Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vascular malformations of the central nervous system – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vascular-malformations-of-the-central-nervous-system

  Vascular malformations of the central nervous system refer to a group of conditions characterized by abnormal vascular configurations occurring within the brain (and spinal cord). As a group, they occur in 0.1 to 4.0 percent of the general population. […] Four general subtypes of congenital malformations include: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), Cavernous malformations (CMs), Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs), Capillary telangiectasias.

• #2 Atlas of Nervous System Vascular Malformations: A Systematic Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/8/1199

  Vascular malformations are frequent in the head and neck region, affecting the nervous system. […] Between 40% and 60% of vascular anomalies occur in the head and neck region, mostly affecting the nervous system. […] Epidemiology indicates that up to 60% of these malformations are located in the head and neck, generally compromising the nervous system. […] The correct anatomical, morphological, and functional characterization of cerebral vascular malformations, via the various imaging studies, is highly relevant in determining a therapeutic approach, either multimodal or isolated.

• #3 Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7886037/

  CNS vascular malformation is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of pathologies, with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic importance. […] Due to increased utilization of imaging techniques of the craniospinal axis over the past decades, more vascular malformations are being detected. […] This necessitates an increased level of expertise with the diagnosis, characterization, and timely management of these lesions. […] The most common brain vascular lesions in adults are arteriovenous shunts and cavernous malformations with estimated detection rates of 1.0 and 0.5 per 100 000 adults per year, respectively. […] Patients with CNS vascular lesions can present with a variety of presentations from headache and seizure to isolated cranial nerve deficits and progressive motor and sensory alterations.

• #4 Epidemiology of Arteriovenous Malformations | East Bay Brain & Spine

  https://www.eastbaybrainandspine.com/conditions/vascular/arteriovenous-malformations/epidemiology-arteriovenous-malformations/

  Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are relatively rare and occur in less than 1% of the general population. […] The incidence of detection is estimated to be around 1 in every 100,000 people per year. The overall prevalence is believed to be around 18 per 100,000 individuals. […] The annual risk of hemorrhage in patients with untreated AVMs is estimated to be around 2-4% per year. […] The mortality rate after an AVM rupture is estimated to be around 10-15%, and morbidity (disability) rates are much higher. […] The epidemiology of AVMs underscores the importance of their early detection and appropriate management.

• #5 Brain Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) – Diagnosis and TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 49Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/arteriovenous-malformation-avm/

  An AVM is very rare and affects less than one percent of the population, or about 10 per 100,000 people. […] An estimated 300,000 Americans are affected by arteriovenous malformations of the brain and spinal cord (neurological AVMs), but only about 12 percent of the affected population will have symptoms. […] Arteriovenous malformations are equally common among men and women of all races and ethnicities. They are believed to be congenital (existing at birth), but they can enlarge over time and cause symptoms at any age. […] Most arteriovenous malformations are detected through diagnostic imaging, such as a CT or MRI scan. Angiography, an imaging technique that involves the injection of a special dye, may be used to get a better look at the AVM. […] Because most people with AVMs experience few symptoms, they are often discovered during treatment for an unrelated disorder.

• #6 Epidemiology of Arteriovenous Malformations | East Bay Brain & Spine

  https://www.eastbaybrainandspine.com/conditions/vascular/arteriovenous-malformations/epidemiology-arteriovenous-malformations/

  Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are relatively rare and occur in less than 1% of the general population. […] The incidence of detection is estimated to be around 1 in every 100,000 people per year. The overall prevalence is believed to be around 18 per 100,000 individuals. […] The annual risk of hemorrhage in patients with untreated AVMs is estimated to be around 2-4% per year. […] The mortality rate after an AVM rupture is estimated to be around 10-15%, and morbidity (disability) rates are much higher. […] The epidemiology of AVMs underscores the importance of their early detection and appropriate management.

• #7 Vascular malformations of central nervous system: A series from tertiary care hospital in South India – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/vascular-malformations-of-central-nervous-system-a-series-from-tertiary-care-hospital-in-south-india/

  To describe clinicopathological features of surgically resected vascular malformations (VMs) of central nervous system (CNS). […] Vascular malformations (VMs) of the central nervous system (CNS) are seen increasingly in clinical practice, primarily because of advances in cross-sectional brain and spinal cord imaging. […] The natural history of VMs depends on lesion type, location, size, and overall hemodynamics. […] The sine qua non of an AVM is the angiographic demonstration of arteriovenous shunting. […] In our study, we found that the cavernomas were more common than the AVMs, accounting for 72% (36/50) of all VMs, which may indicate selection bias of the hospital based data, but these VMs may show geographical distribution. […] In general, AVMs occur most commonly in cerebrum and one-tenth of all AVMs occur in the posterior fossa.

• #8

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/1271

  QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Up to 88% of cavernous malformations (CMs) of the central nervous system can become symptomatic and cause long-term disability. The aim of this study was to document the characteristics of CMs in the catchment area of our institution. […] METHODS: We retrospectively analysed newly discovered CMs over a 20-year observation period, as well as the frequency of familial forms in the catchment area. […] RESULTS: In the period from 1985-2004, a total of 347 patients were investigated. The cohort included about 75% symptomatic CM cases. A total of 1.31 and 0.55 symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, respectively, were newly diagnosed per annum per 100000 inhabitants. […] CONCLUSIONS: The observed frequency of CM, including multiple lesions in a single individual and the familial form of this pathological entity appears relatively high compared to medical literature.

• #9 CNS capillary telangiectasia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cns-capillary-telangiectasia-1?lang=us

  CNS capillary telangiectasias are small, low flow vascular lesions of the brain, which are usually asymptomatic, incidental findings. […] As these lesions are asymptomatic, diagnosis usually matches the age of first imaging with MRI, and as such are most frequently found in middle-aged and elderly adults. Their prevalence varies according to the series but has been reported at 0.4% at autopsy and 0.7% on MRI. They can account for up to ~20% of all cerebrovascular malformations on autopsy studies and are considered the second most common vascular anomaly after developmental venous anomalies on imaging.

