Hemoroidy
Epidemiologia

Hemoroidy, będące objawowym powiększeniem i przemieszczeniem dystalnym poduszeczek odbytu, stanowią jedną z najczęstszych chorób proktologicznych, z globalną częstością występowania szacowaną na około 4,4%, choć dane wahają się od 4% do 40%. W USA notuje się około 10,4 miliona chorych, z rocznym przyrostem 1 miliona nowych przypadków, z czego 10-20% wymaga leczenia chirurgicznego. Choroba dotyka zarówno mężczyzn, jak i kobiety, ze szczytem zachorowań między 45. a 65. rokiem życia. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują zaparcia, przewlekłe napinanie się, otyłość, ciążę (25% kobiet w ciąży doświadcza hemoroidów, zwłaszcza w III trymestrze), przewlekłą biegunkę, dietę ubogą w błonnik (24,8% osób z niskim spożyciem błonnika zgłasza hemoroidy vs 13,7% przy zbilansowanej diecie), marskość wątroby z wodobrzuszem oraz dysfunkcję mięśni dna miednicy. Mimo powszechnego przekonania, najnowsze badania kwestionują istotny związek między zaparciami a rozwojem hemoroidów, wskazując na możliwą rolę biegunki jako czynnika ryzyka.

Epidemiologia hemoroidów

Hemoroidy (guzki krwawnicze) stanowią jedną z najczęstszych chorób proktologicznych na świecie, dotykając miliony ludzi i stanowiąc istotny problem medyczny i społeczno-ekonomiczny. Choroba ta charakteryzuje się objawowym powiększeniem i przemieszczeniem dystalnym prawidłowych poduszeczek odbytu. Mimo powszechności występowania, dokładne dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące hemoroidów są trudne do ustalenia, ponieważ wielu pacjentów nie zgłasza się po pomoc medyczną, preferując samoleczenie12.

Częstotliwość występowania na świecie

Szacowana ogólnoświatowa częstość występowania objawowych hemoroidów w populacji ogólnej wynosi około 4,4%34. Jednakże różne badania wskazują na znaczne rozbieżności w szacunkach, z przedziałem od 4% do nawet 40%56. W Stanach Zjednoczonych liczbę osób cierpiących na hemoroidy szacuje się na około 10,4 miliona, a każdego roku pojawia się około 1 milion nowych przypadków7. Około 10-20% tych nowych przypadków wymaga leczenia chirurgicznego8.

W Wielkiej Brytanii hemoroidy miały dotykać od 13% do 36% populacji ogólnej910. Jednak te szacunki mogą być zawyżone, ponieważ badania opierały się głównie na samoocenie, a pacjenci mogą przypisywać wszelkie objawy odbytnicze hemoroidom11.

Interesujące badanie przeprowadzone w Arabii Saudyjskiej, w mieście Mekka, wykazało częstość występowania choroby hemoroidalnej na poziomie 16%1213, co jest zbliżone do wyniku badania przeprowadzonego w północno-zachodniej Etiopii, gdzie odnotowano częstość występowania na poziomie 13,1%1415.

Wiek i płeć jako czynniki epidemiologiczne

Wiek jest znanym czynnikiem wpływającym na ryzyko wystąpienia hemoroidów. Częstość występowania hemoroidów wzrasta wraz z wiekiem, osiągając szczyt między 45. a 65. rokiem życia zarówno u mężczyzn, jak i u kobiet161718. W większości przypadków hemoroidy rozwijają się u osób po 30. roku życia, choć mogą pojawić się w każdym wieku19. Według niektórych szacunków około połowa Amerykanów rozwija hemoroidy do 50. roku życia20.

Jeśli chodzi o rozkład płci, hemoroidy dotykają w równym stopniu mężczyzn i kobiety212223. Jednakże według HD Treatment Center, wśród osób powyżej 45. roku życia, 25% osób, u których rozwijają się hemoroidy, to kobiety, a 15% to mężczyźni24. Badania wykazały również, że istnieje większe prawdopodobieństwo, że mężczyźni będą szukać leczenia swoich hemoroidów niż kobiety25.

Zmiany fizjologiczne zachodzące podczas ciąży zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo, że hemoroidy staną się objawowe, co może zwiększać częstość diagnozowanych przypadków u kobiet2627. Szacuje się, że około 25% kobiet w ciąży doświadcza hemoroidów, szczególnie w trzecim trymestrze28.

Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje

Istnieje wiele czynników ryzyka związanych z rozwojem hemoroidów. Czynniki te obejmują2930:

  • Zaparcia i przewlekłe napinanie się podczas wypróżniania
  • Otyłość
  • Ciąża
  • Przewlekła biegunka
  • Stosunki analne
  • Marskość wątroby z wodobrzuszem
  • Dysfunkcję mięśni dna miednicy
  • Dietę ubogą w błonnik

31

Badanie przeprowadzone w Arabii Saudyjskiej wykazało, że 24,8% uczestników, którzy mieli dietę ubogą w błonnik, skarżyło się na hemoroidy, w porównaniu do 13,7% osób ze zrównoważoną dietą zawierającą wszystkie niezbędne składniki odżywcze32.

Co ciekawe, chociaż zaparcia i przewlekłe napinanie się są powszechnie uważane za przyczynę hemoroidów, ponieważ twarde stolce i zwiększone ciśnienie wewnątrzbrzuszne mogą powodować niedrożność odpływu żylnego, prowadząc do przekrwienia splotu hemoroidalnego33, najnowsze dowody kwestionują znaczenie zaparć w rozwoju tego powszechnego zaburzenia. Wielu badaczy nie wykazało istotnego związku między hemoroidami a zaparciami, podczas gdy niektóre doniesienia sugerowały, że biegunka jest czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju hemoroidów34.

Pacjenci z chorobą hemoroidalną częściej są rasy białej, o wyższym statusie społeczno-ekonomicznym i pochodzący z obszarów wiejskich3536. Istnieją również dowody na dziedziczną predyspozycję do choroby hemoroidalnej37.

