Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Athlete’s foot pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Athlete%27s_foot_pathophysiology

  Athlete’s foot is caused by a parasitic fungus and is a communicable disease. […] The various parasitic fungi that cause athlete’s foot can also cause skin infections on other areas of the body, most often under toenails (onychomycosis) or on the groin (tinea cruris). […] Majority of the cases of athlete’s foot are caused by Trichophyton rubrum. But other organisms such as Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton mentagrophytes are also implicated in development of tinea pedis. […] The fungi cause breakdown of superficial skin through secretion of enzymes called keratinases which dissolve keratin. […] The fungal cell wall of dermatophytes also contain mannans which diminish the body’s inflammatory response by decreasing antigen presenting and processing. […] It is interesting to note that Trichophyton rubrum often causes chronic and long drawn infection due to increased production of mannans which decrease the turnover and proliferation of keratinocytes.

• #1 Recognizing and Eradicating Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/recognizing-and-eradicating-tinea-pedis-athletes-foot

  Dermatophytes are a class of keratinophilic cutaneous fungal organisms that subsist on the stratum corneum, the dead layer of skin, as well as the hair, fingernails, and toenails. These mycoses are usually unable to exist on unkeratinized, living layers of skin and mucous membrane. Like other dermatophytes, the organisms responsible for tinea pedis survive optimally in warm, moist areas, such as intertriginous skin (areas that are often or constantly in contact with other skin). Thus, this common dermatophytic skin infection often attacks the areas between the toes. Specific causal organisms include Trichophyton rubrum (responsible for 71.2% of cases), Trichophyton tonsurans (6.9%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (5.5%), Microsporum canis (4.5%), and Epidermophyton floccosum (1.3%). […] After the fungus reaches target tissues, it requires optimal warmth and humidity to fully begin to infect the host. Wearing socks and shoes creates an ideal environment that is most conducive to fungal growth, and sneakers have been found to be an independent risk factor for acquiring tinea pedis.

• #1 Tinea Pedis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091684-overview

  Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) is the term used for a dermatophyte infection of the soles of the feet and the interdigital spaces. […] Dermatophytes, primarily from the genera Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, are the most common causes of tinea pedis. Nondermatophyte causes include Scytalidium dimidiatum, Scytalidium hyalinum, and, rarely, Candida species. […] Using enzymes called keratinases, dermatophyte fungi invade the superficial keratin of the skin, and the infection remains limited to this layer. Dermatophyte cell walls also contain mannans, which can inhibit the body’s immune response. T rubrum in particular contains mannans that may reduce keratinocyte proliferation, resulting in a decreased rate of sloughing and a chronic state of infection. […] Temperature and serum factors, such as beta globulins and ferritin, appear to have a growth-inhibitory effect on dermatophytes; however, this pathophysiology is not completely understood. Sebum also is inhibitory, thus partly explaining the propensity for dermatophyte infection of the feet, which have no sebaceous glands. Host factors such as breaks in the skin and maceration of the skin may aid in dermatophyte invasion. The cutaneous presentation of tinea pedis is also dependent on the host’s immune system and the infecting dermatophyte.

• #1 Tinea Pedis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470421/

  Tinea pedis, also known as athlete’s foot, results from dermatophytes infecting the skin of the feet. Patients contract the infection by directly contacting the organism while walking barefoot. […] If not treated appropriately, tinea pedis can lead to significant morbidity, including cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and lymphangitis. […] Although it’s a common condition, healthcare providers may not be fully aware of the heightened risks in individuals with diabetes and those wearing occlusive shoes. Additionally, there is a need for improved awareness about the progression of untreated tinea pedis, which can lead to severe complications such as cellulitis, pyoderma, and osteomyelitis, especially in immunocompromised patients. […] The occlusion of toe clefts, maceration, and wet conditions, along with a simultaneous increase in bacterial flora, contribute to tinea pedis infection. Furthermore, skin breakdown, humidity, and temperature also affect this infection. Once the dermatophyte infiltrates the patient’s skin, it adheres through adhesins in the fungal cell wall. Proteases, such as serine subtilisin and fungalysin, digest keratin and trigger an immune response. In response, keratinocytes produce cytokines to combat the dermatophyte. In addition, molecules called „mannans” in the dermatophyte cell wall suppress the body’s immune response, making the person more susceptible to infection.

