Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pheochromocytoma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23373-pheochromocytoma

  Signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma happen when the tumor releases too much adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine) into your blood. However, some pheochromocytoma tumors dont make extra adrenaline or noradrenaline and dont cause symptoms (are asymptomatic). […] Common symptoms of pheochromocytoma include: High blood pressure (hypertension). Headache. Excessive sweating for no known reason. A pounding, fast or irregular heartbeat. Feeling shaky. […] Less common symptoms of pheochromocytoma include: Pain in your chest and/or abdomen. Being much paler than usual. Nausea and/or vomiting. Diarrhea. Constipation. An extreme drop in blood pressure upon standing suddenly (orthostatic hypotension). Unexplained weight loss. […] A person with a pheochromocytoma could have sustained high blood pressure (the most common symptom of pheochromocytoma) or it may come and go.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & More

  https://pheopara.org/education/pheochromocytoma

  Pheochromocytomas produce an excess amount of catecholamine hormone, which include norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine. The release of catecholamines can cause persistent or episodic high blood pressure, headache, sweating and other symptoms. If left untreated, a pheochromocytoma can result in severe or life-threatening damage to other body systems, especially the cardiovascular system. […] The signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma can be caused by a number of different conditions. […] Signs or symptoms of pheochromocytomas may include: High blood pressure, Rapid or forceful heartbeat, Profound sweating without any reason, Severe, throbbing headache, Tremors, Paleness in the face, Shortness of breath, Sensation of panic. […] Less common signs or symptoms may include: Anxiety or sense of doom, Abdominal pain, Constipation, Weight loss.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma-related Headache and Symptoms that Should Not be Overlooked: A Case Report

  https://www.j-nn.org/journal/view.php?number=177

  Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that originates from catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells derived from the ectodermic neural system and is mostly situated in the adrenal medulla. The annual incidence of pheochromocytoma is approximately 0.8 per 100,000 person-years. A triad of symptoms of paroxysmal headache, excessive sweating, and heart palpitations should raise suspicion of pheochromocytoma, especially when concurrent hypertension exists; however, less than 25% of patients with pheochromocytoma present all three. Usually, headaches due to pheochromocytoma occur simultaneously with an abrupt increase in blood pressure. Complications of pheochromocytoma from catecholamine secretion include congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, cerebrovascular accidents, and catecholamine cardiomyopathy.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40200-016-0226-x

  Hypermetabolism caused by catecholamines can cause weakness, fatigue and weight loss. […] Although chronic hypertension can cause cardiovascular complications, catecholamines directly have toxic effect on myocardium as well. […] The presence of classic triad of headache, palpitation and sweating raises the clinical suspicion 6 times. […] At last, when we look at the table of LRs, it seems that no single sign or symptom alone is helpful in diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Rather, the combination (such as the classic triad) can be probably important for this aim.

• #1 Phaeochromocytoma Diagnosis – Endocrinesurgery.net.au

  http://www.endocrinesurgery.net.au/phaeochromocytoma-diagnosis/

  The wide spectrum of symptoms of this tumour are explained by the adrenaline and noradrenaline released into the circulation, which mimic the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation. In up to 90% of cases there is sustained or episodic hypertension (high blood pressure), often difficult to control medically. True episodic hypertension occurs in less than 50% of cases. […] The classical triad of symptoms of a phaeochromocytoma are headache, palpitations and extreme hypertension, usually occurring episodically. […] Typical symptoms, with their frequency shown in brackets, include the following: hypertension (80-90%), headache (60-90%), palpitations (50-70%), sweating (55-75%), pallor / pale appearance (40-45%), nausea and/or vomiting (20-40%), flushing (10-20%), weight loss (20-40%), tiredness (25-40%), anxiety or panic attacks / feeling of impending doom (20-40%).

• #1 Pheochromocytoma | Adrenal Gland Tumor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/pheochromocytoma.htm

  In several cases, pheochromocytoma does not cause any symptoms and is diagnosed only when the patient undergoes imaging tests for some other condition. […] In general, symptoms and signs of pheochromocytoma are because of the high levels of catecholamines and their exaggerated effect on the various body systems. Symptoms appear in bouts as and when excess catecholamines are released into the blood. These episodes may be triggered by change in position, while passing urine etc. Symptoms include: High blood pressure; the high blood pressure may not respond to usual medication treatment. […] Bouts of headache, palpitations and excessive sweating […] Digestive tract problems like nausea, pain in abdomen and constipation […] Weakness […] Weight loss […] Features of diabetes like high blood sugar, excessive urination and excessive thirst […] Anxiety with pale skin and panic attacks. […] The blood pressure can rise high enough to cause stroke, cardiac arrhythmias, blindness and other life-threatening complications.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis & Treatment – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/pheochromocytoma/

  The primary pheochromocytoma treatment is surgical resection. The catecholamine effect must be blocked before surgery in all patients to prevent hypertensive crises and arrhythmias. Any alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, calcium-channel blocker, or angiotensin-receptor blocker can be used, with no preference for one option over another. Beta-adrenergic blockers should never be started before adequate alpha-adrenergic blockade has been achieved, due to the risk for further elevations in blood pressure. The surgical technique will vary based on the specific circumstances of the case, although a laparoscopic procedure is preferred. Surgery is usually curative for non-metastatic tumors, and the risk of operative mortality is extremely low if performed by an experienced surgical team. Pheochromocytomas are usually benign, with only 10% being malignant. Typical pheochromocytoma metastases patterning involves the lungs, liver, bones, and lymph nodes. Surgical resection is the malignant pheochromocytoma treatment of choice, with targeted therapies, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy being alternative options for metastasized tumors if surgery is contraindicated or unsuccessful.

• #1 Phaeochromocytoma

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phaeochromocytoma/

  A phaeochromocytoma can cause the adrenal glands to produce too much of these hormones, which often results in problems such as heart palpitations and high blood pressure. […] The symptoms of a phaeochromocytoma tend to be unpredictable, often occurring in sudden attacks lasting from a few minutes to an hour. […] The attacks may last longer, and become more frequent and severe, as the tumour grows. […] The symptoms and signs of a phaeochromocytoma can include: headaches, heavy sweating, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, a pale face, feeling or being sick, feeling anxious or panicky, shakiness (tremor). […] Some people with a phaeochromocytoma do not have symptoms, and their condition is either never diagnosed or only discovered during tests for another problem, such as high blood pressure. Others have symptoms for many years before a phaeochromocytoma is diagnosed.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23373-pheochromocytoma

  People with pheochromocytomas may also experience paroxysmal attacks, which are chronic episodes of high blood pressure that often lead to headaches, irregular heartbeats (palpitations) and excessive sweating (diaphoresis). These episodes can happen anywhere from several times a day to a couple of times a month. […] The prognosis (outlook) for pheochromocytoma is usually good if its treated. Approximately 90% of pheochromocytomas are successfully removed by surgery. […] If pheochromocytomas are left untreated, they can potentially cause serious, life-threatening complications, including: Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy). Inflammation of your heart muscle (myocarditis). Uncontrolled bleeding in your brain (cerebral hemorrhaging). Accumulation of fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema). […] Some people with a pheochromocytoma may also be at risk of developing a stroke or heart attack (myocardial infarction).

