Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Peyronie Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560628/

  Peyronie disease is a wound-healing disorder of the tunica albuginea that results in localized fibrosis or scarring of the tunica albuginea. The abnormal curvature is caused by localized scar tissue in the walls of the corpora; the exact mechanism responsible for forming this fibrotic area remains elusive. […] A basic understanding of the penile anatomy is required to appreciate the etiology and pathophysiology of Peyronie disease. The penis consists of 2 erectile bodies, the corpora cavernosa, that runs along the length of the penis. During an erection, these chambers fill with blood, increasing the size and rigidity of the penis. Each corpus cavernosum has a sheath of elastic fibers, the tunica albuginea, comprising predominantly type 1 collagen fibers. The corpora cavernosa are separated by a merger of the tunica albuginea in the midline, forming a septum that attaches ventrally and dorsally along the shaft of the penis.

• #2 Peyronie disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peyronies-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353468

  Peyronie disease is a condition in which fibrous scar tissue forms in the deeper tissues under the skin of the penis. […] The exact cause of Peyronie disease isn’t clear. But various factors seem to be involved. […] It’s thought Peyronie disease most often results from repeated injury to the penis during vigorous sex. But the penis also could be damaged during athletic activities or accidents. Many people with Peyronie disease can’t recall a specific injury that led to their symptoms. […] During the healing process after injury to the penis, scar tissue forms. This can lead to a lump you can feel or to a curve in the penis. […] In most people, Peyronie disease symptoms come on slowly and don’t seem to be linked with an injury. Researchers are looking into whether Peyronie disease might be tied to a genetic trait or certain health conditions. […] Various factors can contribute to poor wound healing and scar tissue buildup that might play a role in Peyronie disease. These include family history, connective tissue diseases, and age.

• #3 Peyronie Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560628/

  In Peyronie disease, a localized fibrous plaque forms in the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa. This inelastic plaque changes the straight, erect penis to a more kinked or curved appearance in the direction of the involved tunical segment. The exact mechanism of plaque formation is yet to be definitively established; the most generally accepted theory is that the plaque forms as a result of some degree of penile injury or microtrauma, particularly in men who are genetically predisposed to the condition. […] Although it is not possible to definitively predict who will develop Peyronie disease, it appears to be more likely in susceptible men who engage in vigorous sexual or nonsexual activities, such as certain sports, that cause penile microtrauma. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the true pathogenesis of Peyronie disease and the role of genetic and other factors in its clinical presentation.

• #4 Peyronie’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10044-peyronies-disease

  Peyronies disease is a condition in which scar tissue causes your penis to curve or lose length or girth. […] Causes may include an injury to your penis or a connective tissue disorder. […] Some researchers believe scarring occurs after an injury to your erect penis usually abnormal bending during sexual intercourse. However, up to 80% of people with Peyronies disease dont remember a specific event that preceded changes to their penises. These changes may happen as a result of small, unrecognized injuries that occur during regular sexual intercourse. People who have Peyronies disease may have a higher risk of developing too much scar tissue in response to these small injuries. […] Not all people who injure their penises get Peyronies disease, so there may be genetic or environmental factors that play into it.

• #5 Peyronie’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/news/peyronie-s-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments-2137448

  Peyronie’s disease is caused by scar tissue formation in the tunic albuginea, which is the structural support of the erectile chambers. The accumulation of scar tissue causes the penis to curve during erection. […] Sometimes the scarring is due to trauma during sex, usually when the man is on the bottom and the penis is bent when it slips out and hits the partner’s pubic bone with force. […] Most commonly, though, patients say they just started noticing a curve or they noticed they were having painful erections. In these cases, we generally believe the curvature is due to microtrauma within the tunica albuginea. This microtrauma initiates the wound healing process that causes scar or plaque formation. During this wound healing process, there is contraction or shrinking of tissues that causes penile curvature and shortening.