• #1 Interdigital athlete’s foot: new concepts in pathogenesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/866279/

  In our view, interdigital athlete’s foot usually begins with invasion of the horny layer by dermatophytes. […] Because of hot weather, sweating, exercise, or tight shoes, enough moisture accumulates to stimulate an overgrowth of bacteria. […] Large numbers of normally resident aerobic diphtheroids cause the common wet, macerated type of athlete’s foot, while an overgrowth of Gram-negative organisms, such as Pseudomonas and Proteus, is responsible for the more serious cases. […] The dry, scaly type (dermatophytosis simplex) often alternates with the wet, macerated type (dermatophytosis complex). […] Flare-ups are common in summer and can be experimentally induced by occlusion of fungus-infected feet. […] Suppression of bacteria is essential in treating symptomatic athlete’s foot. […] This can be accomplished by exposing the feet to air (eg, wearing sandals) to enhance evaporation of water and prevent the accumulation of excess moisture that stimulates bacterial overgrowth.

• #1 Athlete’s Foot (Which sports see it the most?) – Waco Foot & Ankle, P.A.

  https://wacopodiatry.com/athletes-foot-which-sports-see-it-the-most/

  Athletes foot is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, a group of fungi that thrive in warm, moist environments. […] The fungi responsible for this infection include various species, most commonly Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. […] Athletes foot spreads through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or individuals. […] Warm and Moist Environments: Fungi thrive in warm, humid conditions. Environments where athletes sweat or where moisture accumulates, such as shoes and socks, are prime areas for fungal growth. […] Excessive Sweating: Hyperhidrosis, or excessive sweating, can create a moist environment that encourages fungal growth. This condition is particularly common among athletes who engage in intense physical activity. […] Diagnosing athletes foot typically involves a physical examination by a healthcare professional.

• #1 Athlete’s foot pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Athlete%27s_foot_pathophysiology

  The dermatophytes thrive in a moist and damp environment. Maceration, superficial tears in the skin and chronic occlusive footwear usage for long periods of time increase the chance of getting infected. […] Several innate factors such as transferrin, beta globulins and sebum have a growth-inhibitory effect on these fungi. Transferrin, particularly the unsaturated form inhibits growth by binding iron which is required for growth and propagation of dermatophytes. […] A poor immune system such as in immunocompromised individuals also is a predilection for infection with tinea spp.

• #1 Getting To The Root Cause of Athlete’s Foot

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/getting-to-the-root-cause-of-athletes-foot

  Some people are more susceptible to fungal infections like tinea pedis. Those with a compromised skin barrier are more likely to develop an infection. Allergies that affect the skin or other conditions that cause skin dryness, like dermatitis and eczema, can weaken the skin barrier and make it easier for fungi to overgrow. […] Those with a weakened immune system due to an autoimmune disorder or medications, such as steroids, or from dysbiosis in the skin and/or gut may also be at a greater risk. In addition, having poor circulation due to conditions like diabetes and neuropathy can make skin infections of the feet more likely.

• #1 Recognizing and Eradicating Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/recognizing-and-eradicating-tinea-pedis-athletes-foot

  The most common category is known as interdigital tinea pedis. In this type, the skin between the patients toes (most often the fourth and fifth) begins to itch and break down. Fissures develop, with accompanying maceration to the point of a boggy appearance, increased whitening and thickening, intense pruritus and burning, and the development of a foul odor due to bacterial overgrowth in the open wounds. […] Tinea pedis may present in the second form, known as acute vesiculobullous infection. Foul odor and intense pruritus are also present. The lesions include vesicles and pustules; inflammation and fissuring are also prominent. Patients may be virtually disabled by the symptoms. […] The third form of tinea pedis is the moccasin type, most often caused by anthropophilic fungi that are passed from person-to-person. The patient notices a fine scale over the plantar surface, but there are no vesicles, and there may be no symptoms.

• #1 Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-pedis-athlete-s-foot

  Tinea pedis is a dermatophyte infection of the feet. Diagnosis is by clinical appearance and sometimes by potassium hydroxide wet mount, particularly if the infection manifests as hyperkeratotic, ulcerative, or vesiculobullous or is not interdigital. Treatment is with topical antifungals, occasionally oral antifungals, moisture reduction, and drying agents. […] Tinea pedis is the most common dermatophytosis because moisture resulting from foot sweating facilitates fungal growth. […] Chronic hyperkeratotic tinea pedis due to Trichophyton rubrum causes a distinctive pattern of lesion, manifesting as scaling and thickening of the soles, which often extends beyond the plantar surface in a moccasin distribution. […] Acute ulcerative tinea pedis (most often caused by T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale) typically begins in the 3rd and 4th interdigital spaces and extends to the lateral dorsum and/or the plantar surface of the arch. These toe web lesions are usually macerated and have scaling borders.