• #1 Pheochromocytoma: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what_is_pheochromocytoma

  Some people with these tumors have high blood pressure all the time. For others, it goes up and down. […] But most people have at least one other symptom, including: Constipation, Dizziness when standing, Nausea, Tremors, Shortness of breath, Pale skin, Fast or uneven heartbeat (heart palpitations), Severe headache, Stomach, side, or back pain, Unusual sweating, Vomiting, Weight loss, Weakness, Anxiety attacks. […] These symptoms can happen suddenly, like an attack, several times a day, or they can happen just a few times a month. As the tumor grows, the attacks may become stronger and may happen more often. […] Pheochromocytoma symptoms such as high blood pressure, headaches, palpitations, and too much sweating may come and go. Medications such as alpha-blockers, which regulate your blood pressure, and beta-blockers, which steady your heart rate, may be prescribed to manage your symptoms. Some medicines can also limit the symptoms resulting from excess hormones released from the adrenal gland. […] Yes, pheochromocytoma symptoms, including high blood pressure, can come and go. Sometimes, the symptoms appear daily, while at other times you may have a few episodes a month.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-and-Symptoms-of-Pheochromocytoma.aspx

  Pheochromocytoma can have exceptionally variable clinical presentation from rare and escalating hypercatecholaminergic incidents, through rather stable hypertension, to dire and clinically malignant illness that can be complicated by hypertensive crisis, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and a myriad of other emergent conditions. […] Signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma can be highly varied, reflecting the hemodynamic and metabolic activities of the catecholamines that are produced and secreted by the tumors. […] High blood pressure or hypertension is the most common sign and a cardinal feature of pheochromocytoma, which may be sustained or paroxysmal. […] The occurrence of the triad that includes headache, palpitations, and excessive generalized sweating in patients with hypertension should immediately arouse suspicion that pheochromocytoma is the underlying cause.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

  Other clinical manifestations that have been reported include (in no particular order): Pallor, Heat intolerance, Weight loss, Chest and/or abdominal discomfort, Palpitations, Nausea/vomiting, Constipation, Orthostatic hypotension becoming light-headed or dizzy after swiftly changing positions, Psychiatric manifestations: Anxiety, panic attacks, nervousness, tremors, Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). […] While the symptoms of a pheochromocytoma are quite common, the disease has been referred to as „the great mimic”. It is estimated that approximately 0.1% of patients with hypertension have a pheochromocytoma, and it is often misdiagnosed as essential hypertension. As symptoms are often paroxysmal (episodic/sporadic), patients may not immediately seek treatment as the problem „disappears on its own.” Furthermore, when pictured in the ideal clinical scenario (an older woman in her mid-50s), the spontaneous attacks of flushing, sweating, and a racing heart may be mistaken for pre-menopausal related hot flashes. Unmanaged pheochromocytoma is dangerous and can lead to serious, potentially fatal, complications, including stroke and hypertension-induced organ damage. The cardiovascular system is the most commonly involved.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/124059-clinical

  Sinus tachycardia (presenting as palpitations) is the most common cardiac rhythm abnormality in patients with pheochromocytoma, but more serious ventricular arrhythmias or conduction disturbances may also occur. Other cardiac manifestations include reversible dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Takotsubo cardiomyopathy has gained increasing recognition.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-medicine/pheochromocytoma-4/

  Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors. Patients classically present with symptoms and signs of excess catecholamines, including headache, palpitations, diaphoresis, and paroxysmal or sustained hypertension. […] The clinical presentation is actually quite variable. […] Most commonly, headaches, palpitations, and sweats (comprising the classic triad), as well as nausea and anxiety (can mimic panic attacks). […] Hypertension: Occurs in most patients but maybe continuous or paroxysmal. […] Hypertension and/or tachycardia (may be paroxysmal). […] Orthostatic hypotension (reflecting intravascular volume depletion and desensitization of catecholamine receptors). […] Pallor (due to vasoconstriction). […] Episodic flushing of the face. […] Most patients will do well with medications and surgical removal of the tumor, although there is a risk of recurrence (about 6% in 5 years).

• #1 Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland (Pheo)

  https://www.adrenal.com/pheochromocytoma/pheochromocytoma-symptoms

  High blood pressure is the most common clinical feature of pheochromocytoma. The traditional estimate is that 90% of pheochromocytoma patients are hypertensive; the normotensive ones are found incidentally during imaging for an unrelated problem or during the process of family screening in kindreds with syndromic pheochromocytomas. […] It is noteworthy that more than one-half of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma patients do not have discrete spells. This is the group that masquerades as essential hypertension. The high blood pressure whether sustained or episodic puts the patient at great risk of a stroke. […] Orthostatic hypotension (medical term for that your blood pressure drops when you stand up; often causing dizziness) is an important manifestation of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. In fact, in an untreated hypertensive patient, a prominent fall in BP on standing (20/10 mmHg) should raise the suspicion of pheochromocytoma.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pheochromocytoma-overview-and-more-5196422

  Pheochromocytoma is one of the medical causes of a sense of impending doom, and these paroxysms can be very frightening. […] High blood pressure is the most common symptom of pheochromocytoma, and blood pressure spikes can be severe and dangerous. […] The prognosis, or outcome, of pheochromocytoma can vary widely, depending on the stage (size of the tumor and how far it has spread) at diagnosis, whether the tumor is benign or malignant, and your overall health. […] For people who have localized tumors, between 7% and 17% will develop a recurrence. The five-year survival rate for metastatic pheochromocytoma or a local/regional pheochromocytoma that later recurs is 40%45%.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pheochromocytoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20355367

  A pheochromocytoma can cause large changes in blood pressure. […] With a pheochromocytoma, the tumor releases hormones that can cause various symptoms. They include high blood pressure, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack. If a pheochromocytoma isn’t treated, serious or life-threatening damage to other body systems can happen. […] A pheochromocytoma often causes the following symptoms: High blood pressure. Headache. Heavy sweating. Rapid heartbeat. […] Some people with pheochromocytomas also have symptoms such as: Nervous shaking. Skin that turns a lighter color, also called pallor. Shortness of breath. Panic attack-type symptoms, which can include sudden intense fear. Anxiety or a sense of doom. Vision problems. Constipation. Weight loss. […] Most often, the symptoms of pheochromocytoma come and go. When they start suddenly and keep coming back, they’re known as spells or attacks. […] High blood pressure is one of the main symptoms of a pheochromocytoma.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/pheochromocytoma

  Pheochromocytomas can cause striking symptoms and signs. Hypertension is an invariable finding in patients with these tumours. It may be constant, mimicking the common forms of hypertension, or episodic and associated with headache, excessive perspiration, heart palpitation, pallor, tremour, and anxiety. […] The attacks may last a few minutes to several hours, and they may occur at intervals that range from once a month to several per day. Most pheochromocytomas secrete both epinephrine and norepinephrine, the latter often being produced in larger amounts; by comparison, dopamine-secreting pheochromocytomas are rare. In persons with tumours that secrete an appreciable amount of catecholamines, anxiety may be increased, and the patient may experience weight loss and develop hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.

• #1 Top 5 Symptoms of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma

  https://www.adrenal.com/blog/top-5-symptoms-of-adrenal-pheochromocytoma

  Headache is a very common symptom of pheochromocytoma. This occurs especially during the spell and often goes together with a very high blood pressure. […] A racing heart or heart palpitations, also known as tachycardia, is also very common symptom in pheochromocytoma. […] The sweating is due to the increase in heat production that is stimulated by the adrenaline hormones. […] The very toxic effects of too much adrenaline hormone causes a lot of effects on our brain. Patients often develop significant anxiety as well as an impending sense of doom. […] Every single week I talk to and see patients with pheochromocytoma that doctors, hospitals, and the medical system have failed to diagnose for years. Like this sweet 76-year-old lady, they often have had symptoms of an adrenal pheo for decades. She had had high blood pressure requiring 3 medications (Propranolol, Amlodipine, and Losartan). She had heart palpitations, anxiety, depression, diabetes, as well as tremors. All very typical symptoms of pheochromocytoma. Going through her history it was obvious that she had had a pheochromocytoma for years and decades. Over time it grew to the size of a large grapefruit.