• #6 Peyronie’s Disease | Brandywine Urology Consultants

  https://www.brandywineuc.com/urological-condition/peyronies-disease/

  Scientists have been mystified by the cause of Peyronies disease since before it was characterized by Francois Gigot de la Peyronie. […] Although the process by which Peyronies disease occurs is still not entirely understood, much progress in our understanding of the disorder has been made in recent years. […] Most experts believe that Peyronies disease is likely the consequence of a minor penile trauma. […] The most common source of this type of penile trauma is thought to be vigorous sexual activity (e.g., bending of the penis during penetration, pressure from a partners pubic bone, etc.) although injuries from sports or accidents may also play a role. […] Injury to the tunica albuginea may trigger a cascade of inflammatory and cellular events resulting in a process called fibrosis, a medical term for formation of excessive scar tissue.

• #7 Peyronie disease | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/peyronie-disease

  Peyronie disease is a condition in which fibrous scar tissue forms in the deeper tissues under the skin of the penis. […] The exact cause of Peyronie disease isn’t clear. But various factors seem to be involved. […] It’s thought Peyronie disease most often results from repeated injury to the penis during vigorous sex. But the penis also could be damaged during athletic activities or accidents. Many people with Peyronie disease can’t recall a specific injury that led to their symptoms. […] During the healing process after injury to the penis, scar tissue forms. This can lead to a lump you can feel or to a curve in the penis. […] In Peyronie disease, when the penis becomes erect, the area with the scar tissue doesn’t stretch. As a result, the penis bends or goes through other changes. This can be painful. […] In most people, Peyronie disease symptoms come on slowly and don’t seem to be linked with an injury. Researchers are looking into whether Peyronie disease might be tied to a genetic trait or certain health conditions.

• #8 What Is Peyronie’s Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/erectile-dysfunction/what-is-peyronies-disease.aspx

  Peyronies disease (PD), in which fibrous scar tissue develops under the skin of the penis, causes curvature that can make it difficult to maintain an erection and can make sex painful. […] The causes of Peyronies disease arent entirely clear. For some men, an event such as prostate cancer treatment or a prior injury precedes the onset of Peyronies disease. But about one-half of patients with Peyronies disease cant recall a specific traumatic event, says Carson. […] According to Carson, there are certain factors that increase the risk for developing Peyronies disease, including: Injury to the penis, often due to vigorous sexual activity; Prolonged catheterization with a Foley catheter; Radical prostatectomy (removal of the entire prostate gland); Use of a vacuum erection device, and specifically the use of the constricting ring that is part of it; Family history of Peyronies disease; Personal history of Dupuytrens contracture.

• #9 What is Peyronie’s Disease (Penile Curvature)?

  https://www.webmd.com/men/peyronies-disease

  Peyronie’s disease is caused by a buildup of scar tissue inside your penis. […] You get Peyronie’s disease when scar tissue (medically called a plaque) builds up in your tunica albuginea. […] Doctors don’t know exactly why some people develop this scar tissue. Some experts think that it may start after you get an injury, even a microscopic one, in your penis. […] But even a small injury can cause bleeding and swelling inside your tunica albuginea tissue. As your body heals, you may develop some scar tissue that starts a cycle of chronic inflammation (swelling and damage). This leads to a buildup of scar tissue over time.

• #10 Peyronie’s Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/peyronies-disease-causes-4688579

  Peyronie’s disease is the result of inflammation and scarring in the erectile tissues of the penis, which leads to an abnormal curvature of the penis. Scarring causes areas of the penis to become less flexible. […] The remaining cases are thought to be caused by small injuries and inflammation that has occurred over a long period of time. Because of this, the major risk factors for Peyronie’s disease are injury, age, smoking, and health conditions associated with inflammation and scarring. […] Peyronie’s disease is first and foremost a wound-healing disorder. Its symptoms are the result of fibrous plaques, or scars, forming in the tunica albuginea. […] The condition is usually the result of injury to the penis. This injury can be severe and acute, for example, because of trauma during sex or surgery on the penis or genital tract.

• #11 Peyronie’s Disease Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/peyronies-disease-guideline

  Peyronie’s disease is an acquired penile abnormality characterized by fibrosis of the tunica albuginea, which may be accompanied by pain, deformity, erectile dysfunction (ED), and/or distress. […] PD is an acquired inflammatory disorder of the tunica albuginea. Microvascular trauma to the penile shaft associated with penile buckling in the erect or semi-erect state secondary to sexual activity is thought to be the most common inciting event; however, many patients do not recall an incident that preceded symptom onset. It is hypothesized, however, that repetitive minor trauma to the penis initiates a cascade involving significant extravascular protein deposition, fibrin trapping, macrophage recruitment, cytokine overexpression, and release of elastase leading to changes in the tunical collagen from type 1 to a predominant type 3.