• #1 Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-pedis-athlete-s-foot

  Vesiculobullous tinea pedis, in which vesicles develop on the soles and coalesce into bullae, is the less common result of a flare-up of interdigital tinea pedis; risk factors are occlusive shoes and environmental heat and humidity. […] Diagnosis of tinea pedis is usually obvious based on clinical examination and review of risk factors. […] If the appearance is not diagnostic or if the infection manifests as hyperkeratotic, ulcerative, or vesiculobullous, a potassium hydroxide wet mount is helpful. […] The safest tinea pedis treatment is topical antifungals, but recurrence is common and treatment must often be prolonged. Alternatives that provide a more durable response include oral itraconazole and terbinafine. […] Moisture reduction on the feet and in footwear is necessary for preventing recurrence.

• #1 Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis) Condition, Treatments and Pictures for Adults – Skinsight

  https://skinsight.com/skin-conditions/athletes-foot-tinea-pedis/

  Athletes foot (tinea pedis), also known as ringworm of the foot, is a fungal infection of the superficial layers of the skin of the foot. […] The most severe form of tinea pedis infection, called ulcerative tinea pedis, appears as painful blisters, pus-filled bumps (pustules), and shallow open sores (ulcers). These lesions are especially common between the toes but may involve the entire sole. Because of the numerous breaks in the skin, lesions commonly become infected with bacteria. Ulcerative tinea pedis occurs most frequently in people with diabetes and others with weak immune systems. […] To confirm the diagnosis of athletes foot, your medical professional may scrape some surface skin material (scales) onto a glass slide and examine them under a microscope. This procedure, called a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, allows them to look for signs of fungal infection. […] The infection should go away within 4-6 weeks of using effective treatment.

• #1 Athlete’s foot – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot

  According to the UK’s National Health Service, „Athlete’s foot is very contagious and can be spread through direct and indirect contact.” […] The disease may spread to others directly when they touch the infection. […] One way to contract athlete’s foot is to get a fungal infection somewhere else on the body first. […] The ease with which the fungus spreads to other areas of the body (on one’s fingers) poses another complication. […] Some individuals may experience an allergic response to the fungus called an id reaction in which blisters or vesicles can appear in areas such as the hands, chest, and arms.

• #1 Athlete’s foot: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261244

  If socks are damp and the feet are warm, there is a greater risk of developing athletes foot. […] Athletes foot can be spread through direct and indirect contact: direct, skin-to-skin contact, as may occur when an uninfected person touches the infected area of somebody with athletes foot; indirect contact, in which the fungi can infect people via contaminated surfaces, clothing, socks, shoes, bed sheets, and towels. […] Athletes foot commonly spreads around swimming pools and communal showers these places are generally humid and warm. […] People with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to developing athletes foot.

• #1 Athlete’s foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353841

  Athlete’s foot is caused by the same type of fungi (dermatophytes) that cause ringworm and jock itch. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions favor the organisms’ growth. […] Athlete’s foot is contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes. You can also spread it from the foot to other parts of the body, especially if you scratch or pick the infected parts of your foot. […] The athlete’s foot infection can spread to other warm, moist parts of the body. Jock itch is often caused by the same fungus that results in athlete’s foot. It’s common for the infection to spread from the feet to the groin because the fungus can travel on hands or towels. […] Athlete’s foot can sometimes lead to bacterial infections.

• #1 Athlete’s foot | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/athletes-foot

  Athletes foot is an infection caused by a type of fungus known as a dermatophyte. […] T. rubrum is the dermatophyte most commonly associated with athletes foot. […] Fungal spores from T. rubrum can live in human scales for 12 months and are therefore easily transmitted from person to person in locker rooms and public showers.

• #1 Athlete’s foot – podimedic

  https://www.podimedic.com/en/foot-problems/skin/athletes-foot/

  Nail fungus (onychomycosis) is a common complication of athletes foot. The same fungi can cause nails to thicken and become brittle, discoloured and sometimes painful. […] If you dont treat athletes foot, you put your family at risk of getting it. You are contagious for as long as there are visible lesions on your skin.

