Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #2 Hypoparathyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), and several other symptoms. The main symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are the result of the low blood calcium level, which interferes with normal muscle contraction and nerve conduction. As a result, people with hypoparathyroidism can experience paresthesia, an unpleasant tingling sensation around the mouth and in the hands and feet, as well as muscle cramps and severe spasms known as „tetany” that affect the hands and feet. Many also report a number of subjective symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, bone pain and insomnia. A number of medical emergencies can arise in people with low calcium levels. These are seizures, severe irregularities in the normal heart beat (specifically prolongation of the QT interval), as well as spasm of the upper part of the airways or the smaller airways known as the bronchi (both potentially causing respiratory failure). Severe hypocalcaemia, a potentially life-threatening condition, is treated as soon as possible with intravenous calcium (e.g. as calcium gluconate). Long-term treatment of hypoparathyroidism is with vitamin D analogs (such as calcitriol or alfacalcidol), vitamin D supplementation and calcium supplementation. Potential risks of treatment for hypoparathyroidism include hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria (elevated calcium in the urine) which may lead to kidney calcification (nephrocalcinosis) and chronic kidney disease.

• #3 Hypoparathyroidism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20355375

  Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are usually related to low calcium levels in the blood. Signs and symptoms can include: Tingling or burning in the fingertips, toes and lips […] Muscle aches or cramps in the legs, feet, stomach or face […] Twitching or spasms of muscles, particularly around the mouth, but also in the hands, arms and throat […] Fatigue or weakness […] Other signs and symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism can include: Painful menstrual periods […] Patchy hair loss […] Dry, coarse skin […] Brittle nails […] Depression or anxiety.

• #4 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #5 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #6 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=141&pid=1&gid=000385

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the glands produce too little PTH. The blood calcium level falls, and the phosphorus level rises. […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #7 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #8 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=141&pid=1&gid=000385

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the glands produce too little PTH. The blood calcium level falls, and the phosphorus level rises. […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #9 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #10 Hypoparathyroidism – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/parathyroid-disorders/hypoparathyroidism

  Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are due to low calcium levels in the blood and include tingling in the hands or around the mouth and muscle cramps. […] Hypoparathyroidism causes a low level of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) and a high blood level of phosphate (hyperphosphatemia). Long-term hypoparathyroidism can cause a high level of calcium to be excreted in urine (hypercalciuria), which increases risk of kidney stones, and decreased bone mineral density (osteopenia). […] Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are due to hypocalcemia and include tingling in the hands or around the mouth and muscle cramps. In severe cases, tetany occurs. Tetany is periodic painful muscle spasms.

• #11 Hypoparathyroidism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20355375

  Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are usually related to low calcium levels in the blood. Signs and symptoms can include: Tingling or burning in the fingertips, toes and lips […] Muscle aches or cramps in the legs, feet, stomach or face […] Twitching or spasms of muscles, particularly around the mouth, but also in the hands, arms and throat […] Fatigue or weakness […] Other signs and symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism can include: Painful menstrual periods […] Patchy hair loss […] Dry, coarse skin […] Brittle nails […] Depression or anxiety.

• #12 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #13 Hypoparathyroidism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122207-overview

  Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism can include the following: […] Muscle cramps involving the lower back, legs, and feet are common in patients with hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia […] Increased neuromuscular irritability from hypoparathyroidism-induced hypocalcemia can be found at beside by eliciting the Chvostek and Trousseau signs […] Hypocalcemia of primary hypoparathyroidism may cause extrapyramidal choreoathetoid syndromes in patients with basal ganglia calcifications […] Parkinsonism, dystonia, hemiballismus, and oculogyric crises may occur in approximately 5% of patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism […] Spastic paraplegia, ataxia, dysphagia, and dysarthria have been documented in association with hypoparathyroidism-induced hypocalcemia […] Emotional instability, anxiety, depression, confusion, hallucinations, and psychosis have been described in patients with hypoparathyroidism when the calcium level is low

• #14

  https://step2.medbullets.com/endocrine/120104/hypoparathyroidism

  A 35-year-old man presents to his surgeon for 1-week follow-up of his thyroidectomy for thyroid neoplasm. He reports that his post-operative recovery is going well and denies any symptoms except some muscle cramping. His past medical history includes hypertension. On physical exam, there are spasms of his triceps with blood pressure cuff inflation and facial muscle contractions with tapping of the cheeks. […] Symptoms of hypocalcemia include tetany, Chvostek sign (contraction of facial muscles with percussion of the facial nerve), and Trousseau sign (carpal spasm with occlusion of brachial artery with a blood pressure). […] Deficiency of PTH causes low serum calcium and high serum phosphate.

• #15 Hypoparathyroidism Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122207-clinical

  Hypoparathyroidism results in hypocalcemia, which may be variably symptomatic. The history should focus on eliciting signs and symptoms of neuromuscular irritability, including the following: […] A study by Sikjaer et al indicated that hypoparathyroidism can result in decreases in cognitive function (ie, processing speed, executive functions, visual memory, auditory memory), thus reducing a patients quality of life. Moreover, hippocampal volume was decreased in persons with hypoparathyroidism, with the size of the hippocampus being smaller in those with severe brain fog than in patients with less brain fog. In postsurgical hypoparathyroidism patients, a correlation was found between the size of the thalamus and disease duration. […] Muscle cramps involving the lower back, legs, and feet are common in patients with hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia. Tetany develops if hypocalcemia is severe. In some patients, laryngospasm and bronchospasm may be life threatening.

• #16 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #17 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #18 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #19 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #20 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #21 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #22 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #23 Hypoparathyroidism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20355375

  Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are usually related to low calcium levels in the blood. Signs and symptoms can include: Tingling or burning in the fingertips, toes and lips […] Muscle aches or cramps in the legs, feet, stomach or face […] Twitching or spasms of muscles, particularly around the mouth, but also in the hands, arms and throat […] Fatigue or weakness […] Other signs and symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism can include: Painful menstrual periods […] Patchy hair loss […] Dry, coarse skin […] Brittle nails […] Depression or anxiety.

