Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypothermia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545239/

  Hypothermia is defined as a drop in body temperature below 35 C. […] Patients with mild hypothermia have a core body temperature ranging from 32 to 35 C (90-95 F). […] The core temperature for moderate hypothermia is 28 to 32 C (82-90F). […] The core body temperature is less than 28 C (82 F) for severe or profound hypothermia. […] Hypothermia occurs when the body releases more heat than it absorbs or generates. […] Hypothermia management focuses on quick rewarming and preventing further heat loss, ensuring that the airway, breathing, and circulation are adequately and promptly addressed. […] Patients presenting with symptoms of moderate or severe hypothermia must be moved gently, as movements may increase cardiac irritability and precipitate fatal arrhythmia. […] Rewarming of hypothermic patients involves passive external rewarming, active external rewarming, active internal rewarming, or a combination of these techniques.

• #2 Hypothermia (Low Body Temperature): Signs, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21164-hypothermia-low-body-temperature

  Hypothermia is a medical emergency and needs immediate treatment. […] When your body temperature is dangerously low, your brain and body can’t function properly. Left untreated, hypothermia can lead to cardiac arrest (when your heart stops beating) and death. […] Hypothermia treatment includes the prevention of further heat loss and the process of rewarming. If you’re with someone who has hypothermia, call for help and then take the following steps: Move the person to a warm, dry location. Remove wet clothing and replace with dry clothing. Cover them up with a jacket, hat and blanket. Apply external heat to their skin, such as with a heat lamp or hot pack. […] Hypothermia is an emergency. You should get medical help right away if you or someone you know has symptoms of hypothermia. Left untreated, hypothermia can be fatal.

• #3 Hypothermia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545239/

  Hypothermia occurs when the body dissipates more heat than it absorbs or creates, resulting in failure to maintain homeostasis and proper bodily function. […] This activity for healthcare professionals enhances the learner’s competence in evaluating and treating patients with hypothermia. This activity equips clinicians to contribute meaningfully to the multidisciplinary care of patients with this condition. […] Identify possible hypothermia causes and describe the bodily changes associated with this condition. […] Describe the common presentations of a patient with accidental hypothermia. […] Determine the appropriate management approach for patients presenting with hypothermia. […] Develop effective collaboration and communication strategies within the interprofessional team to enhance outcomes for patients presenting with hypothermia.

• #4 Hypothermia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545239/

  Hypothermia is defined as a drop in body temperature below 35 C. […] Patients with mild hypothermia have a core body temperature ranging from 32 to 35 C (90-95 F). […] The core temperature for moderate hypothermia is 28 to 32 C (82-90F). […] The core body temperature is less than 28 C (82 F) for severe or profound hypothermia. […] Hypothermia occurs when the body releases more heat than it absorbs or generates. […] Hypothermia management focuses on quick rewarming and preventing further heat loss, ensuring that the airway, breathing, and circulation are adequately and promptly addressed. […] Patients presenting with symptoms of moderate or severe hypothermia must be moved gently, as movements may increase cardiac irritability and precipitate fatal arrhythmia. […] Rewarming of hypothermic patients involves passive external rewarming, active external rewarming, active internal rewarming, or a combination of these techniques.

• #5 Hypothermia | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hypothermia-250251882/250251882

  1. Neonatal hypothermia often due to lack of attention by health providers, continues to be a very important cause of neonatal deaths. […] A new born is more prone to develop hypothermia because of large surface area per unit of body weight. A low birth weight baby develops hypothermia easily because of decreased thermal insulation due to less subcutaneous fat reduced amount of brown fat. […] In hypothermia the temperature is below 36.5c. […] Acc. to severity, hypothermia is classified as, 1. Cold stress- 36.0 c to 36.4 c 2. Moderate Hypothermia- 32.0c to 35.9c 3. Severe hypothermia – 32c. […] A hypothermic baby has to be rewarmed as quickly as possible. The method selected will depend the severity of hypothermia availability of staff equipments. […] In case of Moderate hypothermia (32to 36c) Skin to skin contact should be in a warm room warm bed. Warmer /incubator may be used, if available, continue rewarming till temperature reaches normal range.

• #6 Hypothermia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568789/

  Hypothermia is defined as an involuntary drop in body temperature below 35C. […] Summarize the nurse’s role in managing hypothermic patients. […] Nursing must remain in attendance constantly and report any deterioration in condition to the physician staff, as well as administering fluids and any medications. […] The management and treatment of accidental hypothermia revolves around prevention of further heat loss and initiation or rewarming but also requires evaluation and support/intervention of airway, breathing, and circulation. […] Hypothermic patients are prone to many complications and require admission to the ICU, where there will be continuous monitoring by the nurses. […] Nursing Management includes assessing patient vitals and monitoring the temperature, hooking to a cardiac monitor, starting peripheral IVs, assessing oxygenation, evaluating patient nutrition, assessing any open wounds, assessing peripheral perfusion and urine output, checking laboratory – including electrolytes, placing the patient in an upright position to avoid aspiration, keeping the patient warm, and assisting with toileting. […] Hypothermia is a medical emergency and requires an interprofessional team approach, including physicians, specialists, specialty-trained nurses, and pharmacists, all collaborating across disciplines to achieve optimal patient results.