Trendy epidemiologiczne i zmiany w czasie

Eksperci zauważyli, że w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Wielkiej Brytanii liczba osób odwiedzających szpitale z powodu hemoroidów spadła38. Liczba pacjentów wymagających chirurgicznego usunięcia hemoroidów (hemoroidektomii) w szpitalach w Stanach Zjednoczonych maleje. Osiągnęła szczyt w 1974 roku ze 117 hemoroidektomiami na 100 000 osób, co spadło do 37 w 1987 roku3940. Leczenie ambulatoryjne i gabinetowe hemoroidów odpowiada za część tego spadku41.

Nadzór i badania przesiewowe

Ze względu na wysoką częstość występowania hemoroidów oraz fakt, że mogą powodować objawy podobne do innych, poważniejszych chorób odbytu i odbytnicy, ważne jest, aby pacjenci z objawami hemoroidów byli poddawani odpowiednim badaniom. Badanie u pacjentów z objawami w okolicy odbytu powinno zawsze obejmować badanie per rectum42.

Hemoroidy nie zwiększają ryzyka raka jelita grubego ani go nie powodują. Jednak podobne objawy mogą powodować poważniejsze schorzenia. Nawet gdy hemoroid całkowicie się wygoi, chirurg okrężnicy i odbytnicy może zlecić inne badania. Kolonoskopia może być wykonana w celu wykluczenia innych przyczyn krwawienia z odbytu. Każda osoba w wieku 45 lat i starsza powinna poddać się kolonoskopii w celu badania przesiewowego w kierunku raka jelita grubego43.

Interesujące badanie pacjentów poddawanych rutynowym badaniom przesiewowym w kierunku raka jelita grubego wykazało 39% częstość występowania hemoroidów, przy czym 55% tych pacjentów nie zgłaszało żadnych objawów44. Wskazuje to na znaczną liczbę bezobjawowych przypadków hemoroidów w populacji ogólnej.

Wpływ ekonomiczny i społeczny

Hemoroidy mają znaczący wpływ ekonomiczny i społeczny. W Stanach Zjednoczonych do jednej trzeciej z 10 milionów osób z hemoroidami szuka pomocy medycznej, co prowadzi do 1,5 miliona związanych z tym recept rocznie45. Według niektórych szacunków, hemoroidy odpowiadają za około 3,5 miliona wizyt lekarskich rocznie i 500 milionów dolarów kosztów opieki zdrowotnej tylko w Stanach Zjednoczonych46.

Hemoroidy stanowią także częstą przyczynę krwawienia z dolnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego, co może prowadzić do hospitalizacji i dodatkowych kosztów medycznych47.

Biomarkery i nowe kierunki badań

Nowe badania sugerują, że różne biomarkery mogą być odpowiedzialne za występowanie hemoroidów, takie jak metaloproteinaza macierzy (MMP), czynnik wzrostu śródbłonka naczyniowego (VEGF), indukowalna syntaza tlenku azotu (iNOS) i białko C-reaktywne (CRP). Te biomarkery mają potencjał jako cele rozwoju nowych środków przeciwhemoroidalnych48.

Ponadto, duże badanie genetyczne przeprowadzone na prawie milionie osób wskazuje, że ciężka choroba hemoroidalna jest przynajmniej częściowo przypisywalna genetycznie spowodowanej dysfunkcji mięśni jelitowych i tkanki łącznej49. Badacze zgłaszają również genetyczne podobieństwa między chorobą hemoroidalną a innymi schorzeniami żołądkowo-jelitowymi, a także niektórymi zaburzeniami sercowo-naczyniowymi i psychiatrycznymi50.