• #1 Athlete’s foot – podimedic

  https://www.podimedic.com/en/foot-problems/skin/athletes-foot/

  Athletes foot is caused by dermatophytes, which are fungi that infect the skin and nails. Most infections are caused by Trichophyton Rubrum, Tricophyton Mentagrophytes or Epidermophyton Floccosum, but some strains of candida can also cause athletes foot. […] The skin on feet becomes infected following contact with these microorganisms. This can happen when you touch another persons infected skin or a contaminated surface. […] If athletes foot is left untreated, it will spread and get worse. What looks like a simple rash between your toes can lead to cracked skin and lesions on the bottom of your feet. The fungus can also spread to other parts of your body, including your hands, groin, between your buttocks or under your breasts. […] Since the integrity of your skin is lost with athletes foot, you become at risk of bacerial infections. Sometimes leg infections and cellulitis can be caused by untreated athletes foot. This can be especially serious for patients who have diabetes or vascular disease.

• #1 Athlete’s foot

  https://www.medgate.ch/en-us/glossary/diseases-a-z/athlete-s-foot

  Athlete’s foot – technically known as tinea pedis – is a skin fungus. […] Athlete’s foot is caused by filamentous fungi known as dermatophytes. The fungi feed on horny substance and therefore only infect the top layer of the skin. […] If the skin between the toes is affected by a fungus, skin damage occurs, which in turn provides an entry point for bacteria. The bacteria can cause erysipelas. […] Athlete’s foot can also be the starting point for fungal infections in other parts of the body – for example on the nails, groin and other areas of the skin.

• #1 ATHLETE’S FOOT – Foot and Ankle Clinic

  https://drfootpain.com/conditions/athletes-foot/

  Even mild cases of athletes foot can be concerning, since an unchecked and untreated infection can spread quickly, even reaching the bone. Ultimately, dead tissue may develop, and we may be left with no choice but to amputate part or all of a foot. […] If you do have diabetes, or your athletes foot isnt responding to home care (or keeps returning), schedule an appointment with Foot Ankle Clinic of the Virginias. Our team of foot specialists will determine whether a fungal infection is truly the cause of the problem and devise an appropriate treatment plan. You may require stronger antifungal medications (including oral pills), or possibly an antibiotic if there is a bacterial infection.

• #1 Interdigital athlete’s foot: new concepts in pathogenesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/866279/

  Topical antibiotics are another approach, with the ideal perhaps being an agent with both broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity. […] The newer imidazoles are broad-spectrum compounds but have limited activity against Gram-negative organisms. […] Our agent of choice, aluminum chloride, combines broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with chemical drying, a two-pronged attack. […] We view drying as the decisive element. […] We doubt that any local treatment can permanently eradicate athlete’s foot. […] Potent antifungal agents can virtually exterminate interdigital dermatophytes, but the inevitable presence of infection in the nails or on the soles assures reinfection. […] In shoe-wearing populations living in temperate climates, interdigital athlete’s foot is mainly a seasonal disease. […] The various therapies discussed provide a variety of approaches to prevent or ameliorate hot-weather exacerbations.

• #1 Athlete’s foot: information and athlete’s foot doctors

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/illness/infections/athletes-foot

  The mode of action of the antifungal agents also determines how long they need to be used: […] Fungistatic antifungals contain active ingredients such as clotrimazole, which primarily inhibit the reproduction of athlete’s foot pathogens. They prevent the athlete’s foot infection from spreading further. […] Fungicidal antimycotics contain active ingredients such as terbinafine, which kill the athlete’s foot pathogens directly. […] The active ingredient bifonazole belongs to the azole group. Like all azoles, the active ingredient primarily has a fungistatic effect, but it can also develop a fungicidal effect.

• #1 Athlete’s Foot | Orthopedic Medical Center

  https://www.orthomedctr.com/athletes-foot.php

  Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) is a common fungal infection that develops in the moist areas between the toes or on the soles of the feet. […] Athlete’s foot fungus thrives in a warm, moist environment. […] It is caused by a variety of fungi that belong to the group „dermatophyte,” which also causes ringworm, diaper rash and jock itch (dhobi itch). […] If the fungal infection spreads to the nails, the nails may become discolored, and thicken or, possibly, decompose. […] During a KOH exam, a scraping of skin cells is deposited in potassium hydroxide (KOH), which destroys all but the fungal cells, making microscopic detection of the fungus much simpler. […] Most athlete’s foot cases, particularly those treated early, respond well (usually within 1 to 2 weeks) to over-the-counter remedies that include creams, lotions and sprays. […] In some cases, when athlete’s foot does not respond to treatment with over-the-counter medications, prescription medication may be necessary. […] If the patient has contracted a bacterial infection as a result of athlete’s foot, topical or oral antibiotics may be prescribed.