• #7 Hypothermia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568789/

  Hypothermia is defined as an involuntary drop in body temperature below 35C. […] Summarize the nurse’s role in managing hypothermic patients. […] Nursing must remain in attendance constantly and report any deterioration in condition to the physician staff, as well as administering fluids and any medications. […] The management and treatment of accidental hypothermia revolves around prevention of further heat loss and initiation or rewarming but also requires evaluation and support/intervention of airway, breathing, and circulation. […] Hypothermic patients are prone to many complications and require admission to the ICU, where there will be continuous monitoring by the nurses. […] Nursing Management includes assessing patient vitals and monitoring the temperature, hooking to a cardiac monitor, starting peripheral IVs, assessing oxygenation, evaluating patient nutrition, assessing any open wounds, assessing peripheral perfusion and urine output, checking laboratory – including electrolytes, placing the patient in an upright position to avoid aspiration, keeping the patient warm, and assisting with toileting. […] Hypothermia is a medical emergency and requires an interprofessional team approach, including physicians, specialists, specialty-trained nurses, and pharmacists, all collaborating across disciplines to achieve optimal patient results.

• #8 Hypothermia & Cold Injuries Nursing Care Plan and Management – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/hypothermia/

  Use this guide to create a nursing care plan and interventions for hypothermia and cold injuries, addressing the unique needs of each patient and promoting recovery. Get to know the nursing assessment, diagnosis, and interventions for caring for patients with hypothermia and cold injuries. […] After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of hypothermia and cold injuries, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. […] Here are examples of nursing diagnoses that may be useful for common concerns associated with hypothermia and cold injuries: Hypothermia related to environmental exposure as evidenced by core temperature of 34C (93.2F), shivering, and pale, cool skin. […] Nursing interventions for patients with hypothermia include gradual rewarming techniques, active and passive external rewarming, monitoring vital signs, providing warm fluids and nutrition, managing shivering, preventing further heat loss, collaborating with the healthcare team, educating the patient and family, and continuous reassessment and monitoring. […] These interventions aim to raise the patients core temperature, maintain hemodynamic stability, prevent complications, and promote recovery.

• #9 Nursing Diagnosis of Hypothermia: Identification and Management Guide

  https://nnndiagnoses.org/hypothermia/

  Nurses should regularly check the patients heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and temperature to identify any changes that may indicate worsening hypothermia and guide appropriate interventions. […] Educating patients and caregivers on recognizing the signs and symptoms of hypothermia, as well as strategies to prevent cold exposure, such as proper clothing, and safe practices during outdoor activities. […] In managing hypothermia, it is critical for healthcare providers to implement preventive strategies tailored to individual patient needs. Understanding the risk factors and evaluating the patient’s unique circumstances greatly enhances the effectiveness of care. […] Patient education is vital in promoting awareness about hypothermia and its prevention. Nurses should instruct patients on the importance of dressing in layers, understanding the risks of alcohol in cold environments, and recognizing symptoms of hypothermia early.

• #10 Patient education: Hypothermia (The Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypothermia-the-basics/print

  Patient education: Hypothermia (The Basics) […] Hypothermia can cause serious problems if it is not treated quickly. In severe cases, it can even cause death. […] If you think that someone might be in danger of hypothermia, you should: Move them to a warmer place as soon as possible. Take off any wet clothing. Cover them with blankets. Offer warm beverages if they can drink. […] If a person shows signs of moderate or severe hypothermia, get medical care right away. Signs include passing out, trouble speaking or thinking clearly, clumsiness, loss of shivering, and trouble breathing. Waiting to get treatment could cause serious health problems. If hypothermia is severe, it can even cause death. […] Severe hypothermia needs to be treated in the hospital. Doctors will check the person’s temperature. They will also try to make sure that the person keeps breathing and their heart keeps beating.

• #11 Hypothermia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545239/

  Hypothermia is defined as a drop in body temperature below 35 C. […] Patients with mild hypothermia have a core body temperature ranging from 32 to 35 C (90-95 F). […] The core temperature for moderate hypothermia is 28 to 32 C (82-90F). […] The core body temperature is less than 28 C (82 F) for severe or profound hypothermia. […] Hypothermia occurs when the body releases more heat than it absorbs or generates. […] Hypothermia management focuses on quick rewarming and preventing further heat loss, ensuring that the airway, breathing, and circulation are adequately and promptly addressed. […] Patients presenting with symptoms of moderate or severe hypothermia must be moved gently, as movements may increase cardiac irritability and precipitate fatal arrhythmia. […] Rewarming of hypothermic patients involves passive external rewarming, active external rewarming, active internal rewarming, or a combination of these techniques.

• #12 Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1215/p2325.html

  Although hypothermia is most common in patients who are exposed to a cold environment, it can develop secondary to toxin exposure, metabolic derangements, infections, and dysfunction of the central nervous and endocrine systems. […] Management depends on the degree of hypothermia present. Treatment modalities range from noninvasive, passive external warming techniques (e.g., removal of cold, wet clothing; movement to a warm environment) to active external rewarming (e.g., insulation with warm blankets) to active core rewarming (e.g., warmed intravenous fluid infusions, heated humidified oxygen, body cavity lavage, and extracorporeal blood warming). […] Mild to moderate hypothermia is treated easily with supportive care in most clinical settings and has good patient outcomes. The treatment of severe hypothermia is more complex, and outcomes depend heavily on clinical resources.