• #10 Moyamoya Disease: A Rare Vascular Disease of the CNS | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68650

  Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare disease affecting the cerebral vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) with a reported incidence of 0.350.94 per 100,000 populations. […] Although originally reported in the Asian population, moyamoya disease has also been reported from Europe and America. […] In an epidemiological study by Baba et al., MMD was found to have the following characteristics in the Japanese population: Annual incidence of 0.350.94 per 100,000 populations; A prevalence of 3.210.5 per 100,000 populations; A male-to-female ratio of 1:1.81:2.2 reflecting a female predilection; A family history of MMS in 10.015.4% of patients. […] Although the reported incidence of MMS from Washington and California was as low as 0.086 per 100,000 populations generally, in ethnic groups, it was found to be as high as 0.28 per 10,000 populations close to the incidence in Japan. […] MMS shows a bimodal distribution in the Chinese population with a major peak in the 59-year-old group and another peak in the 3539-year-old group.

• #11 Brain arteriovenous malformation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-arteriovenous-malformation?lang=us

  Brain arteriovenous malformations are a type of intracranial high-flow vascular malformation composed of enlarged feeding arteries, a nidus of vessels closely associated with the brain parenchyma through which arteriovenous shunting occurs and draining veins. […] Although arteriovenous malformations are thought to represent a congenital abnormality, they are rarely found incidentally in the very young and many de novo lesions have been described amongst adults. They are thought to expand over time. Despite this, a third of arteriovenous malformations that are diagnosed due to hemorrhage are identified before the age of 20 years. Overall, they are diagnosed at a mean age of 31 years. […] Arteriovenous malformations are thought to occur in approximately 0.05% of the population. There is no gender predilection. […] AVMs tend to be solitary in the vast majority of cases (95%). When multiple, syndromic associations must be considered, including hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome) and Wyburn-Mason syndrome (craniofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome).

• #12 Brain arteriovenous malformation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-arteriovenous-malformation?lang=us

  Brain arteriovenous malformations are a type of intracranial high-flow vascular malformation composed of enlarged feeding arteries, a nidus of vessels closely associated with the brain parenchyma through which arteriovenous shunting occurs and draining veins. […] Although arteriovenous malformations are thought to represent a congenital abnormality, they are rarely found incidentally in the very young and many de novo lesions have been described amongst adults. They are thought to expand over time. Despite this, a third of arteriovenous malformations that are diagnosed due to hemorrhage are identified before the age of 20 years. Overall, they are diagnosed at a mean age of 31 years. […] Arteriovenous malformations are thought to occur in approximately 0.05% of the population. There is no gender predilection. […] AVMs tend to be solitary in the vast majority of cases (95%). When multiple, syndromic associations must be considered, including hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome) and Wyburn-Mason syndrome (craniofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome).

• #13 Moyamoya Disease: A Rare Vascular Disease of the CNS | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68650

  Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare disease affecting the cerebral vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) with a reported incidence of 0.350.94 per 100,000 populations. […] Although originally reported in the Asian population, moyamoya disease has also been reported from Europe and America. […] In an epidemiological study by Baba et al., MMD was found to have the following characteristics in the Japanese population: Annual incidence of 0.350.94 per 100,000 populations; A prevalence of 3.210.5 per 100,000 populations; A male-to-female ratio of 1:1.81:2.2 reflecting a female predilection; A family history of MMS in 10.015.4% of patients. […] Although the reported incidence of MMS from Washington and California was as low as 0.086 per 100,000 populations generally, in ethnic groups, it was found to be as high as 0.28 per 10,000 populations close to the incidence in Japan. […] MMS shows a bimodal distribution in the Chinese population with a major peak in the 59-year-old group and another peak in the 3539-year-old group.

• #14 Moyamoya Disease: A Rare Vascular Disease of the CNS | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68650

  Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare disease affecting the cerebral vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) with a reported incidence of 0.350.94 per 100,000 populations. […] Although originally reported in the Asian population, moyamoya disease has also been reported from Europe and America. […] In an epidemiological study by Baba et al., MMD was found to have the following characteristics in the Japanese population: Annual incidence of 0.350.94 per 100,000 populations; A prevalence of 3.210.5 per 100,000 populations; A male-to-female ratio of 1:1.81:2.2 reflecting a female predilection; A family history of MMS in 10.015.4% of patients. […] Although the reported incidence of MMS from Washington and California was as low as 0.086 per 100,000 populations generally, in ethnic groups, it was found to be as high as 0.28 per 10,000 populations close to the incidence in Japan. […] MMS shows a bimodal distribution in the Chinese population with a major peak in the 59-year-old group and another peak in the 3539-year-old group.

• #15 Brain arteriovenous malformation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-arteriovenous-malformation?lang=us

  Brain arteriovenous malformations are a type of intracranial high-flow vascular malformation composed of enlarged feeding arteries, a nidus of vessels closely associated with the brain parenchyma through which arteriovenous shunting occurs and draining veins. […] Although arteriovenous malformations are thought to represent a congenital abnormality, they are rarely found incidentally in the very young and many de novo lesions have been described amongst adults. They are thought to expand over time. Despite this, a third of arteriovenous malformations that are diagnosed due to hemorrhage are identified before the age of 20 years. Overall, they are diagnosed at a mean age of 31 years. […] Arteriovenous malformations are thought to occur in approximately 0.05% of the population. There is no gender predilection. […] AVMs tend to be solitary in the vast majority of cases (95%). When multiple, syndromic associations must be considered, including hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome) and Wyburn-Mason syndrome (craniofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome).