• #12 Peyronie’s Disease | Brandywine Urology Consultants

  https://www.brandywineuc.com/urological-condition/peyronies-disease/

  This abnormal scar tissue in turn forms the plaque of Peyronies disease. […] Not all men who suffer occasional mild trauma to the penis develop Peyronies disease. […] For this reason, most researchers believe that there must be genetic or environmental factors that contribute to the formation of Peyronies disease plaques. […] Men with certain connective tissue disorders (such as Dupuytrens contractures or tympanosclerosis) and men who have a close relative with Peyronies disease have a greater risk of developing the condition. […] Certain health conditions such as diabetes, tobacco use, or a history of pelvic trauma may also lead to abnormal wound healing and may contribute to the development of Peyronies disease. […] Peyronies disease is in essence a derangement of normal wound healing. […] Because it is related to normal wound healing, Peyronies disease is a very dynamic process early on but over time, the inflammatory changes may decrease.

• #13 Peyronie’s disease: a literature review on epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis and work-up – Al-Thakafi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/10408/html

  The most common chromosomal abnormalities detected were aneuploidy of chromosomes 7 and 8, followed by chromosomes 17 and 18, and then the Y and X chromosomes. […] From the evidence, it can be assumed that in the PD tissue, the genes involved in collagen synthesis, myofibroblast differentiation, tissue remodeling, inflammation, ossification, and proteolysis are up-regulated, and the genes that inhibit some of these processes and collagenase are down-regulated. […] The above theories attempt to explain that PD is caused due to aberrant wound-healing process, in response to trauma within the layers of tunica albuginea. […] Various observations suggested that increased expression of TGF-1 and higher levels of pro-and anti-fibrotic gene products could be observed in PD.

• #13 Peyronie’s disease: a literature review on epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis and work-up – Al-Thakafi – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/10408/html

  Peyronies disease (PD) can have devastating psychological and physical consequences on patients. The exact etiology of PD is not clearly understood, and out of numerous theories proposed, penile trauma is postulated to be a major causative factor. Penile trauma might be caused by acute and severe conditions like accidents or surgical procedure, or it may be due to repetitive microtrauma during coitus. […] Some potent risk factors for PD are a history of nongonococcal urethritis, smoking, inflammatory genital disease in a partner, fibromatous lesions of the genital track, and history of genital tract surgery. […] Controversies still exists in regards to the hormonal factor as a cause of PD. Over the years, studies have suggested that hypogonadism is related to PD. […] Genetic predisposition has been suggested as a causal factor, because of the familial clustering of the condition and studies assessing mutation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA-B7), PD is strongly associated with both Dupuytrens contracture and human leukocyte antigen B27-B7.

• #14 What causes Peyronies’s Disease?

  https://www.andrology.co.uk/peyronies-disease/what-causes-peyronies-disease

  At present, the actual mechanism causing Peyronies disease is still unknown. It is suspected that this condition occurs in the genetically predisposed patient following a trauma to the erect penis. Possibly patients with Peyronies Disease present an imbalance in the factors promoting the healing process after a trauma and this leads to excessive local tissue proliferation following a trauma. […] The chronic phase starts when the inflammatory process eventually settles, usually around 3 to 9 months from the onset of the condition.

• #15 Peyronie’s Disease: Etiology and Treatment | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-36677-5_7

  In 1743, Franois Gigot de la Peyronie described the fibrous penile plaques that we now associate with his name. […] Trauma as the cause of Peyronies disease: penile fracture as a model of trauma. […] Proposal: trauma as the cause of the Peyronies lesion. […] Peyronies disease is associated with an increase in transforming growth factor-beta protein expression.

