Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypothermia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682

  Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it produces it. The most common causes of hypothermia are exposure to cold-weather conditions or cold water. But prolonged exposure to any environment colder than the body can lead to hypothermia if a person isn’t dressed properly or can’t control the conditions. […] Specific conditions leading to hypothermia include: Wearing clothes that aren’t warm enough for weather conditions. Staying out in the cold too long. Being unable to get out of wet clothes or move to a warm, dry location. Falling into the water, such as in a boating accident. Living in a house that’s too cold, either from poor heating or too much air conditioning. […] Risk factors for hypothermia include: Exhaustion. Fatigue reduces a person’s ability to tolerate cold. Older age. The body’s ability to regulate temperature and to sense cold may lessen with age. And some older adults may not be able to tell someone when they are cold or to move to a warm location if they do feel cold. Very young age. Children lose heat faster than adults do. Children also may ignore the cold because they’re having too much fun to think about it. They may not have the judgment to dress properly in cold weather or to get out of the cold when they should. Mental conditions. People with a mental illness, dementia or other conditions that interfere with judgment may not dress properly for the weather or understand the risk of cold weather. People with dementia may wander from home or get lost easily, making them more likely to be stranded outside in cold or wet weather.

• #2 Hypothermia: Symptoms, Causes, and Risk Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hypothermia

  Hypothermia may occur when body temperature drops below this range. Its most often caused by exposure to cold environments for prolonged periods. […] Hypothermia occurs when your body loses more heat than it can generate, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Prolonged exposure to cold weather is the primary cause of hypothermia. Other causes may include: staying in cold water for too long, having wet clothes in the cold, living in a cold house, especially for babies. […] The goal of hypothermia treatment is to increase body temperature to a normal range. […] Hypothermia is an emergency health condition that happens when your body loses more heat than it can generate. Its usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold environments.

• #3 Accidental hypothermia in adults: Clinical manifestations and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/accidental-hypothermia-in-adults

  Accidental hypothermia in adults: Clinical manifestations and evaluation […] Death from exposure and accidental hypothermia occurs throughout the world and can present significant management problems. While typically associated with regions of the world with severe winters, hypothermia is also seen in areas with milder climates, such as the southern United States. Hypothermia can occur during the summer months and in hospitalized patients. […] […] Hypothermia is defined as a core temperature below 35°C (95°F). The stage of hypothermia, defined by core temperature, has a large impact on both recognition and treatment. The most commonly used definitions found in the literature are as follows: Mild hypothermia – Core temperature 32 to 35°C (90 to 95°F); Moderate hypothermia – Core temperature 28 to 32°C (82 to 90°F); Severe hypothermia – Core temperature <28°C (82°F). In addition, some experts regard a core temperature <24°C (75°F) or <20°C (68°F) as "profound hypothermia." [...]

• #4 Hypothermia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/770542-overview

  Hypothermia describes a state in which the body’s mechanism for temperature regulation is overwhelmed in the face of a cold stressor. Accidental hypothermia generally results from unanticipated exposure in an inadequately prepared person; examples include inadequate shelter for a homeless person, someone caught in a winter storm or motor vehicle accident, or an outdoor sport enthusiast caught off guard by the elements. Intentional hypothermia is an induced state generally directed at neuroprotection after an at-risk situation (usually after cardiac arrest, see Therapeutic Hypothermia). Primary hypothermia is due to environmental exposure, with no underlying medical condition causing disruption of temperature regulation. Secondary hypothermia is low body temperature resulting from a medical illness lowering the temperature set-point.

• #5 Hypothermia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545239/

  Hypothermia occurs when the body dissipates more heat than it absorbs or creates, resulting in failure to maintain homeostasis and proper bodily function. While hypothermia’s usual causes are excessive cold stress and inadequate thermogenesis, external factors can increase the risk of developing hypothermia. […] Hypothermia occurs when the body releases more heat than it absorbs or generates. Vital factors that help retain heat in the body include central and peripheral nervous system regulation and behavioral adaptation. […] Extremes of age, hypoglycemia, malnutrition, and various endocrine disorders are common reasons for inadequate heat production. Conditions resulting in heat loss include inflammatory skin disorders like psoriasis and burns and excessive peripheral vasodilation from nervous system injuries. […] Besides organic causes, impaired behavioral response to cold stress may result in hypothermia, as happens in individuals with mental health conditions like dementia and drug abuse disorder. Situational circumstances from lack of shelter or clothing may occur in people experiencing homelessness.

• #6 Hypothermia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hypothermia/

  Hypothermia happens when you get too cold and your body temperature drops below 35C. […] You can get hypothermia if you: do not wear enough clothes in cold weather, stay out in the cold too long, fall into cold water, have wet clothes and get cold, live in a cold house older people living alone are particularly at risk.