• #1 Tinea Pedis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470421/

  Untreated tinea pedis can lead to cellulitis, pyoderma, and osteomyelitis, especially in patients with immunocompromised conditions, diabetes, or peripheral vascular disease. This topic explores the etiology and pathophysiology of tinea pedis, as well as highlights the critical roles of the interprofessional healthcare team in evaluating, managing, and preventing recurrence and complications of the condition.

• #2 Athlete’s foot – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot

  Athlete’s foot, known medically as tinea pedis, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by a fungus. […] Athlete’s foot is caused by a number of different funguses, including species of Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum. […] The condition is typically acquired by coming into contact with infected skin, or fungus in the environment. […] Athlete’s foot is a form of dermatophytosis (fungal infection of the skin), caused by dermatophytes, funguses (most of which are mold) which inhabit dead layers of skin and digest keratin. […] Dermatophytes are anthropophilic, meaning these parasitic funguses prefer human hosts. […] Athlete’s foot is most commonly caused by the molds known as Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, but may also be caused by Epidermophyton floccosum.

• #2 Tinea pedis (fungal foot infection)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/tinea-pedis

  Tinea pedis is a foot infection due to a dermatophyte fungus. It is the most common dermatophyte infection and is particularly prevalent in hot, tropical, urban environments. […] The three most common dermatophyte fungi causing tinea pedis are: Trichophyton (T.) rubrum, T. interdigitale, previously called T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, and Epidermophyton floccosum. […] Infection is usually acquired by direct contact with the causative organism, for example using a shared towel, or by walking barefoot in a public change room. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by skin scrapings, which are sent for microscopy in potassium hydroxide (when segmented hyphae may be observed) and culture (mycology). […] General measures should be first-line, including meticulous drying of feet, especially between the toes, avoidance of occlusive footwear, and the use of barrier protection (sandals) in communal facilities.

• #2 ATHLETE’S FOOT: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND SOLUTIONS | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/athletes-foot-causes-symptoms-and-solutions

  Athlete’s Foot is a highly contagious fungal skin infection found on the feet that affects up to 10% of the world’s population. The scientific name for this infection is tinea pedis. […] Dermatophytes of the trichophyton species cause Athlete’s Foot. Trichophyton rubrum is responsible for up to 70% of Athlete’s Foot cases, yet 80-90% of all tinea cases. The remaining cases comprise of T mentagrophytes, T interdigitale, and Epidermophyton floccosum. […] These strains of fungi produce specialized enzymes that dissolve skin keratin, a protein that gives skin its structure. Trichophyton fungal cells also possess other compounds in their membranes, like mannans, that suppress the immune system and evade detection.

• #2 Athlete’s Foot: What Is It? What Causes It? Is It Contagious?

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-athletes-foot-basics

  The majority of cases are caused by a variety of fungi that also causes jock itch and ringworm. The fungi thrive in closed, warm, moist environments and feed on keratin, a protein found in hair, nails, and skin. Rarely, athletes foot can be caused by fungi like yeast (candida). […] Walking barefoot in warm or damp public places such as locker rooms, saunas, swimming pools, and communal showers may increase your chances of getting athlete’s foot. You also may be at more risk of getting athlete’s foot if you often wear closed shoes, sweat heavily, or share mats, rugs, bed sheets, clothes, or shoes with someone who has a fungal infection. You can also be at risk of getting athlete’s foot if you have certain medical conditions, like if you have an impaired immune system or diabetes and an open cut or sore on your feet.

• #2 Tinea Pedis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091684-overview

  Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) is the term used for a dermatophyte infection of the soles of the feet and the interdigital spaces. […] Dermatophytes, primarily from the genera Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, are the most common causes of tinea pedis. Nondermatophyte causes include Scytalidium dimidiatum, Scytalidium hyalinum, and, rarely, Candida species. […] Using enzymes called keratinases, dermatophyte fungi invade the superficial keratin of the skin, and the infection remains limited to this layer. Dermatophyte cell walls also contain mannans, which can inhibit the body’s immune response. T rubrum in particular contains mannans that may reduce keratinocyte proliferation, resulting in a decreased rate of sloughing and a chronic state of infection. […] Temperature and serum factors, such as beta globulins and ferritin, appear to have a growth-inhibitory effect on dermatophytes; however, this pathophysiology is not completely understood. Sebum also is inhibitory, thus partly explaining the propensity for dermatophyte infection of the feet, which have no sebaceous glands. Host factors such as breaks in the skin and maceration of the skin may aid in dermatophyte invasion. The cutaneous presentation of tinea pedis is also dependent on the host’s immune system and the infecting dermatophyte.