• #1 Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland (Pheo)

  https://www.adrenal.com/pheochromocytoma/pheochromocytoma-symptoms

  This List Summarizes a Typical Paroxysm Spell of Symptoms From a Pheochromocytoma: Headache, sweating, and palpitations; Very high BP (frequently with tachycardia); Chest or abdominal pain; Pallor/flush; Apprehension (sense of impending doom); Duration (5 min to an hour or longer); Spells may be spontaneous or precipitated by change in body position, anxiety, medications (e.g., metoclopramide, anesthetic agents), and maneuvers that increase intraabdominal pressure (e.g. going to the bathroom). […] Other Typical Signs and Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma Include: Headaches (severe); Excess sweating (generalized); Racing heart (tachycardia and palpitations); Anxiety and nervousness; Nervous shaking (tremors); Pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen; Nausea (with or without vomiting); Weight loss; Heat intolerance; Recent onset of hypertension; Severe or malignant hypertension; Tachycardia (occasional racing heart); Marked blood pressure lability; Carbohydrate intolerance or overt new onset diabetes mellitus; Adrenal mass on imaging; Orthostatic hypotension in untreated state (get faint when you stand up); Family history of pheochromocytoma; Unanticipated prominent changes in BP (up or down) in response to drugs or diagnostic manipulations.

• #1 An atypical pheochromocytoma presenting with clinical sign and symptoms of non-mechanical bowel obstruction | ECE2018 | 20th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrine Abstracts

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0056/ea0056ep7

  Pheochromocytomas are rare catecolamin-secreting neoplasms. The classic triad of symptoms in patients with a pheochromocytoma consists of episodic headache, sweating and tachycardia. […] Gastrointestinal spectrums have been reported such as chronic constipation, intestinal pseudo-obstruction or even intestinal perforation. […] Phaeochromocytoma may clinically manifest as a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms. The net effect of sympathetic over activity on the and -adrenergic receptors is a depressed peristaltic state and constriction of the sphincter, leading to ileus and constipation, as seen in this case. […] Another interesting feature observed in this patient was the presence of bilateral non-obstructive hydronephrosis. Because of the relaxation effect of the sympathetic system on the bladder and the construction of the internal uretral sphincher, excessive sympathetic stimulation can cause urinary retention and hydroureteronephrosis. […] This case report draws attention to the patients presenting with adrenal mass and unexplained ileus, constipation and non-obstructive hydroutereronephrosis the diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma should be considered.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma and ParagangliomaAdrenal – NETRF

  https://netrf.org/old-for-patients/nets-info/tumor-site/adrenal/

  Signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma may occur when one of the following events happens: Hard physical activity, A physical injury or having a lot of emotional stress, Childbirth, Going under anesthesia, Surgery, including procedures to remove the tumor, Eating foods high in tyramine (such as red wine, chocolate, and cheese).

• #1 8 Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma You Need to Know | Vejthani

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/pheochromocytoma/

  If an individual has a pheochromocytoma, the tumor can discharge hormones that may cause panic attack-like symptoms, elevated blood pressure, headaches, and sweating. […] Pheochromocytoma symptoms and signs frequently include: Elevated blood pressure, Headache, Profused sweating, Tremor, Increased heart rate, Being pale, Difficulty of breathing, Symptoms similar to a panic attack. […] Pheochromocytoma symptoms can be persistent, sporadic, or both, and they can also worsen. Activities, environmental factors, meals heavy in tyramine, a compound that influences blood pressure, and drugs can all trigger these episodes. […] The following situations or behaviors can exacerbate symptoms: Strenuous physical activity, Anxiety, Stress, Changing ones physical position, such as standing up after lying down or sitting, Labor and giving birth, Having surgery and using anesthesia, a medicine that puts you to sleep during the procedure. […] Despite the fact that a pheochromocytomas major symptom is elevated blood pressure, most persons with this condition do not also have an adrenal tumor.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma FAQs: Treatment & Diagnosis – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/conditions-treated/adrenal/adrenal-tumors/pheochromocytoma/pheochromocytoma-treatment-diagnosis

  High blood pressure (hypertension) is the most common problem attributed to pheochromocytomas. This is a result of increased release of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. Because each tumor is different from the next, patients with pheochromocytomas may experience either consistently high blood pressure (due to constant hormone release) or episodic peaks in blood pressure (due to random bursts of hormone release). […] Symptoms of pheochromocytoma are often related to surges in blood pressure. People commonly report feeling a sudden adrenaline rush for no apparent reason, and this can happen up to several times per day. Many patients report that exercise may provoke pheochromocytoma surges. Typical symptoms include: Severe Headache, Palpitations or rapid heart rate, Profuse sweating, Flushing or feeling hot, Chest pain or chest pressure.

• #1 Get Pheochromocytoma Treatment Online

  https://www.telemed2u.com/diabetes-endocrinology/pheochromocytoma

  Pheochromocytoma is most often diagnosed in individuals between the ages of 20-50. They usually have one or more of the following signs or symptoms: High blood pressure, Headaches, Excessive sweating, Rapid or irregular heartbeat, Shortness of breath, Tremors, Pallor, or loss of color in the face, Panic attacks or increased anxiety symptoms. […] Symptoms may be constant or can be triggered and/or made worse by the following: Physical or emotional stress including physical exertion, surgery, or labor and delivery, Eating foods that are high in tyramine content, such as foods that are fermented, rancid, cured, or preserved. These include some cheeses, beers or wines, chocolate, and dried or smoked meats. […] Drugs or medications: Stimulants, like amphetamines or cocaine, Antidepressants like Amitriptyline, Doxepin, or Imipramine, Anesthesia, Beta-blockers.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

  The symptoms of a sympathetic pheochromocytoma are related to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. The classic triad includes headaches (likely related to elevated blood pressure, or hypertension), tachycardia/elevated heart rate, and diaphoresis (excessive sweating, particularly at night, also known as hyperhidrosis). However, patients are unlikely to experience continuous symptoms. Due to the paroxysmal nature of catecholamine synthesis and release, patients may experience „attacks” or „spells” where they are suddenly overwhelmed with signs and symptoms of their tumor. Attacks can occur spontaneously (without warning) or may be triggered by a variety of pharmaceutical agents (including histamine, metoclopramide, glucagon and adrenocorticotropic hormone), foods that contain tyramine (cheese and wine), intraoperative tumor manipulation, intubation, or during anesthetic induction.

• #1 PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA: AN ENDOCRINE STRESS MIMICKING DISORDER

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2693284/

  The tumors can manifest with highly variable presentations, from rare and progressive hypercatecholaminergic episodes, through relatively sustained hypertension, to severe and clinically malignant disease, complicated by hypertensive crises, stroke, acute myocardial infarction and numerous other conditions. […] Hypertension, tachyarrhythmia, sweating, pallor and anxiety are common to both disorders, but particularly in acute emergency situations. […] Cardiovascular abnormalities can be acute and severe, and associate with structural myocardial changes that may or may not resolve after tumor resection. Cardiac manifestations of pheochromocytoma are thought to be frequent and potentially catastrophic in majority of patients. Structural cardiac manifestations are seen in up to 30% of patients with pheochromocytoma and include left ventricular hypertrophy, catecholamine myocarditis, dilated or obstructive cardiomyopathy, which can associate with myocardial necrosis and/or fibrosis and resultant heart failure.