• #7 Hypothermia – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/cold-injuries/hypothermia

  Hypothermia (dangerously low body temperature) is often regarded as a cold injury because it can be caused or made worse by exposure to cold surroundings. […] Being in an environment that is too cold, having certain disorders, or being unable to move increases the risk of harm caused by hypothermia. […] Hypothermia results when the body loses more heat than can be replaced by increasing the amount of heat generated by the body through exercise or by increasing warming from external sources, such as a fire or the sun. […] Sudden immersion in very cold water may cause fatal hypothermia in 5 to 15 minutes. […] Sometimes a disorder, such as a widespread infection or underactivity of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), causes or contributes to hypothermia. […] Aging takes a toll on the body’s ability to adapt to the cold.

• #8 Hypothermia: Symptoms, treatment, stages, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182197

  Hypothermia is a condition involving a low body temperature, usually below 95F (35C). […] The underlying cause of hypothermia is prolonged exposure to cold. […] Certain factors or conditions can make an individual more susceptible to hypothermia. These include: extremes of age, low blood sugar, malnutrition, skin disorders, such as burns and psoriasis, stroke, endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency, which are conditions affecting parts of the body that produce hormones, substance use disorder, neurodegenerative disorders, such as dementia, dilated blood vessels due to conditions such as spinal cord injuries, sepsis, which is an extreme response to infection. […] Exposure to cold temperatures or falling into cold water can cause hypothermia. […] The CDC notes that temperatures do not have to be excessively cold for hypothermia to develop. If the air temperature is 40F (4.4C) and someone is wet, they can develop hypothermia.

• #9 Hypothermia: Symptoms, causes and treatment | HealthPartners blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/hypothermia-symptoms-treatment-and-being-careful-in-the-midwest-winter/

  Lack of proper heating indoors during the winter is especially dangerous particularly for older adults at risk. […] While the winters bookend seasons of fall and spring are relatively warmer, temperatures can still drop below that important 50F (10C) mark. […] Water can conduct heat away from the body 25 times faster than air.

• #10 HYPOTHERMIA: CAUSES, SIGNS, HOW TO STAY PROTECTED | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/hypothermia-causes-signs-how-to-stay-protected

  Causes of accidental hypothermia include: Exposure to cold weather: Exposure to extreme frigid temperatures causes rapid heat loss, leading to hypothermia. Wet clothing: Wet clothing can decrease the body’s ability to retain heat, making individuals more susceptible to hypothermia. Wind: Wind can increase the rate of heat loss from the body, making individuals more susceptible to hypothermia. Inadequate clothing: Not wearing enough warm clothing increases the risk of hypothermia. Immersion hypothermia: Occurs when the body loses heat rapidly due to immersion in cold water. Cold water can increase heat loss as much as 25 times. […] Secondary hypothermia is caused by underlying medical conditions or illnesses that affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature. These include Parkinson’s disease, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and cardiovascular disease. […] Alcohol can impair judgment and lower the ability to regulate core temperature, making individuals susceptible to hypothermia.

• #11 Hypothermia: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-hypothermia

  How does your body lose heat? […] Your body loses heat in one of four ways: […] Radiation. This is the most common method of heat loss. Heat leaves your body by infrared electromagnetic waves and goes into the air. This happens naturally when bare skin is exposed to air. […] Conduction. Heat is transferred directly from one object to another. For instance, if you splash cold water on your face, you feel cooler because heat from your body is transferred to the water. […] Convection. You lose heat because of moving air. Although the thin air layer near your skin is warm, the heat is carried away by the wind. You may experience this as the „wind chill factor.” […] Evaporation. When you sweat, water vaporizes from your skin and transfers heat to the air around you.

• #12 Accidental hypothermia in adults: Clinical manifestations and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/accidental-hypothermia-in-adults

  Of these, convective heat loss to cold air and conductive heat loss to water are the most common mechanisms of accidental hypothermia. The normal set point for human core temperature is 37±0.5°C (98.6±0.9°F). The human body maintains this temperature whenever possible, using autonomic mechanisms to regulate heat loss and gain in response to environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the human body has limited physiologic capacity to respond to cold environmental conditions. Thus, behavioral adaptations such as clothing and shelter are critical to defend against hypothermia. […] […] Risk factors associated with death from accidental hypothermia include ethanol or other substance use, experiencing homelessness, psychiatric disease, and older age. Older adults are at increased risk of developing hypothermia and its complications; causes include decreased physiologic reserve, malnutrition, chronic diseases, medications that impair compensatory responses, and social isolation. […]