• #16 Peyronie’s disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyronie%27s_disease

  While the etiology of PD is still a mystery, the leading hypothesis is that it arises from dysregulated wound healing in response to chronic microtrauma of the erect penis. […] The etiology of Peyronie’s disease is multifactorial. The most widely held hypothesis is that recurrent microtrauma to the erect penis (e.g., during intercourse) leads to localized inflammation and abnormal wound healing in genetically predisposed men. […] Risk factors include advancing age, penile trauma, diabetes mellitus, Dupuytren’s contracture, and tobacco smoking. Familial aggregation and linkage with other fibrosing disorders suggest a genetic basis.

• #17 Peyronie Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560628/

  The known risk factors for Peyronie disease include connective tissue disorders, diabetes, family history, hypogonadism, penile injury and prior urological surgery, smoking and alcohol. […] Peyronie disease is commonly associated with several fibroproliferative diseases, such as Dupuytren contracture and plantar fasciitis, suggesting a significant pathophysiologic and genetic overlap between these superficial fibrosing disorders. […] Men with erectile dysfunction secondary to diabetes are 4 to 5 times more likely to develop Peyronie disease compared to the general population. […] The genetic factors contributing to Peyronie disease are complex. Evidence suggests a genetic link; the exact mechanism or responsible genes remain undetermined. […] Androgens play an essential role in wound healing by modulating the matrix metalloproteinases.

• #18 „Curved Penis” & Peyronie’s Disease – Causes | Dr. Georgiadis

  https://www.georgiadis-urology.com/peyronies-disease

  We observe a family history of penile curvature/bending in approximately 3% of patients. […] Chronic inflammatory disease of the prostate contributes significantly to the development of penile curvature and erectile dysfunction through various mechanisms. […] Although more research is needed to verify the link between prostatitis and Peyronies Disease, our clinical experience shows a statistically significant correlation/coexistence.

• #19 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Peyronies-Disease-Causes.aspx

  Trauma alone is thought to be insufficient to instigate plaque formation in otherwise normal individuals, as all sexually-active men are confronted with certain level of penile trauma due to sexual activity. Therefore, a genetic predisposition to fibrosis has to be present. […] Several retrospective studies revealed a link between Peyronies disease and a variety of histocompatibility antigens (most notably HLA-A1, HLA-B7, HLA-B8, HLA-B44, HLA-Cw7, HLA-DR3 and HLA-DQ546), potentially suggesting real genetic predilection for the disease. […] Peyronies disease has also been related with Dupuytrens contracture, which is a superficial thickening of fascia in the palm of the hand, resulting in nodule formation and inward pulling of the fingers. These two disorders may share a common etiology (highly influenced by genetics) with the expression of multiple fibrosis-promoting genes.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11930-015-0045-y

  Peyronies disease (PD) is a superficial fibrosing disorder of the penis resulting in plaque formation and penile deformity. […] While the etiology of PD is unclear, it is thought to result from an inciting traumatic event followed by aberrant fibrosis or dysregulated wound healing. […] Proposal: trauma as the cause of the Peyronies lesion. […] Peyronies disease is associated with an HLA class II antigen, HLA-DQ5, implying an autoimmune etiology. […] Identification of an inherited form of Peyronies disease with autosomal dominant inheritance and association with Dupuytrens contracture and histocompatibility B7 cross-reacting antigens. […] Provides evidence that PD and DD may share a common pathophysiology. […] Chromosomal instability is demonstrated by fibroblasts derived from the tunica of men with Peyronies disease. […] Reveals a link between PD and malignancy, which warrants further investigation.

• #21 Peyronie disease: Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/peyronies-disease.html

  The following diseases or conditions are associated with Peyronie disease: Dupuytren disease (30-40%), Ledderhose disease (plantar form of Dupuytren disease), liver cirrhosis, rheumatic diseases, tympanosclerosis, penile or urethral trauma, urethral instrumentation, urethritis, diabetes mellitus, Paget disease, treatment with -blocker (weak evidence). […] Penile plaques destroy the elasticity of the tunica albuginea and thus lead to erectile dysfunction due to venous insufficiency. A pronounced penile deviation is a mechanical handicap for vaginal penetration and causes psychological frustration. […] The deposition of fibrin is typical in penile plaques due to Peyronie disease. Fibrin usually is absent in scar tissue of the tunica albuginea. Furthermore, the plaques consist of dense connective tissue with collagens, and the elastin is fragmented and diminished. The expression of TGF- is increased. Neighboring vessels show infiltrates with lymphocytes. In 30%, dystrophic calcifications of the plaques are found.