Podsumowanie danych epidemiologicznych

Epidemiologia hemoroidów jest złożona i trudna do dokładnego określenia ze względu na znaczną liczbę osób, które nie zgłaszają się po pomoc medyczną. Dostępne dane wskazują, że jest to schorzenie powszechne, dotykające znaczną część populacji światowej, z wyraźnym wzorcem częstości występowania związanym z wiekiem, najwyższym między 45. a 65. rokiem życia. Zarówno mężczyźni, jak i kobiety są dotknięci w równym stopniu, choć kobiety w ciąży stanowią grupę szczególnego ryzyka. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują zaparcia, przewlekłe napinanie się, otyłość, ciążę, przewlekłą biegunkę i dietę ubogą w błonnik. Nowe badania wskazują na rolę genetycznych predyspozycji i określonych biomarkerów, otwierając nowe możliwości w zakresie profilaktyki i leczenia tej powszechnej choroby5152.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    This review discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical evaluation, and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids. […] Although hemorrhoids are recognized as a very common cause of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort, the true epidemiology of this disease is unknown because patients have a tendency to use self-medication rather than to seek proper medical attention. An epidemiologic study by Johanson et al in 1990 showed that 10 million people in the United States complained of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. […] In the United Kingdom, hemorrhoids were reported to affect 13%-36% of the general population. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus.
  • #2 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i17/2009.htm
    Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. […] Although hemorrhoids are recognized as a very common cause of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort, the true epidemiology of this disease is unknown because patients have a tendency to use self-medication rather than to seek proper medical attention. An epidemiologic study by Johanson et al in 1990 showed that 10 million people in the United States complained of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. In both sexes, peak prevalence occurred between age 45-65 years and the development of hemorrhoids before the age of 20 years was unusual. […] In the United Kingdom, hemorrhoids were reported to affect 13%-36% of the general population. However, this estimation may be higher than actual prevalence because the community-based studies mainly relied on self-reporting and patients may attribute any anorectal symptoms to hemorrhoids.
  • #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Worldwide, the overall prevalence of hemorrhoids in the general population is estimated to be 4.4%. […] However, experts have noticed that in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), the number of people visiting hospital as a result of hemorrhoids has fallen. […] According to the HD Treatment Center, estimates suggest that around half of Americans develop hemorrhoids by time they are aged 50 and only a small proportion of those people seek therapy. The number of people in the US suffering from hemorrhoids is estimated to be around 10.4 million and 1 million new cases occur each year. Ten to 20% of those new cases require surgery. […] The HD Treatment Center has also found that among people older than 45 years, 25% of people who develop hemorrhoids are female and 15% are men. […] Research has also shown there is a greater likelihood of men seeking treatment for their hemorrhoids than there is for women.
  • #4 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Worldwide, the prevalence of symptomatic hemorrhoids is estimated at 4.4% in the general population. In the United States, up to one third of the 10 million people with hemorrhoids seek medical treatment, resulting in 1.5 million related prescriptions per year. […] The number of hemorrhoidectomies performed in US hospitals is declining. A peak of 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people was reached in 1974; this rate declined to 37 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people in 1987. Outpatient and office treatment of hemorrhoids account for some of this decline. […] Patients presenting with hemorrhoidal disease are more frequently white, from higher socioeconomic status, and from rural areas. There is no known sex predilection, although men are more likely to seek treatment. However, pregnancy causes physiologic changes that predispose women to developing symptomatic hemorrhoids. As the gravid uterus expands, it compresses the inferior vena cava, causing decreased venous return and distal engorgement. […] External hemorrhoids occur more commonly in young and middle-aged adults than in older adults. The prevalence of hemorrhoids increases with age, with a peak in persons aged 45-65 years.
  • #5 Hemorrhoids | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/haemorrhoids?embed_domain=hackmd.io%25252525252525252F%252525252525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%25252525252525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghradiopaedia-icon-144.png&lang=us
    The prevalence of hemorrhoids is ~20% (range 4-40%), and the actual prevalence remains unknown 2. […] It has an equal distribution between males and females 1. […] It is most commonly seen between 45 and 65 years of age and is more common in higher socioeconomic groups 1-3.
  • #6 Internal Hemorrhoid | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22760
    It is challenging to determine the actual incidence of hemorrhoidal disease as many patients do not seek medical attention for their symptoms. Estimates are that hemorrhoidal disease is the third most common outpatient gastrointestinal diagnosis in the United States with about 4 million office and emergency department visits every year. About 75% of Americans will experience hemorrhoidal symptoms at some point in their lives. The true prevalence of hemorrhoidal disease is unknown with various studies reporting a prevalence between 4% and 40%. The prevalence is highest in Caucasian patients between the ages of 45 and 65 and patients of high socioeconomic status. However, this observation can be attributed to selection bias as this group has the greatest access to care. […] Hemorrhoids are managed by an interprofessional team that includes an ED physician, general surgeon, colorectal surgeon, nurse practitioner, and primary care provider. Even though there are many treatments for hemorrhoids, recurrence is not uncommon. Thus, prevention is the recommended strategy. Patients should be educated on a healthy high fiber diet, drinking ample water, regular exercise, and maintaining healthy body weight. In individuals with recurrence, prolapsed, or bleeding internal hemorrhoids, a referral to a colorectal surgeon is recommended. Most patients with internal hemorrhoids have a good outcome. (Level II)
  • #7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Worldwide, the overall prevalence of hemorrhoids in the general population is estimated to be 4.4%. […] However, experts have noticed that in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), the number of people visiting hospital as a result of hemorrhoids has fallen. […] According to the HD Treatment Center, estimates suggest that around half of Americans develop hemorrhoids by time they are aged 50 and only a small proportion of those people seek therapy. The number of people in the US suffering from hemorrhoids is estimated to be around 10.4 million and 1 million new cases occur each year. Ten to 20% of those new cases require surgery. […] The HD Treatment Center has also found that among people older than 45 years, 25% of people who develop hemorrhoids are female and 15% are men. […] Research has also shown there is a greater likelihood of men seeking treatment for their hemorrhoids than there is for women.
  • #8 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Worldwide, the overall prevalence of hemorrhoids in the general population is estimated to be 4.4%. […] However, experts have noticed that in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), the number of people visiting hospital as a result of hemorrhoids has fallen. […] According to the HD Treatment Center, estimates suggest that around half of Americans develop hemorrhoids by time they are aged 50 and only a small proportion of those people seek therapy. The number of people in the US suffering from hemorrhoids is estimated to be around 10.4 million and 1 million new cases occur each year. Ten to 20% of those new cases require surgery. […] The HD Treatment Center has also found that among people older than 45 years, 25% of people who develop hemorrhoids are female and 15% are men. […] Research has also shown there is a greater likelihood of men seeking treatment for their hemorrhoids than there is for women.