• #2 Athlete’s foot: information and athlete’s foot doctors

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/illness/infections/athletes-foot

  Infection with these pathogens usually occurs either through direct or indirect smear infection. […] Fungal diseases caused by dermatophytes are also known as dermatophytoses or tinea. In medicine, the term tinea pedis is therefore usually used for athlete’s foot. The most important representatives of the dermatophyte group include the genera Trichophyton, in particular Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. […] Transmission usually occurs from person to person through a so-called smear or contact infection. Two different transmission routes are possible: direct and indirect smear infection. […] In order to cause a athlete’s foot infection, the pathogen must first penetrate the natural protective layer of the skin. To do this, the athlete’s foot pathogens use small skin tears and injuries on the feet in particular.

• #2 Athlete’s foot pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Athlete%27s_foot_pathophysiology

  Athlete’s foot is caused by a parasitic fungus and is a communicable disease. […] The various parasitic fungi that cause athlete’s foot can also cause skin infections on other areas of the body, most often under toenails (onychomycosis) or on the groin (tinea cruris). […] Majority of the cases of athlete’s foot are caused by Trichophyton rubrum. But other organisms such as Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton mentagrophytes are also implicated in development of tinea pedis. […] The fungi cause breakdown of superficial skin through secretion of enzymes called keratinases which dissolve keratin. […] The fungal cell wall of dermatophytes also contain mannans which diminish the body’s inflammatory response by decreasing antigen presenting and processing. […] It is interesting to note that Trichophyton rubrum often causes chronic and long drawn infection due to increased production of mannans which decrease the turnover and proliferation of keratinocytes.

• #2 Athlete’s foot: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261244

  Athletes foot is a fungal infection that affects the upper layer of the skin of the foot, especially when it is warm, moist, and irritated. […] The fungus that causes athletes foot is called Trichophyton and is commonly found on floors and in clothing. […] Athletes foot fungus only infects the skin if conditions are right it requires a warm and moist environment, for example, the inside of a shoe. […] The athlete foot fungus, Trichophyton, is a dermatophyte, related to other fungi that cause infections in human skin, hair, and nails. […] These fungi exist harmlessly on human skin. As long as the skin is dry and clean, their reproduction is limited. However, under damp and warm conditions, they multiply rapidly. […] Thick, tight shoes are more likely to trigger athletes foot because they squeeze the toes together, creating ideal conditions for the fungus to thrive.

• #2 Getting To The Root Cause of Athlete’s Foot

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/getting-to-the-root-cause-of-athletes-foot

  Some people are more susceptible to fungal infections like tinea pedis. Those with a compromised skin barrier are more likely to develop an infection. Allergies that affect the skin or other conditions that cause skin dryness, like dermatitis and eczema, can weaken the skin barrier and make it easier for fungi to overgrow. […] Those with a weakened immune system due to an autoimmune disorder or medications, such as steroids, or from dysbiosis in the skin and/or gut may also be at a greater risk. In addition, having poor circulation due to conditions like diabetes and neuropathy can make skin infections of the feet more likely.

• #2 Athlete’s foot pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Athlete%27s_foot_pathophysiology

  The dermatophytes thrive in a moist and damp environment. Maceration, superficial tears in the skin and chronic occlusive footwear usage for long periods of time increase the chance of getting infected. […] Several innate factors such as transferrin, beta globulins and sebum have a growth-inhibitory effect on these fungi. Transferrin, particularly the unsaturated form inhibits growth by binding iron which is required for growth and propagation of dermatophytes. […] A poor immune system such as in immunocompromised individuals also is a predilection for infection with tinea spp.

• #2 Athlete’s foot: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261244

  If socks are damp and the feet are warm, there is a greater risk of developing athletes foot. […] Athletes foot can be spread through direct and indirect contact: direct, skin-to-skin contact, as may occur when an uninfected person touches the infected area of somebody with athletes foot; indirect contact, in which the fungi can infect people via contaminated surfaces, clothing, socks, shoes, bed sheets, and towels. […] Athletes foot commonly spreads around swimming pools and communal showers these places are generally humid and warm. […] People with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to developing athletes foot.