• #13 Hypothermia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688

  The diagnosis of hypothermia usually is clear based on a person’s symptoms. […] Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who appears to have hypothermia. Until medical help is available, follow these first-aid guidelines for hypothermia. […] When helping someone with hypothermia, handle them gently. Only move the person as much as is necessary. Don’t massage or rub the person. Vigorous or jarring movements may trigger cardiac arrest. […] Move the person to a warm, dry location if possible. If moving is not possible, shield the person from the cold and wind as much as possible. The person should be kept in a flat position if possible. […] If the person is wearing wet clothing, remove it. Cut away clothing if necessary to avoid too much movement. […] Use layers of dry blankets or coats to warm the person. Cover the person’s head, leaving only the face exposed.

• #14 Hypothermia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688

  The diagnosis of hypothermia usually is clear based on a person’s symptoms. […] Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who appears to have hypothermia. Until medical help is available, follow these first-aid guidelines for hypothermia. […] When helping someone with hypothermia, handle them gently. Only move the person as much as is necessary. Don’t massage or rub the person. Vigorous or jarring movements may trigger cardiac arrest. […] Move the person to a warm, dry location if possible. If moving is not possible, shield the person from the cold and wind as much as possible. The person should be kept in a flat position if possible. […] If the person is wearing wet clothing, remove it. Cut away clothing if necessary to avoid too much movement. […] Use layers of dry blankets or coats to warm the person. Cover the person’s head, leaving only the face exposed.

• #15 Hypothermia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/hypothermia?srsltid=AfmBOopfy6kx13xObY3_m91KrjqVG_m1VIYoL7rdsqWPYT2ICGnM8sgP

  General Care: Hypothermia […] Rewarm the person slowly. Rapid rewarming can lead to dangerous heart rhythms. […] Move the person to a warmer place. […] Remove wet clothes. […] Dry the person. […] Help the person put on dry clothing, including hat, gloves and socks, if available. […] Wrap the person in dry blankets and plastic sheeting, if available. […] Cover the persons head. […] Position the person as appropriate near a heat source or apply heating pads or hot water bottles filled with warm water to the body (if far from medical care). […] Wrap heating pads or hot water bottles in thin, dry cloths to protect the persons skin. […] Offer small sips of a warm, non-caffeinated liquid if alert and can swallow. Examples include broth, warm water. […] Continue checking them as appropriate to determine if additional care is needed.

• #16 Hypothermia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688

  If you’re outside, lay the person flat on a blanket or other warm surface. […] A person with severe hypothermia may appear unconscious, with no clear signs of a pulse or breathing. If the person’s breathing has stopped or appears dangerously low or shallow, begin CPR right away if you’re trained. […] If the affected person is alert and able to swallow, give the person a warm, sweet, nonalcoholic, noncaffeinated drink. Warm drinks can help warm the body. […] Apply the compresses only to the neck, chest wall or groin. Don’t apply them to the arms or legs. Heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. This can be fatal. […] Don’t use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the person. The extreme heat can damage the skin. It also can trigger irregular heartbeats that cause the heart to stop.

• #17 Hypothermia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688

  The diagnosis of hypothermia usually is clear based on a person’s symptoms. […] Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who appears to have hypothermia. Until medical help is available, follow these first-aid guidelines for hypothermia. […] When helping someone with hypothermia, handle them gently. Only move the person as much as is necessary. Don’t massage or rub the person. Vigorous or jarring movements may trigger cardiac arrest. […] Move the person to a warm, dry location if possible. If moving is not possible, shield the person from the cold and wind as much as possible. The person should be kept in a flat position if possible. […] If the person is wearing wet clothing, remove it. Cut away clothing if necessary to avoid too much movement. […] Use layers of dry blankets or coats to warm the person. Cover the person’s head, leaving only the face exposed.

• #18 Managing a Patient With Hypothermia – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/hypothermia/

  Mild hypothermia – If the patient has intact thermoregulation, which is generally indicated by shivering), then heated blankets and warm PO fluids are generally enough to increase core body temperature to safe levels. In general, a rate of 0.5 to 2-degrees Celsius per hour is recommended. […] Moderate hypothermia – External rewarming is often utilized in patients with moderate hypothermia. Treatments include forced warm air (warming blankets) or heat packs placed on the chest, back, and axillae. […] Severe hypothermia – Internal or core rewarming is necessary in patients with severe hypothermia. There are several options available for core rewarming:

• #19 Hypothermia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688

  If you’re outside, lay the person flat on a blanket or other warm surface. […] A person with severe hypothermia may appear unconscious, with no clear signs of a pulse or breathing. If the person’s breathing has stopped or appears dangerously low or shallow, begin CPR right away if you’re trained. […] If the affected person is alert and able to swallow, give the person a warm, sweet, nonalcoholic, noncaffeinated drink. Warm drinks can help warm the body. […] Apply the compresses only to the neck, chest wall or groin. Don’t apply them to the arms or legs. Heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. This can be fatal. […] Don’t use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the person. The extreme heat can damage the skin. It also can trigger irregular heartbeats that cause the heart to stop.

• #20 Hypothermia management | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/emergency-and-critical-care/hypothermia-management-01-03-2001/

  External methods or re-warming include warm baths, heated pads/blankets, and warm-air blankets. […] These methods are more effective than passive ones, but there is potential for peripheral vasodilation, which may induce hypotension and cause core temperature to drop further, increasing the risk of arrhythmias. […] These methods of treatment are invasive, but they may be needed to treat profound hypothermia and its complications.

