Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Legionnaires’ disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/legionnaires-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351747

  Legionnaires’ disease often starts 2 to 10 days after contact with legionella bacteria. It often begins with the following symptoms: Headache. Muscle aches. Fever that may be 104 Fahrenheit (40 Celsius) or higher. […] By the second or third day, other symptoms can start, including: Cough, which might bring up mucus and sometimes blood. Shortness of breath. Chest pain. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Confusion or other mental changes. […] Legionnaires’ disease mostly involves the lungs. But it can cause infections in sores and in other parts of the body, including the heart. […] A mild form of Legionnaires’ disease, called Pontiac fever, can cause fever, chills, headache and muscle aches. Pontiac fever doesn’t infect the lungs. Symptoms most often clear in less than a week. […] When not treated promptly, Legionnaires’ disease can kill.

• #2 Legionnaires’ Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17750-legionnaires-disease

  Legionnaires disease is a serious type of pneumonia you get when Legionella bacteria infect your lungs. Symptoms include high fever, cough, diarrhea and confusion. […] Symptoms of Legionnaires disease include high fever, cough, diarrhea, muscle aches, headache, nausea, confusion and more. Legionnaires disease can cause pneumonia-like, gastrointestinal (gut) or neurological (brain) symptoms, starting two to 14 days after exposure to Legionella. […] Most people with Legionnaires disease who are hospitalized have fever and cough but may also have other pulmonary symptoms such as diarrhea and confusion. […] Legionnaires disease causes pneumonia-like symptoms that start two to 14 days after exposure to Legionella. You may also have neurological (brain) and gastrointestinal (gut) symptoms.

• #3 About Legionnaires’ Disease | Legionella | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/index.html

  It usually stakes 2 to 14 days after being exposed to Legionella bacteria to develop Legionnaires’ disease symptoms. However, it can take longer. […] The symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease are similar to other types of pneumonia. […] Symptoms include: Cough, Fever, Headaches, Muscle aches, Shortness of breath. […] Other symptoms, such as confusion, diarrhea, or nausea can also occur. […] Legionnaires’ disease requires treatment with antibiotics. Most cases of this illness can be treated successfully. Identifying and treating the illness early can increase the chances of getting better. […] Healthy people usually get better after being sick with Legionnaires’ disease, but they often need care in a hospital.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/legionellosis

  Legionnaires disease has an incubation period of 2 to 10 days (but up to 16 days has been recorded in some outbreaks). […] Legionnaires disease, the pneumonic form, has an incubation period of 2 to 10 days (but up to 16 days has been recorded in some outbreaks). Initially, symptoms are fever, loss of appetite, headache, malaise and lethargy. Some patients may also have muscle pain, diarrhoea and confusion. There is also usually an initial mild cough, but as many as 50% of patients can present phlegm. Blood-streaked phlegm or hemoptysis occurs in about one-third of the patients. The severity of disease ranges from a mild cough to a rapidly fatal pneumonia. Death occurs through progressive pneumonia with respiratory failure and/or shock and multi-organ failure. […] Untreated Legionnaires disease usually worsens during the first week. In common with other risk factors causing severe pneumonia, the most frequent complications of legionellosis are respiratory failure, shock and acute kidney and multi-organ failure. Recovery always requires antibiotic treatment, and is usually complete, after several weeks or months. In rare occasions, severe progressive pneumonia or ineffective treatment for pneumonia can result in brain sequelae.

• #5 Legionnaires’ Disease Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/legionnaires-disease/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Legionnaires disease usually begins with flu-like symptoms similar to other types of bacterial pneumonia. These include: Headache, Muscle aches, High fever that can reach up to 104 degrees F, Shortness of breath, Cough, Fatigue. […] Within two or three days, the illness will have fully set in and patients typically experience more severe cough and difficulty breathing. This may be accompanied by nausea, diarrhea, chills and confusion.

• #6 Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever) – Medical information | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/legionnaires-disease/medical-Information

  Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac Fever each have distinct symptoms, attack rates (the rate at which exposed persons become infected), and disease severity. In their early stages, Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac Fever have similar flu-like symptoms. However, Legionnaires’ disease progresses to pneumonia, whereas Pontiac Fever does not. When Legionnaires’ disease progresses to pneumonia, it is frequently severe and can be fatal. It is important to recognize Legionnaires’ disease symptoms because early medical treatment can save lives. […] Early symptoms may include low-grade fever, headache, aching joints (arthralgia) and muscles (myalgia), tiredness, and appetite loss. Later symptoms include high fever ranging from 39° to 41°C (102°-105°F), cough (dry at first, later producing phlegm), difficulty in breathing, chills, and chest pain. Gastrointestinal symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain.