• #2 Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/tinea-pedis-athlete-s-foot

  Tinea pedis is a dermatophyte infection of the feet. Diagnosis is by clinical appearance and sometimes by potassium hydroxide wet mount, particularly if the infection manifests as hyperkeratotic, ulcerative, or vesiculobullous or is not interdigital. Treatment is with topical antifungals, occasionally oral antifungals, moisture reduction, and drying agents. […] Tinea pedis is the most common dermatophytosis because moisture resulting from foot sweating facilitates fungal growth. […] Chronic hyperkeratotic tinea pedis due to Trichophyton rubrum causes a distinctive pattern of lesion, manifesting as scaling and thickening of the soles, which often extends beyond the plantar surface in a moccasin distribution. […] Acute ulcerative tinea pedis (most often caused by T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale) typically begins in the 3rd and 4th interdigital spaces and extends to the lateral dorsum and/or the plantar surface of the arch. These toe web lesions are usually macerated and have scaling borders.

• #2 Severe Athlete’s Foot: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/athletes-foot-1068771

  Severe athlete’s foot may be caused by different strains of the fungus and/or because a person has a weakened immune system. […] When athlete’s foot turns severe, it can move beyond the toes and involve the entire foot or cause itchy blisters (vesicles) or pitted sores (ulcers). […] But, there are two other subtypes that can cause more severe symptoms and be less likely to resolve without extensive treatment. These are largely regarded as severe athlete’s foot. […] Plantar athlete’s foot, also known as chronic scaly athlete’s foot or „mocassin foot,” is also mainly caused by Trichophyton rubrum. But, for reasons that are not always clear, the fungus can move from the toes to cover the entire sole of the foot and, in some cases, the sides and back of the heel. […] Acute vesicular athlete’s foot is characterized by the sudden outbreak of painful blisters on the sole or top of the foot. The initial outbreak can be followed by recurrent episodes that become progressively worse, leading to the formation of painful foot ulcers.

• #2 Tinea Pedis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470421/

  Untreated tinea pedis can lead to cellulitis, pyoderma, and osteomyelitis, especially in patients with immunocompromised conditions, diabetes, or peripheral vascular disease. This topic explores the etiology and pathophysiology of tinea pedis, as well as highlights the critical roles of the interprofessional healthcare team in evaluating, managing, and preventing recurrence and complications of the condition.

• #2 Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis): Prevention and Treatment | The Foot Hub

  https://thefoothub.com.au/athletes-foot/

  If not effectively treated, athlete’s foot infection can spread to other parts of your body which include: hands — particularly if you scratch and pick at the infected part of your feet; toenails can also become infected causing fungal toenails which can be more resistant to treatment; as the fungi that cause tinea also cause jock itch, it’s common for the infection to be transferred to your groin area via towel or hand. […] Effectively treating tinea can take several weeks or even months, and the infection can return if the warm, moist conditions persist. Long-term treatment usually requires a change in how you look after your feet, and the footwear you choose. […] The first line of treatment for tinea is usually an over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal preparation available through your pharmacy. These are usually in the form of powders, creams or sprays.

• #2 Interdigital athlete’s foot: new concepts in pathogenesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/866279/

  In our view, interdigital athlete’s foot usually begins with invasion of the horny layer by dermatophytes. […] Because of hot weather, sweating, exercise, or tight shoes, enough moisture accumulates to stimulate an overgrowth of bacteria. […] Large numbers of normally resident aerobic diphtheroids cause the common wet, macerated type of athlete’s foot, while an overgrowth of Gram-negative organisms, such as Pseudomonas and Proteus, is responsible for the more serious cases. […] The dry, scaly type (dermatophytosis simplex) often alternates with the wet, macerated type (dermatophytosis complex). […] Flare-ups are common in summer and can be experimentally induced by occlusion of fungus-infected feet. […] Suppression of bacteria is essential in treating symptomatic athlete’s foot. […] This can be accomplished by exposing the feet to air (eg, wearing sandals) to enhance evaporation of water and prevent the accumulation of excess moisture that stimulates bacterial overgrowth.