• #21 Nursing Care Plan, Diagnosis, Interventions Hypothermia, Low Body Temperature, Inability to Regulate Body Temperature.

  https://www.registerednursern.com/nursing-care-plan-diagnosis-interventions-hypothermia-low-body-temperature-inability-to-regulate-body-temperature/

  Nursing Care Plan for: Hypothermia, Low Body Temperature, Inability to Regulate Body Temperature. […] Hypothermia related to surgery as evidence reduction of body temperature of 94.4 degrees, mental confusion, drowsiness, and decreased pulse and respirations. […] The nurse will assess every hour patients temperature and report any temperature less than 95 degrees to the doctor for further orders. […] The nurse will use the bear hugger warming blanket system per hospital protocol and md order.

• #22 Hypothermia: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-hypothermia/basics/art-20056624

  Hypothermia happens when the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat and the body temperature falls below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). Left untreated, it can be life-threatening. […] To help someone with hypothermia, take these steps immediately: Gently move the person out of the cold. If going indoors isn’t possible, protect the person from the wind, especially around the neck and head. Insulate the individual from the cold ground, such as by laying a blanket underneath the person. […] Gently remove wet clothing. Replace wet things with warm, dry coats or blankets. […] If further warming is needed, do so gradually and focus on the center of the body. For example, apply warm, dry compresses to the neck, chest and groin. The CDC says that another option is using an electric blanket, if available. If a hot water bottle or chemical hot pack is used, first wrap it in a towel before applying.

• #23 Nursing care of the patient with hypothermia | Loyal Hearts

  https://www.loyalhearts.health/nursing-care-of-the-patient-with-hypothermia/

  Apply physical means: blanket, electric blanket, heat source, warm compresses, hot water bottle. Maintain adequate fluid intake to avoid dehydration and thus heat loss. Provide hot beverages that do not contain caffeine. Administer prescribed medication, which may be to infuse intravenous fluids at a temperature of 37-40 degrees. Monitor the skin and take extreme measures to prevent pressure ulcers. Monitor temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and urine output as frequently as assessed by the nurse. Collect the material. Perform hand washing. Record in nursing documentation: status of thermoregulation, procedures performed, date and time, constants, incidents and patient response. […] Physical media should not be applied directly to the skin; place bed linen between them and the patient. Monitor exposure time to physical means to avoid burns.

• #24 Hypothermia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688

  Depending on the severity of hypothermia, emergency medical care for hypothermia may include one of the following interventions to raise the body temperature: […] For mild hypothermia, covering the person with heated blankets and offering them warm fluids to drink may be enough. […] Blood may be drawn, warmed and recirculated in the body. A common method of warming blood is the use of a hemodialysis machine, which is usually used to filter blood in people with poor kidney function. Heart bypass machines also may need to be used. […] A warmed solution of salt water may be put into a vein to help warm the blood. […] The use of humidified oxygen, given through a mask or nasal tube, can warm the airways and help raise the temperature of the body. […] A warm saltwater solution may be used to warm certain areas of the body, such as the area around the lungs or the abdominal cavity. The warm liquid is delivered to the affected area through small tubes called catheters.

• #25 Hypothermia in children: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypothermia-in-children-management/print

  Active internal rewarming techniques include lavage of the pleura, bladder, stomach, or peritoneum with heated normal saline. […] Clinicians involved in directing the rescue and transport of hypothermic patients must be familiar with an evolving array of prehospital staging systems. […] Recognition of hypothermia – Suspicion of hypothermia is vital, but, paradoxically, more severe hypothermia may be harder to recognize. […] Hospital considerations of withholding CPR in selected cases of severe hypothermia are often moot in the field, where assessment of both core temperature and circulation may be difficult. […] Successful resuscitation of the hypothermic child requires rapid attention to supportive care (airway, breathing, circulation), assessment and treatment of injury or other medical conditions, and, most of all, effective rewarming interventions.

• #26 Hypothermia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688

  Depending on the severity of hypothermia, emergency medical care for hypothermia may include one of the following interventions to raise the body temperature: […] For mild hypothermia, covering the person with heated blankets and offering them warm fluids to drink may be enough. […] Blood may be drawn, warmed and recirculated in the body. A common method of warming blood is the use of a hemodialysis machine, which is usually used to filter blood in people with poor kidney function. Heart bypass machines also may need to be used. […] A warmed solution of salt water may be put into a vein to help warm the blood. […] The use of humidified oxygen, given through a mask or nasal tube, can warm the airways and help raise the temperature of the body. […] A warm saltwater solution may be used to warm certain areas of the body, such as the area around the lungs or the abdominal cavity. The warm liquid is delivered to the affected area through small tubes called catheters.

• #27 Hypothermia in children: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypothermia-in-children-management/print

  Resuscitative efforts should continue until the child’s core temperature is 34 to 35°C (93 to 95°F). […] Rewarming should begin alongside stabilization of the airway, breathing, and circulation. […] For children with severe hypothermia (core temperature <28°C [82°F]) and absent circulation, we suggest extracorporeal methods, preferably extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) whenever available.

• #28 Hypothermia: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-hypothermia/basics/art-20056624

  Offer the person warm, sweet, nonalcoholic drinks. […] Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life, such as breathing, coughing or movement. […] Do not rewarm the person too quickly, such as with a heating lamp or hot bath. […] Don’t attempt to warm the arms and legs. Heating or massaging the limbs can stress the heart and lungs. […] Don’t give the person alcohol or cigarettes. Alcohol hinders the rewarming process, and tobacco products interfere with circulation that is needed for rewarming.