• #7 Legionnaires’ Disease FAQ

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/legionellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Legionnaires’ disease (Legionellosis) is a bacterial disease which may cause pneumonia. The early symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease may be flu-like with muscle aches, headache, tiredness and dry cough followed by high fever, chills and occasionally diarrhea. Temperatures commonly reach 102-105 degrees Fahrenheit and chest X-rays often show pneumonia. The incubation period for Legionnaires’ disease ranges from two to 10 days, but is usually five to six days. Legionnaires’ disease can be a mild respiratory illness or it can be severe enough to cause death. […] Legionnaires’ disease often causes symptoms similar to those caused by other organisms, including influenza virus and other types of bacterial pneumonia.

• #8 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-of-Legionnaires-disease.aspx

  Legionnaires disease is a lung infection that is commonly caused by bacteria of the legionella species. This is a serious condition which, if not treated promptly, may lead to death. […] The symptoms of Legionnaires disease may begin any time from two to 19 days after inhaling tiny droplets of water contaminated with the bacteria. This period is called the incubation period. […] The initial phase lasts around 2 days where the patient usually complains of muscle pain, body aches and headaches. Thereafter the symptoms worsen. […] There is high fever with temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above with chills and flu like features, severe muscle pain, tremendous fatigue, confusion etc. […] Central nervous system features like confusion and delirium may be seen in nearly half of the affected individuals.

• #9 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-of-Legionnaires-disease.aspx

  Other symptoms include feeling nauseous, vomiting, diarrhoea and loss of appetite. Diarrhea is seen in 2550% of cases and vomiting and nausea in 1030% of cases. There may be a general weakness. […] As the bacteria affects the lungs there are symptoms like persistent cough that is dry initially but progresses to a more productive form where the patient coughs up mucus or even rarely blood. […] Cough occurs in around 90% patients and coughing up mucus or blood in around a third of the affected cases. Patient suffers from shortness of breath and chest pains. […] If untreated, Legionnaires disease usually worsens during the first week and can be fatal. Complications may include shock, kidney or respiratory failure (shut down) and multi-organ failure.

• #10 Legionnaire disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/legionnaire-disease

  Legionnaires disease is an infection of the lungs and airways. It is caused by Legionella bacteria. […] Symptoms tend to get worse during the first 4 to 6 days. They most often improve in another 4 to 5 days. […] Symptoms may include: General discomfort, loss of energy, or ill feeling (malaise); Headache; Fever, shaking chills; Joint pain, muscle aches and stiffness; Chest pain; Cough that does not produce much sputum or mucus (dry cough); Coughing up blood (rare); Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain; Shortness of breath.

• #11 Legionnaires’ Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17750-legionnaires-disease

  Symptoms of Legionnaires disease include: Fever (often over 104F/40C). Cough (usually dry). Shortness of breath (dyspnea). Diarrhea. Muscle aches. Headache. Nausea. Confusion. Coughing up blood (hemoptysis). Stomach (abdominal) pain. […] The only way to know if you have an infection with Legionella is to be diagnosed by a healthcare professional. Legionnaires disease has symptoms of pneumonia, plus diarrhea and mental changes, like confusion. […] Legionnaires disease can make you very sick, and you’ll probably need to be treated in the hospital. Fortunately, it can be treated with antibiotics. […] After you go home from the hospital, you may still need to take medications to make sure the infection goes away completely. For several months afterwards, you may still have: Fatigue. Problems with balance or coordination. Trouble walking. Slurred speech. Muscle aches. […] Legionnaires disease is very serious, but most people survive. If treated, lung infections with Legionella are fatal about 5% to 10% of the time. If not treated, Legionnaires disease is fatal 30% to 80% of the time.