  • #9 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    This review discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical evaluation, and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids. […] Although hemorrhoids are recognized as a very common cause of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort, the true epidemiology of this disease is unknown because patients have a tendency to use self-medication rather than to seek proper medical attention. An epidemiologic study by Johanson et al in 1990 showed that 10 million people in the United States complained of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. […] In the United Kingdom, hemorrhoids were reported to affect 13%-36% of the general population. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus.
  • #10 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i17/2009.htm
    Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. […] Although hemorrhoids are recognized as a very common cause of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort, the true epidemiology of this disease is unknown because patients have a tendency to use self-medication rather than to seek proper medical attention. An epidemiologic study by Johanson et al in 1990 showed that 10 million people in the United States complained of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. In both sexes, peak prevalence occurred between age 45-65 years and the development of hemorrhoids before the age of 20 years was unusual. […] In the United Kingdom, hemorrhoids were reported to affect 13%-36% of the general population. However, this estimation may be higher than actual prevalence because the community-based studies mainly relied on self-reporting and patients may attribute any anorectal symptoms to hemorrhoids.
  • #11 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i17/2009.htm
    Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. […] Although hemorrhoids are recognized as a very common cause of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort, the true epidemiology of this disease is unknown because patients have a tendency to use self-medication rather than to seek proper medical attention. An epidemiologic study by Johanson et al in 1990 showed that 10 million people in the United States complained of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. In both sexes, peak prevalence occurred between age 45-65 years and the development of hemorrhoids before the age of 20 years was unusual. […] In the United Kingdom, hemorrhoids were reported to affect 13%-36% of the general population. However, this estimation may be higher than actual prevalence because the community-based studies mainly relied on self-reporting and patients may attribute any anorectal symptoms to hemorrhoids.
  • #12 Prevalence of Hemorrhoids and the Associated Risk Factors Among the General Adult Population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10840063/
    Hemorrhoidal disease is one of the most common benign anorectal conditions. […] However, studies that determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with hemorrhoidal disease are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for hemorrhoids among the general adult population in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. […] Regarding the prevalence of hemorrhoids among the general population in Makkah, 64 participants (16%) reported that they were diagnosed with hemorrhoid disorder. […] Hemorrhoids are one of the most common complaints among surgical patients and are more prevalent in men. The risk of hemorrhoids is significantly higher in married women with a history of pregnancy, who are overweight, and who consume low-fiber diets. […] Studies that determine the prevalence of and risk factors for hemorrhoids in Saudi Arabia are limited. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the hemorrhoid prevalence and the associated risk factors among the general adult population in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • #13 Prevalence of Hemorrhoids and the Associated Risk Factors Among the General Adult Population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10840063/
    According to our study, the prevalence of hemorrhoidal disease was 16% in Makkah, consistent with a study in Northwest Ethiopia that reported a prevalence of 13.1%. […] This study found that 24.8% of participants who had a low-fiber diet complained of hemorrhoids compared to 13.7% of others with a balanced diet that contained all necessary nutrition. […] The risk of hemorrhoids is found to be higher in old age, married women with a history of pregnancy, those overweight, those with low-fiber diets and patients with chronic diseases such as Crohns diseases and varicose veins.
  • #14 Prevalence and associated factors of hemorrhoids among adult patients visiting the surgical outpatient department in the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249736
    Hemorrhoidal disease is a very common benign anorectal disease. It affects millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. However, studies that determine the magnitude and risk factors are limited. Therefore, the aim this study is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hemorrhoid among adult patients visiting the surgical outpatient department at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (UoGCSH) Northwest Ethiopia. […] Out of the 403 study participants, 13.1% (95%CI; 10.1, 16.8) had hemorrhoids. […] The overall prevalence of hemorrhoid was high and its prevalence was higher in male subjects. Constipation and being overweight were found to increase the odds of having hemorrhoids. Screening for early identification and intervention of hemorrhoids, especially for risk groups is better to be practiced by health professionals.
  • #15 Prevalence and associated factors of hemorrhoids among adult patients visiting the surgical outpatient department in the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249736
    The estimated worldwide prevalence of hemorrhoids in the general population is to be 4.4%. […] Reports on the magnitude and risk factors of hemorrhoids have paramount importance to the policymakers, clinical practitioners, and the society at large. In spite of sever clinical and social impacts, there is no documented evidence in Ethiopia so far. The present study is aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of hemorrhoids among patients visiting the surgical outpatient department (OPD) at the UoGCSH, Northwest Ethiopia. […] The current study found that being overweight increased the odds of having hemorrhoids. The notion of our study is supported by other studies done elsewhere. This could be attributed to an increase in the intra-abdominal pressure due to the high body weight and visceral fats which are thought to give rise to the venous congestion of the distal rectum.
  • #16 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    This review discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical evaluation, and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids. […] Although hemorrhoids are recognized as a very common cause of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort, the true epidemiology of this disease is unknown because patients have a tendency to use self-medication rather than to seek proper medical attention. An epidemiologic study by Johanson et al in 1990 showed that 10 million people in the United States complained of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. […] In the United Kingdom, hemorrhoids were reported to affect 13%-36% of the general population. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus.
  • #17 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i17/2009.htm
    Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. […] Although hemorrhoids are recognized as a very common cause of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort, the true epidemiology of this disease is unknown because patients have a tendency to use self-medication rather than to seek proper medical attention. An epidemiologic study by Johanson et al in 1990 showed that 10 million people in the United States complained of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. In both sexes, peak prevalence occurred between age 45-65 years and the development of hemorrhoids before the age of 20 years was unusual. […] In the United Kingdom, hemorrhoids were reported to affect 13%-36% of the general population. However, this estimation may be higher than actual prevalence because the community-based studies mainly relied on self-reporting and patients may attribute any anorectal symptoms to hemorrhoids.