• #24 Hypoparathyroidism Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122207-clinical

  Emotional instability, anxiety, depression, confusion, hallucinations, and psychosis have been described in patients with hypoparathyroidism when the calcium level is low. Normocalcemia corrects these conditions. […] Chronic hypocalcemia, as observed in primary hypoparathyroidism, is also associated with ocular cataracts, abnormal dentition, and dry, puffy, coarse skin. In severe hypocalcemia, a prolongation of the QT interval is observed on ECG, and congestive heart failure may develop. Correction of hypocalcemia reverses the cardiac effects of hypoparathyroidism. […] In a study of 33 patients with hypoparathyroidism, Rubin et al concluded that the disease causes bone to assume unusual structural and dynamic properties. Examining biopsies of the iliac crest, the investigators found that, in comparison with biopsies from 33 patients with no known metabolic diseases, the individuals with hypoparathyroidism had greater cancellous bone volume, trabecular width, and cortical width. Moreover, the patients with hypoparathyroidism demonstrated profound suppression of dynamic skeletal indices, including mineralizing surface and bone formation rate.

• #25 Hypoparathyroidism: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypoparathyroidism-pro

  Hypoparathyroidism is characterised by hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and low or inappropriately normal levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] This is essentially with the symptoms of hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia typically presents as perioral numbness, paresthesia, neurocognitive deficits, weakness and carpopedal muscle spasms. Life-threatening complications, such as cardiac arrhythmias, laryngeal spasm, tetany and seizures, can also occur. […] Symptoms include: Muscle pains. Bone pain: bone turnover is abnormally low and bone mineral density is typically increased. Abdominal pain. Paraesthesiae (tingling, vibrating, burning and numbness) of the face, fingers and toes. Facial twitching. Carpopedal spasm. Stridor. Convulsions (usually grand mal). Syncope. Emotional lability, anxiety and depression, confusion. Memory impairment. Lethargy. Headaches. Brittle nails. Dry hair and skin. Painful menstruation.

• #26 Hypoparathyroidism Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122207-clinical

  Hypoparathyroidism results in hypocalcemia, which may be variably symptomatic. The history should focus on eliciting signs and symptoms of neuromuscular irritability, including the following: […] A study by Sikjaer et al indicated that hypoparathyroidism can result in decreases in cognitive function (ie, processing speed, executive functions, visual memory, auditory memory), thus reducing a patients quality of life. Moreover, hippocampal volume was decreased in persons with hypoparathyroidism, with the size of the hippocampus being smaller in those with severe brain fog than in patients with less brain fog. In postsurgical hypoparathyroidism patients, a correlation was found between the size of the thalamus and disease duration. […] Muscle cramps involving the lower back, legs, and feet are common in patients with hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia. Tetany develops if hypocalcemia is severe. In some patients, laryngospasm and bronchospasm may be life threatening.

• #27 Hypoparathyroidism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122207-overview

  Chronic hypocalcemia, as observed in primary hypoparathyroidism, is associated with ocular cataracts, abnormal dentition, and dry, puffy, coarse skin […] In severe hypocalcemia, a prolongation of the QT interval is observed on electrocardiography (ECG), and congestive heart failure may develop […] In patients with autoimmune polyglandular failure, idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is associated with adrenal insufficiency and moniliasis.

• #28 Hypoparathyroidism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20355375

  Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are usually related to low calcium levels in the blood. Signs and symptoms can include: Tingling or burning in the fingertips, toes and lips […] Muscle aches or cramps in the legs, feet, stomach or face […] Twitching or spasms of muscles, particularly around the mouth, but also in the hands, arms and throat […] Fatigue or weakness […] Other signs and symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism can include: Painful menstrual periods […] Patchy hair loss […] Dry, coarse skin […] Brittle nails […] Depression or anxiety.

• #29 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #30 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #31 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=141&pid=1&gid=000385

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the glands produce too little PTH. The blood calcium level falls, and the phosphorus level rises. […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #32 Hypoparathyroidism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20355375

  Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are usually related to low calcium levels in the blood. Signs and symptoms can include: Tingling or burning in the fingertips, toes and lips […] Muscle aches or cramps in the legs, feet, stomach or face […] Twitching or spasms of muscles, particularly around the mouth, but also in the hands, arms and throat […] Fatigue or weakness […] Other signs and symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism can include: Painful menstrual periods […] Patchy hair loss […] Dry, coarse skin […] Brittle nails […] Depression or anxiety.

• #33 Hypoparathyroidism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122207-overview

  Chronic hypocalcemia, as observed in primary hypoparathyroidism, is associated with ocular cataracts, abnormal dentition, and dry, puffy, coarse skin […] In severe hypocalcemia, a prolongation of the QT interval is observed on electrocardiography (ECG), and congestive heart failure may develop […] In patients with autoimmune polyglandular failure, idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is associated with adrenal insufficiency and moniliasis.

• #34 Hypoparathyroidism vs hypothyroidism: A comparison

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hypoparathyroidism-vs-hypothyroidism

  According to a 2021 review, the four clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism are: hypocalcemia (a deficiency of calcium in the blood), hypercalciuria (excess calcium in the urine), hyperphosphatemia (excess phosphate in the blood), low or undetectable PTH levels. […] Untreated hypoparathyroidism can cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia is a potentially life threatening condition that can cause complications, such as: anxiety and depression, involuntary muscle spasms or seizures, QTc prolongation, in which the heart muscle takes longer to contract and relax. […] Hyperphosphatemia can cause vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. This is where calcium phosphate deposits accumulate in the blood vessels, causing the vessels to thicken and harden. […] Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands do not make enough parathyroid hormone (PTH), resulting in low blood calcium and high phosphorus.