• #12 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Legionella infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-legionella-infection

  Pneumonia is the most commonly described manifestation of Legionella infection and is termed Legionnaires’ disease. Legionella can also cause a self-limiting acute febrile illness, termed Pontiac fever. Rarely, Legionella causes extrapulmonary infections such as cellulitis, abscesses, endocarditis, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, or meningitis. […] Clinical features — Pneumonia caused by Legionella is clinically and radiographically similar to other forms of pneumonia. Predominant symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Symptoms typically arise 2 to 10 days after exposure to contaminated water or soil. Fever and fatigue often precede the onset of cough. Rales and/or other signs of consolidation can be present on physical examination. Sputum may be difficult to obtain. Radiographic findings are varied and nonspecific; however, the most common findings are patchy unilobar infiltrates, which can progress to consolidations. Immunocompromised patients may present with more unusual radiographic features such as pulmonary nodules. […] Although no clinical features reliably distinguish Legionnaires’ disease from other types of pneumonia, certain features may raise the index of suspicion. These include: Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

• #13 Legionnaires Disease Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220163-clinical

  Legionella pneumophila causes 2 distinct disease entities. Legionnaires disease (LD) is characterized by pneumonia. […] Symptoms of LD can occur as follows: Patients often experience a prodrome of 1-2 days of mild headache and myalgias, followed by high fever, and chills. […] Cough is present in 90% of cases; cough usually is nonproductive at first but may become productive as the disease progresses. […] Other pulmonary manifestations include dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and hemoptysis, which may be present in as many as one third of cases. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (watery, not bloody), abdominal pain, and anorexia. […] Neurologic symptoms include headache, lethargy, encephalopathy, altered mental status (the most common neurologic symptom), and rarely, focal symptoms.

• #14 Legionnaires’ disease

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/J_M/Legionnaires-disease

  The early symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease are typically similar to severe flu-like illness, and may include: fever, chills, muscle soreness, headaches, tiredness, reduced appetite, dry cough and shortness of breath. […] It usually takes 2 to 10 days after exposure for Legionnaires’ disease to develop. In most cases symptoms appear after 5 to 6 days. […] Sometimes other parts of the body are affected, which can lead to: diarrhoea, vomiting, mental confusion, kidney failure.

• #15 Long Term Effects of Legionnaires’ Disease | George T. Bochanis | Las Vegas, NV

  https://lvaccident.com/blog/long-term-effects-of-legionnaires-disease/

  Legionnaires disease has an incubation period of 2 to 10 days, and sometimes up to 16 days in certain outbreaks. In the beginning, symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, headache, malaise, and lethargy. Some people may also experience muscle pain, diarrhea, and confusion. An initial mild cough is common, and up to 50% of patients may produce phlegm. Blood-streaked phlegm, or hemoptysis, occurs in about one-third of patients. The severity of the disease can range from a mild cough to a rapidly fatal pneumonia. Death can occur due to progressive pneumonia, respiratory failure, shock, sepsis, and multi-organ failure. Patients with existing health conditions or compromised immune systems are more likely to suffer severe symptoms. […] Typical symptoms of Legionnaires Disease include: Shortness of breath, Cough, Chest pain or discomfort, especially when you are breathing or coughing, An elevated temperature, Symptoms similar to those of the flu.

• #16 Legionnaires Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430807/

  Legionnaires disease is an atypical pneumonia frequently clinically different from other bacterial pneumonia. The predominant symptoms of Legionnaires disease include fever, cough, dyspnea, headache, and fatigue. […] Although Legionnaires disease may not differ from other types of community-acquired pneumonia, certain symptoms such as diarrhea and confusion increase the index of suspicion for legionellosis. Laboratory abnormalities such as hyponatremia, evidence of acute kidney injury, and elevations of transaminases, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or C-reactive protein may be indicative of legionellosis. […] The incubation period for L pneumophila is 2 to 10 days. Symptoms typical of legionellosis include fatigue, fever, cough, myalgias, headache, chest pain, and dyspnea; fatigue and fever may appear before the onset of cough.

• #17 Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ disease) | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/legionellosis-legionnaires-disease

  Legionellosis presents as a febrile illness or pneumonia, which may be severe. […] Legionnaires disease – This is the pneumonic form of the illness. There is often a severe flu-like prodrome, with anorexia, nonproductive cough, malaise, myalgia and fever. Upper respiratory tract symptoms such as runny nose and sore throat are rare. […] Patients may present with any form of pneumonia. As a group, they are more likely than other community-acquired pneumonias to fulfill criteria for severe disease. There are nearly always radiographic changes on chest X-ray at the time of presentation. […] Other features commonly include hyponatraemia, fever greater than 40 degrees celsius, renal impairment, diarrhoea and confusion. […] The incubation period for Legionnaires disease is 2-10 days, most commonly 5-6 days.

