Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352231

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea refers to passing loose, watery stools three or more times a day after taking medications used to treat bacterial infections (antibiotics). […] About 1 in 5 people who take antibiotics develop antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Most often, antibiotic-associated diarrhea is mild and requires no treatment. The diarrhea typically clears up within a few days after you stop taking the antibiotic. More-serious antibiotic-associated diarrhea requires stopping or sometimes switching antibiotics. […] For most people, antibiotic-associated diarrhea causes mild signs and symptoms, such as: Loose stools, More-frequent bowel movements. […] Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is likely to begin about a week after you start taking an antibiotic. Sometimes, however, diarrhea and other symptoms don’t appear until days or even weeks after you’ve finished antibiotic treatment.

• #2 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea refers to passing loose, watery stools three or more times a day after taking medications used to treat bacterial infections (antibiotics). […] For most people, antibiotic-associated diarrhea causes mild signs and symptoms, such as: Loose stools, More-frequent bowel movements. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is likely to begin about a week after you start taking an antibiotic. Sometimes, however, diarrhea and other symptoms don’t appear until days or even weeks after you’ve finished antibiotic treatment. […] C. difficile is a toxin-producing bacterium that can cause a more serious antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In addition to causing loose stools and more-frequent bowel movements, C. difficile infection can cause: Severe diarrhea and dehydration, Lower abdominal pain and cramping, Low-grade fever, Nausea, Loss of appetite.

• #3

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6334067/

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is among the most common adverse events related to antibiotic use. Most cases are mild, but Clostridium difficile infection causes a spectrum of disease, ranging from occasional diarrhoea to colitis, toxic megacolon, and potentially death. […] Most cases of AAD are mild and self-limiting, and are associated with negative stool culture results. Given the widespread use of antibiotics, it is not surprising that this condition is so common, affecting 539% of people treated with antibiotics. […] The range of clinical disease that can occur in CDI is wide: diarrhoea and fever occur in almost all cases, but the most severe cases are characterised by colitis, toxic megacolon (dilatation of the colon, with the risk of perforation), multi-organ failure, or even death.

• #4 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Treatment | Gastro Health

  https://gastrohealth.com/news/patient-care/what-you-might-not-know-about-antibiotics

  Antibiotics are safe for most people, it has been proven that a common side effect of the treatment is diarrhea. Symptoms can range from mild abdominal discomfort, watery diarrhea, to severe colitis and even death. […] According to several studies, diarrhea occurs between 5% and 39% of patients receiving antibiotics, depending on the population and the type of antibiotic. […] The major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is infection with Clostridium difficile bacteria. […] Illness from C. difficile typically occurs after use of antibiotic medications and has become more frequent, more severe and more difficult to treat. […] Patients suffering from Inflammatory Bowel Disease, both ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease, are also particularly vulnerable to C. difficile infection and physicians recommend that their stools be tested whenever disease flares up with significant diarrhea. […] C. difficile infection recurs in up to 25% of the patients even after initial successful treatment, requiring another round of treatment with antibiotics.

• #5 From diarrhea to chronic diseases: the well-documented consequences of antibiotic-related gut microbiota dysbiosis | Content for health professionals | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/pro/diarrhea-chronic-diseases-well-documented-consequences-antibiotic-related-gut-microbiota-dysbiosis

  Among children this percentage can reach up to 80%. Most of the time, the diarrhea is purely functional, caused by the antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. It is usually of mild intensity and is self-limiting, lasting 1-5 days. Antibiotics displaying a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity like clindamycin, cephalosporins, and ampicillin/amoxicillin are associated with higher rates of diarrhea. […] In 10 to 20% of cases, diarrhea results from infection with Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) colonizing the microbiota. […] Nearly 1/3 of AAD cases are due to C. difficile. […] The highest risk of developing CDI was observed for cephalosporins (from 2nd to 4th generations), clindamycin, carbapenems, trimethoprim sulfonamide, fluoroquinolones and penicillin combinations.