  • #18 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Worldwide, the prevalence of symptomatic hemorrhoids is estimated at 4.4% in the general population. In the United States, up to one third of the 10 million people with hemorrhoids seek medical treatment, resulting in 1.5 million related prescriptions per year. […] The number of hemorrhoidectomies performed in US hospitals is declining. A peak of 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people was reached in 1974; this rate declined to 37 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people in 1987. Outpatient and office treatment of hemorrhoids account for some of this decline. […] Patients presenting with hemorrhoidal disease are more frequently white, from higher socioeconomic status, and from rural areas. There is no known sex predilection, although men are more likely to seek treatment. However, pregnancy causes physiologic changes that predispose women to developing symptomatic hemorrhoids. As the gravid uterus expands, it compresses the inferior vena cava, causing decreased venous return and distal engorgement. […] External hemorrhoids occur more commonly in young and middle-aged adults than in older adults. The prevalence of hemorrhoids increases with age, with a peak in persons aged 45-65 years.
  • #19 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Physiological changes that occur during pregnancy also increase the likelihood that hemorrhoids will become symptomatic and may increase the incidence of diagnosed cases in females. […] There is a paucity of data on the incidence of hemorrhoids by race, although it has been shown that there is a greater likelihood of Caucasian individuals seeking treatment compared with other races. […] Age is known to influence hemorrhoid risk, with the likelihood of hemorrhoids increasing as a person ages. In most cases, hemorrhoids develop in individuals who are over 30 years old, although they can develop at any age. […] People who live in rural areas and those with a higher socioeconomic background appear to be more likely to be affected by hemorrhoids. […] The number of patients that require surgical removal of hemorrhoids, known as a hemorrhoidectomy, in hospitals in the United States is declining. It reached a peak in 1974 with 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people, which dropped to 37 in 1987.
  • #20 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Worldwide, the overall prevalence of hemorrhoids in the general population is estimated to be 4.4%. […] However, experts have noticed that in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), the number of people visiting hospital as a result of hemorrhoids has fallen. […] According to the HD Treatment Center, estimates suggest that around half of Americans develop hemorrhoids by time they are aged 50 and only a small proportion of those people seek therapy. The number of people in the US suffering from hemorrhoids is estimated to be around 10.4 million and 1 million new cases occur each year. Ten to 20% of those new cases require surgery. […] The HD Treatment Center has also found that among people older than 45 years, 25% of people who develop hemorrhoids are female and 15% are men. […] Research has also shown there is a greater likelihood of men seeking treatment for their hemorrhoids than there is for women.
  • #21 Hemorrhoids | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/haemorrhoids?embed_domain=hackmd.io%25252525252525252F%252525252525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%25252525252525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghradiopaedia-icon-144.png&lang=us
    The prevalence of hemorrhoids is ~20% (range 4-40%), and the actual prevalence remains unknown 2. […] It has an equal distribution between males and females 1. […] It is most commonly seen between 45 and 65 years of age and is more common in higher socioeconomic groups 1-3.
  • #22 Hemorrhoids epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hemorrhoids_epidemiology_and_demographics
    In the USA, the prevalence is about 4,400 per 100,000 individuals. […] It is estimated that approximately one half of all Americans have had this condition by the age of 50, and that 50% to 85% of the world’s population will be affected by hemorrhoids at some point in their life. However, only a small number seek medical treatment. […] Annually, only about 500,000 in the U.S. are medically treated for massive hemorrhage, with 10 to 20% requiring surgery. […] Hemorrhoids are most prevalent in people between 45-65 years old. […] Both males and females are affected equally by hemorrhoids.
  • #23
    https://exonpublications.com/index.php/exon/article/view/hemorrhoids-public-education
    Hemorrhoids are a common condition worldwide, with a prevalence estimated to be around 4.4% in the general population. […] They are more common in adults aged 45 to 65 years and are equally prevalent in men and women. […] However, the incidence of hemorrhoids increases with age, and they are particularly common in pregnant women due to the increased pressure on the pelvic veins. […] Hemorrhoids are also more common in people with a family history of the condition, suggesting a genetic component. […] The condition is prevalent across different populations and regions, highlighting the need for widespread awareness and management strategies.
  • #24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Worldwide, the overall prevalence of hemorrhoids in the general population is estimated to be 4.4%. […] However, experts have noticed that in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), the number of people visiting hospital as a result of hemorrhoids has fallen. […] According to the HD Treatment Center, estimates suggest that around half of Americans develop hemorrhoids by time they are aged 50 and only a small proportion of those people seek therapy. The number of people in the US suffering from hemorrhoids is estimated to be around 10.4 million and 1 million new cases occur each year. Ten to 20% of those new cases require surgery. […] The HD Treatment Center has also found that among people older than 45 years, 25% of people who develop hemorrhoids are female and 15% are men. […] Research has also shown there is a greater likelihood of men seeking treatment for their hemorrhoids than there is for women.
  • #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Worldwide, the overall prevalence of hemorrhoids in the general population is estimated to be 4.4%. […] However, experts have noticed that in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), the number of people visiting hospital as a result of hemorrhoids has fallen. […] According to the HD Treatment Center, estimates suggest that around half of Americans develop hemorrhoids by time they are aged 50 and only a small proportion of those people seek therapy. The number of people in the US suffering from hemorrhoids is estimated to be around 10.4 million and 1 million new cases occur each year. Ten to 20% of those new cases require surgery. […] The HD Treatment Center has also found that among people older than 45 years, 25% of people who develop hemorrhoids are female and 15% are men. […] Research has also shown there is a greater likelihood of men seeking treatment for their hemorrhoids than there is for women.
  • #26 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Physiological changes that occur during pregnancy also increase the likelihood that hemorrhoids will become symptomatic and may increase the incidence of diagnosed cases in females. […] There is a paucity of data on the incidence of hemorrhoids by race, although it has been shown that there is a greater likelihood of Caucasian individuals seeking treatment compared with other races. […] Age is known to influence hemorrhoid risk, with the likelihood of hemorrhoids increasing as a person ages. In most cases, hemorrhoids develop in individuals who are over 30 years old, although they can develop at any age. […] People who live in rural areas and those with a higher socioeconomic background appear to be more likely to be affected by hemorrhoids. […] The number of patients that require surgical removal of hemorrhoids, known as a hemorrhoidectomy, in hospitals in the United States is declining. It reached a peak in 1974 with 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people, which dropped to 37 in 1987.