• #18 Legionella-Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever : Health Care Provider Information : Programs : Programs & Services : Two Rivers Public Health Department

  https://www.trphd.ne.gov/programs-services/programs/health-care-provider-information/legionella-legionnaires-disease-and-pontiac-fever.html

  Pneumonia caused by Legionella is clinically and radiologically similar to pneumonia caused by other pathogens. Symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease develop 2-10 days after exposure to the bacteria occurs. Multiple sources denote that fever, fatigue, cough, and shortness of breath are the most predominant symptoms of disease. On physical examination, rales may be notable when assessing the lung sounds and other signs of consolidation may be present. […] Patients may also have low sodium levels, increased LFTs & CRP, as well as poor response to beta-lactam monotherapy. Extrapulmonary disease may occur and includes cellulitis, skin abscesses, septic arthritis, myocarditis, or endocarditis.

• #19 Legionnaires’ Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/legionnaires-disease-leaflet

  Complications can develop and can cause heart, brain, kidney or blood problems. […] Legionnaires’ disease is a serious illness. Even if you were previously fit and well, you have about a 1 in 10 chance of dying if you get Legionnaires’ disease. If you were previously unwell, (for example, if you already have a lung disorder) then you have a higher risk of dying if you have Legionnaires’ disease. […] Possible complications of Legionnaires’ disease include: Respiratory failure. This means the lung infection (pneumonia) has affected the lungs to such a degree that they cannot supply your body with oxygen without added help. […] After recovery from Legionnaires’ disease, you may get symptoms such as tiredness, poor concentration, cough or mild shortness of breath. These may take several months to settle.

• #20 Legionnaires’ Disease Signs & Symptoms | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/legionnaires-disease

  The symptoms of Legionnaires disease appear two to ten days after exposure and are typical of pneumonia. The first wave of symptoms includes: Achy muscles, Headache, High fever. These are followed by indicators of a lung infection: Chest pain, Hard coughing sometimes producing mucus or blood, Disorientation, Labored breathing, Nausea, vomiting, and bowel distress. […] Legionnaires disease doesn’t just go away. It requires sustained medical attention, typically in a hospital. It is treated with antibiotics, often administered intravenously. Patients having trouble breathing may also receive oxygen until their lung capacity improves. […] If not addressed, Legionnaires disease can have severe complications, up to and including death. These include respiratory failure, kidney injury, neurological problems, cardiac inflammation, and a form of muscle-tissue breakdown called rhabdomyolysis.

• #21 Signs and Symptoms of Legionnaires’ Disease | George T. Bochanis | Las Vegas, NV

  https://lvaccident.com/blog/signs-and-symptoms-of-legionnaires-disease/

  In severe cases, especially if not promptly treated, Legionnaires disease can lead to respiratory failure. This occurs when the lungs cant provide enough oxygen to meet the bodys needs. […] Legionnaires disease can affect the kidneys, leading to a sudden loss of kidney function. This can be temporary or, in severe cases, may require dialysis. […] In some cases, the infection can lead to septic shock, a life-threatening condition where the bodys response to the infection causes a dangerous drop in blood pressure. This can lead to multiple organ failure. […] Rarely, Legionnaires disease can lead to neurological complications such as confusion, seizures, or altered mental status. […] In severe cases, Legionnaires disease can cause failure of multiple organs, such as the heart, kidneys, liver, or lungs. […] Some individuals may experience long-term lung damage, which can lead to chronic respiratory problems.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/legionellosis

  The death rate as a result of Legionnaires disease depends on the severity of the disease, the appropriateness of initial anti-microbial treatment, the setting where Legionella was acquired, and host factors (for example, the disease is usually more serious in patients with immuno-suppression). The death rate may be as high as 40-80% in untreated immuno-suppressed patients and can be reduced to 5-30% through appropriate case management and depending on the severity of the clinical signs and symptoms. Overall the death rate is usually within the range of 5-10%.

• #23 Clinical Features of Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever | Legionella | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Legionnaires’ disease is characterized by illness with pneumonia diagnosed radiographically or clinically. […] Clinical symptoms may vary but include acute onset of lower respiratory illness with fever or cough. Additional symptoms may be present: Chest discomfort, Headache, Malaise, Myalgia, Nausea, diarrhea, or abdominal pain, Shortness of breath. […] Hospitalization is common. The case-fatality rate is approximately 10%. For healthcare-associated infections, the case-fatality rate averages 25%.

