary aplastic anemia is less common. It occurs when a parent passes a gene to their child and usually shows up during childhood. Damage to the stem cells occurs as the result of a genetic condition such as: […] Acquired aplastic anemia accounts for most cases of aplastic anemia. It is acquired because it develops later in life for some other reason (not inherited). Most of the time, there is no clear cause—it is idiopathic. Most experts believe an autoimmune process is the underlying cause of idiopathic aplastic anemia. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues as if they were foreign. In this case, the bone marrow stem cells are the target. […] In the remaining cases of acquired aplastic anemia, doctors can identify a cause, which may include:

• #69 Aplastic Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198759-overview

  Immunity is genetically regulated (by immune response genes), and it is also influenced by environment (eg, nutrition, aging, previous exposure). […] Although the inciting antigens that breach immune tolerance with subsequent autoimmunity are unknown, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 is overrepresented among European and United States patients with aplastic anemia, and its presence is predictive of a better response to cyclosporine. […] Suppression of hematopoiesis is likely mediated by an expanded population of CD8+ HLA-DR+, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that are frequently detectable in the blood and bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia. […] These cells produce inhibitory cytokines, such as gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor, which can suppress progenitor cell growth.

• #70 Aplastic Anemia | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/aplastic-anemia.html

  Aplastic anemia has many causes. Sometimes it occurs for no known reason. Other causes are linked to a past illness or disorder. Risk factors may include: […] Aplastic anemia can occur at any age. But it’s more common among teens, young adults, and older adults. Your risk increases if you: […] Aplastic anemia is a serious illness. Treatment often depends on the underlying cause. For certain causes, you may get better after treatment. But the condition can come back. […] In certain people, a bone marrow transplant may cure aplastic anemia.

• #71 Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Cancer Center

  https://www.baptistcancercenter.com/Cancers-We-Treat/Aplastic-Anemia

  Aplastic anemia, or bone marrow aplasia, forms when the body does not produce enough new blood cells. […] According to the Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation, 75 percent of aplastic anemia cases are idiopathic, or lacking a known cause. […] Possible causes for the condition include immune system triggers such as HIV, toxic chemicals, certain medications, and chemotherapy or radiation for cancer treatment. […] In many people who have aplastic anemia, the cause is unknown. It develops when bone marrow is damaged and the production of new blood cells is reduced or halted. […] Risk factors for aplastic anemia may include: Autoimmune disorders, Exposure to toxic chemicals, Pregnancy, Radiation and chemotherapy treatments, Viral infection, Use of certain drugs, Unknown factors. […] Inherited aplastic anemia is caused by gene defects and suggests a higher likelihood of leukemia and other cancers.

• #72 Aplastic anemia – BJH

  https://www.bjh.be/conditions/aplastic-anemia/

  Aplastic anaemia is acquired during life. It develops when damage occurs to the bone marrow, slowing or shutting down the production of new blood cells. Factors that can temporarily or permanently injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: […] Radiation and chemotherapy treatments can damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anaemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as benzene. This type of anaemia may get better on its own by avoiding repeated exposure to the chemicals. […] Use of certain medications, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, anticonvulsants to treat epilepsy and some antibiotics. […] Autoimmune disorders in which the immune system begins attacking healthy stem cells in the bone marrow. This can be acquired due to exposure to other conditions and it not a hereditary condition. […] Viral infections that affect bone marrow, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy which may cause an autoimmune problem. […] In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anaemia.

• #73 Aplastic Anemia – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/aplastic-anemia

  Most of the causes of aplastic anemia are unknown. Certain cancer treatments, such as high doses of chemotherapy or radiation treatment, can cause aplastic anemia. Other possible causes include chemicals (such as benzene-based compounds), certain prescription medications, radiation, viruses, immune diseases, pregnancy, street drugs, and environmental toxins (such as insecticides and pesticides). Fanconi anemia is an inherited condition. […] Aplastic anemia, acute or chronic, is a rare and serious condition that can occur spontaneously or be triggered by exposure to certain medications or toxins.

• #74 Aplastic anemia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000554.htm

  Aplastic anemia results from damage to the blood stem cells. Stem cells are immature cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all blood cell types (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Injury to the stem cells leads to a decrease in the number of these blood cell types. […] Aplastic anemia can be caused by: […] Use of certain medicines or exposure to toxic chemicals (such as chloramphenicol, benzene) […] Exposure to radiation or chemotherapy […] Autoimmune disorders […] Pregnancy […] Viruses […] Sometimes, the cause is unknown. In this case, the disorder is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #75 Aplastic Anemia | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/aplasticanemia.html

  Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. If you have it, your bone marrow doesn’t make enough new blood cells. It happens when there is damage to stem cells inside your bone marrow. There are different types of aplastic anemia, including Fanconi anemia. […] The causes of aplastic anemia can include: Autoimmune disorders, which are the most common cause […] Certain inherited gene changes, such as the one that can cause Fanconi anemia […] Toxic substances, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer […] Certain medicines […] Viral infections such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, or HIV […] Pregnancy. […] In many people, the cause is unknown. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #76 Aplastic anemia – BJH

  https://www.bjh.be/conditions/aplastic-anemia/

  Aplastic anaemia is acquired during life. It develops when damage occurs to the bone marrow, slowing or shutting down the production of new blood cells. Factors that can temporarily or permanently injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include: […] Radiation and chemotherapy treatments can damage healthy cells, including stem cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anaemia can be a temporary side effect of these treatments. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as benzene. This type of anaemia may get better on its own by avoiding repeated exposure to the chemicals. […] Use of certain medications, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, anticonvulsants to treat epilepsy and some antibiotics. […] Autoimmune disorders in which the immune system begins attacking healthy stem cells in the bone marrow. This can be acquired due to exposure to other conditions and it not a hereditary condition. […] Viral infections that affect bone marrow, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy which may cause an autoimmune problem. […] In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anaemia.