• #35 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #36 Hypoparathyroidism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122207-overview

  Chronic hypocalcemia, as observed in primary hypoparathyroidism, is associated with ocular cataracts, abnormal dentition, and dry, puffy, coarse skin […] In severe hypocalcemia, a prolongation of the QT interval is observed on electrocardiography (ECG), and congestive heart failure may develop […] In patients with autoimmune polyglandular failure, idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is associated with adrenal insufficiency and moniliasis.

• #37 Hypoparathyroidism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122207-overview

  Chronic hypocalcemia, as observed in primary hypoparathyroidism, is associated with ocular cataracts, abnormal dentition, and dry, puffy, coarse skin […] In severe hypocalcemia, a prolongation of the QT interval is observed on electrocardiography (ECG), and congestive heart failure may develop […] In patients with autoimmune polyglandular failure, idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is associated with adrenal insufficiency and moniliasis.

• #38 Hypoparathyroidism – Parathyroid Gland Diseases – Endocrinology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.10.1.

  Hypoparathyroidism is a condition associated with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in the presence of low or inappropriately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. It is associated with significant symptoms of hypocalcemia as well as long-term complications of inadequate PTH levels, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. […] Symptoms of hypocalcemia include muscle cramping; twitching; numbness and tingling in the face, hands, or feet; depression or irritability; seizures; bradyarrhythmia; wheezing; and laryngospasm. […] In patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism prolonged hypercalciuria and hyperphosphatemia can result in the development of renal complications such as nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and renal insufficiency. […] Patients with hypoparathyroidism are at risk of developing ophthalmologic complications such as cataracts, which occur in ~50% of cases. […] Neurologic complications include intracranial calcification of the basal ganglia. […] Hypoparathyroidism is associated with diminished quality of life. Complaints of brain fog, myalgias, numbness, paresthesias, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, and depression all contribute to a lower quality of life.

• #39 Hypoparathyroidism – Parathyroid Gland Diseases – Endocrinology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.10.1.

  Hypoparathyroidism is a condition associated with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in the presence of low or inappropriately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. It is associated with significant symptoms of hypocalcemia as well as long-term complications of inadequate PTH levels, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. […] Symptoms of hypocalcemia include muscle cramping; twitching; numbness and tingling in the face, hands, or feet; depression or irritability; seizures; bradyarrhythmia; wheezing; and laryngospasm. […] In patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism prolonged hypercalciuria and hyperphosphatemia can result in the development of renal complications such as nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and renal insufficiency. […] Patients with hypoparathyroidism are at risk of developing ophthalmologic complications such as cataracts, which occur in ~50% of cases. […] Neurologic complications include intracranial calcification of the basal ganglia. […] Hypoparathyroidism is associated with diminished quality of life. Complaints of brain fog, myalgias, numbness, paresthesias, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, and depression all contribute to a lower quality of life.

• #40 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #41 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/hypoparathyroidism

  Symptoms of this condition are usually due to low levels of calcium. Signs may include: Numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes, or around the mouth. Muscle twitching, aches, or cramps, especially in the legs, feet, and back. Fast or irregular heartbeats (palpitations). Memory problems, confusion, or trouble thinking. Depression, anxiety, irritability, or changes in personality. Seizures. […] Some people may not have any symptoms, especially if the calcium level in their blood is still close to normal. […] Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition. The most common cause of this condition is damage to the parathyroid glands during neck surgery. This condition causes the calcium levels in your body to become too low and the phosphorus levels in your body to get too high. […] Treatment may include supplements, changes in diet, and injections of PTH.

• #42 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #43 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #44 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #45 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #46 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #47 Hypoparathyroidism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20355375

  Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are usually related to low calcium levels in the blood. Signs and symptoms can include: Tingling or burning in the fingertips, toes and lips […] Muscle aches or cramps in the legs, feet, stomach or face […] Twitching or spasms of muscles, particularly around the mouth, but also in the hands, arms and throat […] Fatigue or weakness […] Other signs and symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism can include: Painful menstrual periods […] Patchy hair loss […] Dry, coarse skin […] Brittle nails […] Depression or anxiety.

• #48 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #49 Hypoparathyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #50 Hypoparathyroidism: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypoparathyroidism-pro

  Hypoparathyroidism is characterised by hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and low or inappropriately normal levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] This is essentially with the symptoms of hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia typically presents as perioral numbness, paresthesia, neurocognitive deficits, weakness and carpopedal muscle spasms. Life-threatening complications, such as cardiac arrhythmias, laryngeal spasm, tetany and seizures, can also occur. […] Symptoms include: Muscle pains. Bone pain: bone turnover is abnormally low and bone mineral density is typically increased. Abdominal pain. Paraesthesiae (tingling, vibrating, burning and numbness) of the face, fingers and toes. Facial twitching. Carpopedal spasm. Stridor. Convulsions (usually grand mal). Syncope. Emotional lability, anxiety and depression, confusion. Memory impairment. Lethargy. Headaches. Brittle nails. Dry hair and skin. Painful menstruation.

• #51 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #52 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #53 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #54 Hypoparathyroidism – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism occurs when there is destruction of the parathyroid glands (autoimmune, surgical), abnormal parathyroid gland development, altered regulation of PTH production, or impaired PTH action. […] When PTH secretion is insufficient, hypocalcemia develops. Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism may be associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from few, if any, symptoms if the hypocalcemia is mild, to life-threatening seizures, refractory heart failure, or laryngospasm if it is severe. In addition to severity of hypocalcemia, the rate of development and chronicity determine the clinical manifestations.