• #24 Legionnaires Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430807/

  The prognosis of patients with Legionnaires disease is highly variable. Severe infections, particularly in the presence of advancing age, immunosuppression, and delayed diagnosis or the initiation of treatment, increase the risk of clinical complications. Nearly all patients with documented L pneumophila pneumonia require hospitalization; 50% require intensive care. The reported case fatality rate of Legionnaires disease in the United States is approximately 10% but varies widely with the source and setting of the infection. […] The severity and stage of infection at the time of therapeutic intervention significantly affect outcomes. Patients with mild or moderate symptoms who are diagnosed and initiate treatment before progressing to severe pneumonia or developing systemic complications have better outcomes.

• #25 Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/legionellosis-legionnaires-disease

  Legionnaires’ disease is a pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria. […] What are the symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease? People with Legionnaires’ disease often have flu-like symptoms with muscle aches, headache, loss of appetite, and dry cough. Fevers are often between 102°-105°F and some people have stomach cramps and diarrhea. Chest X-ray usually shows pneumonia. Symptoms usually begin 2-10 days after a person is infected with the bacteria. […] It can be for people over 50 years of age or smokers, or those who have impaired immune systems due to underlying diseases (e.g., cancer, kidney failure, diabetes, HIV infection, chronic lung disease or heart failure) or medications (e.g., steroids, chemotherapy). Studies have shown that 5-30% of people diagnosed with Legionnaires’ disease die.

• #26 Legionnaires’ Disease – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/legionnaires-disease

  Legionnaires disease is an infection spread through inhalation of droplets/aerosols through contaminated artificial water systems such as air conditioning units, cooling towers, whirlpool spas, and shower units. It can cause a severe form of pneumonia that can be life threatening. […] Between 2 and 10 days after becoming infected flu-like symptoms (fever, headache, loss of appetite, sore muscles, tiredness) occur and may be accompanied by confusion. Cough, shortness of breath and pains in the chest occur as pneumonia develops. […] Anyone can catch Legionnaires disease, but it is more common and severe in those with risk factors (as above).

• #27 Legionnaires’ disease: what you need to know

  https://www.hudson.org.au/news/legionnaires-disease-what-you-need-to-know/

  Legionnaires disease is a form of pneumonia that is environmentally acquired and not transmitted from person to person. […] Symptoms are similar to flu and COVID, including fever, chills, cough and fatigue. […] Disease symptoms can appear up to 14 days after exposure. […] People who develop severe disease usually have other risk factors such as underlying lung damage, advanced age or immune suppression.

• #28 What are the Long-Term Effects of Legionnaires Disease?

  https://legionellacontrol.com/legionella/long-term-effects-legionnaires-disease/

  Fatigue is most common among survivors of Legionnaires disease. […] The study revealed that 75% of those who had been infected by the bacteria suffered fatigue even after they had been successfully treated. […] Typical Legionnaires symptoms reported included memory loss. It is also known that some who recover from the disease suffer from a lack of concentration. […] 63% of participants reported neuromuscular symptoms. […] These are symptoms affecting the muscles. They can include muscle weakness or a general aching in the muscles. Nearly two thirds of respondents said they experienced such symptoms following their bout of Legionnaires disease. […] PTSD was also noted by 15% of those who took part in the survey. […] The sharp increase in neurologic, neuromuscular, and fatigue symptoms could therefore be reasonably associated with Legionnaires disease.

• #29 Long Term Effects of Legionnaires’ Disease | George T. Bochanis | Las Vegas, NV

  https://lvaccident.com/blog/long-term-effects-of-legionnaires-disease/

  If you are experiencing pneumonia-like symptoms, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately, as patients with Legionnaires disease need antibiotic treatment after diagnosis. The disease can be treated effectively with antibiotics, but it can quickly progress to pneumonia, which may require hospitalization for a full recovery. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. […] According to the study, 75% of people infected by bacteria experienced fatigue even after successful treatment. Its unclear whether the disease caused the fatigue or if it resulted from the experience of pneumonia in general. However, its evident that fatigue is a significant risk factor for those who recover from Legionnaires disease. […] Neurologic symptoms are often linked to Legionnaires disease. These symptoms can affect the brain and include confusion and difficulty speaking due to muscle weakness. Patients may also experience altered consciousness, hallucinations, or delirium. After treatment, 66% of the patients in the study reported experiencing memory loss and difficulty concentrating.