• #13 Hypothermia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia

  Hypothermia has two main types of causes. It classically occurs from exposure to cold weather and cold water immersion. It may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss. […] Hypothermia usually occurs from exposure to low temperatures, and is frequently complicated by alcohol consumption. Any condition that decreases heat production, increases heat loss, or impairs thermoregulation, however, may contribute. […] The rate of death from hypothermia is strongly related to age in the United States. […] Hypothermia is also associated with worse outcomes in people with sepsis while most people with sepsis develop fevers (elevated body temperature), some develop hypothermia. […] Alcohol consumption increases the risk of hypothermia in two ways: vasodilation and temperature controlling systems in the brain. […] Heat is lost much more quickly in water than in air. Thus, water temperatures that would be quite reasonable as outdoor air temperatures can lead to hypothermia in survivors, although this is not usually the direct clinical cause of death for those who are not rescued.

• #14 What Is Hypothermia? Symptoms, Signs, Treatment Protocol & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hypothermia/article_em.htm

  In general, in cold, dry environments, hypothermia occurs over a period of hours. […] In cold water, core temperature can drop to dangerous levels in a matter of minutes. […] Sometimes the body’s temperature control can be altered by disease. In this case, core body temperature can decrease in almost any environment. This condition is called secondary hypothermia. […] In secondary hypothermia, something goes wrong with the body’s heat-balancing mechanisms. People with such diseases as stroke, spinal cord injury, low blood sugar, and a variety of skin disorders can become hypothermic in only mildly cool air.

• #15 Hypothermia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/770542-overview

  Several etiologies related to endocrine derangements may cause decreased heat production. These include hypopituitarism, hypoadrenalism, and hypothyroidism. Consider all these conditions in patients presenting with unexplained hypothermia who fail to rewarm with standard therapy. Other causes include severe malnutrition or hypoglycemia and neuromuscular inefficiencies seen in the extremes of age. […] This category includes accidental hypothermia due to both immersion etiologies and nonimmersion etiologies and is the most common form of hypothermia encountered in the emergency department. […] Hypothermia due to increased heat loss can occur in conditions with erythroderma, such as burns or psoriasis, which decrease the body’s ability to preserve heat. In addition, iatrogenic etiologies, such as cold infusions, overenthusiastic treatment of heatstroke, or emergency deliveries, may cause hypothermia due to increased heat loss.

• #16 Hypothermia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypothermia-pro

  Hypothermia is usually caused by accidental exposure but may be caused or aggravated by underlying medical conditions or may be deliberate as part of patient therapy. […] This is low body temperature resulting from a medical illness lowering the temperature set-point: […] Decreased heat production – eg, hypopituitarism, hypoadrenalism, hypothyroidism, severe malnutrition, hypoglycaemia and neuromuscular disorders. […] Increased heat loss – eg, vasodilatation (pharmacologic or toxicologic causes), erythrodermas, burns, psoriasis; or iatrogenic – eg, cold infusions, over-enthusiastic treatment of heatstroke or emergency deliveries. […] Impaired thermoregulation – eg, trauma affecting the central nervous system, strokes, toxicologic and metabolic derangements, intracranial bleeding, Parkinson’s disease, brain tumours, Wernicke’s disease, multiple sclerosis, sepsis, multiple trauma, pancreatitis, prolonged cardiac arrest, and uraemia.

• #17 Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1215/p2325.html

  Although hypothermia is most common in patients who are exposed to a cold environment, it can develop secondary to toxin exposure, metabolic derangements, infections, and dysfunction of the central nervous and endocrine systems. […] The causes of hypothermia are numerous, but a few deserve special mention because failure to recognize atypical presentations and initiate early treatment of specific causes increases the rates of morbidity and mortality. […] Other causes of hypothermia include metabolic disorders that are linked to a decreased basal metabolic rate and can be related to dysfunction of the thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary glands. […] Ethanol can cause hypothermia by increasing heat loss via vasodilation and by impairing behavioral responses to cold. […] Sepsis may present with a low temperature, especially at the extremes of age, and heralds a poor outcome from bacteremia.

• #18 Accidental hypothermia in adults: Clinical manifestations and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/accidental-hypothermia-in-adults

  In addition to hypothermia from environmental exposure, many medical conditions can cause hypothermia, including hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, sepsis, neuromuscular disease, malnutrition, thiamine deficiency, and hypoglycemia. Although causes of secondary hypothermia may occur simultaneously with accidental hypothermia, as when alcohol or other substance use leads to prolonged environmental exposure, primary hypothermia can usually be diagnosed on the basis of a history of exposure to cold without other complicating factors. […] […] Inconsistent vital signs or mental status suggest a secondary cause. The neurologic manifestations of hypothermia vary widely, but the level of consciousness should be consistent with the core temperature. Any inconsistency is a warning that a secondary cause of hypothermia exists.