  • #27 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Worldwide, the prevalence of symptomatic hemorrhoids is estimated at 4.4% in the general population. In the United States, up to one third of the 10 million people with hemorrhoids seek medical treatment, resulting in 1.5 million related prescriptions per year. […] The number of hemorrhoidectomies performed in US hospitals is declining. A peak of 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people was reached in 1974; this rate declined to 37 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people in 1987. Outpatient and office treatment of hemorrhoids account for some of this decline. […] Patients presenting with hemorrhoidal disease are more frequently white, from higher socioeconomic status, and from rural areas. There is no known sex predilection, although men are more likely to seek treatment. However, pregnancy causes physiologic changes that predispose women to developing symptomatic hemorrhoids. As the gravid uterus expands, it compresses the inferior vena cava, causing decreased venous return and distal engorgement. […] External hemorrhoids occur more commonly in young and middle-aged adults than in older adults. The prevalence of hemorrhoids increases with age, with a peak in persons aged 45-65 years.
  • #28 Hemorrhoids – Canadian Digestive Health Foundation
    https://cdhf.ca/en/digestive-conditions/hemorroids/
    Between 60 and 70 per cent of Canadians will develop hemorrhoids at some point in their lifetime. […] At least 50% of people over the age of 50 will experience hemorrhoids and there is an increased likelihood for pregnant women to develop hemorrhoids. […] The exact prevalence of hemorrhoids is difficult to establish as most people do not seek care. […] US data from the 1990’s suggest that hemorrhoids affect 4.4% of the population. (Ganz 2013; Sun et al. 2016) […] Peak prevalence occurs between age of 45 to 65 years among both men and women. (Lohsiriwat 2012; Sun et al. 2016). […] As well, hemorrhoids are very common during pregnancy especially in the third trimester. It has been estimated that 25% of pregnant women experience hemorrhoids. (Zielinski et al. 2015)
  • #29 Hemorrhoids: Diagnosis and Treatment Options | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0201/p172.html
    Hemorrhoids are common. The exact prevalence is unknown because most patients are asymptomatic and do not seek care from a physician. A study of patients undergoing routine colorectal cancer screening found a 39% prevalence of hemorrhoids, with 55% of those patients reporting no symptoms. Hemorrhoids are more prevalent in persons 45 to 65 years of age. Although the precise cause is not well understood, hemorrhoids are associated with conditions that increase pressure in the hemorrhoidal venous plexus, such as straining during bowel movements secondary to constipation. Other associations include obesity, pregnancy, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse, cirrhosis with ascites, pelvic floor dysfunction, and a low-fiber diet. […] The history and physical examination must assess for risk factors and clinical signs indicating more concerning disease processes.
  • #30 Hemorrhoids | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0715/p204.html
    The prevalence of hemorrhoids has been estimated at 4.4 percent of U.S. adults, with the highest prevalence in those between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Factors that increase intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., prolonged straining, constipation, pregnancy, ascites) contribute to dilatation, engorgement, and prolapse of hemorrhoidal vascular tissue.
  • #31 Hemorrhoids: Diagnosis and Treatment Options | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0201/p172.html
    Hemorrhoids are common. The exact prevalence is unknown because most patients are asymptomatic and do not seek care from a physician. A study of patients undergoing routine colorectal cancer screening found a 39% prevalence of hemorrhoids, with 55% of those patients reporting no symptoms. Hemorrhoids are more prevalent in persons 45 to 65 years of age. Although the precise cause is not well understood, hemorrhoids are associated with conditions that increase pressure in the hemorrhoidal venous plexus, such as straining during bowel movements secondary to constipation. Other associations include obesity, pregnancy, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse, cirrhosis with ascites, pelvic floor dysfunction, and a low-fiber diet. […] The history and physical examination must assess for risk factors and clinical signs indicating more concerning disease processes.
  • #32 Prevalence of Hemorrhoids and the Associated Risk Factors Among the General Adult Population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10840063/
    According to our study, the prevalence of hemorrhoidal disease was 16% in Makkah, consistent with a study in Northwest Ethiopia that reported a prevalence of 13.1%. […] This study found that 24.8% of participants who had a low-fiber diet complained of hemorrhoids compared to 13.7% of others with a balanced diet that contained all necessary nutrition. […] The risk of hemorrhoids is found to be higher in old age, married women with a history of pregnancy, those overweight, those with low-fiber diets and patients with chronic diseases such as Crohns diseases and varicose veins.
  • #33 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    This review discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical evaluation, and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids. […] Although hemorrhoids are recognized as a very common cause of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort, the true epidemiology of this disease is unknown because patients have a tendency to use self-medication rather than to seek proper medical attention. An epidemiologic study by Johanson et al in 1990 showed that 10 million people in the United States complained of hemorrhoids, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4%. […] In the United Kingdom, hemorrhoids were reported to affect 13%-36% of the general population. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus.
  • #34 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    However, recent evidence questions the importance of constipation in the development of this common disorder. […] Many investigators have failed to demonstrate any significant association between hemorrhoids and constipation, whereas some reports suggested that diarrhea is a risk factor for the development of hemorrhoids.
  • #35 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Worldwide, the prevalence of symptomatic hemorrhoids is estimated at 4.4% in the general population. In the United States, up to one third of the 10 million people with hemorrhoids seek medical treatment, resulting in 1.5 million related prescriptions per year. […] The number of hemorrhoidectomies performed in US hospitals is declining. A peak of 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people was reached in 1974; this rate declined to 37 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people in 1987. Outpatient and office treatment of hemorrhoids account for some of this decline. […] Patients presenting with hemorrhoidal disease are more frequently white, from higher socioeconomic status, and from rural areas. There is no known sex predilection, although men are more likely to seek treatment. However, pregnancy causes physiologic changes that predispose women to developing symptomatic hemorrhoids. As the gravid uterus expands, it compresses the inferior vena cava, causing decreased venous return and distal engorgement. […] External hemorrhoids occur more commonly in young and middle-aged adults than in older adults. The prevalence of hemorrhoids increases with age, with a peak in persons aged 45-65 years.
  • #36 Hemorrhoids | Concise Medical Knowledge
    https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/hemorrhoids/
    Worldwide estimated prevalence is 4.4%. […] Prevalence increases with age: peak at 45-65 years old. […] Hemorrhoids affect up to 10 million patients in the United States annually. […] Upwards of these patients seek medical care. […] About 40% of patients are asymptomatic. […] No known sex predilection. […] Present more frequently in people of higher socioeconomic backgrounds, those living in rural areas, and the white population.
  • #37 Are hemorrhoids genetic? | Decode your DNA and learn your risks!