• #55 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #56 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=141&pid=1&gid=000385

  Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). […] Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the glands produce too little PTH. The blood calcium level falls, and the phosphorus level rises. […] Onset of the disease is very gradual and symptoms can be mild. Many people diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism have had symptoms for years before they are diagnosed. Symptoms may be so mild that the diagnosis is made after a screening blood test that shows low calcium. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Tingling lips, fingers, and toes (most common), Muscle cramps (most common), Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties), Abdominal pain, Abnormal heart rhythm, Brittle nails, Cataracts, Calcium deposits in some tissues, Decreased consciousness, Dry hair, Dry, scaly skin, Pain in the face, legs, and feet, Painful menstruation, Seizures, Teeth that do not grow in on time, or at all, Weakened tooth enamel (in children).

• #57 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  There are no symptoms caused by hypoparathyroidism (low parathyroid hormone levels). […] The symptoms you feel are caused by hypocalcaemia (low calcium levels) or hypercalcamia (high calcium levels). […] Symptoms are those of tetany and develop along a spectrum ranging from mild to more severe. […] Many people experience only mild symptoms which may require no action or just an occasional minor adjustment. These usually take the form of paraesthesias – tingling in the hands, fingers, and around the mouth, and twitching muscles. […] These are more unusual but may occur post operatively or when medication has been inadequate over a period of time or in Brittle hypoparathyroidism where levels remain constantly unstable. Symptoms may develop over time if ignored or unrecognised, or they may come on rapidly suddenly requiring urgent action to avoid a crisis.

• #58 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #59 Hypoparathyroidism – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism occurs when there is destruction of the parathyroid glands (autoimmune, surgical), abnormal parathyroid gland development, altered regulation of PTH production, or impaired PTH action. […] When PTH secretion is insufficient, hypocalcemia develops. Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism may be associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from few, if any, symptoms if the hypocalcemia is mild, to life-threatening seizures, refractory heart failure, or laryngospasm if it is severe. In addition to severity of hypocalcemia, the rate of development and chronicity determine the clinical manifestations.

• #60 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #61 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hypoparathyroidism/

  Hypoparathyroidism often starts if glands in your neck are damaged during surgery. […] Symptoms include: a tingling or burning sensation in your fingers, toes and face, muscle pain, stiffness and spasms, tummy pain, brittle nails, dry hair and dry skin, cataracts (cloudy patches that form at the front of your eyes). […] Less common and more serious symptoms include: confusion, an irregular heartbeat, seizures (fits). […] A low level of calcium can be a sign of hypoparathyroidism. […] If you have hypoparathyroidism and your calcium level becomes too low, it can cause seizures and serious heart problems.

• #62 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #63 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #64 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #65 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #66 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #67 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hypoparathyroidism/

  Hypoparathyroidism often starts if glands in your neck are damaged during surgery. […] Symptoms include: a tingling or burning sensation in your fingers, toes and face, muscle pain, stiffness and spasms, tummy pain, brittle nails, dry hair and dry skin, cataracts (cloudy patches that form at the front of your eyes). […] Less common and more serious symptoms include: confusion, an irregular heartbeat, seizures (fits). […] A low level of calcium can be a sign of hypoparathyroidism. […] If you have hypoparathyroidism and your calcium level becomes too low, it can cause seizures and serious heart problems.

• #68 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #69 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hypoparathyroidism/

  Hypoparathyroidism often starts if glands in your neck are damaged during surgery. […] Symptoms include: a tingling or burning sensation in your fingers, toes and face, muscle pain, stiffness and spasms, tummy pain, brittle nails, dry hair and dry skin, cataracts (cloudy patches that form at the front of your eyes). […] Less common and more serious symptoms include: confusion, an irregular heartbeat, seizures (fits). […] A low level of calcium can be a sign of hypoparathyroidism. […] If you have hypoparathyroidism and your calcium level becomes too low, it can cause seizures and serious heart problems.

• #70 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #71 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #72 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #73 Hypoparathyroidism | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/hypoparathyroidism

  Common symptoms include: […] In adults, hypoparathyroidism can lead to kidney problems (such as kidney stones, kidney failure), heart problems, and calcium deposits in the brain. Calcium in the brain can cause tremors, slowed movement, balance problems, and seizures. […] When children have hypoparathyroidism, they might grow poorly, have tooth problems such as delayed tooth development or a lot of cavities, and have slow mental development. […] Hypoparathyroidism during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm labor or miscarriage in the mother and respiratory distress (difficulty to breath) in the baby.

• #74 Hypoparathyroidism | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/hypoparathyroidism

  Common symptoms include: […] In adults, hypoparathyroidism can lead to kidney problems (such as kidney stones, kidney failure), heart problems, and calcium deposits in the brain. Calcium in the brain can cause tremors, slowed movement, balance problems, and seizures. […] When children have hypoparathyroidism, they might grow poorly, have tooth problems such as delayed tooth development or a lot of cavities, and have slow mental development. […] Hypoparathyroidism during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm labor or miscarriage in the mother and respiratory distress (difficulty to breath) in the baby.

• #75 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=141&pid=1&gid=000385

  The outcome is likely to be good if the diagnosis is made early. But changes in the teeth, cataracts, and brain calcifications cannot be reversed in children who have undiagnosed hypoparathyroidism during development. […] Hypoparathyroidism in children may lead to poor growth, abnormal teeth, and slow mental development.

• #76 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=141&pid=1&gid=000385

  The outcome is likely to be good if the diagnosis is made early. But changes in the teeth, cataracts, and brain calcifications cannot be reversed in children who have undiagnosed hypoparathyroidism during development. […] Hypoparathyroidism in children may lead to poor growth, abnormal teeth, and slow mental development.

• #77 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=141&pid=1&gid=000385

  The outcome is likely to be good if the diagnosis is made early. But changes in the teeth, cataracts, and brain calcifications cannot be reversed in children who have undiagnosed hypoparathyroidism during development. […] Hypoparathyroidism in children may lead to poor growth, abnormal teeth, and slow mental development.