• #19 Hypothermia – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/cold-injury/hypothermia

  Hypothermia results when body heat loss exceeds body heat production. Hypothermia is most common during cold weather or immersion in cold water, but it may occur in warm climates when people lie immobile on a cool surface (eg, when they are intoxicated) or after very prolonged immersion in swimming-temperature water (eg, 20 to 24 C). Wet clothing and wind increase risk of hypothermia. […] Conditions that cause loss of consciousness, immobility, or both (eg, trauma, hypoglycemia, seizure disorders, stroke, drug or alcohol intoxication) are common predisposing factors. Older adults and the very young also are at high risk: […] Older adults often have diminished temperature sensation and impaired mobility and communication, resulting in a tendency to remain in an overly cool environment. These impairments, combined with diminished subcutaneous fat, contribute to hypothermia in older adults sometimes even indoors in cool rooms. […] The very young have similarly diminished mobility and communication and have an increased surface area/mass ratio, which enhances heat loss.

• #20 07. Hypothermia | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/07-hypothermia/07-hypothermia

  Hypothermia is a lower than normal core body temperature, which can further be classified as mild (32-35 C), moderate (28-32 C) or severe (28 C). […] Children, the elderly and malnourished individuals are at high risk for developing it. […] Infections: severe sepsis especially in the elderly and already hospitalized patients. […] Exposure: drowning, heavy alcohol use (impairs shivering and causes vasodilation), extreme cold temperatures, cold fluid infusions, dermatitis or burns. […] Ingestion: medication overdoses especially phenothiazines, barbiturates, and alcohol. […] Neurologic: spinal cord injury, central core temperature dysregulation from hypothalamic dysfunction, which can be present in head injury and alcohol use disorder. […] Metabolic/Endocrine: hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypopituitarism, hypoglycemia.

• #21 Accidental hypothermia – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Accidental_hypothermia

  Decreased heat production […] Endocrine […] Hypopituitarism […] Hypothyroidism […] Hypoadrenalism […] Hypoglycemia […] Neuromuscular inefficiency […] Extremes of age […] Impaired shivering […] Erythrodermas […] Psoriasis […] Exfoliative dermatitis […] Ichthyosis […] Eczema […] Burns […] Impaired Thermoregulation […] Other […] Sepsis […] Trauma.

• #22 Hypothermia • LITFL • CCC

  https://litfl.com/hypothermia/

  Hypothermia occurs when core body temperature is 35C […] […] Mechanisms: increased heat loss, decreased thermogenesis, impaired thermogenesis. […] […] Multiple causes include: age (elderly and infants at risk), environmental exposure, drowning, alpine environment, poverty (lack of heating or shelter), drugs/tox alcohol, sedatives, vasodilators, sepsis, CNS disorders e.g. hypothalamic lesions, hypopituitarism, endocrine/metabolic hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypothermia, malnutrition, trauma burns, spinal cord injury, shock, skin disorders psoriasis, exfoliating conditions, iatrogenic cold fluid administration, intra-operative, therapeutic hypothermia, psychiatric (may lead to exposure).

• #23 Hypothermia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypothermia-pro

  Drug administration; such medications include beta-blockers, clonidine, meperidine, neuroleptics and general anaesthetic agents. […] Ethanol, phenothiazines, and sedative-hypnotics also reduce the body’s ability to respond to low ambient temperatures. […] Severe hypothermia eventually leads to cardiac failure and respiratory failure, and then death. […] The prognosis depends on the severity and nature of the cause. […] Overall mortality then increases with the degree of hypothermia.

• #24 Hypothermia Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ER/Environ/HypthrmCs.htm

  Increased Heat Loss […] Septic Shock and other shock states […] Dermatitis […] Severe Burn Injury […] Severe skin exfoliation […] Severe Psoriasis […] Iatrogenic […] Therapeutic Hypothermia […] Over-correction of Heat Illness […] Cold fluid infusion […] Substances […] Impact both increased heat loss and altered Thermoregulation […] Alcohol Intoxication […] Phenothiazines […] Benzodiazepines or Barbiturates.