    https://nebula.org/blog/are-hemorrhoids-genetic/?srsltid=AfmBOorJxzoIp7XgBglZkh7mDZQs0YSqDMQZExRO-xGvZpukL_j1e2UI
    Hemorrhoids tend to affect people as they age. According to HD Treatment Center, about half of Americans age 50 and above develop them. Overall, 1.5 million new cases occur each year with about 20% requiring surgery. Most cases go undiagnosed. […] The overall prevalence of hemorrhoids in the United States is estimated to be around 10 million people, or about 4.4% of the population. Although there is limited information regarding prevalence, doctors in the United States and the United Kingdom have seen that people visiting hospitals for the condition has fallen over the years. […] Experts notice that the condition affects those who are White more than other races and link it to higher socioeconomic status. […] Another factor that can predispose an individual is hereditary. People who have a family history of hemorrhoids should take measures that can decrease their risk of having the issue, such as getting enough fiber, drinking water, exercising, and not straining in the bathroom.
  • #38 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Worldwide, the overall prevalence of hemorrhoids in the general population is estimated to be 4.4%. […] However, experts have noticed that in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), the number of people visiting hospital as a result of hemorrhoids has fallen. […] According to the HD Treatment Center, estimates suggest that around half of Americans develop hemorrhoids by time they are aged 50 and only a small proportion of those people seek therapy. The number of people in the US suffering from hemorrhoids is estimated to be around 10.4 million and 1 million new cases occur each year. Ten to 20% of those new cases require surgery. […] The HD Treatment Center has also found that among people older than 45 years, 25% of people who develop hemorrhoids are female and 15% are men. […] Research has also shown there is a greater likelihood of men seeking treatment for their hemorrhoids than there is for women.
  • #39 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Hemorrhoids.aspx
    Physiological changes that occur during pregnancy also increase the likelihood that hemorrhoids will become symptomatic and may increase the incidence of diagnosed cases in females. […] There is a paucity of data on the incidence of hemorrhoids by race, although it has been shown that there is a greater likelihood of Caucasian individuals seeking treatment compared with other races. […] Age is known to influence hemorrhoid risk, with the likelihood of hemorrhoids increasing as a person ages. In most cases, hemorrhoids develop in individuals who are over 30 years old, although they can develop at any age. […] People who live in rural areas and those with a higher socioeconomic background appear to be more likely to be affected by hemorrhoids. […] The number of patients that require surgical removal of hemorrhoids, known as a hemorrhoidectomy, in hospitals in the United States is declining. It reached a peak in 1974 with 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people, which dropped to 37 in 1987.
  • #40 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Worldwide, the prevalence of symptomatic hemorrhoids is estimated at 4.4% in the general population. In the United States, up to one third of the 10 million people with hemorrhoids seek medical treatment, resulting in 1.5 million related prescriptions per year. […] The number of hemorrhoidectomies performed in US hospitals is declining. A peak of 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people was reached in 1974; this rate declined to 37 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people in 1987. Outpatient and office treatment of hemorrhoids account for some of this decline. […] Patients presenting with hemorrhoidal disease are more frequently white, from higher socioeconomic status, and from rural areas. There is no known sex predilection, although men are more likely to seek treatment. However, pregnancy causes physiologic changes that predispose women to developing symptomatic hemorrhoids. As the gravid uterus expands, it compresses the inferior vena cava, causing decreased venous return and distal engorgement. […] External hemorrhoids occur more commonly in young and middle-aged adults than in older adults. The prevalence of hemorrhoids increases with age, with a peak in persons aged 45-65 years.
  • #41 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Worldwide, the prevalence of symptomatic hemorrhoids is estimated at 4.4% in the general population. In the United States, up to one third of the 10 million people with hemorrhoids seek medical treatment, resulting in 1.5 million related prescriptions per year. […] The number of hemorrhoidectomies performed in US hospitals is declining. A peak of 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people was reached in 1974; this rate declined to 37 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people in 1987. Outpatient and office treatment of hemorrhoids account for some of this decline. […] Patients presenting with hemorrhoidal disease are more frequently white, from higher socioeconomic status, and from rural areas. There is no known sex predilection, although men are more likely to seek treatment. However, pregnancy causes physiologic changes that predispose women to developing symptomatic hemorrhoids. As the gravid uterus expands, it compresses the inferior vena cava, causing decreased venous return and distal engorgement. […] External hemorrhoids occur more commonly in young and middle-aged adults than in older adults. The prevalence of hemorrhoids increases with age, with a peak in persons aged 45-65 years.
  • #42 Hemorrhoids: Diagnosis and Treatment Options | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0201/p172.html
    Hemorrhoids are common. The exact prevalence is unknown because most patients are asymptomatic and do not seek care from a physician. A study of patients undergoing routine colorectal cancer screening found a 39% prevalence of hemorrhoids, with 55% of those patients reporting no symptoms. Hemorrhoids are more prevalent in persons 45 to 65 years of age. Although the precise cause is not well understood, hemorrhoids are associated with conditions that increase pressure in the hemorrhoidal venous plexus, such as straining during bowel movements secondary to constipation. Other associations include obesity, pregnancy, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse, cirrhosis with ascites, pelvic floor dysfunction, and a low-fiber diet. […] The history and physical examination must assess for risk factors and clinical signs indicating more concerning disease processes.
  • #43
    https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/hemorrhoids
    Hemorrhoids are one of the most common ailments. Millions of Americans currently suffer from hemorrhoids. The average person suffers for a long time before seeking treatment for hemorrhoids. […] Hemorrhoids do not increase the risk of colorectal cancer nor cause it. However, more serious conditions can cause similar symptoms. Even when a hemorrhoid has healed completely, your colon and rectal surgeon may request other tests. A colonoscopy may be done to rule out other causes of rectal bleeding. Every person age 45 and older should undergo a colonoscopy to screen for colorectal cancer. […] Screening for colorectal cancer is the process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of developing this disease.
  • #44 Hemorrhoids: Diagnosis and Treatment Options | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0201/p172.html
    Hemorrhoids are common. The exact prevalence is unknown because most patients are asymptomatic and do not seek care from a physician. A study of patients undergoing routine colorectal cancer screening found a 39% prevalence of hemorrhoids, with 55% of those patients reporting no symptoms. Hemorrhoids are more prevalent in persons 45 to 65 years of age. Although the precise cause is not well understood, hemorrhoids are associated with conditions that increase pressure in the hemorrhoidal venous plexus, such as straining during bowel movements secondary to constipation. Other associations include obesity, pregnancy, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse, cirrhosis with ascites, pelvic floor dysfunction, and a low-fiber diet. […] The history and physical examination must assess for risk factors and clinical signs indicating more concerning disease processes.