• #78 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=141&pid=1&gid=000385

  The outcome is likely to be good if the diagnosis is made early. But changes in the teeth, cataracts, and brain calcifications cannot be reversed in children who have undiagnosed hypoparathyroidism during development. […] Hypoparathyroidism in children may lead to poor growth, abnormal teeth, and slow mental development.

• #79 Hypoparathyroidism | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/hypoparathyroidism

  Common symptoms include: […] In adults, hypoparathyroidism can lead to kidney problems (such as kidney stones, kidney failure), heart problems, and calcium deposits in the brain. Calcium in the brain can cause tremors, slowed movement, balance problems, and seizures. […] When children have hypoparathyroidism, they might grow poorly, have tooth problems such as delayed tooth development or a lot of cavities, and have slow mental development. […] Hypoparathyroidism during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm labor or miscarriage in the mother and respiratory distress (difficulty to breath) in the baby.

• #80 Hypoparathyroidism – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism occurs when there is destruction of the parathyroid glands (autoimmune, surgical), abnormal parathyroid gland development, altered regulation of PTH production, or impaired PTH action. […] When PTH secretion is insufficient, hypocalcemia develops. Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism may be associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from few, if any, symptoms if the hypocalcemia is mild, to life-threatening seizures, refractory heart failure, or laryngospasm if it is severe. In addition to severity of hypocalcemia, the rate of development and chronicity determine the clinical manifestations.

• #81 Hypoparathyroidism – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/132

  Hypoparathyroidism has a wide variety of presentations: from the asymptomatic patient with dramatically low serum calcium to the acutely symptomatic patient with neuromuscular irritability, tetany, painful muscle cramps, stridor, and even seizures with low serum calcium in the accident and emergency department or recovery room. […] Signs and symptoms can involve the neuromuscular, psychiatric, cardiac, ocular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, and renal/urological systems. Patients can also be asymptomatic. […] Persistently low intact PTH levels in the presence of hypocalcaemia requiring treatment for at least 6 months (some guidelines state at least 12 months) post-procedure generally indicates that the condition is permanent.

• #82 Hypoparathyroidism: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/hypoparathyroidism-rare

  If your calcium levels are slightly low, you may not notice symptoms at first. But for some, the symptoms can be life-threatening if calcium levels drop too low. Your hypoparathyroidism symptoms depend on how low your calcium gets and how long it’s been low. […] If your calcium drops quickly, you may get serious signs of muscle spasms (tetany), including: Muscle cramps or spasms in your legs, feet, lower back, or face, Tingling in your fingers, toes, or lips, Anxiety and depression, Heart failure, An irregular heartbeat, Low blood pressure, Seizures. […] These symptoms can range from mild to serious. You may also feel fatigue, too. If you have any cramp-like spasms from low calcium, get medical help right away. […] Although many symptoms are the same, some differ with persistently low calcium. If your low calcium goes untreated in the long term, your risk can increase for: Eye disease like cataracts, Dental problems, Calcium deposits in the brain that cause dementia or movement disorders like tremors or Parkinson’s, Hair loss and brittle nails, Dry, puffy skin, Bone disease.

• #83 Hypoparathyroidism – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism occurs when there is destruction of the parathyroid glands (autoimmune, surgical), abnormal parathyroid gland development, altered regulation of PTH production, or impaired PTH action. […] When PTH secretion is insufficient, hypocalcemia develops. Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism may be associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from few, if any, symptoms if the hypocalcemia is mild, to life-threatening seizures, refractory heart failure, or laryngospasm if it is severe. In addition to severity of hypocalcemia, the rate of development and chronicity determine the clinical manifestations.

• #84 Hypoparathyroidism – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism occurs when there is destruction of the parathyroid glands (autoimmune, surgical), abnormal parathyroid gland development, altered regulation of PTH production, or impaired PTH action. […] When PTH secretion is insufficient, hypocalcemia develops. Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism may be associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from few, if any, symptoms if the hypocalcemia is mild, to life-threatening seizures, refractory heart failure, or laryngospasm if it is severe. In addition to severity of hypocalcemia, the rate of development and chronicity determine the clinical manifestations.

• #85 Hypoparathyroidism: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/hypoparathyroidism-rare

  If your calcium levels are slightly low, you may not notice symptoms at first. But for some, the symptoms can be life-threatening if calcium levels drop too low. Your hypoparathyroidism symptoms depend on how low your calcium gets and how long it’s been low. […] If your calcium drops quickly, you may get serious signs of muscle spasms (tetany), including: Muscle cramps or spasms in your legs, feet, lower back, or face, Tingling in your fingers, toes, or lips, Anxiety and depression, Heart failure, An irregular heartbeat, Low blood pressure, Seizures. […] These symptoms can range from mild to serious. You may also feel fatigue, too. If you have any cramp-like spasms from low calcium, get medical help right away. […] Although many symptoms are the same, some differ with persistently low calcium. If your low calcium goes untreated in the long term, your risk can increase for: Eye disease like cataracts, Dental problems, Calcium deposits in the brain that cause dementia or movement disorders like tremors or Parkinson’s, Hair loss and brittle nails, Dry, puffy skin, Bone disease.

• #86 Hypoparathyroidism: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/hypoparathyroidism-rare

  If your calcium levels are slightly low, you may not notice symptoms at first. But for some, the symptoms can be life-threatening if calcium levels drop too low. Your hypoparathyroidism symptoms depend on how low your calcium gets and how long it’s been low. […] If your calcium drops quickly, you may get serious signs of muscle spasms (tetany), including: Muscle cramps or spasms in your legs, feet, lower back, or face, Tingling in your fingers, toes, or lips, Anxiety and depression, Heart failure, An irregular heartbeat, Low blood pressure, Seizures. […] These symptoms can range from mild to serious. You may also feel fatigue, too. If you have any cramp-like spasms from low calcium, get medical help right away. […] Although many symptoms are the same, some differ with persistently low calcium. If your low calcium goes untreated in the long term, your risk can increase for: Eye disease like cataracts, Dental problems, Calcium deposits in the brain that cause dementia or movement disorders like tremors or Parkinson’s, Hair loss and brittle nails, Dry, puffy skin, Bone disease.