• #29 Hypothermia: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-hypothermia

  Hypothermia Treatment […] Here’s how to treat hypothermia, a potentially life-threatening condition that needs emergency medical attention: […] Hypothermia first aid […] If medical care isn’t immediately available: […] Remove any wet clothes, hats, gloves, shoes, and socks. […] Protect the person against wind, drafts, and further heat loss with warm, dry clothes and blankets. […] Move gently to a warm, dry shelter as soon as possible. […] Begin rewarming the person with extra clothing and warm blankets. Use your own body heat if nothing else is available. […] Take the person’s temperature if a thermometer is available. […] Offer warm liquids (like soup or hot chocolate) but avoid alcohol and caffeine, which make blood cool faster. Don’t try to give fluids to an unconscious person.

• #30 Hypothermia Nursing Interventions & Management

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/environmental-emergencies-1392/hypothermia-interventions_1740

  Hypothermia occurs when the body cannot produce enough heat to make up for the amount of heat being lost to the environment. Hypothermia can initially be treated by removing the patient from the cold environment and by replacing any wet clothing with warm clothing or heated blankets. Other interventions to correct hypothermia include administration of warm IV solutions, heated supplemental oxygen, and warm gastric lavage. […] It is important to remember that the patients trunk should be warmed first before the extremities. This pattern of rewarming reduces the risk of afterdrop or a further decrease in body temperature due to rewarming efforts. Afterdrop occurs when cold peripheral blood returns to the central (core) circulation that can lead to rewarming shock characterized by hypotension and arrhythmias.

• #31 Hypothermia: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-hypothermia/basics/art-20056624

  Offer the person warm, sweet, nonalcoholic drinks. […] Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life, such as breathing, coughing or movement. […] Do not rewarm the person too quickly, such as with a heating lamp or hot bath. […] Don’t attempt to warm the arms and legs. Heating or massaging the limbs can stress the heart and lungs. […] Don’t give the person alcohol or cigarettes. Alcohol hinders the rewarming process, and tobacco products interfere with circulation that is needed for rewarming.

• #32 Hypothermia management | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/emergency-and-critical-care/hypothermia-management-01-03-2001/

  Hypothermia can be a life-threatening condition. Nurses need to be able to identify those at risk, know how to monitor the condition accurately, be familiar with re-warming procedures and understand the physiological complications of the condition. […] Close, accurate monitoring of the patients core temperature is imperative as this allows the nurse to note temperature changes quickly and to take action to prevent further heat loss as well as observe the effects of treatment. […] Re-warming should not exceed increases of 0.3C-1.2C per hour in cases of mild hypothermia, but rapid re-warming of 3C per hour is essential if there is severe hypothermia and cardiovascular instability. […] Passive re-warming measures, such as providing warm dry clothes and warm drinks, may suffice in cases of mild hypothermia.

• #33 Hypothermia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545239/

  Hypothermia is defined as a drop in body temperature below 35 C. […] Patients with mild hypothermia have a core body temperature ranging from 32 to 35 C (90-95 F). […] The core temperature for moderate hypothermia is 28 to 32 C (82-90F). […] The core body temperature is less than 28 C (82 F) for severe or profound hypothermia. […] Hypothermia occurs when the body releases more heat than it absorbs or generates. […] Hypothermia management focuses on quick rewarming and preventing further heat loss, ensuring that the airway, breathing, and circulation are adequately and promptly addressed. […] Patients presenting with symptoms of moderate or severe hypothermia must be moved gently, as movements may increase cardiac irritability and precipitate fatal arrhythmia. […] Rewarming of hypothermic patients involves passive external rewarming, active external rewarming, active internal rewarming, or a combination of these techniques.

• #34 Hypothermia management | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/emergency-and-critical-care/hypothermia-management-01-03-2001/

  Hypothermia can be a life-threatening condition. Nurses need to be able to identify those at risk, know how to monitor the condition accurately, be familiar with re-warming procedures and understand the physiological complications of the condition. […] Close, accurate monitoring of the patients core temperature is imperative as this allows the nurse to note temperature changes quickly and to take action to prevent further heat loss as well as observe the effects of treatment. […] Re-warming should not exceed increases of 0.3C-1.2C per hour in cases of mild hypothermia, but rapid re-warming of 3C per hour is essential if there is severe hypothermia and cardiovascular instability. […] Passive re-warming measures, such as providing warm dry clothes and warm drinks, may suffice in cases of mild hypothermia.

• #35 Nursing care of the patient with hypothermia | Loyal Hearts

  https://www.loyalhearts.health/nursing-care-of-the-patient-with-hypothermia/

  Set of activities performed by the nurse in warming and monitoring a patient whose core body temperature is below 35C. […] To apply physical means and administer medication to get the patients temperature to rise to its normal value. […] Perform hand washing. Prepare the material. Preserve the patients privacy. Inform the patient. Ask the patient and family to cooperate. Remove the patient from the cold and place him/her in a warm environment. If necessary, increase the room temperature. Keep the patients bed linen clean and dry, as well as any dressings, bandages or diapers he/she may be wearing. Monitor the patients temperature. Assess the presence of symptoms associated with hypothermia such as fatigue, weakness, confusion, apathy, impaired coordination, shivering, cyanosis, etc. Assess the level of consciousness. Assess the patients thermoregulation. Determine the factors that led to the hypothermic episode.