• #22 Peyronie’s Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/peyronies-disease-causes-4688579

  More often, the injuries that lead to Peyronie’s are small, or even unnoticeable. […] However, only some men develop Peyronie’s disease. This is likely because Peyronie’s disease occurs in men where healing is impaired. […] Numerous risk factors have been connected with Peyronie’s, but the research is limited. The condition may be more common in individuals suffering from one or more of the following health problems: Diabetes, High blood pressure, High cholesterol. […] Genetics, low testosterone, autoimmune conditions, and connective tissue diseases may also make a person more susceptible to Peyronie’s disease. […] High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are all associated with both cardiovascular health and Peyronie’s disease. […] This is thought to be because the particular vasculature of the penis, and damage to those blood vessels, is critical to the formation of plaques and scars.

• #23 „Curved Penis” & Peyronie’s Disease – Causes | Dr. Georgiadis

  https://www.georgiadis-urology.com/peyronies-disease

  A curved penis, also known as fibrous hardening of the penis (known as Peyronies disease), is the formation of fibrotic hardening tissue in the erectile component of the shaft of the penis. […] These traumas affect the fibrous sheath of the penis and the cavernous tissue, gradually leading to scar formation. […] The lack of proper preventative treatment allows for the potential disturbance in the natural regeneration mechanism of penile tissue, leading to the formation of fibrotic/scarred non-functional penile tissue. […] Many medical observations have shown an increased presence of curved penis up to 12% in individuals aged 40-50 years. […] Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and smoking could lead to the formation of fibrous plaques due to microvascular disease and local disruption of the healing process.

• #24 Peyronie Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560628/

  Previous injury to the penis is a strong predictor of developing Peyronie disease. […] There is some evidence to suggest that smoking is related to Peyronie disease, although the correlation between the amount of smoking and risk is unclear. Similarly, the literature remains divisive concerning alcohol, with conflicting studies. […] Other risk factors include age, hyperlipidemia, erectile dysfunction, obesity, penile trauma during intercourse, and psychological disorders.

• #25 Peyronie’s disease: frequently asked questions | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/peyronies-disease-frequently-asked-questions/

  The disease is characterised by a plaque, or hard lump, that forms in the erectile tissue of the penis. […] If the penis is abnormally squeezed or flexed, the area where the septum attaches to the elastic fibres may over stretch, injuring the lining of the erectile chamber and rupturing small blood vessels. In older men, diminished elasticity, disease of the arteries and diabetes, may further increase the chances of injury. […] While trauma might explain acute cases of Peyronie’s disease, it does not explain why most cases develop slowly, with no apparent traumatic event. Neither does it explain why some cases disappear quickly. […] There is an association with high blood pressure, diabetes, raised cholesterol levels, ischaemic heart disease and arteriosclerosis as well as with certain drugs (beta blockers, anti-ulcer agents, antidepressants and antihistamines). […] About 10 percent of people with Peyronie’s disease develop fibrosis (hardened cells) in other elastic tissues of the body, such as the hand or foot. […] In some cases, men who are related develop Peyronie’s disease, which suggests that familial factors might make a man vulnerable to the disease.

• #26 Peyronie’s Disease | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/male-infertility-and-sexual-medicine/conditions-we-treat/peyronies-disease

  Peyronie’s disease is characterized by a localized scarring of the tunica albuginea of the penis. […] The cause of Peyronie’s disease appears to be multi-factorial and has not been fully explained. […] While trauma is believed to be the initial event, many theories have been proposed for the pathogenesis of Peyronie’s disease, including auto-immune factors, excess production of chemicals (known as cytokines) in the tissue of the penis and abnormalities of cell behavior. […] Another possible cause of Peyronie’s disease was believed to be hypogonadism, or low testosterone, although this has not held true.