• #6 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Beyond C. Difficile: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/39745-antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-beyond-c-difficile-a-scoping-review

  A common complication of antibiotic use is the development of diarrheal illness. The pathogenesis of antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) may be mediated through alteration of intestinal microbiota, overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens, and direct drug toxicity on the gut. […] Antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) is defined as passage of three or more unformed stools per day beginning anywhere from within a few hours up to 8 weeks after starting antibiotic therapy. […] The frequency of AAD has been reported to occur in 5-35% persons exposed to antimicrobials and varies upon the class of antibiotics received, health of the host and exposure to pathogens. […] AAD may range from mild, self-limiting illness to fulminant, pseudomembranous colitis that can be life threatening. […] The likely pathogenesis of AAD includes alteration of intestinal microbiota, direct drug toxicity on the gut and development of a superinfection by a pathogenic microbe.

• #6 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Beyond C. Difficile: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/39745-antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-beyond-c-difficile-a-scoping-review

  Numerous adverse effects to antibiotics have been associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota including diarrhea, acquisition of CDI, emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of enteric pathogens, and a decline in colonization resistance. […] C. difficile has been proven to cause AAD. C. difficile AAD is reported to be 4 and 60 times more common than C. perfringens or S. aureus, respectively. […] Clinical manifestations in CDI range from short-term colonization, acute diarrhea, fulminant diarrhea, which may be associated with pseudomembranous colitis and leukocytosis and may lead to death, and recurrent CDI (rCDI). […] The severity of illness may depend on risk factors such as age, host immune status, number of prior hospitalizations and presence of co-morbidities. […] S. aureus induced AAD was identified early in the antibiotic era as a cause of AAD in hospitalized patients.

• #7 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea

  Diarrhea is common in children taking antibiotics. In most cases, it is mild. […] One in five children who take antibiotics will develop diarrhea. It is more common in children aged under two years and can occur with any type of antibiotic. […] For most children, antibiotic-associated diarrhea is mild. […] If a child has antibiotic-associated diarrhea, they will have loose or watery stools while taking antibiotics. Most times, the diarrhea lasts between one and seven days. […] Diarrhea usually begins between the second and eighth day of taking an antibiotic. Sometimes, however, it can last from the first day of antibiotics until a few weeks after your child finishes them. […] One of the main complications of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is dehydration. This is more likely to occur in babies less than 12 months old. If your child loses a lot of fluids, make sure they drink enough to replace them.

• #7 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea

  Although rare, another complication of antibiotic use is inflammation (pain or swelling) of the large intestine. Signs of inflammation include severe diarrhea that may contain blood or mucus, fever, stomach pain, and extreme weakness. […] Call your child’s regular health-care provider right away if your child has severe diarrhea, has a new fever, has blood in the stool, is very tired and not drinking, or is showing signs of dehydration, such as less urine, crankiness, fatigue and dry mouth.

• #8 Patient education: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridioides difficile (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-caused-by-clostridioides-difficile-beyond-the-basics/print

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea refers to diarrhea that develops in a person who is taking or recently took antibiotics. One of the most serious causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is infection with a bacterium called Clostridioides difficile. C. difficile infections are common, with approximately 500,000 cases per year in the United States. Infection is most common in people who are hospitalized, producing disease in more than 8 hospitalized patients per 1000 (0.9 percent) in 2008 in the United States. […] Symptoms of C. difficile may begin during antibiotic therapy or 5 to 10 days after the antibiotic is stopped; less commonly, symptoms do not develop until as late as 10 weeks later. The most common symptoms include diarrhea (three or more unformed bowel movements per day), or diarrhea associated with abdominal cramping. In more severe cases, patients may develop profuse watery diarrhea (up to 10 to 15 times per day), blood or pus in the stool, dehydration, abdominal tenderness and cramping, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Anyone who develops one or more of these symptoms should seek medical care as soon as possible.