• #1 PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA: AN ENDOCRINE STRESS MIMICKING DISORDER

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2693284/

  Some pheochromocytoma patients may experience a clinical course similar to Selyes stress-induced General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). The initial stage includes sporadic surges of catecholamines that produce in both conditions episodic clinical symptomatology. The pathology of the second resistance stage is unique for both conditions. While clinical symptomatology is more persistent and severe, and associates with structural organ damage, some patients may show a paradoxical lack of damage and apparent adaptation to the condition. […] Although sometimes seen as advantageous, this stage inevitably progresses to exhaustion of compensatory mechanisms and results in irreversible organ damage and failure.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/124059-overview

  Classically, pheochromocytoma manifests as spells with the following 4 characteristics: […] Over time, spells tend to occur more frequently and become more severe as the tumor grows. […] Hypertension is the most common complication. Cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial and ventricular fibrillation, may occur because of excessive plasma catecholamine levels. […] A pheochromocytoma-induced hypertensive crisis may precipitate hypertensive encephalopathy, which is characterized by altered mental status, focal neurologic signs and symptoms, or seizures. Other neurologic complications include stroke from cerebral infarction or an embolic event secondary to a mural thrombus from dilated cardiomyopathy. Intracerebral hemorrhage also may occur, because of uncontrolled hypertension. […] The 5-year survival rate for people with nonmalignant pheochromocytomas is greater than 95%. In patients with malignant pheochromocytomas, the 5-year survival rate is less than 50%. […] Although pheochromocytomas are rare, making the diagnosis is critical because the malignancy rate is 10%, pheochromocytomas may be associated with a familial syndrome, they may precipitate life-threatening hypertension, and the patient may be cured completely with their removal.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

  Hypertensive crisis: Pheochromocytoma-related hypertensive emergencies are one of the most feared clinical manifestations. Attacks are random and may occur secondary to a trigger (see Signs and Symptoms above) or spontaneously after a catecholamine surge. The prevailing symptom is elevated systolic blood pressure (200 mmHg) that is unresponsive to traditional treatment regimens and threatens end-organ damage. Patients require immediate, life-saving treatment to prevent further damage to other organs and/or death.

• #1 PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA: AN ENDOCRINE STRESS MIMICKING DISORDER

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2693284/

  Pheochromocytoma is an endocrine tumor that can uniquely mimic numerous stress-associated disorders, with variations in clinical manifestations resulting from different patterns of catecholamine secretion and actions of released catecholamines on physiological systems. […] The tumors may display numerous clinical manifestations similar to psychological or physiological stress. These clinical manifestations result from the hemodynamic and metabolic actions of high circulating catecholamine levels and include hypertension, headache, spontaneous sweating, palpitations, anxiety or panic attacks, as well as the presence of pallor. […] Similar to stress-related situations, pheochromocytoma-induced metabolic or hemodynamic attacks or episodes may last from a few seconds, up to one or more hours or even extend to much longer intervals in patients with chronically elevated catecholamine levels. Rarely, severe acute release of catecholamines (e.g. during severe stressful situations such as surgery, acute severe psychological stress) may result in multisystem crisis defined as hypertension and/or hypotension, high fever, encephalopathy and signs of multiple organ failure.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318203

  Possible complications include: heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), a heart attack (myocardial infarction), bleeding in the brain (cerebral hemorrhage), a buildup of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). […] Pheochromocytoma is rare, and it is not usually cancerous. However, without treatment, it can lead to serious complications. […] Removing the tumor will usually cause the symptoms to go away. However, a doctor may recommend lifelong follow up, as some pheochromocytomas can recur.

• #1 Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma and When to See Your Doctor

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/symptoms-of-pheochromocytoma-and-when-to-see-your-doctor

  Pheochromocytoma symptoms occur when the tumor secretes catecholamines and can vary widely in severity, frequency, and duration. Episodes may happen once a month to several times per day. As the tumor grows and produces increasing amounts of catecholamines, the symptoms often become more frequent and intense. […] The most common symptom of pheochromocytoma is high blood pressure (often resistant to treatment), affecting 60% of patients. A dangerous blood pressure spike over 180/120 mmHg is called a hypertensive crisis and can cause stroke, heart attack, loss of consciousness, and damage to the eyes and kidneys. […] The other cardinal symptoms of pheochromocytoma include episodic: Headache, Sweating, Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), Tremors or shaking, Anxiety. […] While the prognosis of pheochromocytoma is good, untreated tumors can lead to potentially serious and life-threatening complications. An adrenergic crisis is characterized by a sudden surge of catecholamines, causing intense symptoms such as severe hypertension and arrhythmias that can cause heart attack or stroke, in addition to damage to the eyes and kidneys. […] Other complications of untreated pheochromocytoma include: Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), Cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), Pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs).

• #1 Pheochromocytoma: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318203

  A person with pheochromocytoma may experience headaches, heart palpitations, and sweating. […] Symptoms of pheochromocytoma vary from person to person. Around 60% of people with this condition experience either constant or sporadic high blood pressure. […] The most common symptoms of pheochromocytoma are: headaches, heart palpitations, sweating. […] Symptoms may last for seconds or hours. They tend to worsen over time and become more frequent as the tumor grows. […] Pheochromocytoma can disturb the normal functioning of the adrenal glands. This can increase the risk of an adrenergic crisis, which occurs when bursts of adrenal hormones enter the bloodstream. […] Symptoms of an adrenergic crisis include extremely high blood pressure and a rapid heart rate. […] Most pheochromocytomas are benign. However, without treatment, they can lead to complications.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/pheochromocytoma

  Patients with pheochromocytoma typically present either with classic symptoms (40%), with an incidental finding (40%), in pheo crisis (10%), or during evaluation of familial disease (10%). […] The classic symptoms of pheochromocytoma include: high blood pressure, rapid heart rate (palpitations), headache, flushing, and sweating. In addition, patients may feel like they are having an anxiety or panic attack (difficulty breathing, weakness, a feeling that something „bad” is happening). Other less common symptoms may include pale skin, blurred vision, weight loss, constipation, abdominal pain, high blood sugar levels, low blood pressure, and psychiatric disturbances. […] High blood pressure (i.e. hypertension) is the most common symptom related to pheochromocytoma, but in 10% of patients, the blood pressure may be normal. […] Patients in pheo crisis have had a massive release of adrenaline that causes major health problems including stroke, heart attack, heart failure, multiple organ failure, coma, and even death. These patients often require admission to an intensive care unit.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis & Treatment – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/pheochromocytoma/

  Lifelong monitoring after surgery will be required to ensure that the pheochromocytoma treatment was successful, identify complications, and monitor tumor recurrence. Repeating biochemical tests should be done no sooner than 14 days after surgery. If metanephrine levels are elevated for three months after surgical resection, further imaging is indicated to look for another tumor. Although the long-term prognosis after surgery is excellent, nearly 50% of patients will remain hypertensive, and roughly 17% of tumors will recur, with approximately half of these showing signs of malignancy. Close monitoring and coordination of an interprofessional team, both pre-and post-surgery, will provide the best outcomes for patients.