• #16 Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17848

  Cerebral AVMs convey a 1% annual risk of epilepsy and a 3% annual risk of hemorrhage. […] The incidence of AVMs is 1.12 to 1.34 per 100,000 persons, which is significantly lower than cerebral aneurysms and other cerebral vascular malformations. […] Up to 88% of intracranial AVMs are asymptomatic. Of those symptomatic, 45% present with hemorrhage. […] There is a 0.02% incidence of intracranial AMVs in the pediatric population without sex predilection. Pediatric spinal AVMs occur at 10% the rate of cerebral AVMs and have a five-fold predilection for boys. […] A meta-analysis by Gross and Du published in 2013 reported the average age at presentation was 33.7 years old, with 36% to 38% of initial presentations in the form of a first-time hemorrhage. […] Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are also predisposed to spinal AVMs. […] AVMs also occur within the spinal canal, comprising 3% to 4% of all space-occupying spinal lesions and 5% to 9% of all central nervous system vascular malformations.

• #17 Moyamoya Disease: A Rare Vascular Disease of the CNS | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68650

  Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare disease affecting the cerebral vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) with a reported incidence of 0.350.94 per 100,000 populations. […] Although originally reported in the Asian population, moyamoya disease has also been reported from Europe and America. […] In an epidemiological study by Baba et al., MMD was found to have the following characteristics in the Japanese population: Annual incidence of 0.350.94 per 100,000 populations; A prevalence of 3.210.5 per 100,000 populations; A male-to-female ratio of 1:1.81:2.2 reflecting a female predilection; A family history of MMS in 10.015.4% of patients. […] Although the reported incidence of MMS from Washington and California was as low as 0.086 per 100,000 populations generally, in ethnic groups, it was found to be as high as 0.28 per 10,000 populations close to the incidence in Japan. […] MMS shows a bimodal distribution in the Chinese population with a major peak in the 59-year-old group and another peak in the 3539-year-old group.

• #18 Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17848

  Cerebral AVMs convey a 1% annual risk of epilepsy and a 3% annual risk of hemorrhage. […] The incidence of AVMs is 1.12 to 1.34 per 100,000 persons, which is significantly lower than cerebral aneurysms and other cerebral vascular malformations. […] Up to 88% of intracranial AVMs are asymptomatic. Of those symptomatic, 45% present with hemorrhage. […] There is a 0.02% incidence of intracranial AMVs in the pediatric population without sex predilection. Pediatric spinal AVMs occur at 10% the rate of cerebral AVMs and have a five-fold predilection for boys. […] A meta-analysis by Gross and Du published in 2013 reported the average age at presentation was 33.7 years old, with 36% to 38% of initial presentations in the form of a first-time hemorrhage. […] Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are also predisposed to spinal AVMs. […] AVMs also occur within the spinal canal, comprising 3% to 4% of all space-occupying spinal lesions and 5% to 9% of all central nervous system vascular malformations.

• #19 Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17848

  Cerebral AVMs convey a 1% annual risk of epilepsy and a 3% annual risk of hemorrhage. […] The incidence of AVMs is 1.12 to 1.34 per 100,000 persons, which is significantly lower than cerebral aneurysms and other cerebral vascular malformations. […] Up to 88% of intracranial AVMs are asymptomatic. Of those symptomatic, 45% present with hemorrhage. […] There is a 0.02% incidence of intracranial AMVs in the pediatric population without sex predilection. Pediatric spinal AVMs occur at 10% the rate of cerebral AVMs and have a five-fold predilection for boys. […] A meta-analysis by Gross and Du published in 2013 reported the average age at presentation was 33.7 years old, with 36% to 38% of initial presentations in the form of a first-time hemorrhage. […] Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are also predisposed to spinal AVMs. […] AVMs also occur within the spinal canal, comprising 3% to 4% of all space-occupying spinal lesions and 5% to 9% of all central nervous system vascular malformations.

• #20 Vascular Malformations of the Brain and Spine in Children | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/vascular-malformations-of-the-brain-and-spine-in-children/

  The overall incidence of AVMs is difficult to estimate as they are not commonly found unless complications arise. It is a rare, usually sporadic disease and has no sex predilection. Its current incidence and prevalence are unknown. Cerebral AVMs are a common cause of intracranial hemorrhage in children (excluding hemorrhage in prematurity and early infancy), representing about 30-50% of pediatric hemorrhagic strokes. […] Spinal cord AVMs comprise 20-30% of all spinal vascular malformations and are the most common cause of nontraumatic intraspinal bleeding or hematomyelia. […] In general, they occur sporadically with rare familial incidence, and a few reports mention an association with other abnormalities like hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease), Wyburn-Mason syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. […] Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, an autosomal-dominant disease, is the most common genetic cause of cerebral AVM and carries a 10-25% lifetime risk of developing a cerebral AVM.

• #21 Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7886037/

  CNS vascular malformation is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of pathologies, with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic importance. […] Due to increased utilization of imaging techniques of the craniospinal axis over the past decades, more vascular malformations are being detected. […] This necessitates an increased level of expertise with the diagnosis, characterization, and timely management of these lesions. […] The most common brain vascular lesions in adults are arteriovenous shunts and cavernous malformations with estimated detection rates of 1.0 and 0.5 per 100 000 adults per year, respectively. […] Patients with CNS vascular lesions can present with a variety of presentations from headache and seizure to isolated cranial nerve deficits and progressive motor and sensory alterations.