• #24 Hypothermia Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ER/Environ/HypthrmCs.htm

  Hypothermia Causes, Secondary Hypothermia […] Environmental exposure […] Cold water immersion or Submersion […] Cold Exposure […] Altered Thermoregulation […] Endocrinopathy […] Hypothyroidism including Myxedema Coma […] Adrenal Insufficiency […] Pituitary or Hypothalamus dysfunction […] Diabetic Ketoacidosis (or Alcoholic Ketoacidosis) […] Lactic Acidosis […] Central neurologic disorders […] Acute Head Trauma […] Cerebrovascular Accident […] Brain Tumor […] Wernicke’s Encephalopathy […] Parkinsonism […] Subarachnoid Hemorrhage […] Peripheral neurologic disorders […] Spinal Cord Transection […] Neuropathy […] Miscellaneous causes […] Anorexia Nervosa […] Shivering impaired (e.g. medications) […] Hypoglycemia or Malnutrition […] Extremes of age (very young or very old)

• #25 Hypothermia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/770542-overview

  A variety of causes may be associated with impaired thermoregulation, but, generally, it is associated with failure of the hypothalamus to regulate core body temperature. This may occur with CNS trauma, strokes, toxicologic and metabolic derangements, intracranial bleeding, Parkinson disease, CNS tumors, Wernicke disease, and multiple sclerosis. […] Miscellaneous causes include sepsis, multiple trauma, pancreatitis, prolonged cardiac arrest, and uremia. Hypothermia may be related to drug administration; such medications include beta-blockers, clonidine, meperidine, neuroleptics, and general anesthetic agents. Ethanol, phenothiazines, and sedative-hypnotics also reduce the body’s ability to respond to low ambient temperatures.

• #26 Diagnosis and management of periodic hypothermia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5765588/

  Hypothermia, defined as a core temperature below 35C, can occur in a variety of clinical settings, including environmental exposure, shock, infection, metabolic disorders (such as hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and Wernicke encephalopathy), malnutrition, and alcohol or drug toxicity. […] Dysfunction, injury, or destruction of the preoptic area, whether congenital or acquired, can lead to the development of periodic hypothermia. […] Currently, only case reports or small case series exist describing patients with periodic hypothermia. However, a comprehensive review of these reported cases reveals that periodic hypothermia occurs in the context of several underlying conditions, and the recognition of these syndromes may have implications for successful treatment of the disorder. […] Periodic hypothermia has been reported in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage or traumatic injury to the brain, in which the lesion to the preoptic area is acquired rather than congenital.

• #27 Diagnosis and management of periodic hypothermia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5765588/

  Periodic hypothermia in patients with tumors has been described in several cases. […] Many reports also exist of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who develop recurrent episodes of hypothermia, but with considerable variability in the associated clinical features and duration of the episodes. […] Periodic hypothermia is a rare disorder that can occur in the context of 4 distinct syndromes: congenital periodic hypothermia with or without a structural lesion and acquired periodic hypothermia that is stereotyped or nonstereotyped. […] The efficacy of these agents strongly suggests that periodic hypothermia is a neurotransmitter disorder in patients with congenital or acquired and stereotyped periodic hypothermia, although further study is needed.

• #28 Hypothermia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682

  Alcohol and drug use. Alcohol may make the body feel warm inside, but it causes blood vessels to expand. As a result, the surface of the skin loses heat more rapidly. Alcohol also reduces the body’s natural shivering response. In addition, the use of alcohol or recreational drugs can affect judgment about the need to get inside or wear warm clothes in cold-weather conditions. A person who is intoxicated and passes out in cold weather is likely to develop hypothermia. […] Certain medical conditions. Some health disorders affect the body’s ability to regulate body temperature. Examples include an underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism; poor nutrition or anorexia nervosa; diabetes; stroke; severe arthritis; Parkinson’s disease; trauma; and spinal cord injuries. […] Medicines. Some drugs can change the body’s ability to regulate its temperature. Examples include certain antidepressants, antipsychotics, narcotic pain medicines and sedatives.

• #29 Accidental hypothermia in adults: Clinical manifestations and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/accidental-hypothermia-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-evaluation

  Of these, convective heat loss to cold air and conductive heat loss to water are the most common mechanisms of accidental hypothermia. […] […] Risk factors associated with death from accidental hypothermia include ethanol or other substance use, experiencing homelessness, psychiatric disease, and older age. Older adults are at increased risk of developing hypothermia and its complications; causes include decreased physiologic reserve, malnutrition, chronic diseases, medications that impair compensatory responses, and social isolation. […] Medications can cause or contribute to hypothermia by impairing thermoregulatory mechanisms, decreasing awareness of cold, or clouding judgment. The most common medications that impair thermoregulation are anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and opioids. […]

• #30 Hypothermia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hypothermia-causes-and-risk-factors-4161049

  Hypothermia can be a medical emergency or a lifesaving medical intervention; it just depends on the context. Accidental hypothermia is caused by environmental factors including cold weather, cold water immersion, and also surgery. […] Exposure to cold air or cold water is the biggest cause of hypothermia. […] The fastest cause of hypothermia is immersion in cold water. […] Wind chill isn’t just a trick of the body feeling as if the air is colder; it actually accelerates loss of heat from the body and hastens hypothermia. […] Patients in surgical situations can develop hypothermia for two reasons. […] The use of alcohol is one of the biggest risk factors that can cause hypothermia. […] Alcohol is a vasodilator, meaning that it opens up peripheral blood vessels and allows blood to flow freely to the surface of the skin. That blood flow puts patients with alcohol in their bloodstream at risk for hypothermia while at the same time feeling as if they are nice and warm.