• #1 Phaeochromocytoma

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/phaeochromocytoma

  Symptoms of phaeochromocytoma are variable due to paroxysmal episodes of hormone release. They include: […] Headaches […] Sweating (hyperhidrosis) […] Palpitations […] Anxiety […] Paroxysmal hypertension […] Malignant hypertension. Malignancy is defined by the presence of distant metastases. Metastatic rates are 10-15% for phaeochromocytomas and 20-50% for paragangliomas. The most common metastatic sites are the skeleton, lungs, liver, and lymph nodes. The prognosis is excellent for a completely resected sporadic phaeochromocytoma, which has a low risk of relapse or malignancy. In inherited causes, one-third of patients with extra-adrenal disease experience recurrence.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & More

  https://pheopara.org/education/pheochromocytoma

  Although high blood pressure is a primary sign of a pheochromocytoma, most people with high blood pressure don’t have a pheochromocytoma, and not all patients with a pheochromocytoma have hypertension. It is common for pheo para patients to experience spells where symptoms arise quickly and intensely. […] In 15%-25% of the cases of pheochromocytoma, the disease is metastatic and has spread to other organs. […] All pheochromocytoma have the potential to become metastatic, or spread to other parts of the body. This happens in approximately 15-25% of pheo cases. […] There are currently no cures for metastatic pheochromocytoma. However, existing treatment options may reduce tumors and prolong survival. Some patients live for decades with metastatic pheochromocytoma. The prognosis for metastatic pheo is highly variable and is dependent upon the size of the primary tumor (tumors larger than 5-6 cm are more likely to metastasize), levels of methoxytyramine (a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine which can be measured in the blood) and genetic status. Some genetic mutations are more likely to develop metastatic pheo. […] Treatment of metastatic pheo can include surgery, MIBG therapy, PRRT therapy (Lutathera), chemotherapy, and others.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & Prognosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pheochromocytoma/article.htm

  Pheochromocytomas are not generally staged in the same way other types of cancer are staged. […] These tumors produce an excess amount of hormones, which may cause symptoms such as sweating, anxiety, and high blood pressure. […] Pheochromocytoma is benign in most cases, and if blood pressure-related surgical complications can be avoided, the likelihood of a cure is excellent. Both malignant and benign pheochromocytomas can recur after surgery. The statistics vary from one study to the next, but recurrence rates average around 10%. Therefore, long-term follow-up care after surgery is very important to keep outlooks fair to good with additional appropriate treatments of medicine or surgery. […] In the low percentage of these already rare tumors in which malignant behavior is evident, survival may still be quite prolonged, as the pace of the disease may still be slow.

• #1 Phaeochromocytoma

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phaeochromocytoma/

  Without treatment, phaeochromocytomas can cause severe problems and significantly affect your quality of life. […] You’ll be at risk of an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), heart attacks, strokes and organ failure. […] However, most tumours can be successfully removed by surgery and this will usually mean most of the symptoms disappear. […] In a small number of people, the tumour may come back. You’ll therefore need regular check-ups following surgery so that, if it does return, it can be picked up and treated as soon as possible. Contact your GP immediately if your symptoms come back.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pheochromocytoma

  Symptoms include high blood pressure, headache, sweating, rapid heart rate. […] In people with pheochromocytomas, the cells that make up the tumors produce and release excessive levels of these hormones, which can lead to high blood pressure, heart palpitations, sweating, and headache, among other symptoms. […] Pheochromocytomas tend to grow over time, and as they get larger, symptoms may be more severe, last longer, and occur more frequently. […] Without treatment, pheochromocytomas can lead to life-threatening high blood pressure and complications including heart attack, heart arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, heart failure, and stroke, among others. […] With treatment, the outlook is better. In many cases, surgical removal of the tumor can cure people of the disease. Some people, however, may still have high blood pressure even after surgery. This can be treated with medication. […] There is also a risk that the tumor will return after surgery. This can happen years after initial treatment.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma | Adrenal Glands | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/pheochromocytoma.html

  Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that usually starts in the cells of one of your adrenal glands. Although they are usually benign, pheochromocytomas often cause the adrenal gland to make too many hormones. This can lead to high blood pressure and cause symptoms such as : Headaches, Sweating, Pounding of the heart, Being shaky, Being extremely pale. […] Sometimes pheochromocytoma is part of another condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MEN). People with MEN often have other cancers and other problems involving hormones.

• #1

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/Phaeochromocytoma/

  Left untreated, phaeochromocytomas can cause severe problems and significantly affect your quality of life. […] You’ll be at risk of an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), heart attacks, strokes and organ failure. […] However, most tumours can be successfully removed by surgery and this will usually mean most of the symptoms disappear. […] In a small number of people, the tumour may come back. You’ll therefore need regular check-ups following surgery so that, if it does return, it can be picked up and treated as soon as possible. Contact your GP immediately if your symptoms come back.

• #1 Phaeochromocytoma | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/phaeochromocytoma/

  Many patients with a phaeochromocytoma return to very good health after treatment. However, patients need long-term follow-up to make sure that no new tumour develops in the future. This is unusual but happens in about 10% of patients. Effects as a result of the high blood pressure and raised adrenaline and noradrenaline levels may persist and may need to be monitored, e.g. kidney damage. Follow-up will include blood pressure monitoring and measurement of adrenaline and noradrenaline related chemicals in urine or blood. […] If the tumour is completely removed at initial surgery, most patients are cured. Phaeochromocytomas are generally slow-growing tumours. Survival rates are reduced if the tumour spreads, but patients may still live for many years with treatment despite this.

• #1 Top 5 Symptoms of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma

  https://www.adrenal.com/blog/top-5-symptoms-of-adrenal-pheochromocytoma

  The symptoms of adrenal pheochromocytoma (pheo for short) can be variable, and often missed by doctors for years and decades. Some people with pheos have all of these symptoms, but most have only one or a few symptoms. […] The top 5 symptoms of pheochromocytoma are: High blood pressure (hypertension), Headache, Racing heartbeat (tachycardia), Sweating, Anxiety. […] Symptoms from a pheochromocytoma are often characterized by paroxysm (spells). This means patients develop symptoms from the pheo during an attack, a spell, which often last 5 to 20 minutes. The typical spell is associated with very high blood, headache, palpitations (heart racing), and sweating. […] High blood pressure is the most common symptom of pheochromocytoma. Up to 90% of all patients with a pheo have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension.

• #1 Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Symptoms and Treatment | Saint John’s Cancer Institute

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/endocrine/conditions/pheochromocytoma-and-paraganglioma/

  Pheochromocytoma Symptoms […] Common pheochromocytoma/PPGL symptoms may include: high blood pressure, either continuous or episodic, palpitations, headaches, and sweating. […] Some people dont have any obvious, overt symptoms of pheochromocytoma. This is called subclinical pheochromocytoma (if its an adrenal tumor). About half of all paragangliomas dont produce any obvious symptoms. […] Sometimes, symptoms may occur after a procedure or eating certain foods.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/adrenal-gland-disorders/pheochromocytoma

  Pheochromocytomas may be quite small. However, even a small pheochromocytoma can produce large amounts of potent catecholamines. Catecholamines are hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine), norepinephrine, and dopamine, which tend to greatly increase blood pressure and heart rate and cause other symptoms usually associated with life-threatening situations. […] The most prominent sign of a pheochromocytoma is high blood pressure, which may be very severe. However, only about 1 in 1,000 people with high blood pressure has a pheochromocytoma. Symptoms include A fast and pounding heart rate, Excessive sweating, Light-headedness when standing, Rapid breathing, Cold and clammy skin, Severe headaches, Chest and stomach pain, Nausea and vomiting, Vision disturbances, Tingling fingers, Constipation, An odd sense of impending doom.

• #2 Top 5 Symptoms of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma

  https://www.adrenal.com/blog/top-5-symptoms-of-adrenal-pheochromocytoma

  The symptoms of adrenal pheochromocytoma (pheo for short) can be variable, and often missed by doctors for years and decades. Some people with pheos have all of these symptoms, but most have only one or a few symptoms. […] The top 5 symptoms of pheochromocytoma are: High blood pressure (hypertension), Headache, Racing heartbeat (tachycardia), Sweating, Anxiety. […] Symptoms from a pheochromocytoma are often characterized by paroxysm (spells). This means patients develop symptoms from the pheo during an attack, a spell, which often last 5 to 20 minutes. The typical spell is associated with very high blood, headache, palpitations (heart racing), and sweating. […] High blood pressure is the most common symptom of pheochromocytoma. Up to 90% of all patients with a pheo have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension.