• #30 Prognosis and Outcome – Legionella.org

  https://legionella.org/about-the-disease/what-is-legionnaires-disease/prognosis-and-outcome/

  Legionnaires’ disease is a severe, often lethal, form of pneumonia. […] It is not uncommon for patients with Legionnaires’ disease to be admitted to the intensive care unit. Some will suffer long-term impaired health-related quality of life. A study of outbreak survivors showed persistence of fatigue (75%), neurologic symptoms (66%) and neuromuscular symptoms (63%) in months after an outbreak. […] For those patients who are discharged from the hospital, we have found that many will experience fatigue, loss of energy, and difficulty concentrating for several months after discharge from the hospital. In a long-term study of 122 survivors of Legionnaires’ disease in the Netherlands, symptoms of fatigue (75%), neurologic symptoms (such as concentration problems and malaise) (75%), and neuromuscular symptoms (such as joint pain or muscle weakness) (79%) had persisted 17 months later. Respiratory tract symptoms were also present, but in lower frequency including cough (48%) and shortness of breath on exertion (38%). It could not be determined whether or not the persistence of these symptoms were due to specifically for Legionnaires’ disease or for severe pneumonia, in general. […] Serious sequelae, fortunately, are rare. In our experience, most patients will recover completely within one year.

• #31 What are the Long-Term Effects of Legionnaires Disease?

  https://legionellacontrol.com/legionella/long-term-effects-legionnaires-disease/

  Many reputable medical sources state that it can take several months to feel as if you are back to normal if you have contracted Legionnaires disease. It is not unusual to experience side effects a lack of energy being one of the most common for several months. […] Some may never fully recover, with fatigue and a lack of energy persisting for many more months and possibly years. […] However, it is likely that any side effects that continue for 17 months could be permanent.

• #32 Long-term effects of Legionnaires’ Disease are debilitating for some

  https://blog.hydrosense-legionella.com/long-term-effects-of-legionellosis

  An Oxford University study in 2002, was carried out on 122 Legionnaires Disease sufferers from an outbreak in the Netherlands in 2019. It found that a staggering 81% suffered from fatigue and loss of energy, 79% had conditions that impair the functioning of the muscles, and 75% had memory loss, even months after diagnosis. […] The research was carried out 18 months after the sufferers had contracted the disease illustrating that whilst the physical symptoms had abated, out of the 75% who had suffered from neurological symptoms (e.g. impairment of muscle function), very few had recovered within 17 months after their initial diagnosis.

• #33 Long Term Effects of Legionnaires’ Disease | George T. Bochanis | Las Vegas, NV

  https://lvaccident.com/blog/long-term-effects-of-legionnaires-disease/

  According to the study, approximately 15% of people reported experiencing symptoms of PTSD. This condition is related to mental health and is frequently triggered by a traumatic event, either experienced or witnessed. Some common symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. While it is typically associated with those who have experienced trauma, it can also affect those who have gone through a serious illness. […] Most individuals with mild to moderately severe Legionnaires disease tend to recover completely. However, the duration of recovery may differ based on the severity of the condition, the presence of any risk factors, the patients fitness level, promptness of treatment initiation, and the potential development of complications. These factors can influence the chances of suffering long-term symptoms. In some cases, it may take up to six months to fully recover. It is fairly common to experience side effects of Legionnaires Disease, most commonly a lack of energy, for several months after contracting the illness. […] Its possible for some individuals to endure side effects for an extended period, or even indefinitely. Fatigue and a lack of energy may persist for several months or even years.

• #34 Legionnaires’ Disease /Pontiac Fever | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/legionellosis-legionnaires-disease/

  Legionellosis is the general term for two distinct forms of illness caused by Legionella bacteria: Legionnaires disease, which can be severe and include pneumonia, and Pontiac fever, a mild flu-like illness. […] Onset of symptoms of Legionnaires disease typically occurs 5 or 6 days after exposure to Legionella bacteria, but the incubation period can range from 2 days to almost 2 weeks. Early symptoms of Legionnaires disease include muscle aches, headache, loss of appetite, tiredness, and cough. These symptoms are often followed by chills, diarrhea, and high fever. Chest x-rays may indicate progressive pneumonia. It is difficult to distinguish the disease from other types of pneumonia by symptoms alone. Other tests are needed to diagnose the disease. Persons with Legionnaires disease often require hospitalization, and the disease is fatal in about 10% of cases. […] Most people with Legionnaires disease develop pneumonia, which is diagnosed by physical exam or by confirmatory findings on chest x-ray. […] A doctor can prescribe antibiotics to treat Legionnaires disease.