• #9 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-a-to-z

  If you have a more dramatic change in your bowel bacteria, and C. difficile bacteria begin to overgrow, your symptoms can include: watery diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, abdominal tenderness, fever, pus or blood in your diarrhea (if your illness progresses to C. difficile colitis). […] In some cases, fever and abdominal pain develop several days before diarrhea starts. […] Diarrhea caused by the C. difficile toxin usually starts while you are taking an antibiotic, but the diarrhea may be delayed and start a few weeks after you have stopped taking the medication. […] If you have mild, uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea, your bowel movements should gradually return to normal once your antibiotic treatment ends. […] C. difficile diarrhea usually begins to subside within the first 72 hours of treatment with medication. However, some people develop severe symptoms with a longer recovery time. C. difficile diarrhea can recur despite adequate initial therapy.

• #9 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-a-to-z

  In healthy people, many different species of bacteria live inside the bowel. […] This can change dramatically when a person begins treatment with an antibiotic. […] In most cases, the result is only a mild case of short-term diarrhea that goes away quickly after the antibiotic treatment ends. […] Occasionally, however, an antibiotic eliminates so many of the bowel’s „good” and harmless bacteria that the aggressive „bad” ones are free to multiply out of control. […] One type of bacteria in particular, a species called Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), can overgrow inside the bowel, producing irritating chemicals that damage the bowel wall and trigger bowel inflammation, called colitis. This can cause abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, and fever. In some cases, high-volume, diarrhea is so frequent that the person develops dehydration (very low levels of body water).

• #9 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-a-to-z

  Call your doctor promptly if you have been taking antibiotics and you develop any of the following symptoms: more than five loose stools or episodes of diarrhea per day, high-volume, watery diarrhea, a fever, abdominal pain or tenderness, blood or pus in your stool. […] Overall, the prognosis is excellent. Almost all adults with mild antibiotic-associated diarrhea recover completely without complications.

• #10 Patient Basics: Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-basics-antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/

  One type of bacteria in particular, a species called Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), can overgrow inside the bowel, producing irritating chemicals that damage the bowel wall and trigger bowel inflammation, called colitis. This can cause abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, and fever. In some cases, high-volume, diarrhea is so frequent that the person develops dehydration (very low levels of body water). A more severe complication of C. difficile overgrowth can lead to a type of bowel inflammation called pseudomembranous colitis. Patients with pseudomembranous colitis are at risk of a severely distended colon that stops functioning (toxic megacolon), which can lead to a hole through the bowel wall (bowel perforation). […] Symptoms If you are taking an antibiotic, the medication will cause a mild change in your population of intestinal bacteria that may cause occasional loose stools or mild diarrhea for a few days. These symptoms should stop once your antibiotic treatment ends.

• #10 Patient Basics: Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-basics-antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/

  What Is It? In healthy people, many different species of bacteria live inside the bowel. Many are harmless or even helpful to the body, but a few have the potential to be aggressive troublemakers. Under normal circumstances, the “bad” bacteria are far outnumbered, and the bowel’s natural ecological balance keeps them under control. This can change dramatically when a person begins treatment with an antibiotic. This is because antibiotics can kill large numbers of the bowel’s normal bacteria, altering the delicate balance among the various species. In most cases, the result is only a mild case of short-term diarrhea that goes away quickly after the antibiotic treatment ends. Occasionally, however, an antibiotic eliminates so many of the bowel’s “good” and harmless bacteria that the aggressive “bad” ones are free to multiply out of control.

• #11 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352237

  To diagnose antibiotic-associated diarrhea, your doctor is likely to question you about your health history, including whether you’ve had recent antibiotic treatments. […] Treatment for antibiotic-associated diarrhea depends on the severity of your signs and symptoms. […] If you have mild diarrhea, your symptoms likely will clear up within a few days after your antibiotic treatment ends. […] If you develop C. difficile infection, your doctor will likely stop whatever antibiotic you’re currently taking, and might prescribe antibiotics specifically targeted to kill the C. difficile bacteria causing your diarrhea. […] For people with this type of infection, diarrhea symptoms may return and require repeated treatment. […] To cope with diarrhea, drink enough fluids. […] For infants and children with diarrhea, ask your doctor about using an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte, to replenish fluids and electrolytes.