• #31 Perioperative hypothermia: Causes, consequences and treatment

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6182/full/v4/i3/58.htm

  Perioperative hypothermia, core temperature below 36.0C, transpires due to disruption of thermoregulation by anesthesia coupled with cold exposure to procedural surroundings and cleansing agents. […] Although most publications have focused on thermoregulation disruption with general anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia may also cause significant hypothermia. […] Multiple factors contribute to perioperative hypothermia development. Operating room temperature contributes to intraoperative hypothermia primarily through radiant heat loss. […] However, anesthesia disrupts these homeostatic mechanisms. Concurrently, exposure to the cold procedural environment and vasodilation induced by general or regional anesthesia contribute to intraoperative hypothermia development. […] General anesthesia impairs autonomic temperature control.

• #32 Perioperative hypothermia: Causes, consequences and treatment

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6182/full/v4/i3/58.htm

  Neuraxial anesthesia impairs autonomic temperature control. […] Hypothermia affects over 60% of patients intraoperatively, and its effects are noteworthy. […] It adversely impacts blood loss, infection risk, and cardiac events, potentially increasing length of hospital stay. […] Mild hypothermia has been associated with increased risk of surgical wound infection due to vasoconstriction and change in oxygen tension. […] Although both passive and active cutaneous warming minimize heat loss and are commonly used strategies in most operating rooms today, these methods do not completely eliminate intraoperative hypothermia.

• #33 Hypothermia – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/cold-injuries/hypothermia

  Disorders (such as heart and blood vessel disorders, more common in older adults) can also make the body less efficient at shivering and diverting blood and make people less able to compensate for the stress of hypothermia. […] The body’s ability to produce heat is also decreased by some disorders that commonly affect older adults, such as underactivity of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism).

• #34 Hypothermia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/hypothermia

  Hypothermia can happen from: […] Wearing wet clothes can raise your risk for hypothermia. Older people are especially at risk. […] Hypothermia may develop over hours or days if your body cannot regulate heat as it should, if you cannot sense how cold it is, or if you live in a cold environment in the winter. Some conditions can also cause your body to have trouble producing heat. […] Risk factors include: […] Conditions such as heart failure, lung infection, other infections, or endocrine problems.

• #35 Hypothermia: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Providence

  https://blog.providence.org/blog/hypothermia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  You can get hypothermia from being out in the cold for too long. But you are especially at risk if you are older, have a chronic illness or take certain medications. […] Of course, the main risk factor for hypothermia is simply being out in the cold for long periods of time. But there are other factors that can increase your risk for this very serious condition: […] Chronic illnesses can affect your susceptibility to this condition. […] Certain medications, like antipsychotics and beta-blockers, can increase your risk. […] Additionally, says Dr. Lichfield, you can be at risk for hypothermia if you are exposed to temperatures below 60 degrees Fahrenheit and are in wet or inadequate clothing.

• #36 Signs and symptoms of hypothermia in newborns | Summer Health

  https://www.summerhealth.com/blog/hypothermia-in-newborns-signs-and-symptoms

  Lack of thermoregulation is a key cause of hypothermia shortly after birth since newborns aren’t yet able to keep their body temperature within the right range. […] Babies also lose heat easily and quickly because of their size, making it easier for their core temperature to change. This is especially true for newborns with low birth weight. […] Research suggests risk factors for hypothermia include: Premature birth, Birth via C-section, Low birth weight, Being born into a cold delivery or operating room.

• #37 Hypothermia: Symptoms, causes and treatment | HealthPartners blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/hypothermia-symptoms-treatment-and-being-careful-in-the-midwest-winter/

  Over a long period of time, enough heat can leave your body to dangerously drop your temperature. […] Keeping heat from escaping your body is just as important, if not more than, the ability to make new heat. […] Anyone who is exposed to the right mix of temperature, weather, moisture and time without the right clothing can be at risk. […] The little bodies of babies and infants dont have well developed internal temperature controls or enough insulating body fat, making hypothermia a very real danger. […] The older you are, the less your body is able to consistently control its temperature and produce heat. […] The effects that drugs and alcohol have on your body in the cold can make it harder for your heart and brain to regulate your body temperature. […] Body fat makes an extremely effective heat insulator in the winter.