• #36 Hypothermia Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/770542-treatment

  Once catheters are placed, the arterial output is connected to the inflow port of a level one countercurrent warmer, where intravenous fluids are connected. […] Vasodilation increases the vascular space; consequently, patients that have been hypothermic for more than 45-60 minutes often require fluid administration. […] A reasonable approach is to initiate resuscitation on all hypothermic patients unless a patient presents with a frozen chest or other obvious nonsurvivable injuries. […] Medical complications from hypothermia often result and necessitate admission to the hospital in moderate and severe hypothermia. […] Frostbite and other localized cold injuries result in deep tissue damage. […] The development of rhabdomyolysis should be monitored. […] Complications of treatment of hypothermia are as follows: Rewarming shock, or hypotension secondary to marked vasodilatation of rewarming, Rewarming acidosis due to recirculation of pooled lactic acid in the peripheral circulation, Rewarming electrolyte disturbances, in particular hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, indicate a poor prognosis. […] Preparation is key to avoiding accidental hypothermia. Appropriate cold weather clothing and survival bags are a necessity if walking or climbing in a cold climate.

• #37 Topic – Hypothermia (FON, Med Surg Nursing) | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/topic-hypothermia-fon-med-surg-nursing/266321220

  3. Monitor the patients HR, heart rhythm, and BP. HR and BP drop as hypothermia progresses. Moderate to severe hypothermia increases the risk for ventricular fibrillation, along with other dysrhythmias. […] 6. Assess the patients peripheral perfusion at frequent intervals. He patients skin will look pale and cool to the touch with a delayed capillary refill. As hypothermia advances, vasodilation transpires, furthering heat loss. The patients skin becomes warm and less pale. The patient may start to remove clothing and bed covers. […] 8. Check for electrolytes, arterial blood gases, and oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry. 9. Evaluate for the presence of frostbite, if the patient has had prolonged exposure to a cold environment.Severe hypothermia generates ice crystals to form inside cells. The cells eventually burst and die. […] COMPLICATION Cardiac arrhythmias at temperatures below 30-32C. Infection. Aspiration pneumonia. Pulmonary edema. Pancreatitis. Bleeding diathesis. Bladder atony. Frostbite.

• #38 Therapeutic hypothermia in the neonate

  https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Therapeutic_hypothermia_in_the_neonate/

  Neonatal asphyxia is a major health issue globally. In developed countries asphyxia affects 3-5 per 1000 live births. Subsequent development of moderate to severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in 0.5- 1 per 1000 live births, with up to 60% of these babies dying during the neonatal period and 25% of survivors having major long term neurodevelopmental problems. […] Many experimental animal models and systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials have shown that both whole-body hypothermia and selective head cooling has a neuroprotective effect. It modifies the cells programmed for apoptosis leading to their survival. […] Hypothermia may also protect neurons by reducing cerebral metabolic rate. Therapeutic hypothermia aims to lower the temperature of the vulnerable deep brain structures to 33-34C. Hypothermia is not without risk and thus it is important to manage the patient safely during induction and maintenance of hypothermia and during the rewarming process.

• #39 Nursing care in therapeutic hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Review of the literature | Enfermería Intensiva (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermeria-intensiva-english-edition–430-articulo-nursing-care-in-therapeutic-hypothermia-S2529984021000288

  Nursing care in therapeutic hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Review of the literature […] Nursing care during hypothermia treatment focuses on four basic pillars: general care for stabilisation of the new-born, preparation of the material, administration of medical treatment in all its phases and emotional support of the family. […] Nursing care is essential throughout the treatment, in the early detection of complications in the infant and psychological support for parents. It is essential for nurses to receive training in this care. […] Nursing care during the treatment of hypothermia focuses on 3 basic pillars: general care for the stabilisation of the newborn, preparation of all necessary material and the administration of medical guidelines throughout the process (drugs, extraction of samples, fluid therapy, etc.), and emotional support to the family.

• #40

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/04190/observation_of_the_effect_of_hypothermia_therapy.58.aspx

  This study aimed to investigate the impact of optimized emergency nursing in conjunction with mild hypothermia nursing on neurological prognosis, hemodynamics, and complications in patients with cardiac arrest. […] Mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) has emerged as a new treatment strategy, with current recommendations suggesting lowering the body temperature to 32 to 34 C within 12 to 24 hours after CA. […] The implementation of optimized nursing practices significantly reduced complications and improved the quality of life and satisfaction of post-CPR patients. […] The integration of optimized emergency nursing practices in conjunction with CPR improves neurological outcomes in patients with cardiac arrest. […] The experimental group exhibited significantly improved neurological function than the control group.

• #41 Therapeutic hypothermia in the neonate

  https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Therapeutic_hypothermia_in_the_neonate/

  The aim of this guideline is to describe the management of a patient undergoing therapeutic hypothermia in the NICU. […] Neuroprotection in babies 35 weeks gestation with moderate to severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is optimised by commencing therapeutic hypothermia treatment as soon as possible after resuscitation, between 1-6 hours of life. […] Whole body hypothermia must be strictly controlled and targeted to the rectal temperature range 33C-34C. […] Hyperthermia 38C should be avoided as it adversely affects outcomes in infants with HIE. […] The aim of cooling is to achieve the target temperature within 1 hour of commencement (rectal temperature between 33.0C 34.0C). The total period of cooling and rewarming is for 84 hours, consists of 2 phases: Active cooling for 72 hours from the initiation of cooling and Rewarming 12- 14 hours of active gradual rewarming time after completion of 72hrs of cooling.