• #12 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352231

  C. difficile is a toxin-producing bacterium that can cause a more serious antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In addition to causing loose stools and more-frequent bowel movements, C. difficile infection can cause: Severe diarrhea and dehydration, Lower abdominal pain and cramping, Low-grade fever, Nausea, Loss of appetite. […] Call your doctor right away if you have serious signs and symptoms of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. These signs and symptoms are common to a number of conditions, so your doctor might recommend tests such as stool or blood tests to determine the cause.

• #13 :: PGHN :: Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition

  https://pghn.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5223/pghn.2020.23.1.35

  Gastrointestinal symptoms are often related to antibiotic treatment. Their incidence, risk and protective conditions in children are not well defined and represent the aims of this study. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) was defined as the presence of at least 3 loose/liquid stools within 14 days from antibiotic onset. AAD occurred in 59/289 (20.4%) of patients, with increased risk in children younger than 3 years (relative risk [RR]=4.25), in lower respiratory (RR=2.11) and urinary infections (RR=3.67), intravenous administration (RR=1.81) and previous AAD episodes (RR=1.87). AAD occurred in 20.4% of children, with increased risk at younger age, lower respiratory and urinary tract infections, intravenous treatment and previous AAD. AAD was defined as the presence of 3 or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day during antibiotic treatment (early AAD) or within 14 days from the antibiotics course excluding other etiologies. AAD is a mild and self-limiting (309 days) adverse effect, but it can eventually cause severe electrolyte/fluid imbalance, hospital admission, and pseudomembranous colitis associated with Clostridium difficile infection in 10-25% of cases. The European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) reported AAD in up to 33% children taking antibiotics. A few studies showed an increased rate of AAD in young children, in particular with the use of specific antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanate and ampicillin-sulbactam. The incidence and characteristics of the gastrointestinal manifestations by the different antibiotics are shown in Table 2. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were protected penicillins, cephalosporins, and macrolides. Overall, 134/289 (46.4%) children were given intravenous antibiotics. In this group, AAD was significantly more frequent compared to oral antibiotic treatment (36/134 vs. 23/155, 26.9% vs. 14.8%; RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.13-2.89). We recognized the following as additional risk factors for AAD: Age: AAD was significantly more common among children younger than 3 years and in infants less than 12 months of age; Infection site: We noticed an increased incidence of AAD in cases of lower respiratory infections or urinary infections; Previous AAD: Children reporting previous episodes of AAD were at increased risk of AAD concomitant with a new course of antibiotics.

• #14 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/antibiotics-diarrhea

  Diarrhea is one of the most common side effects of taking antibiotics, though it tends to be mild. Sometimes, antibiotics can cause bacterial infection with Clostrioides difficile (C.diff), leading to severe diarrhea. […] A person with diarrhea on antibiotics should carefully monitor their symptoms. If symptoms are very severe, a person gets sicker, or the diarrhea worsens, they should contact their doctor. Signs of dehydration, confusion, or weakness are a medical emergency. […] Antibiotic-related diarrhea can occur shortly after taking antibiotics or up to 2 months later. The main symptom is three or more watery bowel movements in a day. […] Conversely, when C. diff causes diarrhea, it tends to be more severe. There may also be an overlap in symptoms. […] Some signs or symptoms to watch for include: very frequent stools, water or mucus in bowel movements, very intense stomach pain, feeling very sick or weak, nausea, a low fever.

• #14 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/antibiotics-diarrhea

  Diarrhea can cause dehydration, unintentional weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. It is more dangerous in babies, young children, and older people. […] Complications relating to C. diff tend to be more severe. […] Antibiotic-related diarrhea usually goes away when a person stops using antibiotics. When it does not, or if the diarrhea is severe, a person could have a dangerous infection requiring prompt medical care. An underlying cause may be infection with C. diff.