• #27 Peyronie’s Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/peyronies-disease-causes-4688579

  Scarring compounded with poor blood flow contributes to the symptoms of Peyronie’s. Improved blood flow is thought to help healing. […] There are a number of lifestyle risk factors for Peyronie’s disease. […] The first group are risk factors that affect healing. […] The other group of risk factors are those that affect the likelihood of penile trauma.

• #28 Peyronie’s disease – Watch out for the bend

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/september/peyronies-disease

  Peyronies disease is an abnormal wound healing condition that occurs in genetically predisposed men, with trauma to the structural layers of the penis. The abnormal healing leads to a fibrous inelastic scar that causes a palpable mass or plaque, which, with an erection, causes curvature, shortening, narrowing or a hinge effect. This occurs because the affected part of the penis will not stretch with erection. […] Peyronies disease has a significant association with obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking and pelvic surgery. […] A history of remembered penile trauma is reported by only about 10% of patients with Peyronies disease, generally younger patients. […] The increasing incidence of erectile dysfunction with age probably relates to the increasing prevalence of Peyronies disease with age, as the loss of stiffness or axial rigidity of the penis causes minor flexion injury during normal sexual activity. […] Peyronies disease is a wound healing disorder, the injury or trauma that initiates it often being subclinical, and the symptoms usually develop and change over some 6-12 months before the chronic phase ensues.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Peyronies-Disease-Causes.aspx

  Peyronies disease represents a localized connective tissue disorder of the penis, which subsequently results in a penile deformity (manifesting as grave curvature of the erect penis). […] The etiology of Peyronies disease is multifactorial in nature and not completely understood. The prevailing etiological theory entails a dominant role of penile trauma in inciting the development of this condition either as an acute traumatic event, or as a repetitive microtrauma that may occur during sexual intercourse. […] A myriad of modifiable risk factors for Peyronies disease have been identified in the medical literature. They include a personal history of genital or perineal trauma (that may even be iatrogenic as a consequence of catheterization or transurethral resection), as well as a history of non-gonococcal urethritis. Radical prostatectomy also increases the risk of Peyronies disease, as well as surgical interventions on the genital tract.

• #30 Frequently Asked Questions On Peyronie’s Disease – Causes & Treatment

  https://precisionclinickelowna.ca/faq-on-peyronies/

  Prostate cancer. Men who have had surgery for prostate cancer are at an increased risk. […] Autoimmune disorders. If you have an autoimmune disorder like lupus, youre more likely to get Peyronies disease. […] Generally the cause is thought to be some damage to the penis, either during sex or masturbation. For some people this heals up normally, but in other people there is a genetic predisposition to scar tissue forming. This scar tissue gathers up on one side of your penis, making it curved.

• #31 Peyronie’s Disease | UNC Men’s Health Program

  https://www.med.unc.edu/menshealth/peyronies-disease/

  Peyronies disease occurs in about 10% of all middle-aged men, however, younger and older men can also be affected by the disease. […] The cause of Peyronies disease is not fully understood. Many researchers believe the plaques occur after the penis has been hit or bent, causing trauma and bleeding inside the penis. […] Many medications can also cause Peyronies disease as a side effect, including: Beta blockers, which are often prescribed for people with heart conditions or high blood pressure; Interferon, which is used to treat multiple sclerosis; Dilantin, an anti-seizure medicine.

• #32 What is Peyronie’s Disease (Abnormal Curvature of Penis)? | Advanced Urology

  https://www.advancedurology.com/blog/peyronies-disease

  Doctors dont know exactly what causes Peyronies disease but it could be described as wound healing disorder. […] It isnt exactly known what causes Peyronies disease, but most doctors believe its is caused by prolonged trauma or damage to the penis usually through sex or physical activity. […] Recent studies have shown a relationship between low testosterone and Peyronies disease. […] Some medications will have Peyronies disease as a possible side effect. […] It may be hereditary. Some studies may have found a connection between a dominant gene and the possibility of Peyronies disease. Other inherited disease, like connective tissue disorder, may also cause Peyronies disease.