• #22 Arteriovenous Malformations and Fistulas (AVM/AVF) of the Spinal Cord: Practice Essentials, Background, History of the Procedure

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/248456-overview

  Vascular lesions of the brain and spinal cord are commonly encountered in clinical practice and can lead to diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic challenges. Central nervous system (CNS) vascular malformations encompass a wide range of arterial and venous anomalies with various presentations, a variable clinical course, and a variety of complication rates. […] Due to increased utilization of imaging techniques of the craniospinal axis over past decades, more vascular malformations are being detected. This necessitates an increased level of expertise with diagnosis, characterization, and timely management of these lesions. […] Vascular malformations of the spinal cord include spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), spinal hemangiomas, cavernous angiomas, and aneurysms. This article focuses on the most prevalent spinal vascular malformationsAVMs and AVFs.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/fulltext/2000/08000/the_epidemiology_of_brain_arteriovenous.23.aspx

  Common estimates of the prevalence rate for pial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain vary widely, and their accuracy is questionable. […] The estimates for AVM prevalence that are published in the medical literature are unfounded. Because of the rarity of the disease and the existence of asymptomatic patients, establishing a true prevalence rate is not feasible. Owing to variation in the detection rate of asymptomatic AVMs, the most reliable estimate for the occurrence of the disease is the detection rate for symptomatic lesions: 0.94 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.571.30/100,000 person-years). […] The prevalence of detected, active (at risk) AVM disease is unknown, but it can be inferred from incidence data to be lower than 10.3 per 100,000 population.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/fulltext/2000/08000/the_epidemiology_of_brain_arteriovenous.23.aspx

  Common estimates of the prevalence rate for pial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain vary widely, and their accuracy is questionable. […] The estimates for AVM prevalence that are published in the medical literature are unfounded. Because of the rarity of the disease and the existence of asymptomatic patients, establishing a true prevalence rate is not feasible. Owing to variation in the detection rate of asymptomatic AVMs, the most reliable estimate for the occurrence of the disease is the detection rate for symptomatic lesions: 0.94 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.571.30/100,000 person-years). […] The prevalence of detected, active (at risk) AVM disease is unknown, but it can be inferred from incidence data to be lower than 10.3 per 100,000 population.

• #25

  https://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/fulltext/2000/08000/the_epidemiology_of_brain_arteriovenous.23.aspx

  Common estimates of the prevalence rate for pial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain vary widely, and their accuracy is questionable. […] The estimates for AVM prevalence that are published in the medical literature are unfounded. Because of the rarity of the disease and the existence of asymptomatic patients, establishing a true prevalence rate is not feasible. Owing to variation in the detection rate of asymptomatic AVMs, the most reliable estimate for the occurrence of the disease is the detection rate for symptomatic lesions: 0.94 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.571.30/100,000 person-years). […] The prevalence of detected, active (at risk) AVM disease is unknown, but it can be inferred from incidence data to be lower than 10.3 per 100,000 population.

• #26 Brain Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) – Diagnosis and TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 49Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/arteriovenous-malformation-avm/

  An AVM is very rare and affects less than one percent of the population, or about 10 per 100,000 people. […] An estimated 300,000 Americans are affected by arteriovenous malformations of the brain and spinal cord (neurological AVMs), but only about 12 percent of the affected population will have symptoms. […] Arteriovenous malformations are equally common among men and women of all races and ethnicities. They are believed to be congenital (existing at birth), but they can enlarge over time and cause symptoms at any age. […] Most arteriovenous malformations are detected through diagnostic imaging, such as a CT or MRI scan. Angiography, an imaging technique that involves the injection of a special dye, may be used to get a better look at the AVM. […] Because most people with AVMs experience few symptoms, they are often discovered during treatment for an unrelated disorder.

• #27 Brain Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) – Diagnosis and TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 49Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/arteriovenous-malformation-avm/

  An AVM is very rare and affects less than one percent of the population, or about 10 per 100,000 people. […] An estimated 300,000 Americans are affected by arteriovenous malformations of the brain and spinal cord (neurological AVMs), but only about 12 percent of the affected population will have symptoms. […] Arteriovenous malformations are equally common among men and women of all races and ethnicities. They are believed to be congenital (existing at birth), but they can enlarge over time and cause symptoms at any age. […] Most arteriovenous malformations are detected through diagnostic imaging, such as a CT or MRI scan. Angiography, an imaging technique that involves the injection of a special dye, may be used to get a better look at the AVM. […] Because most people with AVMs experience few symptoms, they are often discovered during treatment for an unrelated disorder.

• #28 Vascular malformations of central nervous system: A series from tertiary care hospital in South India – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/vascular-malformations-of-central-nervous-system-a-series-from-tertiary-care-hospital-in-south-india/

  To describe clinicopathological features of surgically resected vascular malformations (VMs) of central nervous system (CNS). […] Vascular malformations (VMs) of the central nervous system (CNS) are seen increasingly in clinical practice, primarily because of advances in cross-sectional brain and spinal cord imaging. […] The natural history of VMs depends on lesion type, location, size, and overall hemodynamics. […] The sine qua non of an AVM is the angiographic demonstration of arteriovenous shunting. […] In our study, we found that the cavernomas were more common than the AVMs, accounting for 72% (36/50) of all VMs, which may indicate selection bias of the hospital based data, but these VMs may show geographical distribution. […] In general, AVMs occur most commonly in cerebrum and one-tenth of all AVMs occur in the posterior fossa.

• #29 Brain Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) – Diagnosis and TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 49Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/arteriovenous-malformation-avm/

  An AVM is very rare and affects less than one percent of the population, or about 10 per 100,000 people. […] An estimated 300,000 Americans are affected by arteriovenous malformations of the brain and spinal cord (neurological AVMs), but only about 12 percent of the affected population will have symptoms. […] Arteriovenous malformations are equally common among men and women of all races and ethnicities. They are believed to be congenital (existing at birth), but they can enlarge over time and cause symptoms at any age. […] Most arteriovenous malformations are detected through diagnostic imaging, such as a CT or MRI scan. Angiography, an imaging technique that involves the injection of a special dye, may be used to get a better look at the AVM. […] Because most people with AVMs experience few symptoms, they are often discovered during treatment for an unrelated disorder.