• #15 Antibiotics Diarrhea: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/antibiotics-diarrhea

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is fairly common. Its estimated that between 5 and 25 percent of adults may experience diarrhea while taking antibiotics. […] Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is defined as having loose, watery stools three or more times per day while taking antibiotics. […] This may begin about a week after starting antibiotics. Additionally, diarrhea can also develop in the weeks after finishing your treatment. […] If you have a C. diff infection, you may experience additional symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramps, low grade fever, decreased appetite, and nausea. […] All types of antibiotics have the potential to cause diarrhea. However, some types of antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, can cause it more frequently. […] If you have antibiotic-associated diarrhea, focus on eating low fiber foods and replacing lost fluids and nutrients. See your doctor if you have very frequent or severe diarrhea, abdominal cramps, or fever while taking antibiotics.

• #16 Patient education: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridioides difficile (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-caused-by-clostridioides-difficile-beyond-the-basics/print

  Life-threatening complications of C. difficile infection develop in a small number of people. Signs and symptoms of severe infection may include abdominal distension, severe abdominal pain, fever (greater than 101°F, or 38.3°C), and profuse diarrhea. In rare cases, the bowels can rupture, potentially leading to a body-wide infection (sepsis), organ failure, or even death.

• #17 Pseudomembranous colitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000259.htm

  Pseudomembranous colitis refers to swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to an overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria. […] This infection is a common cause of diarrhea after antibiotic use. Not all cases of diarrhea associated with antibiotic use are due to C difficile or will progress to pseudomembranous colitis. […] Symptoms include: Abdominal cramps (mild to severe), Bloody stools, Fever, Urge to have a bowel movement, Watery diarrhea (often 5 to 10 times per day). […] Contact your provider if you have the following symptoms: Any bloody stools (especially after taking antibiotics), Five or more episodes of diarrhea per day for more than 1 to 2 days, Severe abdominal pain, Signs of dehydration.

• #18 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: Causes, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/antibiotics-and-diarrhea-1941560

  Have you ever taken antibiotics for an infection, only to end up with severe diarrhea? It may not have been a bug or something you ate; it could have been a result of an adverse effect of an antibiotic. […] Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is more common when: […] One of the more common „bad” bacteria is called Clostridioides difficile. […] Acute C. difficile infection is a serious condition that can lead to severe diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis (inflammation of the large intestine due to an overgrowth of C. difficile), and a life-threatening emergency known as toxic megacolon. […] Generally speaking, antibiotic-associated diarrhea will improve once the course of antibiotics is completed. […] If a C difficile infection is confirmed, the antibiotics metronidazole and vancomycin may be prescribed to kill the bacteria and restore the normal digestive flora. […] Severe diarrhea should never be ignored or self-treated with anti-diarrheal drugs. Doing so can make the underlying infection more difficult to treat and may result in constipation, which can be no less distressing.

• #18 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: Causes, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/antibiotics-and-diarrhea-1941560

• #19 Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile–Induced Colitis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/clostridioides-formerly-clostridium-difficile-induced-colitis

  C. difficile induced colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine (colon) that results in diarrhea. The inflammation is caused by toxin produced by C. difficile bacteria and usually develops after people take antibiotics that enable these bacteria to grow in the intestine. […] Typical symptoms range from slightly loose stools to bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. […] Symptoms of C. difficile infection typically begin 5 to 10 days after starting antibiotics but may occur on the first day or up to 2 months later. Symptoms vary according to the degree of inflammation caused by the bacteria, ranging from slightly loose stools to bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, and fever. Nausea and vomiting are rare. […] The most severe cases (fulminant colitis) may involve life-threatening dehydration, fast heart rate, low blood pressure, and perforation of the large intestine.