• #2 PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA: AN ENDOCRINE STRESS MIMICKING DISORDER

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2693284/

  Pheochromocytoma is an endocrine tumor that can uniquely mimic numerous stress-associated disorders, with variations in clinical manifestations resulting from different patterns of catecholamine secretion and actions of released catecholamines on physiological systems. […] The tumors may display numerous clinical manifestations similar to psychological or physiological stress. These clinical manifestations result from the hemodynamic and metabolic actions of high circulating catecholamine levels and include hypertension, headache, spontaneous sweating, palpitations, anxiety or panic attacks, as well as the presence of pallor. […] Similar to stress-related situations, pheochromocytoma-induced metabolic or hemodynamic attacks or episodes may last from a few seconds, up to one or more hours or even extend to much longer intervals in patients with chronically elevated catecholamine levels. Rarely, severe acute release of catecholamines (e.g. during severe stressful situations such as surgery, acute severe psychological stress) may result in multisystem crisis defined as hypertension and/or hypotension, high fever, encephalopathy and signs of multiple organ failure.

• #2 Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland (Pheo)

  https://www.adrenal.com/pheochromocytoma/pheochromocytoma-symptoms

  High blood pressure is the most common clinical feature of pheochromocytoma. The traditional estimate is that 90% of pheochromocytoma patients are hypertensive; the normotensive ones are found incidentally during imaging for an unrelated problem or during the process of family screening in kindreds with syndromic pheochromocytomas. […] It is noteworthy that more than one-half of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma patients do not have discrete spells. This is the group that masquerades as essential hypertension. The high blood pressure whether sustained or episodic puts the patient at great risk of a stroke. […] Orthostatic hypotension (medical term for that your blood pressure drops when you stand up; often causing dizziness) is an important manifestation of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. In fact, in an untreated hypertensive patient, a prominent fall in BP on standing (20/10 mmHg) should raise the suspicion of pheochromocytoma.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/adrenal-disorders/pheochromocytoma

  Hypertension, which is paroxysmal in 45% of patients, occurs in most patients with pheochromocytomas and is prominent. […] Common symptoms and signs are Tachycardia, Diaphoresis, Postural hypotension, Tachypnea, Cold and clammy skin, Severe headache, Angina, Palpitations, Nausea and vomiting, Epigastric pain, Visual disturbances, Dyspnea, Paresthesias, Constipation, A sense of impending doom. […] Paroxysmal attacks may be provoked by palpation of the tumor, postural changes, abdominal compression or massage, induction of anesthesia, emotional trauma, unopposed beta-blockade, or micturition. […] In older patients, severe weight loss with persistent hypertension is suggestive of pheochromocytoma. […] Physical examination, except for the presence of hypertension, is usually normal unless done during a paroxysmal attack. […] However, cardiac and cerebrovascular events are more frequent in patients with pheochromocytomas than in others with similar blood pressure levels.

• #2 Possible Pheochromocytoma – Please help with any advice | Adrenal Disorders | Forums

  https://patient.info/forums/discuss/possible-pheochromocytoma-please-help-with-any-advice-257467

  I have been suffereing acutely with the symptoms of a Pheo for almost a year, my first attack was 4 years ago. The attacks have slowly become more frequent and more dibilitating. The attacks include violent shaking, blister headache, vomitting, sneezing, heart pounding out of my chest. After an attack, I feel nauseated, weak, ache all over and have a headache that lasts for many hours. I have an attack almost every day and little exertion is now required to bring one on – sometimes getting out of bed does it. […] I have had high blood pressure for over 30 years and the pills never made any difference. A typical symptom of a pheo is that they don’t respond to normal blood pressure pills and a beta blocker can be fatal. Look you, my BP could be normal and then all of a sudden it would shoot up and then back down again within minutes.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pheochromocytoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20355367

  A pheochromocytoma can cause large changes in blood pressure. […] With a pheochromocytoma, the tumor releases hormones that can cause various symptoms. They include high blood pressure, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack. If a pheochromocytoma isn’t treated, serious or life-threatening damage to other body systems can happen. […] A pheochromocytoma often causes the following symptoms: High blood pressure. Headache. Heavy sweating. Rapid heartbeat. […] Some people with pheochromocytomas also have symptoms such as: Nervous shaking. Skin that turns a lighter color, also called pallor. Shortness of breath. Panic attack-type symptoms, which can include sudden intense fear. Anxiety or a sense of doom. Vision problems. Constipation. Weight loss. […] Most often, the symptoms of pheochromocytoma come and go. When they start suddenly and keep coming back, they’re known as spells or attacks. […] High blood pressure is one of the main symptoms of a pheochromocytoma.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/pheochromocytoma

  Pheochromocytomas can cause striking symptoms and signs. Hypertension is an invariable finding in patients with these tumours. It may be constant, mimicking the common forms of hypertension, or episodic and associated with headache, excessive perspiration, heart palpitation, pallor, tremour, and anxiety. […] The attacks may last a few minutes to several hours, and they may occur at intervals that range from once a month to several per day. Most pheochromocytomas secrete both epinephrine and norepinephrine, the latter often being produced in larger amounts; by comparison, dopamine-secreting pheochromocytomas are rare. In persons with tumours that secrete an appreciable amount of catecholamines, anxiety may be increased, and the patient may experience weight loss and develop hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/124059-overview

  Classically, pheochromocytoma manifests as spells with the following 4 characteristics: […] Over time, spells tend to occur more frequently and become more severe as the tumor grows. […] Hypertension is the most common complication. Cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial and ventricular fibrillation, may occur because of excessive plasma catecholamine levels. […] A pheochromocytoma-induced hypertensive crisis may precipitate hypertensive encephalopathy, which is characterized by altered mental status, focal neurologic signs and symptoms, or seizures. Other neurologic complications include stroke from cerebral infarction or an embolic event secondary to a mural thrombus from dilated cardiomyopathy. Intracerebral hemorrhage also may occur, because of uncontrolled hypertension. […] The 5-year survival rate for people with nonmalignant pheochromocytomas is greater than 95%. In patients with malignant pheochromocytomas, the 5-year survival rate is less than 50%. […] Although pheochromocytomas are rare, making the diagnosis is critical because the malignancy rate is 10%, pheochromocytomas may be associated with a familial syndrome, they may precipitate life-threatening hypertension, and the patient may be cured completely with their removal.

• #2 Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma and When to See Your Doctor

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/symptoms-of-pheochromocytoma-and-when-to-see-your-doctor

  Pheochromocytoma symptoms occur when the tumor secretes catecholamines and can vary widely in severity, frequency, and duration. Episodes may happen once a month to several times per day. As the tumor grows and produces increasing amounts of catecholamines, the symptoms often become more frequent and intense. […] The most common symptom of pheochromocytoma is high blood pressure (often resistant to treatment), affecting 60% of patients. A dangerous blood pressure spike over 180/120 mmHg is called a hypertensive crisis and can cause stroke, heart attack, loss of consciousness, and damage to the eyes and kidneys. […] The other cardinal symptoms of pheochromocytoma include episodic: Headache, Sweating, Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), Tremors or shaking, Anxiety. […] While the prognosis of pheochromocytoma is good, untreated tumors can lead to potentially serious and life-threatening complications. An adrenergic crisis is characterized by a sudden surge of catecholamines, causing intense symptoms such as severe hypertension and arrhythmias that can cause heart attack or stroke, in addition to damage to the eyes and kidneys. […] Other complications of untreated pheochromocytoma include: Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), Cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), Pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs).