• #87 Hypoparathyroidism – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism occurs when there is destruction of the parathyroid glands (autoimmune, surgical), abnormal parathyroid gland development, altered regulation of PTH production, or impaired PTH action. […] When PTH secretion is insufficient, hypocalcemia develops. Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism may be associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from few, if any, symptoms if the hypocalcemia is mild, to life-threatening seizures, refractory heart failure, or laryngospasm if it is severe. In addition to severity of hypocalcemia, the rate of development and chronicity determine the clinical manifestations.

• #88 Hypoparathyroidism – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/hormones-and-body-chemistry/hypoparathyroidism/

  Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism could also manifest if you have a history of malnutrition, diabetes, alcohol abuse, severe diarrhea, or use of medications that affect kidney function and lead to magnesium deficiency. […] The most frequent complications from hypoparathyroidism are chronic kidney disease and kidney stones. Other potential issues could include eye problems like cataracts, mental health conditions like anxiety and depression, heartbeat irregularities, and cognitive issues. […] Those undergoing treatment with calcium and calcitriol may experience low or high calcium levels in their blood. They also have an increased risk of developing kidney stones and kidney disease. Additionally, these patients might struggle with low quality of life scores.

• #89 Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22672-hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is usually a chronic (lifelong) condition, but it can be temporary. […] In most cases, hypoparathyroidism progresses very gradually, and symptoms can be mild. Many people have symptoms for years before they’re diagnosed. […] Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include: Tingling in your lips, fingers and toes. Muscle cramps. Muscle spasms (tetany). Abdominal pain. Brain fog or confusion. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Brittle nails. Dry hair and dry, scaly skin. Cataracts. Weakened tooth enamel (in children). […] Most cases of hypoparathyroidism are chronic (life-long), though it can sometimes be temporary. […] Long-term complications of hypoparathyroidism can include: Issues with kidney function. Kidney stones. Cataracts. Calcium deposits in your brain. […] Complications of untreated hypoparathyroidism due to sudden and severe (acute) hypocalcemia include seizures and larynx spasms, which can make it difficult to breathe. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

• #90 Hypoparathyroidism – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/132

  Hypoparathyroidism has a wide variety of presentations: from the asymptomatic patient with dramatically low serum calcium to the acutely symptomatic patient with neuromuscular irritability, tetany, painful muscle cramps, stridor, and even seizures with low serum calcium in the accident and emergency department or recovery room. […] Signs and symptoms can involve the neuromuscular, psychiatric, cardiac, ocular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, and renal/urological systems. Patients can also be asymptomatic. […] Persistently low intact PTH levels in the presence of hypocalcaemia requiring treatment for at least 6 months (some guidelines state at least 12 months) post-procedure generally indicates that the condition is permanent.

• #91 Hypopara: A quick guide – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/

  Symptoms vary between individuals and fluctuate depending on calcium levels. Some people experience few or no symptoms when on the right treatment, while others may have ongoing issues. […] Symptoms of low calcium (hypocalcaemia) include: Fatigue and weakness, Tingling or numbness in the hands, feet, or face, Muscle cramps and spasms (tetany), Dizziness or brain fog, Blurred vision, Irritability, anxiety, or low mood, Sensitivity to noise, Chills or internal trembling. […] If not managed properly, calcium levels can also become too high (hypercalcaemia) due to excessive medication. […] Post-surgical hypopara can develop within hours to days after surgery. If symptoms persist for more than six months, the condition is likely permanent. Non-surgical hypopara can take longer to diagnose as symptoms are non-specific and may be mistaken for other conditions.

• #92 Hypoparathyroidism

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hypoparathyroidism/

  Hypoparathyroidism often starts if glands in your neck are damaged during surgery. […] Symptoms include: a tingling or burning sensation in your fingers, toes and face, muscle pain, stiffness and spasms, tummy pain, brittle nails, dry hair and dry skin, cataracts (cloudy patches that form at the front of your eyes). […] Less common and more serious symptoms include: confusion, an irregular heartbeat, seizures (fits). […] A low level of calcium can be a sign of hypoparathyroidism. […] If you have hypoparathyroidism and your calcium level becomes too low, it can cause seizures and serious heart problems.

• #93 Hypopara: A quick guide – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/

  Symptoms vary between individuals and fluctuate depending on calcium levels. Some people experience few or no symptoms when on the right treatment, while others may have ongoing issues. […] Symptoms of low calcium (hypocalcaemia) include: Fatigue and weakness, Tingling or numbness in the hands, feet, or face, Muscle cramps and spasms (tetany), Dizziness or brain fog, Blurred vision, Irritability, anxiety, or low mood, Sensitivity to noise, Chills or internal trembling. […] If not managed properly, calcium levels can also become too high (hypercalcaemia) due to excessive medication. […] Post-surgical hypopara can develop within hours to days after surgery. If symptoms persist for more than six months, the condition is likely permanent. Non-surgical hypopara can take longer to diagnose as symptoms are non-specific and may be mistaken for other conditions.

• #94 » About chronic hypoparathyroidism

  https://www.natpar.com/about-hypoparathyroidism/

  Chronic hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disease resulting from an inappropriately low circulating parathyroid hormone concentration. Chronic hypoparathyroidism may be defined as hypocalcaemia and insufficiently low circulating parathyroid hormone levels persisting for more than 6 months duration, usually following a surgical procedure. […] Chronic hypoparathyroidism can have a substantial impact on patients lives: In a US survey conducted in 2012, patients reported the occurrence of physical, emotional and cognitive symptoms, with 72% experiencing 10 symptoms in the preceding 12 months. In the same survey, hypoparathyroidism-associated symptoms and comorbidities translated into 79% of patients reporting hospital stays or emergency department visits due to their condition. Chronic hypoparathyroidism is also associated with elevated risks of long-term complications, including renal and intracerebral calcifications, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease and neuropsychiatric diseases.