• #42 Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothermia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1215/p2325.html

  Active core rewarming techniques exist on a spectrum of invasiveness and potential complications. […] The most effective method of active core rewarming is extracorporeal blood warming, accomplished by cardiopulmonary bypass, arteriovenous rewarming, venovenous rewarming, or hemodialysis. […] Active core rewarming also can be accomplished by warm lavage of several body cavities. […] Patients with mild hypothermia can be sent home after rewarming, whereas patients with moderate to severe hypothermia should be admitted for observation and continued evaluation after stabilization. […] Hypothermia is a devastating and potentially avoidable condition, making education and preparation the cornerstones of prevention.

• #43 Hypothermia prevention

  https://www.rnceus.com/hypo/hypoprev.html

  Both in the community and in acute and long-term care institutions, nurses need to be particularly vigilant in protecting frail elderly patients from hypothermia. […] Nursing interventions that can prevent accidental hypothermia in elderly adults include: Maintain the room temperature at 65 degrees Fahrenheit at a minimum; some very frail elderly people will require higher room temperatures to maintain body warmth and comfort. […] Clothe the person adequately and layer both items of clothing and bedcovers to provide optimum insulation. […] Limit the time that the elderly person is exposed to a cold area. […] Minimize heat loss from the head by providing a hat or scarf to cover the head and neck when possible, particularly when the elderly person is outside. […] Cover patients when bathing; a single bath blanket is insufficient protection against hypothermia for a frail elder.

• #44 Overview | Hypothermia: prevention and management in adults having surgery | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg65

  This guideline covers preventing and managing inadvertent hypothermia in people aged 18 and over having surgery. It offers advice on assessing patients risk of hypothermia, measuring and monitoring temperature, and devices for keeping patients warm before, during and after surgery. […] This guideline includes recommendations on: […] warming patients before their operation, including transfer to the operating theatre […] keeping patients warm during their operation, including ambient temperature in the operating theatre and temperature of intravenous fluids […] keeping patients warm after their operation.

• #45 Recommendations | Hypothermia: prevention and management in adults having surgery | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg65/chapter/recommendations

  Patients (and their families and carers) should be informed that: staying warm before surgery will lower the risk of postoperative complications […] If the patient’s temperature is below 36.0C, start active warming preoperatively on the ward or in the emergency department (unless there is a need to expedite surgery because of clinical urgency, for example bleeding or critical limb ischaemia). […] Maintain active warming throughout the intraoperative phase. […] The patient’s temperature should be measured and documented on admission to the recovery room and then every 15 minutes. […] If the patient’s temperature is below 36.0C, they should be actively warmed using forced-air warming until they are discharged from the recovery room or until they are comfortably warm. […] If the patient’s temperature falls below 36.0C while on the ward: they should be warmed using forced-air warming until they are comfortably warm.

• #46 Risk for Hypothermia: Nursing Diagnosis, Causes, and Prevention Strategies

  https://nandadiagnoses.com/risk-for-hypothermia/

  An 82-year-old male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who frequently experiences cold intolerance. […] A 45-year-old female who recently underwent major abdominal surgery. […] A 24-year-old male diagnosed with severe depression, living in a shared housing situation where the heating is inadequate. […] A 30-year-old female diagnosed with influenza, presenting with fever and chills. […] A 50-year-old homeless veteran seeking shelter during a severe winter storm. […] Risk for hypothermia is a nursing diagnosis that identifies individuals who are susceptible to a failure in thermoregulation, potentially leading to a central body temperature below the normal range. […] Common risk factors for hypothermia include low environmental temperatures, inadequate clothing, prolonged exposure to cold, alcohol use, and malnutrition.

• #47 Risk for Hypothermia: Nursing Diagnosis, Causes, and Prevention Strategies

  https://nursipedia.com/risk-for-hypothermia/

  Nursing diagnosis plays a crucial role in identifying and addressing the health risks associated with conditions like hypothermia. […] Understanding these elements is essential for healthcare providers to implement effective interventions, safeguard at-risk individuals, and foster awareness in both caregivers and patients. […] By emphasizing holistic approaches including education, environmental modifications, and nutritional support we hope to empower healthcare providers and caregivers to effectively combat the risks of hypothermia. […] The risk for hypothermia refers to the susceptibility to a failure of thermoregulation that may result in a central body temperature below the normal daytime range in individuals over 28 days of life, which may compromise health. […] Instead, it highlights the need for vigilance and preventive measures to protect at-risk individuals from hypothermia.

• #48 Risk for Hypothermia: Nursing Diagnosis, Causes, and Prevention Strategies

  https://nandadiagnoses.com/risk-for-hypothermia/

  Individuals at risk for hypothermia may lack the knowledge or resources to engage in proper health maintenance activities. […] Increased vulnerability to cold can elevate the risk of physical injuries due to slips, falls, or other accidents in cold environments. […] Concurrent fluid imbalances can exacerbate the risk of hypothermia, as dehydration affects the body’s thermoregulation. […] Individuals at risk for hypothermia may not consume enough calories to support metabolic heat generation. […] When addressing the risk for hypothermia, it is crucial for healthcare providers to integrate education and preventive strategies into their care plans. […] By ensuring that individuals and their caregivers are well-informed about the risks and the necessary precautions, the likelihood of hypothermia occurrences can be significantly reduced.