• #30 Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17848

  Cerebral AVMs convey a 1% annual risk of epilepsy and a 3% annual risk of hemorrhage. […] The incidence of AVMs is 1.12 to 1.34 per 100,000 persons, which is significantly lower than cerebral aneurysms and other cerebral vascular malformations. […] Up to 88% of intracranial AVMs are asymptomatic. Of those symptomatic, 45% present with hemorrhage. […] There is a 0.02% incidence of intracranial AMVs in the pediatric population without sex predilection. Pediatric spinal AVMs occur at 10% the rate of cerebral AVMs and have a five-fold predilection for boys. […] A meta-analysis by Gross and Du published in 2013 reported the average age at presentation was 33.7 years old, with 36% to 38% of initial presentations in the form of a first-time hemorrhage. […] Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are also predisposed to spinal AVMs. […] AVMs also occur within the spinal canal, comprising 3% to 4% of all space-occupying spinal lesions and 5% to 9% of all central nervous system vascular malformations.

• #31 Vascular malformations of central nervous system: A series from tertiary care hospital in South India – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/vascular-malformations-of-central-nervous-system-a-series-from-tertiary-care-hospital-in-south-india/

  The important principle of obtaining adequate tissue for histopathological diagnosis, even if the most advanced neuroradiology is employed, is emphasised. […] Intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient younger than 40 without hypertension or coagulopathy has a high likelihood of being due to a vascular malformation, making angiography indicated in most cases.

• #32 Vascular malformations of central nervous system: A series from tertiary care hospital in South India – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/vascular-malformations-of-central-nervous-system-a-series-from-tertiary-care-hospital-in-south-india/

  The important principle of obtaining adequate tissue for histopathological diagnosis, even if the most advanced neuroradiology is employed, is emphasised. […] Intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient younger than 40 without hypertension or coagulopathy has a high likelihood of being due to a vascular malformation, making angiography indicated in most cases.

• #33 Pilot investigation of circulating angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers associated with vascular malformations | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-021-02009-7

  Vascular malformations in the central nervous system are difficult to monitor and treat due to their inaccessible location. […] There is a lack of effective and targeted therapies for these patients and quality of life suffers as a result. […] Currently it is challenging to predict which patients are at risk of worse outcomes. Therefore, it would be valuable to identify biomarkers from a non-invasive tissue source, such as blood, that are associated with disease phenotypes or outcomes. […] In recent years, there has been increased interest in identifying circulating biomarkers associated with disease phenotypes in vascular malformation diseases. […] Therefore, additional studies, such as the pilot study reported here, are necessary to better distinguish disease-associated phenotypes and in the future, determine if there are circulating markers associated with measurable disease outcomes. […] Our study also suggests that circulating biomarkers may represent a non-invasive method for assessing organ involvement in HHT patients, but this requires further validation.

• #34 Pilot investigation of circulating angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers associated with vascular malformations | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-021-02009-7

  Vascular malformations in the central nervous system are difficult to monitor and treat due to their inaccessible location. […] There is a lack of effective and targeted therapies for these patients and quality of life suffers as a result. […] Currently it is challenging to predict which patients are at risk of worse outcomes. Therefore, it would be valuable to identify biomarkers from a non-invasive tissue source, such as blood, that are associated with disease phenotypes or outcomes. […] In recent years, there has been increased interest in identifying circulating biomarkers associated with disease phenotypes in vascular malformation diseases. […] Therefore, additional studies, such as the pilot study reported here, are necessary to better distinguish disease-associated phenotypes and in the future, determine if there are circulating markers associated with measurable disease outcomes. […] Our study also suggests that circulating biomarkers may represent a non-invasive method for assessing organ involvement in HHT patients, but this requires further validation.

• #35 Pilot investigation of circulating angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers associated with vascular malformations | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-021-02009-7

  Vascular malformations in the central nervous system are difficult to monitor and treat due to their inaccessible location. […] There is a lack of effective and targeted therapies for these patients and quality of life suffers as a result. […] Currently it is challenging to predict which patients are at risk of worse outcomes. Therefore, it would be valuable to identify biomarkers from a non-invasive tissue source, such as blood, that are associated with disease phenotypes or outcomes. […] In recent years, there has been increased interest in identifying circulating biomarkers associated with disease phenotypes in vascular malformation diseases. […] Therefore, additional studies, such as the pilot study reported here, are necessary to better distinguish disease-associated phenotypes and in the future, determine if there are circulating markers associated with measurable disease outcomes. […] Our study also suggests that circulating biomarkers may represent a non-invasive method for assessing organ involvement in HHT patients, but this requires further validation.

• #36 Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7886037/

  CNS vascular malformation is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of pathologies, with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic importance. […] Due to increased utilization of imaging techniques of the craniospinal axis over the past decades, more vascular malformations are being detected. […] This necessitates an increased level of expertise with the diagnosis, characterization, and timely management of these lesions. […] The most common brain vascular lesions in adults are arteriovenous shunts and cavernous malformations with estimated detection rates of 1.0 and 0.5 per 100 000 adults per year, respectively. […] Patients with CNS vascular lesions can present with a variety of presentations from headache and seizure to isolated cranial nerve deficits and progressive motor and sensory alterations.

• #37 Epidemiology of Arteriovenous Malformations | East Bay Brain & Spine

  https://www.eastbaybrainandspine.com/conditions/vascular/arteriovenous-malformations/epidemiology-arteriovenous-malformations/

  Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are relatively rare and occur in less than 1% of the general population. […] The incidence of detection is estimated to be around 1 in every 100,000 people per year. The overall prevalence is believed to be around 18 per 100,000 individuals. […] The annual risk of hemorrhage in patients with untreated AVMs is estimated to be around 2-4% per year. […] The mortality rate after an AVM rupture is estimated to be around 10-15%, and morbidity (disability) rates are much higher. […] The epidemiology of AVMs underscores the importance of their early detection and appropriate management.

• #38 Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7886037/

  CNS vascular malformation is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of pathologies, with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic importance. […] Due to increased utilization of imaging techniques of the craniospinal axis over the past decades, more vascular malformations are being detected. […] This necessitates an increased level of expertise with the diagnosis, characterization, and timely management of these lesions. […] The most common brain vascular lesions in adults are arteriovenous shunts and cavernous malformations with estimated detection rates of 1.0 and 0.5 per 100 000 adults per year, respectively. […] Patients with CNS vascular lesions can present with a variety of presentations from headache and seizure to isolated cranial nerve deficits and progressive motor and sensory alterations.