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-and-Symptoms-of-Pheochromocytoma.aspx

  Other common symptoms are severe anxiety, fatigue, weakness, tremulousness, nausea, dyspnea, weight loss despite normal appetite (which is a result of catecholamine-induced breakdown of sugar and fat storages), visual issues during an attack and overwhelming tiredness following an attack. […] Such kaleidoscopic symptomatology in patients with pheochromocytoma reflects variations in nature and types of secreted catecholamines, but also co-secretion of neuropeptides (corticothropin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, growth hormone-releasing factor, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, somatostatin, and adrenomedulin).

• #2 Understanding Pheochromocytoma: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.endocrineharmony.sg/conditions/pheochromocytoma/

  Panic Attack-like Symptoms: Feelings of anxiety or panic with rapid breathing and a sense of impending doom. […] Pallor: Unusual paleness during episodes, sometimes followed by facial flushing. […] Abdominal Pain: Some patients may experience nausea and abdominal discomfort. […] Unintentional Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss despite having a good appetite due to increased metabolism. […] Stroke or heart issues at a young age.

• #2 What are common symptoms of pheochromocytoma? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pheochrom/conditioninfo/symptoms

  Pheochromocytoma can cause a variety of signs and symptoms, depending on the type and location of the tumor. […] Some of the most common signs and symptoms include (in alphabetical order): Abdominal pain, Constipation, Chest pain, Dizziness, Elevated blood sugar, Facial flushing (redness), High blood pressure, Increased respiratory rate, Nausea, Nervousness, anxiety, and irritability, Pale skin tone, Rapid heart rate and heart palpitations, Severe headaches, Sweating, Visual disturbances, Weight loss.

• #2 Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland (Pheo)

  https://www.adrenal.com/pheochromocytoma/pheochromocytoma-symptoms

  This List Summarizes a Typical Paroxysm Spell of Symptoms From a Pheochromocytoma: Headache, sweating, and palpitations; Very high BP (frequently with tachycardia); Chest or abdominal pain; Pallor/flush; Apprehension (sense of impending doom); Duration (5 min to an hour or longer); Spells may be spontaneous or precipitated by change in body position, anxiety, medications (e.g., metoclopramide, anesthetic agents), and maneuvers that increase intraabdominal pressure (e.g. going to the bathroom). […] Other Typical Signs and Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma Include: Headaches (severe); Excess sweating (generalized); Racing heart (tachycardia and palpitations); Anxiety and nervousness; Nervous shaking (tremors); Pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen; Nausea (with or without vomiting); Weight loss; Heat intolerance; Recent onset of hypertension; Severe or malignant hypertension; Tachycardia (occasional racing heart); Marked blood pressure lability; Carbohydrate intolerance or overt new onset diabetes mellitus; Adrenal mass on imaging; Orthostatic hypotension in untreated state (get faint when you stand up); Family history of pheochromocytoma; Unanticipated prominent changes in BP (up or down) in response to drugs or diagnostic manipulations.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & More

  https://pheopara.org/education/pheochromocytoma

  Pheochromocytomas produce an excess amount of catecholamine hormone, which include norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine. The release of catecholamines can cause persistent or episodic high blood pressure, headache, sweating and other symptoms. If left untreated, a pheochromocytoma can result in severe or life-threatening damage to other body systems, especially the cardiovascular system. […] The signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma can be caused by a number of different conditions. […] Signs or symptoms of pheochromocytomas may include: High blood pressure, Rapid or forceful heartbeat, Profound sweating without any reason, Severe, throbbing headache, Tremors, Paleness in the face, Shortness of breath, Sensation of panic. […] Less common signs or symptoms may include: Anxiety or sense of doom, Abdominal pain, Constipation, Weight loss.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-and-Symptoms-of-Pheochromocytoma.aspx

  Pheochromocytoma can have exceptionally variable clinical presentation from rare and escalating hypercatecholaminergic incidents, through rather stable hypertension, to dire and clinically malignant illness that can be complicated by hypertensive crisis, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and a myriad of other emergent conditions. […] Signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma can be highly varied, reflecting the hemodynamic and metabolic activities of the catecholamines that are produced and secreted by the tumors. […] High blood pressure or hypertension is the most common sign and a cardinal feature of pheochromocytoma, which may be sustained or paroxysmal. […] The occurrence of the triad that includes headache, palpitations, and excessive generalized sweating in patients with hypertension should immediately arouse suspicion that pheochromocytoma is the underlying cause.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318203

  Possible complications include: heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), a heart attack (myocardial infarction), bleeding in the brain (cerebral hemorrhage), a buildup of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). […] Pheochromocytoma is rare, and it is not usually cancerous. However, without treatment, it can lead to serious complications. […] Removing the tumor will usually cause the symptoms to go away. However, a doctor may recommend lifelong follow up, as some pheochromocytomas can recur.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma: Risk Factors, Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pheochromocytoma

  A sudden large increase in adrenal hormones is called an adrenergic crisis (AC). AC causes severe high blood pressure (hypertension) and a rapid heart rate (tachycardia). […] Common symptoms of PCC are: headaches, sweating, high blood pressure that may be resistant to conventional medications, rapid heart rate or palpitations, abdominal pain, irritability and anxiety, constipation. […] Without treatment, those with a PCC are at a higher risk for the following conditions: high blood pressure crisis, irregular heartbeat, heart attack, multiple organs of the body begin to fail. […] However, as with any surgery, treating PCC surgically may involve complications. The surgery affects powerful hormones in the body. During surgery, some of the conditions that may develop include: high blood pressure crisis, low blood pressure crisis, irregular heartbeat. […] The outlook for a person with a PCC depends on whether the tumor is cancerous. People who had a PCC that wasn’t cancerous had a 5-year survival rate of 96 percent. The survival rate was 44 percent for people who had a cancerous tumor.

• #2 Phaeochromocytoma

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phaeochromocytoma/

  Without treatment, phaeochromocytomas can cause severe problems and significantly affect your quality of life. […] You’ll be at risk of an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), heart attacks, strokes and organ failure. […] However, most tumours can be successfully removed by surgery and this will usually mean most of the symptoms disappear. […] In a small number of people, the tumour may come back. You’ll therefore need regular check-ups following surgery so that, if it does return, it can be picked up and treated as soon as possible. Contact your GP immediately if your symptoms come back.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/pheochromocytoma

  Most often, the symptoms of pheochromocytoma come and go. When they start suddenly and keep coming back, they’re known as spells or attacks. These spells may or may not have a trigger that can be found. […] High blood pressure is one of the main symptoms of a pheochromocytoma. But most people who have high blood pressure don’t have an adrenal tumor. […] A pheochromocytoma can lead to other health problems. The high blood pressure linked with a pheochromocytoma can damage organs, especially tissues of the heart and blood vessel system, brain and kidneys. This damage can cause dangerous conditions, including: Heart disease. Stroke. Kidney failure. Vision loss. […] If one healthy adrenal gland remains, it can carry out the functions usually done by two glands. Blood pressure usually returns to a healthy range after surgery.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/pheochromocytoma