• #49 Risk for Hypothermia: Nursing Diagnosis, Causes, and Prevention Strategies

  https://nandadiagnoses.com/risk-for-hypothermia/

  Regular assessments of the individual’s living conditions and overall health status should be performed to identify any emerging risks. […] Tailored interventions, such as providing resources for adequate clothing or informing families about proper home heating practices, can enhance protective measures against hypothermia. […] Providing educational resources and training to caregivers about the signs and prevention of hypothermia is crucial. […] Regularly assess the temperature of the environment. […] Reinforce the importance of wearing layered and adequate clothing to trap body heat effectively. […] Emphasize the role of adequate nutrition in maintaining body temperature. […] Encourage physical activity among at-risk populations to boost metabolic heat production. […] This section provides a variety of patient profiles that illustrate the risk for hypothermia and outlines their unique backgrounds, characteristics, and needs.

• #50

  https://vnacare.org/resources/health-tips/hypothermia

  Hypothermia is a potentially life-threatening condition that happens when body temperature gets very low. In older adults, a body temperature of 95 degrees Fahrenheit or lower could lead to a heart attack, liver damage, and other serious health problems. […] Older adults are at increased risk, even when staying indoors, because they can lose body heat faster, and physical changes due to aging can make it harder for the person to be aware of getting cold. Certain medications and health concerns, like thyroid problems, can further increase a person’s risk for hypothermia. […] Be sure to consult your doctor to see if your medications or health concerns put you at increased risk for hypothermia.

• #51 Hypothermia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568789/

  Hypothermia is defined as an involuntary drop in body temperature below 35C. […] Summarize the nurse’s role in managing hypothermic patients. […] Nursing must remain in attendance constantly and report any deterioration in condition to the physician staff, as well as administering fluids and any medications. […] The management and treatment of accidental hypothermia revolves around prevention of further heat loss and initiation or rewarming but also requires evaluation and support/intervention of airway, breathing, and circulation. […] Hypothermic patients are prone to many complications and require admission to the ICU, where there will be continuous monitoring by the nurses. […] Nursing Management includes assessing patient vitals and monitoring the temperature, hooking to a cardiac monitor, starting peripheral IVs, assessing oxygenation, evaluating patient nutrition, assessing any open wounds, assessing peripheral perfusion and urine output, checking laboratory – including electrolytes, placing the patient in an upright position to avoid aspiration, keeping the patient warm, and assisting with toileting. […] Hypothermia is a medical emergency and requires an interprofessional team approach, including physicians, specialists, specialty-trained nurses, and pharmacists, all collaborating across disciplines to achieve optimal patient results.

• #52 Hypothermia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545239/

  Hypothermia occurs when the body dissipates more heat than it absorbs or creates, resulting in failure to maintain homeostasis and proper bodily function. […] This activity for healthcare professionals enhances the learner’s competence in evaluating and treating patients with hypothermia. This activity equips clinicians to contribute meaningfully to the multidisciplinary care of patients with this condition. […] Identify possible hypothermia causes and describe the bodily changes associated with this condition. […] Describe the common presentations of a patient with accidental hypothermia. […] Determine the appropriate management approach for patients presenting with hypothermia. […] Develop effective collaboration and communication strategies within the interprofessional team to enhance outcomes for patients presenting with hypothermia.

• #53 Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical staffs in the operating room towards unintentional perioperative hypothermia prevention: A multicenter cross-sectional study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-00202-3

  The knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) study was generally used to understand the KAP of the target population in health care. […] This study aimed to investigate the KAP of medical staffs in the operating room, such as nurses, surgeons and anesthesiologists towards perioperative temperature prevention. […] The practice score significantly differed between participants with different education and occupations. […] The majority of them believed that it is necessary to train surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses in the knowledge of prevention and treatment of perioperative hypothermia. […] Nurses utilizing specialized equipment like warm blankets, warm air blowers, liquid incubators, and infusion warmers exhibited more positive attitude toward these practice. […] This underscores a direct connection between protocol compliance and overall nursing quality, emphasizing the significance of maintaining patient temperatures during surgical procedures. […] Therefore, it might improve the compliance rate of physicians and nurses with the guidelines by growing their knowledge of treatment and prevention of perioperative hypothermia.

• #54 Nursing Diagnosis of Hypothermia: Identification and Management Guide

  https://nursipedia.com/hypothermia/

  Hypothermia is defined as a condition where the central body temperature of an individual falls below the normal daytime range, specifically in individuals who are greater than 28 days of life. This alteration in body temperature can lead to various physiological disruptions and requires prompt attention. […] By implementing effective strategies and establishing clear evaluation criteria, healthcare providers can play a pivotal role in restoring normal body temperature and improving the overall health of affected individuals. […] The expected outcomes associated with the nursing diagnosis of hypothermia focus on restoring normal body temperature and improving overall physiological function. These outcomes are essential for ensuring patient safety and promoting recovery following hypothermic episodes.

• #55 Nursing Diagnosis of Hypothermia: Identification and Management Guide

  https://nnndiagnoses.org/hypothermia/

  The primary goal of nursing care for patients diagnosed with hypothermia is to restore a normal core body temperature through appropriate interventions while ensuring overall patient comfort and safety. Achieving this goal requires continuous monitoring of vital signs, addressing any associated symptoms, and collaborating with the healthcare team to deliver comprehensive care.

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