• #95 Hypopara: A quick guide – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/

  Symptoms vary between individuals and fluctuate depending on calcium levels. Some people experience few or no symptoms when on the right treatment, while others may have ongoing issues. […] Symptoms of low calcium (hypocalcaemia) include: Fatigue and weakness, Tingling or numbness in the hands, feet, or face, Muscle cramps and spasms (tetany), Dizziness or brain fog, Blurred vision, Irritability, anxiety, or low mood, Sensitivity to noise, Chills or internal trembling. […] If not managed properly, calcium levels can also become too high (hypercalcaemia) due to excessive medication. […] Post-surgical hypopara can develop within hours to days after surgery. If symptoms persist for more than six months, the condition is likely permanent. Non-surgical hypopara can take longer to diagnose as symptoms are non-specific and may be mistaken for other conditions.

• #96 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  There are no symptoms caused by hypoparathyroidism (low parathyroid hormone levels). […] The symptoms you feel are caused by hypocalcaemia (low calcium levels) or hypercalcamia (high calcium levels). […] Symptoms are those of tetany and develop along a spectrum ranging from mild to more severe. […] Many people experience only mild symptoms which may require no action or just an occasional minor adjustment. These usually take the form of paraesthesias – tingling in the hands, fingers, and around the mouth, and twitching muscles. […] These are more unusual but may occur post operatively or when medication has been inadequate over a period of time or in Brittle hypoparathyroidism where levels remain constantly unstable. Symptoms may develop over time if ignored or unrecognised, or they may come on rapidly suddenly requiring urgent action to avoid a crisis.

• #97 Hypoparathyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), and several other symptoms. The main symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are the result of the low blood calcium level, which interferes with normal muscle contraction and nerve conduction. As a result, people with hypoparathyroidism can experience paresthesia, an unpleasant tingling sensation around the mouth and in the hands and feet, as well as muscle cramps and severe spasms known as „tetany” that affect the hands and feet. Many also report a number of subjective symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, bone pain and insomnia. A number of medical emergencies can arise in people with low calcium levels. These are seizures, severe irregularities in the normal heart beat (specifically prolongation of the QT interval), as well as spasm of the upper part of the airways or the smaller airways known as the bronchi (both potentially causing respiratory failure). Severe hypocalcaemia, a potentially life-threatening condition, is treated as soon as possible with intravenous calcium (e.g. as calcium gluconate). Long-term treatment of hypoparathyroidism is with vitamin D analogs (such as calcitriol or alfacalcidol), vitamin D supplementation and calcium supplementation. Potential risks of treatment for hypoparathyroidism include hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria (elevated calcium in the urine) which may lead to kidney calcification (nephrocalcinosis) and chronic kidney disease.

• #98 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #99 Symptoms of hypopara – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/symptoms-of-hypopara/

  Warning signs may be a drop in temperature, sensitivity to sound, shakiness, irritability, anxiety, diarrhea and gradually worsening muscle spasms. […] If not treated, more severe symptoms may develop and can include: Increasing brain fog, feeling ‘out of it; Worsening tetany, feeling very trembly and vibrating inside (not visible); Hard to function or move around; Carpopedal spasm (painful muscle spasms or cramps of the hands and feet); Painful muscle spasms all over the body; High anxiety; Confusion; Severe muscle cramps; Seizures (this is rare). […] Other symptoms may develop over time: Memory loss; Depression; Dry skin and itching, dry hair; Cataracts and eye problems; Dental problems; Kidney stones; Kidney failure. […] If the hypercalcaemia is not treated then the symptoms become much worse and can include: Feeling and being sick; Drowsiness; Passing large amounts of urine; Feeling very thirsty; Dehydration; Confusion; Agitation; Muscle spasms, tremors; Bone pain and weakness; Irregular heart beat; Difficulty thinking and speaking clearly.

• #100 Hypoparathyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoparathyroidism

  Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), and several other symptoms. The main symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are the result of the low blood calcium level, which interferes with normal muscle contraction and nerve conduction. As a result, people with hypoparathyroidism can experience paresthesia, an unpleasant tingling sensation around the mouth and in the hands and feet, as well as muscle cramps and severe spasms known as „tetany” that affect the hands and feet. Many also report a number of subjective symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, bone pain and insomnia. A number of medical emergencies can arise in people with low calcium levels. These are seizures, severe irregularities in the normal heart beat (specifically prolongation of the QT interval), as well as spasm of the upper part of the airways or the smaller airways known as the bronchi (both potentially causing respiratory failure). Severe hypocalcaemia, a potentially life-threatening condition, is treated as soon as possible with intravenous calcium (e.g. as calcium gluconate). Long-term treatment of hypoparathyroidism is with vitamin D analogs (such as calcitriol or alfacalcidol), vitamin D supplementation and calcium supplementation. Potential risks of treatment for hypoparathyroidism include hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria (elevated calcium in the urine) which may lead to kidney calcification (nephrocalcinosis) and chronic kidney disease.

• #101 Hypoparathyroidism 101 – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/hypoparathyroidism-101

  Hypoparathyroidism happens when your parathyroid glands dont make enough parathyroid hormone (PTH), which can cause significant changes to your physical health and well-being. […] If you have hypoparathyroidism, you may notice symptoms, including: Muscle spasms, cramping or pain in the face, stomach, legs or feet; Tingling feeling in your lips, fingers or toes (called paraesthesia); Headaches; Dry hair and skin; Hair loss; Feeling weak; Depression; Painful menstrual periods; Memory problems. […] In the long run, hypoparathyroidism and the treatment of it can cause complications such as problems with kidney function, kidney stones, cataracts and calcium deposits in the brain. These complications usually come from taking high doses of calcium long-term.