• #20

  https://www.kuh.ku.edu.tr/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea

  One of the most common complications of any type of diarrhea is extreme loss of fluids and electrolytes (dehydration). Severe dehydration can be life-threatening. Signs and symptoms include a very dry mouth, intense thirst, little or no urination, dizziness, and weakness. […] If you have mild diarrhea, your symptoms likely will clear up within a few days after your antibiotic treatment ends. In some cases, your doctor may advise you to stop your antibiotic therapy until your diarrhea subsides. […] If you develop C. difficile infection, your doctor will likely stop whatever antibiotic you’re currently taking, and might prescribe antibiotics specifically targeted to kill the C. difficile bacteria causing your diarrhea. […] To cope with diarrhea: Drink enough fluids. To counter a mild loss of fluids from diarrhea, drink more water or drinks that contain electrolytes. […] Avoid certain foods. It’s a good idea to avoid dairy as well as fatty and spicy foods while you have diarrhea. You can usually get back to a normal diet soon after your symptoms resolve.

• #20

  https://www.kuh.ku.edu.tr/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea

  C. difficile is a toxin-producing bacterium that can cause a more serious antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In addition to causing loose stools and more-frequent bowel movements, C. difficile infection can cause: Severe diarrhea and dehydration, Lower abdominal pain and cramping, Low-grade fever, Nausea, Loss of appetite. […] Call your doctor right away if you have serious signs and symptoms of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. These signs and symptoms are common to a number of conditions, so your doctor might recommend tests such as stool or blood tests to determine the cause. […] Antibiotic-associated diarrhea can occur in anyone who takes an antibiotic. But you’re more likely to develop antibiotic-associated diarrhea if you: Have had antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the past, Have taken antibiotic medications for an extended time, Are taking more than one antibiotic medication.

• #20

  https://www.kuh.ku.edu.tr/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea

  In some cases of mild antibiotic-associated diarrhea, your doctor may recommend anti-diarrheal medications, such as loperamide (Imodium A-D). But check with your doctor before taking anti-diarrheal medications because they can interfere with your body’s ability to eliminate toxins and lead to serious complications. These medications should not be used if you develop C. difficile infection. […] People may turn to probiotics found in foods such as yogurt with the hope that they can rebalance the healthy bacteria in their digestive tract. But, there’s no consensus on whether or not over-the-counter probiotics can help lessen the symptoms of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Taking probiotics doesn’t appear to be harmful, however, unless you have a weakened immune system.

• #21 C. Diff Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/clostridioides-difficile-colitis

  When you have C. diff, the symptoms can range from mild to severe. […] Mild symptoms can include problems such as: Watery diarrhea that happens three to four times a day for several days. […] In more serious infections, there may be blood or pus in the stool. This can happen because C. diff can cause the colon (also called the large intestine) to get inflamed. […] Other symptoms of a serious infection include: Diarrhea more than 10 times a day, Severe cramping, Fever, Nausea, Loss of appetite/weight loss, Dehydration, Rapid heart rate. […] If your C. diff infection is severe, you could get severe intestinal inflammation. Your colon could also get enlarged and you could develop an extreme response called sepsis. […] If your diarrhea from C. diff is very severe, get medical help quickly. Severe diarrhea can lead to life-threatening dehydration.

• #22 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotics. […] It is defined as frequent loose and watery stools with no other complications. […] Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is an overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Clostridioides difficile.

• #23 Antibiotics & Diarrhea – IFFGD

  https://iffgd.org/gi-disorders/diarrhea/antibiotics-diarrhea/

  Antibiotic therapy is a common source of diarrhea in both hospitalized patients and outpatients. Approximately 20% of patients taking antibiotics will develop diarrhea. […] When antibiotics are taken, they alter the number and types of bacteria present in the colon. The result is an impaired absorption of carbohydrates. This leads to water secretion and looser stools. […] The second factor, which can cause diarrhea after antibiotic use, is C. difficile colitis. C. difficile is a bacterium that can increase in number after a course of antibiotics. This bacterium produces a toxin that causes inflammatory changes in the colon. These inflammatory changes result in both impaired water reabsorption in the colon and secretion of fluid resulting in diarrhea.