• #77 Aplastic anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015

  Use of certain drugs. Some medicines, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and some antibiotics, can cause aplastic anemia. […] Autoimmune disorders. An autoimmune disorder, in which your immune system attacks healthy cells, might involve stem cells in your bone marrow. […] A viral infection. Viral infections that affect bone marrow can play a role in the development of aplastic anemia. Viruses that have been linked to aplastic anemia include hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV. […] Pregnancy. Your immune system might attack your bone marrow during pregnancy. […] Unknown factors. In many cases, doctors aren’t able to identify the cause of aplastic anemia. This is called idiopathic aplastic anemia.

• #78 Aplastic Anemia-Related Mortality in Brazil, 2000-2018

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijbrd/international-journal-of-blood-research-and-disorders-ijbrd-9-073.php?jid=ijbrd

  The observed AA averaged standardized overall mortality rate of 10.42 deaths per million population is equivalent to the estimated crude death rate of 8.9 deaths per million population verified in the United States in 1984, as well as the corresponding underlying cause of death rates of 4.02 and 4.90 per million inhabitants, respectively in Brazil and United States. […] Among overall death certificates in Brazil which included a mention of AA as a cause of death, the major underlying causes emphasized diseases of blood and blood forming organs, AA prevailing, and malignant neoplasms, mostly myeloid and lymphoid leukemias, both causes mutually accounting for 79% of all deaths. […] This study has confirmed infectious diseases as a leading associated (non-underlying) cause of death, accounting 48.9% and 42.6%, respectively, among AA underlying and non-underlying deaths, where septicemias prevail, tallying above 47% overall deaths.

• #79 Aplastic Anemia: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/aplastic-anemia

  If your doctor can identify the cause of your aplastic anemia and get rid of that exposure, the condition may go away. For instance, if your aplastic anemia is related to a treatment you’re getting for another condition, changing treatments may help. But doctors can rarely pinpoint the exact cause. […] Aplastic anemia is a rare condition and there aren’t any recommendations to prevent it. In some cases, it may happen from toxic exposures. You could take steps to avoid contact with chemicals including: […] Various factors can cause aplastic anemia. In some cases, it may be related to a genetic condition or genes you carry that affect your bone marrow. […] Your outlook with aplastic anemia will depend on the underlying causes. If a medicine is causing it, it may go away if you stop treatment or switch to another one. A stem cell transplant is the only treatment that’s considered to be a cure for aplastic anemia.

• #80 Aplastic Anemia: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/aplastic-anemia

  If your doctor can identify the cause of your aplastic anemia and get rid of that exposure, the condition may go away. For instance, if your aplastic anemia is related to a treatment you’re getting for another condition, changing treatments may help. But doctors can rarely pinpoint the exact cause. […] Aplastic anemia is a rare condition and there aren’t any recommendations to prevent it. In some cases, it may happen from toxic exposures. You could take steps to avoid contact with chemicals including: […] Various factors can cause aplastic anemia. In some cases, it may be related to a genetic condition or genes you carry that affect your bone marrow. […] Your outlook with aplastic anemia will depend on the underlying causes. If a medicine is causing it, it may go away if you stop treatment or switch to another one. A stem cell transplant is the only treatment that’s considered to be a cure for aplastic anemia.

• #81 Severe Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia/severe-aplastic-anemia

  Severe aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder where an autoimmune reaction leads to your bone marrow not producing enough blood cells. […] Researchers still dont fully understand why aplastic anemia develops. Its believed to be related to an autoimmune reaction against the cells in your bone marrow that produce blood cells. […] In about two-thirds of cases, the cause of aplastic anemia isnt known. When the underlying cause isnt known, its called idiopathic aplastic anemia. […] Researchers dont fully understand why aplastic anemia develops, but its thought to be triggered by an autoimmune reaction where a type of white blood cell (a T-cell) attacks stem cells in your bone marrow that produce blood cells. […] This autoimmune reaction may be triggered by a combination of genetics and environment.

• #82 Aplastic Anemia-Related Mortality in Brazil, 2000-2018

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijbrd/international-journal-of-blood-research-and-disorders-ijbrd-9-073.php?jid=ijbrd

  The observed AA averaged standardized overall mortality rate of 10.42 deaths per million population is equivalent to the estimated crude death rate of 8.9 deaths per million population verified in the United States in 1984, as well as the corresponding underlying cause of death rates of 4.02 and 4.90 per million inhabitants, respectively in Brazil and United States. […] Among overall death certificates in Brazil which included a mention of AA as a cause of death, the major underlying causes emphasized diseases of blood and blood forming organs, AA prevailing, and malignant neoplasms, mostly myeloid and lymphoid leukemias, both causes mutually accounting for 79% of all deaths. […] This study has confirmed infectious diseases as a leading associated (non-underlying) cause of death, accounting 48.9% and 42.6%, respectively, among AA underlying and non-underlying deaths, where septicemias prevail, tallying above 47% overall deaths.

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