  Patients with pheochromocytoma typically present either with classic symptoms (40%), with an incidental finding (40%), in pheo crisis (10%), or during evaluation of familial disease (10%). […] The classic symptoms of pheochromocytoma include: high blood pressure, rapid heart rate (palpitations), headache, flushing, and sweating. In addition, patients may feel like they are having an anxiety or panic attack (difficulty breathing, weakness, a feeling that something „bad” is happening). Other less common symptoms may include pale skin, blurred vision, weight loss, constipation, abdominal pain, high blood sugar levels, low blood pressure, and psychiatric disturbances. […] High blood pressure (i.e. hypertension) is the most common symptom related to pheochromocytoma, but in 10% of patients, the blood pressure may be normal. […] Patients in pheo crisis have had a massive release of adrenaline that causes major health problems including stroke, heart attack, heart failure, multiple organ failure, coma, and even death. These patients often require admission to an intensive care unit.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

  The symptoms of a sympathetic pheochromocytoma are related to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. The classic triad includes headaches (likely related to elevated blood pressure, or hypertension), tachycardia/elevated heart rate, and diaphoresis (excessive sweating, particularly at night, also known as hyperhidrosis). However, patients are unlikely to experience continuous symptoms. Due to the paroxysmal nature of catecholamine synthesis and release, patients may experience „attacks” or „spells” where they are suddenly overwhelmed with signs and symptoms of their tumor. Attacks can occur spontaneously (without warning) or may be triggered by a variety of pharmaceutical agents (including histamine, metoclopramide, glucagon and adrenocorticotropic hormone), foods that contain tyramine (cheese and wine), intraoperative tumor manipulation, intubation, or during anesthetic induction.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23373-pheochromocytoma

  People with pheochromocytomas may also experience paroxysmal attacks, which are chronic episodes of high blood pressure that often lead to headaches, irregular heartbeats (palpitations) and excessive sweating (diaphoresis). These episodes can happen anywhere from several times a day to a couple of times a month. […] The prognosis (outlook) for pheochromocytoma is usually good if its treated. Approximately 90% of pheochromocytomas are successfully removed by surgery. […] If pheochromocytomas are left untreated, they can potentially cause serious, life-threatening complications, including: Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy). Inflammation of your heart muscle (myocarditis). Uncontrolled bleeding in your brain (cerebral hemorrhaging). Accumulation of fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema). […] Some people with a pheochromocytoma may also be at risk of developing a stroke or heart attack (myocardial infarction).

• #2 Phaeochromocytoma | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/phaeochromocytoma/

  Many patients with a phaeochromocytoma return to very good health after treatment. However, patients need long-term follow-up to make sure that no new tumour develops in the future. This is unusual but happens in about 10% of patients. Effects as a result of the high blood pressure and raised adrenaline and noradrenaline levels may persist and may need to be monitored, e.g. kidney damage. Follow-up will include blood pressure monitoring and measurement of adrenaline and noradrenaline related chemicals in urine or blood. […] If the tumour is completely removed at initial surgery, most patients are cured. Phaeochromocytomas are generally slow-growing tumours. Survival rates are reduced if the tumour spreads, but patients may still live for many years with treatment despite this.

• #2 Pheochromocytoma Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & More

  https://pheopara.org/education/pheochromocytoma

  Although high blood pressure is a primary sign of a pheochromocytoma, most people with high blood pressure don’t have a pheochromocytoma, and not all patients with a pheochromocytoma have hypertension. It is common for pheo para patients to experience spells where symptoms arise quickly and intensely. […] In 15%-25% of the cases of pheochromocytoma, the disease is metastatic and has spread to other organs. […] All pheochromocytoma have the potential to become metastatic, or spread to other parts of the body. This happens in approximately 15-25% of pheo cases. […] There are currently no cures for metastatic pheochromocytoma. However, existing treatment options may reduce tumors and prolong survival. Some patients live for decades with metastatic pheochromocytoma. The prognosis for metastatic pheo is highly variable and is dependent upon the size of the primary tumor (tumors larger than 5-6 cm are more likely to metastasize), levels of methoxytyramine (a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine which can be measured in the blood) and genetic status. Some genetic mutations are more likely to develop metastatic pheo. […] Treatment of metastatic pheo can include surgery, MIBG therapy, PRRT therapy (Lutathera), chemotherapy, and others.

• #2 Phaeochromocytoma | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/phaeochromocytoma

  Most tumours can be successfully removed by surgery and this will usually mean most of the symptoms disappear. […] For a few people, the tumour may come back. […] You’ll therefore need regular check-ups following surgery so that, if it does return, it can be picked up and treated as soon as possible.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40200-016-0226-x

  Pheochromocytoma is a rare disease but with high mortality if it is not being diagnosed early. […] The most prevalent signs and symptoms reported were hypertension (pooled sensitivity of 80.7 %), headache (pooled sensitivity of 60.4 %), palpitation (pooled sensitivity of 59.3 %) and diaphoresis (pooled sensitivity of 52.4 %). […] Paroxysmal release of catecholamines constitutes the characteristic classic triad of episodic headache, sweating, and palpitations which is known as „an attack”. […] In addition to the classic triad, patients often experience other symptoms such as anxiety, dyspnea, chest, abdominal or flank pain, nausea and vomiting, tremor, flushing, dizziness, visual symptoms such as blurred vision, and paresthesia. […] The sudden out-pouring of epinephrine has been postulated as causing an elevation in body temperature by a combination of inducing hypermetabolism and impairing heat dissipation as a consequence of cutaneous vasoconstriction.

• #2 Phaeochromocytoma | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/phaeochromocytoma/

  Phaeochromocytomas may not cause any symptoms and may only be found incidentally. However, signs and symptoms can be caused by either excess hormone being released into the bloodstream, local growth or the distant spread of a tumour. […] The release of high levels of hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline can cause very high blood pressure. Other symptoms include headaches, a racing heart, sweating and anxiety. These hormones may be released in bursts, so symptoms may come and go. Patients may describe an episode as a panic attack or associated with a feeling of impending doom. […] Signs and symptoms may also relate to the tumour growing and pressing on other organs. If the tumour remains undiagnosed and hormone levels are very high, patients can become very ill and the disease may become life-threatening.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40200-016-0226-x

  Pheochromocytoma is a rare disease but with high mortality if it is not being diagnosed early. […] The most prevalent signs and symptoms reported were hypertension (pooled sensitivity of 80.7 %), headache (pooled sensitivity of 60.4 %), palpitation (pooled sensitivity of 59.3 %) and diaphoresis (pooled sensitivity of 52.4 %). […] Paroxysmal release of catecholamines constitutes the characteristic classic triad of episodic headache, sweating, and palpitations which is known as „an attack”. […] In addition to the classic triad, patients often experience other symptoms such as anxiety, dyspnea, chest, abdominal or flank pain, nausea and vomiting, tremor, flushing, dizziness, visual symptoms such as blurred vision, and paresthesia. […] The sudden out-pouring of epinephrine has been postulated as causing an elevation in body temperature by a combination of inducing hypermetabolism and impairing heat dissipation as a consequence of cutaneous vasoconstriction.

• #3 Pheochromocytoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pheochromocytoma

  Symptoms include high blood pressure, headache, sweating, rapid heart rate. […] In people with pheochromocytomas, the cells that make up the tumors produce and release excessive levels of these hormones, which can lead to high blood pressure, heart palpitations, sweating, and headache, among other symptoms. […] Pheochromocytomas tend to grow over time, and as they get larger, symptoms may be more severe, last longer, and occur more frequently. […] Without treatment, pheochromocytomas can lead to life-threatening high blood pressure and complications including heart attack, heart arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, heart failure, and stroke, among others. […] With treatment, the outlook is better. In many cases, surgical removal of the tumor can cure people of the disease. Some people, however, may still have high blood pressure even after surgery. This can be treated with medication. […] There is also a risk that the tumor will return after surgery. This can happen years after initial treatment.

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