• #24 Risk factors, incidence, and morbidity associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in intensive care unit patients receiving antibiotic monotherapy

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v8/i10/1908.htm

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is diarrhea associated with antibiotic administration. Symptoms can range from mildly self-limiting disease to more severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). Due to the widespread use of antibiotics, the incidence of AAD has gradually increased and has been reported to be as high as 35% in some studies. This increase is directly related to the use of antibiotics. AAD has become an important nosocomial disease, especially in critically ill patients. The incidence of AAD in the intensive care unit (ICU) is growing, and it is becoming a serious condition. Therefore, prevention of AAD is essential for critically ill patients. […] The overall incidence of AAD was 21.53%. Age, proton pump inhibitor usage time, duration of antibiotic, and ICU stay time were associated with AAD. […] Older age, longer ICU stay time, duration of use of proton pump inhibitors, and duration of antibiotic increase the incidence of AAD in ICU patients receiving antibiotic monotherapy.

• #25 Managing antibiotic associated diarrhoea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1123310/

  Diarrhoea is a common adverse effect of antibiotic treatments. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea occurs in about 5-30% of patients either early during antibiotic therapy or up to two months after the end of the treatment. The frequency of antibiotic associated diarrhoea depends on the definition of diarrhoea, the inciting antimicrobial agents, and host factors. […] Clinical presentations of antibiotic associated diarrhoea range from mild diarrhoea to fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. The latter is characterised by a watery diarrhoea, fever (in 80% of cases), leucocytosis (80%), and the presence of pseudomembranes on endoscopic examination. Severe complications include toxic megacolon, perforation, and shock. […] Antibiotic associated diarrhoea results from disruption of the normal microflora of the gut by antibiotics.

• #26 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea.html

  If you have mild, uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea, your bowel movements should gradually return to normal once your antibiotic treatment ends. […] C. difficile diarrhea usually begins to subside within the first 72 hours of treatment with medication. However, some people develop severe symptoms with a longer recovery time. C. difficile diarrhea can recur despite adequate initial therapy. […] Call your doctor promptly if you have been taking antibiotics and you develop any of the following symptoms: more than five loose stools or episodes of diarrhea per day, high-volume, watery diarrhea, a fever, abdominal pain or tenderness, blood or pus in your stool. […] Overall, the prognosis is excellent. Almost all adults with mild antibiotic-associated diarrhea recover completely without complications. […] Among people with more severe C. difficile diarrhea, 15% to 35% have the problem return within eight weeks. Most of these patients can be successfully treated with a second course of medication.

• #27 Can Antibiotics Cause Diarrhea? Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention Tips

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/can-antibiotics-cause-diarrhea/

  Call your doctor if you’ve been taking antibiotics and you have more than five loose stools a day, a fever, pain or tenderness in your belly, blood or pus in your stool, or signs of dehydration, which include a very dry mouth, little or no urination, dizziness, or weakness. […] Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is watery stools caused by taking an antibiotic. Most of the time the diarrhea is mild and improves within a few days, but some people may develop a C. diff infection.

• #28 Antibiotic Diarrhea – Symptoms & Causes | Enterogermina® UAE

  https://www.enterogermina.com/en-ae/gut-health/antibiotic-diarrhea

  When you hear antibiotics diarrhea, you may be thinking of diarrhea that is accompanied by cramps in the abdomen. This is caused by antibiotics killing off a large number of natural bacteria in the intestine, which upsets the balance between different species of bacteria. […] Due to a slight alteration in the population of gut bacteria, taking antibiotics occasionally causes loose stools or mild diarrhea for a few days. But ideally, these symptoms should go away once you’ve finished taking your antibiotics. […] If you have been taking antibiotics and experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately: More than five episodes of diarrhea or High-volume, watery diarrhea each day. […] Diarrhea brought on by antibiotics is one of the adverse effects you could face while undergoing therapy.