• #35 Legionnaires’ Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/legionnaires-disease-pro

  Pneumonic – the more severe, also called Legionnaires’ disease (LD) […] The incubation period is usually 2-10 days (average 6-7 days). […] There is a prodrome for a day or two of mild headache and myalgia, followed by high fever, chills, rigors and a cough. […] 90% present with cough. This is usually dry at first but may progress to being productive of green or bloodstained sputum. […] Up to a third of patients have dyspnoea, pleuritic chest pain and haemoptysis. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms are present in a third and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and anorexia. […] Headache is common. Confusion, impaired cognition and ataxia may also occur. […] Patients often display a relative bradycardia despite the presence of a fever. […] Symptoms outside the chest predominate in the early stages but pulmonary symptoms predominate later.

• #36 Legionnaires’ Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/legionnaires-disease-pro

  Non-pneumonic (Pontiac disease) […] This has a shorter incubation period (1-2 days) than the pneumonic form. […] Influenza-like illness with myalgia, fever, and headache is almost invariable. […] Only 50% have a cough. […] The disease is self-limiting. […] This similarity to other viral illnesses means many cases are overlooked and the disease is certainly relatively undiagnosed.

• #37 Legionella: symptoms | transferability | conditions of development |

  https://prevent-and-protect.com/pathogen/legionella/

  Legionella can cause two different diseases in humans: Legionella pneumonia, also called Legionnaires disease, and Pontiac fever. […] Legionnaires disease is a form of pneumonia that, if properly treated, is easily curable. About two to 10 days after contact with the bacterium, the infected patients experience their first symptoms. The disease initially manifests itself as general discomfort, aching limbs, headaches and chesty cough. If the pneumonia is not treated, or is treated incorrectly, chest pain, chills, up to 40C (104 F) fever, diarrhoea and vomiting may occur. Dizziness and confusion occur when the infection reaches the central nervous system. Lung infection with Legionella can last up to four weeks. Although the disease is treatable with antibiotics, 10 % to 15 % of the cases are fatal.

• #38 Legionella: symptoms | transferability | conditions of development |

  https://prevent-and-protect.com/pathogen/legionella/

  Legionella also causes the so-called Pontiac fever. The infection manifests itself in flu-like symptoms such as fever, discomfort, headaches and aching limbs. Pneumonia does not occur. The period between infection and onset of Pontiac fever is five hours to nearly three days. The disease usually runs its course within a week.

• #39 Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever) – Medical information | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/legionnaires-disease/medical-Information

  Diagnosing Legionnaires’ disease usually begins with a pneumonia diagnosis, confirmed by chest x-ray, and verified by one or more positive diagnostic tests for Legionella. The preferred diagnostic tests for Legionnaires’ disease are the Legionella urinary antigen test and lower respiratory secretion (i.e., sputum) culture. […] Legionnaires’ disease is treatable with antibiotics. The earlier a patient receives antibiotic therapy, the more likely it will be successful. Examples of common antibiotics appropriate for treating Legionnaires’ disease include fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin and newer macrolides such as azithromycin. The Infectious Diseases Society of America-American Thoracic Society (IDSA-ATS) guidelines offer the most updated information about treatment recommendations.

• #40

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/legionnaires_disease.aspx

  Legionnaires’ disease usually causes fever, chills, cough and shortness of breath. Some people also have muscle aches, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite and diarrhoea. […] People can become very sick with pneumonia; most people recover but the disease is occasionally fatal. […] Legionnaires’ disease can usually be cured by treatment with antibiotics. For serious infections, patients may need to be cared for in an intensive care unit and have their breathing assisted using a ventilator.

• #41 Symptoms of Legionnaires’ Disease | Ankin Law Chicago

  https://ankinlaw.com/symptoms-of-legionnaires-disease/

  Medical treatment can prevent life-threatening complications associated with this disease, including acute kidney failure, septic shock, and respiratory failure. It helps slow the progression of the ailment to other body organs. […] Once a doctor diagnoses you with Legionnaires disease, the doctor will administer treatment. The treatment will involve injecting antibiotics into the veins. It may also involve placing tubes in the nose attached to an oxygen machine to aid breathing.