• #2 Interdigital athlete’s foot: new concepts in pathogenesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/866279/

  Topical antibiotics are another approach, with the ideal perhaps being an agent with both broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity. […] The newer imidazoles are broad-spectrum compounds but have limited activity against Gram-negative organisms. […] Our agent of choice, aluminum chloride, combines broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with chemical drying, a two-pronged attack. […] We view drying as the decisive element. […] We doubt that any local treatment can permanently eradicate athlete’s foot. […] Potent antifungal agents can virtually exterminate interdigital dermatophytes, but the inevitable presence of infection in the nails or on the soles assures reinfection. […] In shoe-wearing populations living in temperate climates, interdigital athlete’s foot is mainly a seasonal disease. […] The various therapies discussed provide a variety of approaches to prevent or ameliorate hot-weather exacerbations.

• #2 Athlete’s foot: information and athlete’s foot doctors

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/illness/infections/athletes-foot

  The mode of action of the antifungal agents also determines how long they need to be used: […] Fungistatic antifungals contain active ingredients such as clotrimazole, which primarily inhibit the reproduction of athlete’s foot pathogens. They prevent the athlete’s foot infection from spreading further. […] Fungicidal antimycotics contain active ingredients such as terbinafine, which kill the athlete’s foot pathogens directly. […] The active ingredient bifonazole belongs to the azole group. Like all azoles, the active ingredient primarily has a fungistatic effect, but it can also develop a fungicidal effect.

• #2 What is Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis) | Lotrimin®

  https://www.lotrimin.com/athletes-foot

  Athlete’s foot is most commonly contracted by coming into contact with an infected person or an object that has an athlete’s-foot-causing fungus on it. […] People are most susceptible to athlete’s foot when their feet are sweaty or lack proper ventilation. Shoes create the ideal conditions for fungus growth, as they provide a warm, moist environment. […] Clotrimazole and Miconazole Nitrate medications are azole antifungals. They work by reducing and stopping fungal growth through fungistatic action during treatment. […] Butenafine is used to treat fungus infections. It works by controlling the fungus or preventing its growth through fungicidal action during treatment.

• #2 Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/athletes-foot-tinea-pedis-a-to-z

  Athlete’s foot, also known as tinea pedis, is a common foot infection caused by fungi called dermatophytes. […] Once dermatophytes contaminate the skin of a foot, the warm, moist environment of sweaty socks and shoes encourages them to grow. […] The dermatophytes that cause the infection often show up under a microscope. […] Even after proper medical treatment, the infection can return easily if your feet are exposed again to fungi and sweaty, warm conditions. […] Successfully curing the infection often requires changes in how you care for your feet and what you wear on your feet. […] For people with long-standing or recurring athlete’s foot, topical antifungal drugs may relieve symptoms without actually curing the infection. […] However, you still can be susceptible to recurrences, and oral medications may be more likely to cause side effects. […] Chronic or recurring athlete’s foot infections also can be cured this way, but may require significant changes in foot care and several weeks of treatment. […] Even after successful treatment, people remain at risk of re-infection if they do not follow prevention guidelines.

• #3 ATHLETE’S FOOT: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND SOLUTIONS | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/athletes-foot-causes-symptoms-and-solutions

  Athlete’s Foot is a highly contagious fungal skin infection found on the feet that affects up to 10% of the world’s population. The scientific name for this infection is tinea pedis. […] Dermatophytes of the trichophyton species cause Athlete’s Foot. Trichophyton rubrum is responsible for up to 70% of Athlete’s Foot cases, yet 80-90% of all tinea cases. The remaining cases comprise of T mentagrophytes, T interdigitale, and Epidermophyton floccosum. […] These strains of fungi produce specialized enzymes that dissolve skin keratin, a protein that gives skin its structure. Trichophyton fungal cells also possess other compounds in their membranes, like mannans, that suppress the immune system and evade detection.

• #3 Interdigital athlete’s foot: new concepts in pathogenesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/866279/

  In our view, interdigital athlete’s foot usually begins with invasion of the horny layer by dermatophytes. […] Because of hot weather, sweating, exercise, or tight shoes, enough moisture accumulates to stimulate an overgrowth of bacteria. […] Large numbers of normally resident aerobic diphtheroids cause the common wet, macerated type of athlete’s foot, while an overgrowth of Gram-negative organisms, such as Pseudomonas and Proteus, is responsible for the more serious cases. […] The dry, scaly type (dermatophytosis simplex) often alternates with the wet, macerated type (dermatophytosis complex). […] Flare-ups are common in summer and can be experimentally induced by occlusion of fungus-infected feet. […] Suppression of bacteria is essential in treating symptomatic athlete’s foot. […] This can be accomplished by exposing the feet to air (eg, wearing sandals) to enhance evaporation of water and prevent the accumulation of excess moisture that stimulates bacterial overgrowth.

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