• #39 Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7886037/

  CNS vascular malformation is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of pathologies, with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic importance. […] Due to increased utilization of imaging techniques of the craniospinal axis over the past decades, more vascular malformations are being detected. […] This necessitates an increased level of expertise with the diagnosis, characterization, and timely management of these lesions. […] The most common brain vascular lesions in adults are arteriovenous shunts and cavernous malformations with estimated detection rates of 1.0 and 0.5 per 100 000 adults per year, respectively. […] Patients with CNS vascular lesions can present with a variety of presentations from headache and seizure to isolated cranial nerve deficits and progressive motor and sensory alterations.

• #40 Central nervous system vascular malformations – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-nervous-system-vascular-malformations/symptoms-causes/syc-20356113

  Central nervous system vascular malformations are rare issues with the blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord and their coverings, called membranes. […] There are several types of central nervous system vascular malformations, including: […] Central nervous system vascular malformations can damage the brain or spinal cord. Damage can come from bleeding, called hemorrhage, into nearby tissues. Vascular malformations also can block oxygen flow to tissues and put pressure on parts of the brain or spinal cord. […] The cause of central nervous system vascular malformations is unclear. Some are present at birth, called congenital. Others come later. […] Some genetic conditions can increase the risk of having vascular malformation. Injury to the central nervous system might be another cause. […] Once bleeding occurs, there’s a greater risk of having another bleed. For someone who has a vascular malformation, being pregnant might increase the risk of bleeding.

• #41 Epidemiology of Arteriovenous Malformations | East Bay Brain & Spine

  https://www.eastbaybrainandspine.com/conditions/vascular/arteriovenous-malformations/epidemiology-arteriovenous-malformations/

  Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are relatively rare and occur in less than 1% of the general population. […] The incidence of detection is estimated to be around 1 in every 100,000 people per year. The overall prevalence is believed to be around 18 per 100,000 individuals. […] The annual risk of hemorrhage in patients with untreated AVMs is estimated to be around 2-4% per year. […] The mortality rate after an AVM rupture is estimated to be around 10-15%, and morbidity (disability) rates are much higher. […] The epidemiology of AVMs underscores the importance of their early detection and appropriate management.

• #42 Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17848

  Cerebral AVMs convey a 1% annual risk of epilepsy and a 3% annual risk of hemorrhage. […] The incidence of AVMs is 1.12 to 1.34 per 100,000 persons, which is significantly lower than cerebral aneurysms and other cerebral vascular malformations. […] Up to 88% of intracranial AVMs are asymptomatic. Of those symptomatic, 45% present with hemorrhage. […] There is a 0.02% incidence of intracranial AMVs in the pediatric population without sex predilection. Pediatric spinal AVMs occur at 10% the rate of cerebral AVMs and have a five-fold predilection for boys. […] A meta-analysis by Gross and Du published in 2013 reported the average age at presentation was 33.7 years old, with 36% to 38% of initial presentations in the form of a first-time hemorrhage. […] Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are also predisposed to spinal AVMs. […] AVMs also occur within the spinal canal, comprising 3% to 4% of all space-occupying spinal lesions and 5% to 9% of all central nervous system vascular malformations.

• #43 Central nervous system vascular malformations – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-nervous-system-vascular-malformations/symptoms-causes/syc-20356113

  Central nervous system vascular malformations are rare issues with the blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord and their coverings, called membranes. […] There are several types of central nervous system vascular malformations, including: […] Central nervous system vascular malformations can damage the brain or spinal cord. Damage can come from bleeding, called hemorrhage, into nearby tissues. Vascular malformations also can block oxygen flow to tissues and put pressure on parts of the brain or spinal cord. […] The cause of central nervous system vascular malformations is unclear. Some are present at birth, called congenital. Others come later. […] Some genetic conditions can increase the risk of having vascular malformation. Injury to the central nervous system might be another cause. […] Once bleeding occurs, there’s a greater risk of having another bleed. For someone who has a vascular malformation, being pregnant might increase the risk of bleeding.

• #44 Central nervous system vascular malformations – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-nervous-system-vascular-malformations/symptoms-causes/syc-20356113

  Central nervous system vascular malformations are rare issues with the blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord and their coverings, called membranes. […] There are several types of central nervous system vascular malformations, including: […] Central nervous system vascular malformations can damage the brain or spinal cord. Damage can come from bleeding, called hemorrhage, into nearby tissues. Vascular malformations also can block oxygen flow to tissues and put pressure on parts of the brain or spinal cord. […] The cause of central nervous system vascular malformations is unclear. Some are present at birth, called congenital. Others come later. […] Some genetic conditions can increase the risk of having vascular malformation. Injury to the central nervous system might be another cause. […] Once bleeding occurs, there’s a greater risk of having another bleed. For someone who has a vascular malformation, being pregnant might increase the risk of bleeding.

• #45 Central nervous system vascular malformations – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-nervous-system-vascular-malformations/symptoms-causes/syc-20356113

  Central nervous system vascular malformations are rare issues with the blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord and their coverings, called membranes. […] There are several types of central nervous system vascular malformations, including: […] Central nervous system vascular malformations can damage the brain or spinal cord. Damage can come from bleeding, called hemorrhage, into nearby tissues. Vascular malformations also can block oxygen flow to tissues and put pressure on parts of the brain or spinal cord. […] The cause of central nervous system vascular malformations is unclear. Some are present at birth, called congenital. Others come later. […] Some genetic conditions can increase the risk of having vascular malformation. Injury to the central nervous system might be another cause. […] Once bleeding occurs, there’s a greater risk of having another bleed. For someone who has a vascular malformation, being pregnant might increase the risk of bleeding.