• #38 Hypothermia Causes, Signs, Symptoms And Treatment Options

  https://fitelo.co/disease-management/hypothermia/

  Did you know that hypothermia, a potentially life-threatening condition, affects millions of people worldwide each year? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 1.7 million deaths annually can be attributed to exposure to cold environments. […] It can occur when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, and several factors contribute to this imbalance. The primary causes include: […] Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, especially in windy or wet conditions, is a common cause […] Wind increases heat loss from the body, and wet clothing or submersion in cold water accelerates this process. […] Wearing clothing that is insufficient for the prevailing weather conditions increases the risk of heat loss. […] Physical exhaustion, whether due to outdoor activities or prolonged exposure to cold, can compromise the body’s ability to regulate temperature.

• #39 Hypothermia Causes, Signs, Symptoms And Treatment Options

  https://fitelo.co/disease-management/hypothermia/

  Poor nutrition and dehydration can hinder the body’s ability to produce energy and maintain optimal metabolic function. […] Infants and older adults are particularly vulnerable to hypothermia. […] Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes symptoms, and neurological disorders, can affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature and increase the risk of the condition. […] Alcohol and drug use can contribute to this condition. […] Injuries or conditions that limit movement and physical activity reduce the body’s ability to generate heat.

• #40 07. Hypothermia | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/07-hypothermia/07-hypothermia

  Miscellaneous: age extremes, malnutrition, fatigue. […] Treat hypothermia like sepsis in already hospitalized patients. Severely hypothermic patients are best managed in the ICU. […] Cold hearts are irritable hearts; watch out for asystole, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Risk for arrhythmia is especially high during rewarming. […] Rapid core rewarming is the key. Peripheral warming causes vasodilation and hypotension. […] Cold hearts have a poor response to cardioactive stimuli, especially those methods used in ACLS. In general, cardiac drugs and defibrillation are withheld until rewarming until at least 28 is achieved. […] ACLS meds can be pro-arrhythmic at low temperatures.

• #41 Hypothermia

  https://emed.ie/Trauma/Environmental/Hypothermia.php

  Hypothermia results in multiple organ failure […] Young and old […] Systemic illness […] Sepsis […] Malnutrition […] Cold, wet, windy conditions […] Cold water immersion […] Exhaustion […] Marathon runners […] Multiple trauma […] Minor trauma, immobility (e.g. # NOF) […] Burns […] Ethanol […] Sedatives (e.g. bdz, TCAs, opioids OD) […] Phenothiazines (impaired shivering) […] CVA […] Paraplegia […] Parkinson’s […] Hypoglycaemia and diabetes […] Hypothyroidism […] Hypoadrenalism.

• #42 Physical and social causes of hypothermia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/assessment-skills/physical-and-social-causes-of-hypothermia-06-12-2013/

  Hypothermia has a number of physical and social causes, particularly among older people. […] There are physical and social reasons why hypothermia occurs. Physical causes include exposure to low environmental temperature, hypoglycaemia and depressant drugs including alcohol; social causes include abuse, poverty and self-neglect. […] Some underlying medical conditions increase the risk of hypothermia. These include endocrine diseases, such as adrenal insufficiency, hypopituitarism and hypothyroidism, which can cause a metabolic decrease in body heat production and a reduction in glycogen, an important source of energy. […] Hypothermia has multiple causes including environmental issues, physical ill health and drug therapies.

• #43

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41999-023-00791-0

  Underlying causes of hypothermia that should not be missed include infectious, endocrine, neurological, cardiac and gastro-intestinal diseases, trauma, alcohol intoxication, primary hypothermia, and drug-induced hypothermia. […] Knowledge of the a priori chances of underlying causes of hypothermia in older patients presenting to the emergency department may affect initial management, hence prognosis. […] Common causes include acute medical illness, which includes infectious, endocrine, neurological, cardiac and gastro-intestinal diseases, trauma, alcohol intoxication and primary hypothermia. Less common causes include thyroid failure and drug-induced hypothermia. […] The study of Morita et al. and Matsuyama et al. demonstrated that the incidence of internal diseases as underlying cause of hypothermia increases with age and the incidence of external factors like alcohol intoxication, drowning and self-harm decreases with age.

• #44 Hypothermia Symptoms and Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/hypothermia/

  Exhaustion hypothermia occurs when your body temperature drops because it is too tired to produce heat. People who are sick, have certain health conditions, or have substance use disorders are at risk. […] Perioperative hypothermia occurs when your body temperature drops after surgery in a hospital. It can be hard to maintain heat after receiving anesthesia.