• #33 Your Peyronie’s Disease Questions, Answered

  https://www.greaterbostonurology.com/blog/your-peyronies-disease-questions-answered

  Peyronie’s disease is the development of scar tissue along the tunica albuginea, which is the fiber sheath that surrounds the erectile tissue of the male penis. […] The exact cause of Peyronie’s disease is still unknown, but most agree that penile trauma in the erect or flaccid state in a susceptible individual often contributes to the disease. Patients who have penile trauma who are at higher risk include those over 50 years old with erectile dysfunction, diabetes, and those with scarring disorders, such as Dupuytren’s disease, plantar fasciitis, and tympanosclerosis. […] Micro-trauma to the penis can certainly lead to Peyronie’s disease in a susceptible individual, as detailed above, but there is no direct link between masturbation and Peyronie’s curvature. […] No; medications like Viagra, Cialis, or other similar medications for erectile dysfunction do not contribute to Peyronie’s or curvature problems. […] No, this is not a direct cause of penile or any other type of cancer.

• #34 Peyronie Disease

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/YourFamily/Men/85,P01489

  Peyronie disease occurs in two phases. […] Some researchers believe that Peyronie disease develops after an injury that causes bleeding inside the penis. This could explain cases of Peyronie that develop quickly. But it doesn’t explain why most cases develop slowly or what causes the disease after no clear injury. […] Most researchers believe that genetics or the environment may play a role. People with certain connective tissue disorders and those who have a close family member with Peyronie disease are at greater risk. And certain health conditions, such as diabetes or tobacco use, may also contribute to its development. […] The plaque in Peyronie disease is not cancer.

• #35 Peyronie’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/peyronies-disease-pro

  Purportedly, Dupuytren’s contracture, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lipid abnormalities, ischaemic cardiopathy, erectile dysfunction, smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol. However, the pathophysiology remains unclear. […] Studies of the natural history of the disease suggest that it is a self-limiting condition which goes through an active, scarring phase followed by a mature quiescent phase. This makes the interpretation of pharmaceutical trials difficult to interpret unless there is a control group and strict double-blinding. Most pharmacotherapy reduces scarring and is therefore most effective during the active phase. Before embarking on intra-lesional or surgical approaches, several months should therefore be allowed to pass to allow resolution to occur. […] PD rarely resolves completely. Studies suggest that without treatment, 13% of patients have a diminution or complete resolution of pain with time. One half of the remainder has progressive disease; the other half has static disease. Persisting symptoms may vary from static painless plaque to painful erections with curvature significant enough to prevent intercourse. Because evidence of the effectiveness of treatments from large-scale trials is lacking, the effect of the various therapies on prognosis is unknown.

• #36 Causes and Treatments for Peyronie’s Disease — Norman Urology Associates

  https://www.normanurology.com/blog/Causes%20and%20Treatments%20for%20Peyronie%E2%80%99s%20Disease

  Peyronies disease is a connective tissue disorder that affects the male sex organ. […] The common denominator between men with Peyronie’s disease is the presence of scar tissue. It is thought that some form of mild penile trauma causes the disease. […] The three main characteristics of Peyronies disease can be linked to this point of trauma. The bent erections are due to the scar tissue from the injury, which does not stretch as well as regular tissue. […] This scar tissue is comprised of collagen, which can harden to the thickness of bone. […] The painful erections that some men with Peyronies disease experience are thought to be from inflammation in the plaque and typically disappear on their own in about 12 months. […] It is not certain whether or not erectile dysfunction is caused by Peyronies, but this can sometimes be the case. Most men with Peyronies report normal erectile function, but some report difficulty maintaining an erection likely due to leaky veins in the penis. Peyronies does not typically affect the tissue within the erectile bodies, but it can affect the veins surrounding them and prevent them from closing properly.

• #37 Peyronie’s Disease Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/peyronies-disease-guideline

  The higher rates detected in more recent studies suggest a greater awareness of the disease and its symptoms. […] The absence of knowledge regarding what causes PD has two major consequences: it is not possible to advise men regarding risk factors and how the disease may be prevented and treatments remain focused on the alleviation of symptoms rather than on addressing causal mechanisms. […] Basic scientific investigation effort should be geared toward elucidating the biologic mechanisms of PD. Current understanding of pathogenesis suggests the involvement of inflammatory factors, cytokines, growth factors and other molecular factors involved in tissue injury, fibrosis and abnormal wound healing.

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