• #46 Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformation : Pathological Review with Diagram

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7702

  Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) vascular malformations are a group of abnormal blood vessel formations within the brain or spinal cord in children. The most crucial point of pediatric CNS vascular malformation is that no golden standard classifications exist. […] In addition, there is a big gap in knowledge and the viewpoint of clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists. […] Recently, many genes associated with pediatric CNS vascular malformation, such as Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome with guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha (GNAQ) gene mutation, and cavernous malformations with cerebral cavernous malformations 1 (CCM1), CCM2, and CCM3 gene mutation, were recently revealed. […] For proper therapeutic approaches, we must understand the lesions characterizations in anatomical, morphological, and functional views.

• #47 Vascular Malformations of the Brain and Spine in Children | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/vascular-malformations-of-the-brain-and-spine-in-children/

  The overall incidence of AVMs is difficult to estimate as they are not commonly found unless complications arise. It is a rare, usually sporadic disease and has no sex predilection. Its current incidence and prevalence are unknown. Cerebral AVMs are a common cause of intracranial hemorrhage in children (excluding hemorrhage in prematurity and early infancy), representing about 30-50% of pediatric hemorrhagic strokes. […] Spinal cord AVMs comprise 20-30% of all spinal vascular malformations and are the most common cause of nontraumatic intraspinal bleeding or hematomyelia. […] In general, they occur sporadically with rare familial incidence, and a few reports mention an association with other abnormalities like hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease), Wyburn-Mason syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. […] Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, an autosomal-dominant disease, is the most common genetic cause of cerebral AVM and carries a 10-25% lifetime risk of developing a cerebral AVM.

• #48 Vascular Malformations of the Brain and Spine in Children | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/vascular-malformations-of-the-brain-and-spine-in-children/

  The overall incidence of AVMs is difficult to estimate as they are not commonly found unless complications arise. It is a rare, usually sporadic disease and has no sex predilection. Its current incidence and prevalence are unknown. Cerebral AVMs are a common cause of intracranial hemorrhage in children (excluding hemorrhage in prematurity and early infancy), representing about 30-50% of pediatric hemorrhagic strokes. […] Spinal cord AVMs comprise 20-30% of all spinal vascular malformations and are the most common cause of nontraumatic intraspinal bleeding or hematomyelia. […] In general, they occur sporadically with rare familial incidence, and a few reports mention an association with other abnormalities like hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease), Wyburn-Mason syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. […] Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, an autosomal-dominant disease, is the most common genetic cause of cerebral AVM and carries a 10-25% lifetime risk of developing a cerebral AVM.

• #49 Brain arteriovenous malformation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-arteriovenous-malformation?lang=us

  Brain arteriovenous malformations are a type of intracranial high-flow vascular malformation composed of enlarged feeding arteries, a nidus of vessels closely associated with the brain parenchyma through which arteriovenous shunting occurs and draining veins. […] Although arteriovenous malformations are thought to represent a congenital abnormality, they are rarely found incidentally in the very young and many de novo lesions have been described amongst adults. They are thought to expand over time. Despite this, a third of arteriovenous malformations that are diagnosed due to hemorrhage are identified before the age of 20 years. Overall, they are diagnosed at a mean age of 31 years. […] Arteriovenous malformations are thought to occur in approximately 0.05% of the population. There is no gender predilection. […] AVMs tend to be solitary in the vast majority of cases (95%). When multiple, syndromic associations must be considered, including hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome) and Wyburn-Mason syndrome (craniofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome).

• #50 Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformation : Pathological Review with Diagram

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7702

  Thus, the author hopes that it might be helpful for the proper diagnosis and treatment of CNS pediatric vascular malformations. […] The terminology of malformation has some presumptions, such as presence at birth and tendency to develop regardless of clinical onset time. […] The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) proposed the updated classification of vascular anomalies in 2018. […] Functionally vascular malformations are divided into the low flow (e.g., capillary, venous, and lymphatic malformations) or high flow (e.g., arteriovenous malformation [AVM] and fistulas and vein of Galen malformations [VOGMs]). […] Nowadays, it is getting hard to encounter the classical histological features of CNS pediatric vascular malformations because there are advanced treatment modalities, especially endovascular treatment and gamma knife radiosurgery. […] From the perspective of clinicians, especially neurosurgeons, it becomes essential to provide various aspects of clinical information to colleagues, radiologists, or pathologists for proper diagnoses and treatments of CNS pediatric vascular malformations.

• #51 Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformation : Pathological Review with Diagram

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7702

  Thus, the author hopes that it might be helpful for the proper diagnosis and treatment of CNS pediatric vascular malformations. […] The terminology of malformation has some presumptions, such as presence at birth and tendency to develop regardless of clinical onset time. […] The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) proposed the updated classification of vascular anomalies in 2018. […] Functionally vascular malformations are divided into the low flow (e.g., capillary, venous, and lymphatic malformations) or high flow (e.g., arteriovenous malformation [AVM] and fistulas and vein of Galen malformations [VOGMs]). […] Nowadays, it is getting hard to encounter the classical histological features of CNS pediatric vascular malformations because there are advanced treatment modalities, especially endovascular treatment and gamma knife radiosurgery. […] From the perspective of clinicians, especially neurosurgeons, it becomes essential to provide various aspects of clinical information to colleagues, radiologists, or pathologists for proper diagnoses and treatments of CNS pediatric vascular malformations.

• #52 Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformation : Pathological Review with Diagram

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7702

  Thus, the author hopes that it might be helpful for the proper diagnosis and treatment of CNS pediatric vascular malformations. […] The terminology of malformation has some presumptions, such as presence at birth and tendency to develop regardless of clinical onset time. […] The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) proposed the updated classification of vascular anomalies in 2018. […] Functionally vascular malformations are divided into the low flow (e.g., capillary, venous, and lymphatic malformations) or high flow (e.g., arteriovenous malformation [AVM] and fistulas and vein of Galen malformations [VOGMs]). […] Nowadays, it is getting hard to encounter the classical histological features of CNS pediatric vascular malformations because there are advanced treatment modalities, especially endovascular treatment and gamma knife radiosurgery. […] From the perspective of clinicians, especially neurosurgeons, it becomes essential to provide various aspects of clinical information to colleagues, radiologists, or pathologists for proper diagnoses and treatments of CNS pediatric vascular malformations.