• #102 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #103 » About chronic hypoparathyroidism

  https://www.natpar.com/about-hypoparathyroidism/

  Chronic hypoparathyroidism can lead to a wide range of symptoms. Symptoms of chronic hypoparathyroidism were assessed in the web-based PARADOX patient survey, an online self-reported questionnaire of 374 adult US residents with chronic hypoparathyroidism. Patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism receiving treatment reported an average of 16 different symptoms in the previous year and experienced symptoms for an average of 139 hours/day. Symptoms can affect physical, cognitive and emotional functioning, resulting in: impaired mood, well-being and quality of life; impact on employment status and work productivity; negative effect on social life and relationships.

• #104 » About chronic hypoparathyroidism

  https://www.natpar.com/about-hypoparathyroidism/

  Chronic hypoparathyroidism can lead to a wide range of symptoms. Symptoms of chronic hypoparathyroidism were assessed in the web-based PARADOX patient survey, an online self-reported questionnaire of 374 adult US residents with chronic hypoparathyroidism. Patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism receiving treatment reported an average of 16 different symptoms in the previous year and experienced symptoms for an average of 139 hours/day. Symptoms can affect physical, cognitive and emotional functioning, resulting in: impaired mood, well-being and quality of life; impact on employment status and work productivity; negative effect on social life and relationships.

• #105 » About chronic hypoparathyroidism

  https://www.natpar.com/about-hypoparathyroidism/

  Chronic hypoparathyroidism can lead to a wide range of symptoms. Symptoms of chronic hypoparathyroidism were assessed in the web-based PARADOX patient survey, an online self-reported questionnaire of 374 adult US residents with chronic hypoparathyroidism. Patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism receiving treatment reported an average of 16 different symptoms in the previous year and experienced symptoms for an average of 139 hours/day. Symptoms can affect physical, cognitive and emotional functioning, resulting in: impaired mood, well-being and quality of life; impact on employment status and work productivity; negative effect on social life and relationships.

• #106 Hypoparathyroidism – Parathyroid Gland Diseases – Endocrinology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.10.1.

  Hypoparathyroidism is a condition associated with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in the presence of low or inappropriately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. It is associated with significant symptoms of hypocalcemia as well as long-term complications of inadequate PTH levels, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. […] Symptoms of hypocalcemia include muscle cramping; twitching; numbness and tingling in the face, hands, or feet; depression or irritability; seizures; bradyarrhythmia; wheezing; and laryngospasm. […] In patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism prolonged hypercalciuria and hyperphosphatemia can result in the development of renal complications such as nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and renal insufficiency. […] Patients with hypoparathyroidism are at risk of developing ophthalmologic complications such as cataracts, which occur in ~50% of cases. […] Neurologic complications include intracranial calcification of the basal ganglia. […] Hypoparathyroidism is associated with diminished quality of life. Complaints of brain fog, myalgias, numbness, paresthesias, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, and depression all contribute to a lower quality of life.

• #107 Assessing the Patient Experience of Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms: Development of the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552607/

  Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by absent or inappropriately low levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard-of-care therapy report debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, which may indicate a reduced health-related quality of life. […] One hundred percent of the concept elicitation patient sample reported experiencing physical symptoms that were attributed to hypoparathyroidism, including tingling/numbness/paresthesia (n = 37, 88%), muscle cramping (n = 36, 86%), and physical fatigue (n = 35, 83%). The majority of patients (n = 36, 86%) further reported experiencing cognitive dysfunction, including impaired memory (n = 24, 57%), impaired ability to have a conversation (n = 21, 50%), and lack of concentration/focus (n = 18, 43%). Seventeen major signs and symptoms were identified during item generation and included in the preliminary measure. […] The findings provided evidence of content validity for the HPES-Symptom in US adults with hypoparathyroidism. Additional research is needed to validate the measure in patients with hypoparathyroidism to assess its psychometric properties.

• #108 Hypoparathyroidism – Parathyroid Gland Diseases – Endocrinology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.10.1.

  Hypoparathyroidism is a condition associated with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in the presence of low or inappropriately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. It is associated with significant symptoms of hypocalcemia as well as long-term complications of inadequate PTH levels, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. […] Symptoms of hypocalcemia include muscle cramping; twitching; numbness and tingling in the face, hands, or feet; depression or irritability; seizures; bradyarrhythmia; wheezing; and laryngospasm. […] In patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism prolonged hypercalciuria and hyperphosphatemia can result in the development of renal complications such as nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and renal insufficiency. […] Patients with hypoparathyroidism are at risk of developing ophthalmologic complications such as cataracts, which occur in ~50% of cases. […] Neurologic complications include intracranial calcification of the basal ganglia. […] Hypoparathyroidism is associated with diminished quality of life. Complaints of brain fog, myalgias, numbness, paresthesias, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, and depression all contribute to a lower quality of life.

• #109 Hypopara: A quick guide – Parathyroid UK

  https://parathyroiduk.org/hypoparathyroidism/

  Symptoms vary between individuals and fluctuate depending on calcium levels. Some people experience few or no symptoms when on the right treatment, while others may have ongoing issues. […] Symptoms of low calcium (hypocalcaemia) include: Fatigue and weakness, Tingling or numbness in the hands, feet, or face, Muscle cramps and spasms (tetany), Dizziness or brain fog, Blurred vision, Irritability, anxiety, or low mood, Sensitivity to noise, Chills or internal trembling. […] If not managed properly, calcium levels can also become too high (hypercalcaemia) due to excessive medication. […] Post-surgical hypopara can develop within hours to days after surgery. If symptoms persist for more than six months, the condition is likely permanent. Non-surgical hypopara can take longer to diagnose as symptoms are non-specific and may be mistaken for other conditions.

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