• #42 Legionnaires’ disease symptoms and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/legionnaires-disease-symptoms/

  If you have a fever, it usually goes away within the first few days of treatment, and if you have a cough, it shouldn’t linger for much longer than that. Generally, you should start to feel better within the first few days of treatment, with full recovery taking from two to four months. […] Legionnaires disease can cause extremely serious health complications, especially if it goes untreated. This includes respiratory failure, kidney and multiple organ failure, septic shock, and in rare cases, brain damage so getting treatment right away is crucial. […] Even after treatment, you may still need to take medication to ensure that the infection is completely cleared. However, you may still experience symptoms for several weeks or months, or even longer, including: Balance and coordination problems, Difficulty walking, Fatigue, Muscle aches, Slurred speech. […] Although it’s completely normal to experience symptoms well after the infection goes away, it can be concerning. If you’re experiencing symptoms that are disrupting your daily life, speak with your doctor. They can recommend treatments that may help.

• #43 Legionnaires’ Disease – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/legionnaires-disease.page

  Legionnaires disease symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches and a cough. You may also have headaches, fatigue, loss of appetite, confusion or diarrhea. […] If you have these symptoms, seek medical attention right away. You are especially at risk if you are a smoker or have a medical condition that affects your breathing. Tell your health care provider you are worried about Legionnaires disease.

• #44 Legionnaires’ disease | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/legionnaires-disease

  If you have Legionnaires disease, youll have symptoms similar to pneumonia, flu or a chest infection. These symptoms can include: coughing, a high temperature, difficulty breathing, chest pain or discomfort. […] More severe cases of Legionnaires disease may also cause: feeling and being sick, diarrhoea, confusion. […] The period of time between breathing in the bacteria and developing symptoms (called the incubation period) is normally 2 10 days. However, it can take up to two weeks. Symptoms can develop quickly, as the infection spreads across your lungs. […] If you have the following severe symptoms, get urgent advice. Call 111 or 999 if: you have a high temperature, you feel like you have severe flu, you have severe chest pain and cant breathe properly.

• #45 Legionnaires’ disease | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/legionnaires-disease

  Legionnaires’ disease is a type of lung infection (pneumonia) caused by legionella. […] Symptoms include fever, chills, shortness of breath and coughing, which can be severe. […] About 2 to 10 days after exposure to legionella bacteria, you may develop Legionnaires disease with the following flu-like symptoms: fever and chills, cough, shortness of breath, muscle aches and headaches, fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhoea or vomiting. […] Legionnaires disease can cause severe pneumonia, but most people recover. […] You should visit your doctor immediately if you suspect you have been exposed to legionella bacteria or have symptoms of Legionnaires disease. […] Legionnaires’ disease is generally treated with antibiotics. If you develop severe symptoms, you may need to be hospitalised. […] Legionnaires can cause severe pneumonia that may need treatment in hospital or an intensive care unit (ICU). […] In rare cases, Legionnaires disease is fatal.

• #46 Legionnaires’ disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/legionnaires-disease/

  Symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease include: a cough, shortness of breath, chest pain or discomfort, particularly when breathing or coughing, a high temperature, flu-like symptoms […] You have symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease such as: a cough that’s lasted 3 weeks or more, coughing up blood, chest pain that comes and goes, or happens when breathing or coughing, feeling short of breath.

• #47 Signs and Symptoms | Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH)

  https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/legionella/symptoms.html

  Legionnaires disease is very similar to other types of pneumonia (lung infection), with symptoms that include: Cough, Shortness of breath, Fever, Muscle aches, Headaches. […] Legionnaires disease can also be associated with other symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and confusion. Symptoms usually begin 2 to 14 days after exposure to the bacteria but can take longer. […] If you develop pneumonia symptoms, see a doctor right away. Be sure to mention if you may have been exposed to Legionella, have used a hot tub, spent any nights away from home, or stayed in a hospital in the last two weeks.

• #48 What is Legionnaires’ disease, and how does it spread? – The Washington Post

  https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2024/08/13/legionnaires-disease-symptoms-cause-treatment/

  Symptoms include a cough, fever, headaches, chest pains, muscle aches and shortness of breath; symptoms tend to appear two to 14 days after exposure to Legionella, experts said. […] Patients with Legionnaires’ disease „are more apt to have concurrent diarrhea than are other patients with pneumonia; this can sometimes be a diagnostic clue,” Schaffner said. […] If you believe you were exposed to Legionella and develop symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease, seek medical help right away, the CDC spokeswoman said. […] The disease is treated with antibiotics, and most cases are successfully treated, the experts said. However, „antibiotics that attack bacterial cell walls that are found in other organisms commonly causing pneumonia … don’t work,” Schooley said. […] But about 1 in every 10 people who get sick with Legionnaires’ will die because of complications from the illness. The lung infection can lead to respiratory failure, septic shock or acute kidney failure, according to Mayo Clinic.

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