• #53 Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformation : Pathological Review with Diagram

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7702

  Thus, the author hopes that it might be helpful for the proper diagnosis and treatment of CNS pediatric vascular malformations. […] The terminology of malformation has some presumptions, such as presence at birth and tendency to develop regardless of clinical onset time. […] The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) proposed the updated classification of vascular anomalies in 2018. […] Functionally vascular malformations are divided into the low flow (e.g., capillary, venous, and lymphatic malformations) or high flow (e.g., arteriovenous malformation [AVM] and fistulas and vein of Galen malformations [VOGMs]). […] Nowadays, it is getting hard to encounter the classical histological features of CNS pediatric vascular malformations because there are advanced treatment modalities, especially endovascular treatment and gamma knife radiosurgery. […] From the perspective of clinicians, especially neurosurgeons, it becomes essential to provide various aspects of clinical information to colleagues, radiologists, or pathologists for proper diagnoses and treatments of CNS pediatric vascular malformations.

• #54 Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformation : Pathological Review with Diagram

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7702

  Thus, the author hopes that it might be helpful for the proper diagnosis and treatment of CNS pediatric vascular malformations. […] The terminology of malformation has some presumptions, such as presence at birth and tendency to develop regardless of clinical onset time. […] The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) proposed the updated classification of vascular anomalies in 2018. […] Functionally vascular malformations are divided into the low flow (e.g., capillary, venous, and lymphatic malformations) or high flow (e.g., arteriovenous malformation [AVM] and fistulas and vein of Galen malformations [VOGMs]). […] Nowadays, it is getting hard to encounter the classical histological features of CNS pediatric vascular malformations because there are advanced treatment modalities, especially endovascular treatment and gamma knife radiosurgery. […] From the perspective of clinicians, especially neurosurgeons, it becomes essential to provide various aspects of clinical information to colleagues, radiologists, or pathologists for proper diagnoses and treatments of CNS pediatric vascular malformations.

• #55 Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7886037/

  CNS vascular malformation is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of pathologies, with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic importance. […] Due to increased utilization of imaging techniques of the craniospinal axis over the past decades, more vascular malformations are being detected. […] This necessitates an increased level of expertise with the diagnosis, characterization, and timely management of these lesions. […] The most common brain vascular lesions in adults are arteriovenous shunts and cavernous malformations with estimated detection rates of 1.0 and 0.5 per 100 000 adults per year, respectively. […] Patients with CNS vascular lesions can present with a variety of presentations from headache and seizure to isolated cranial nerve deficits and progressive motor and sensory alterations.

• #56 Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7886037/

  In this review, we will outline epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and therapeutic features of intracranial and spinal cord vascular malformations and discuss syndromes associated with CNS vascular malformations. […] The current literature reports a 24% annual risk of rupture. […] Variables that impact this risk include age, location, nature of the feeding arteries, and draining veins. […] The strongest predictor for hemorrhage is a history of bleeding in the past, with the estimated 625% annual rebleeding risk within the first five years, with the first year carrying the highest risk. […] Understanding the pathophysiology, natural history, and characteristics predictive of the risk of rupture are all essential for clinicians when making appropriate therapeutic decisions. […] There are limited data comparing the medical versus interventional management options. […] Future studies are needed to advance our understanding on pathobiology of CNS vascular malformations in order to develop robust prognostic models for the stratification of high-risk individuals towards applying personalized interventions.

• #57 Potential therapeutic targets and medications for arteriovenous malformations of the central nervous system

  https://accscience.com/journal/AN/1/3/10.36922/an.v1i3.211

  Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the central nervous system are high-flow arteriovenous shunts that lead to considerable risks of hemorrhagic stroke and neurological deficits in young patients. […] The management of brain and spinal AVMs is challenging. […] In recent years, the pathogenesis of AVMs has been progressively explored. […] The increased understanding of the mechanisms of the formation, progression, and rupture of AVMs has opened up several potential directions for AVM pharmacotherapy. […] In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms, preliminary efficacy, and side effects of the candidate medications, including bevacizumab, minocycline or doxycycline, thalidomide, and trametinib, in the treatment of brain and spinal AVMs.

• #58 Potential therapeutic targets and medications for arteriovenous malformations of the central nervous system

  https://accscience.com/journal/AN/1/3/10.36922/an.v1i3.211

  Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the central nervous system are high-flow arteriovenous shunts that lead to considerable risks of hemorrhagic stroke and neurological deficits in young patients. […] The management of brain and spinal AVMs is challenging. […] In recent years, the pathogenesis of AVMs has been progressively explored. […] The increased understanding of the mechanisms of the formation, progression, and rupture of AVMs has opened up several potential directions for AVM pharmacotherapy. […] In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms, preliminary efficacy, and side effects of the candidate medications, including bevacizumab, minocycline or doxycycline, thalidomide, and trametinib, in the treatment of brain and spinal AVMs.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-015-3356-2

  The treatment of pediatric CNS vascular malformations has greatly benefited from advances in endovascular therapy, including technical advances in adult interventional neuroradiology. […] Dramatic advances in therapy are expected to stem from increased understanding of the genetics and vascular biology that underlie pediatric CNS vascular malformations.

• #60

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-015-3356-2

  The treatment of pediatric CNS vascular malformations has greatly benefited from advances in endovascular therapy, including technical advances in adult interventional neuroradiology. […] Dramatic advances in therapy are expected to stem from increased understanding of the genetics and vascular biology that underlie pediatric CNS vascular malformations.

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