  • #45 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Worldwide, the prevalence of symptomatic hemorrhoids is estimated at 4.4% in the general population. In the United States, up to one third of the 10 million people with hemorrhoids seek medical treatment, resulting in 1.5 million related prescriptions per year. […] The number of hemorrhoidectomies performed in US hospitals is declining. A peak of 117 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people was reached in 1974; this rate declined to 37 hemorrhoidectomies per 100,000 people in 1987. Outpatient and office treatment of hemorrhoids account for some of this decline. […] Patients presenting with hemorrhoidal disease are more frequently white, from higher socioeconomic status, and from rural areas. There is no known sex predilection, although men are more likely to seek treatment. However, pregnancy causes physiologic changes that predispose women to developing symptomatic hemorrhoids. As the gravid uterus expands, it compresses the inferior vena cava, causing decreased venous return and distal engorgement. […] External hemorrhoids occur more commonly in young and middle-aged adults than in older adults. The prevalence of hemorrhoids increases with age, with a peak in persons aged 45-65 years.
  • #46 Hemorrhoid Disease and the Role of the Gastroenterologist
    https://www.gastroendonews.com/Review-Articles/Article/01-19/Hemorrhoid-Disease-and-the-Role-of-the-Gastroenterologist/53852?sub=14EBB94819BEDF16889AE192D84D5D7F12BAB184E7D2270C73D794B269D
    Patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids frequently present to family physicians and gastroenterologists. […] Hemorrhoids account for approximately 3.5 million physician visits and $500 million in health care costs in the United States alone. […] Risk factors for symptomatic hemorrhoids include low consumption of dietary fiber, chronic straining, excessive time on the toilet, constipation, diarrhea, pregnancy, and family history. […] Nearly all patients with symptomatic Grade I internal hemorrhoids respond well to medical therapy. […] The majority of patients presenting with symptomatic hemorrhoids improve with a bowel management program alone. […] Gastroenterologists can offer a successful alternative to invasive surgical excision. […] Multiple randomized controlled trials have compared the above methods, but no single study has assessed all 5 at once. […] Overall, 5% to 10% of patients with hemorrhoids will require surgery; the vast majority of these have Grade III to IV lesions.
  • #47 Epidemiology of Hemorrhoidal Disease | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-51989-0_1-1
    Hemorrhoids became symptomatic when enlarged, inflamed, thrombosed, or prolapsed, and the most common symptom is painless rectal bleeding, which is why hemorrhoids are one of the most frequent causes of severe acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. […] Defining the term hemorrhoids and their epidemiology has always been controversial. […] Unfortunately, at present, even after years of articles, debates, and pathogenetic theories, we do not know the extent of this phenomenon. […] In this chapter, we will discuss the epidemiology of hemorrhoidal disease and compare the most important studies in the literature.
  • #48 Comprehensive Review on Hemorrhoids: From Epidemiology to Preclinical Assessment of Anti-Hemorrhoidal Agents
    https://imsear.searo.who.int/items/ca5ce248-2e00-41ce-a447-d0d28d8d99b7
    The review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, classification, risk factors, assessment, the role of biomarkers in the development of hemorrhoids, operative and non-operative treatment options, post-operative complications of hemorrhoids, preclinical evaluation methods of anti-hemorrhoidal drugs, and different medicinal plants that exhibit anti-hemorrhoidal activity. […] Hemorrhoids are recognized as one of the leading causes of morbidity, affecting millions of populations worldwide and also increasing the economic burden on the healthcare system. […] Various biomarkers are responsible for the occurrence of hemorrhoids, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and C-reactive protein (CRP). These biomarkers hold potential as targets for developing new anti-hemorrhoidal agents.
  • #49 Large genetic study sheds light on the causes of hemorrhoids | Karolinska Institutet
    https://news.ki.se/large-genetic-study-sheds-light-on-the-causes-of-hemorrhoids
    Although hemorrhoids are a common health problem, relatively little is known about the field, possibly because many people find them difficult to talk about. […] Hemorrhoids are a very common problem that has both social and financial consequences. […] Despite hemorrhoid being very common, the field is relatively under-researched. […] The data, which was sourced from several biobanks in Europe and the U.S. including the UK Biobank and 23andMe, comprised 218,929 patients with hemorrhoidal disease and 725,213 healthy controls, making a total genome set of almost one million individuals. […] The studys results indicate that severe hemorrhoidal disease is at least partly attributable to a genetically caused dysfunction of the intestinal muscle and connective tissue. […] The researchers also report genetic similarities between hemorrhoidal disease and other gastrointestinal conditions, as well as some cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders.
  • #50 Large genetic study sheds light on the causes of hemorrhoids | Karolinska Institutet
    https://news.ki.se/large-genetic-study-sheds-light-on-the-causes-of-hemorrhoids
    Although hemorrhoids are a common health problem, relatively little is known about the field, possibly because many people find them difficult to talk about. […] Hemorrhoids are a very common problem that has both social and financial consequences. […] Despite hemorrhoid being very common, the field is relatively under-researched. […] The data, which was sourced from several biobanks in Europe and the U.S. including the UK Biobank and 23andMe, comprised 218,929 patients with hemorrhoidal disease and 725,213 healthy controls, making a total genome set of almost one million individuals. […] The studys results indicate that severe hemorrhoidal disease is at least partly attributable to a genetically caused dysfunction of the intestinal muscle and connective tissue. […] The researchers also report genetic similarities between hemorrhoidal disease and other gastrointestinal conditions, as well as some cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders.
  • #51 Prevalence of Hemorrhoids and the Associated Risk Factors Among the General Adult Population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10840063/
    Hemorrhoidal disease is one of the most common benign anorectal conditions. […] However, studies that determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with hemorrhoidal disease are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for hemorrhoids among the general adult population in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. […] Regarding the prevalence of hemorrhoids among the general population in Makkah, 64 participants (16%) reported that they were diagnosed with hemorrhoid disorder. […] Hemorrhoids are one of the most common complaints among surgical patients and are more prevalent in men. The risk of hemorrhoids is significantly higher in married women with a history of pregnancy, who are overweight, and who consume low-fiber diets. […] Studies that determine the prevalence of and risk factors for hemorrhoids in Saudi Arabia are limited. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the hemorrhoid prevalence and the associated risk factors among the general adult population in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • #52 Prevalence and associated factors of hemorrhoids among adult patients visiting the surgical outpatient department in the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249736
    This study helps us to know the burden and possible risk factor of the disease and may allow us to easily identify individuals at risk of hemorrhoids and to provide early diagnosis, prevention measures, and appropriate interventions. However, there are some limitations of this study such as it could not establish a cause-effect relationship because of the cross sectional nature of the study design. […] Hemorrhoid is found to be the common health problem among surgical patients and its prevalence was higher in male subjects. Constipation and being overweight were found to increase the odds of having hemorrhoids. Screening for early identification and intervention of hemorrhoids, especially for risk groups is better to be practiced by health professionals.