• #45 Hypothermia – Causes of hypothermia | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/hypothermia/causes-of-hypothermia

  Hypothermia is caused by getting too cold as the body loses more heat than it can generate and the body temperature drops below 35C (95F). […] There are different types of hypothermia depending on how quickly the body loses heat. […] Hypothermia is most common in cold environments. […] It’s also possible to get hypothermia in mild weather. […] Some people are at an increased risk of getting hypothermia because they’re vulnerable to cold environments or they’re unable to keep warm. […] It is also sometimes possible for hypothermia to occur during a stay in hospital – particularly before, during and after an operation. […] In some cases, medical professionals may deliberately make someone develop hypothermia as a treatment. This is known as therapeutic hypothermia. […] There’s evidence to suggest that, in some circumstances, inducing a state of hypothermia in the body can reduce the risk of death and increase the chances of a good recovery.

• #46 Hypothermia | Causes, Symptoms & Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/hypothermia

  hypothermia, abnormally low body temperature in a warm-blooded creature, associated with a general slowing of physiologic activity. […] In human beings, hypothermia may be artificially induced to decrease the metabolic need for oxygen during certain surgical procedures and for the control of some kinds of cancer. […] Accidental hypothermia may be life-threatening and constitutes a medical emergency. Low environmental temperature alone may be sufficient to cause hypothermia, as from submersion in icy water or overexposure in heavy winter snows. […] In cases of hypothermia due to exposure, there is often an underlying condition such as cerebrovascular disease, hypothyroidism, severe infection, or alcohol or drug intoxication that predisposes to the drop in body temperature. […] Hypothermia is serious at body temperatures below 35 C (95 F); below 32.2 C (90 F), the point at which the normal shivering reaction ceases, the condition warrants emergency treatment.

• #47 Hypothermia: Reversible Causes of Cardiac Arrest | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/hypothermia

  Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature drops to below 35C (95F) (Mayo Clinic 2020). […] The term primary hypothermia is used when the ability of an otherwise healthy person to maintain their core body temperature is overwhelmed by excessive cold temperatures, particularly when energy stores within the body have been depleted (Davis 2018). […] Secondary hypothermia is when hypothermia is associated with acute events or illness, such as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or burns. Secondary hypothermia can occur even where the environment is warm (Duong Patel 2020; Davis 2018). […] The risk of cardiac arrest increases as the core temperature drops below 32C, and increases substantially if the temperature reaches less than 28C (Brown et al. 2012). […] Hypothermia is an unusual aetiology for cardiac arrest, particularly in acute inpatient settings, but must not be excluded from consideration as a potentially-reversible cause.

• #48 Hypothermia Explained: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments

  https://www.healthdigest.com/865756/hypothermia-explained-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Some medicines that tend to be taken by the elderly may also increase the risk of hypothermia by interfering with the body’s response to cold. […] Babies, and especially newborn babies and premature babies, are at higher relative risk for accidental hypothermia, even at temperatures that might not seem particularly cold to an adult. […] One reason that babies are at higher risk for hypothermia is that they may not be able to adequately communicate to their caregivers that they are feeling cold. […] If you have ever woken up after a surgery during which you were under general anesthesia, you may be familiar with the phenomenon known as post-operative shivering. […] In fact, „mild hypothermia” is common after general anesthesia. […] Hypothermia that is allowed to progress to the point where the core body temperature dips below 82.4 F is known as „severe hypothermia.”

• #49 Orphanet: Spontaneous periodic hypothermia

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/29822

  A rare neurologic disorder characterized by spontaneous periodic hypothermia and hyperhidrosis in the absence of hypothalamic lesions. […] The exact pathophysiological mechanism for this syndrome is still not understood. Postulated mechanisms include hypothalamic dysfunction, neurochemical abnormalities, inflammatory processes, and epileptic activity.

• #50 Hypothermia – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/hypothermia/

  Hypothermia is defined as 35C (95F). […] Hypothermia may cause rhabdomyolysis. […] Hypothermia commonly occurs due to sepsis (particularly if no other cause is evident). […] Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, thiamine deficiency, and malnutrition can all cause hypothermia. […] Hypothermia itself causes bradycardia. […] Hypothermia tends to cause hypokalemia. […] Hypothermia may mask EKG changes due to hyperkalemia.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41999-023-00791-0

  A wide variety of factors can cause hypothermia, and its incidences vary per region. Common causes that should not be missed include infectious, endocrine, neurological, cardiac and gastro-intestinal diseases, trauma, alcohol intoxication and primary hypothermia. More rare causes include thyroid failure and drug-induced hypothermia; however, these may not be missed as these can lead to severe illness. […] Future research should focus specifically on older patients and should include patients from different regions in order to determine how factors such as climate, living circumstances, health care system, and infrastructure may affect the incidences of underlying causes of hypothermia.

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