• #29 Diarrhoea from Antibiotics | Side Effects from Antibiotics

  https://www.antibioticresearch.org.uk/ufaq/what-is-antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-and-which-antibiotics-commonly-cause-this/

  One of the side effects to taking antibiotics is diarrhoea, this is because treatments can disrupt the balance of the good bacteria in your gut which can lead to loose stools. […] Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is defined as having loose, watery stools three or more times per day during your treatment. This may begin about a week after starting antibiotics or, diarrhoea can also develop in the weeks after finishing your treatment. […] You should contact your doctor urgently, if youre taking antibiotics and have the following symptoms: more than five episodes of diarrhoea in a day, blood or pus in your stool, fever, abdominal pain or cramps.

• #30 Clostridium difficile | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/clostridium-difficile/

  Symptoms of a C. difficile infection usually develop when you’re taking antibiotics, or when you’ve finished taking them within the last few weeks. The most common symptoms are: watery diarrhoea, which can be bloody, painful tummy cramps, feeling sick, signs of dehydration, such as a dry mouth, headaches and peeing less often than normal, a high temperature (fever) of above 38C (100.4F), loss of appetite and weight loss. In some cases, serious complications can develop, such as damage to the bowel or severe dehydration, which may cause drowsiness, confusion, a rapid heart rate and fainting. […] Phone your GP if: you have persistent diarrhoea after finishing a course of antibiotics, you have bloody diarrhoea, you have diarrhoea and experience severe tummy pain, a high fever, a rapid heart rate or fainting, you have symptoms of severe dehydration, such as confusion, drowsiness, only passing small amounts of urine or no urine at all. […] C. difficile infections usually respond well to treatment, with most people making a full recovery in a week or two. However, the symptoms come back in around 1 in 5 cases and treatment may need to be repeated.

• #31

  https://www.visbiome.com/blogs/thriving-with-visbiome/diarrhea-as-an-antibiotic-side-effect-what-it-is-what-you-can-do-about-it?srsltid=AfmBOorBN2qTWh-rcgDsEeWj6W64Ov5DyVBTzWfSCROP5KuUkYpbopFy

  Being sick often comes with a lot of unwanted side effects. If youve had to take antibiotics for an illness, you may have also had the misfortune of experiencing antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) because of your treatment. Diarrhea is estimated to occur in about 5-30% of patients taking antibiotics. It often involves having loose, watery stools three or more times per day, but the frequency may vary. Other symptoms may include abdominal cramps, loss of bowel function, and an urgency to use the restroom. These symptoms may occur early on during antibiotic treatment, or up to a couple of months after completion of the medication. […] Short term diarrhea that lasts only a few days is typically not a major health concern. However, prolonged, or frequent diarrhea can lead to many side effects that can become very serious. Diarrhea causes your body to lose water and important minerals called electrolytes that keep many systems in your body working properly. This can lead to dehydration, which in turn may cause symptoms such as decreased brain function, headaches, irritability, increased heart rate, decreased muscle strength and endurance, and kidney damage over time. Severe dehydration can also potentially cause death. […] Diarrhea from antibiotics is of most concern for young children, the elderly, and other people who have a weakened immune system or are at a greater risk for dehydration.

• #32 Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea Symptoms | Vejthani

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea occurs when loose, watery stools are experienced three or more times a day after taking antibiotics for a bacterial infection. It affects approximately 1 in 5 people who take antibiotics. While most cases of diarrhea resolve without complications within a few days, it can sometimes lead to more serious issues. Diarrhea can cause dehydration as the body loses significant amounts of water. It can also disrupt the balance of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and magnesium, which are important for proper bodily functions. In rare instances, severe diarrhea can result in kidney failure due to inadequate blood and fluid supply to the kidneys. […] Antibiotic-associated diarrhea usually leads to mild symptoms in most people, including loose stools and more frequent bowel movements. It typically starts around a week after starting antibiotic treatment, but in some cases, the diarrhea and other symptoms may not appear until days or even weeks after finishing the antibiotics.

• #33 Combating diarrhea from antibiotics – Children’s National

  https://riseandshine.childrensnational.org/combating-diarrhea-and-upset-stomach-from-antibiotics/

  Most often, just time and light foods are the best medicine for diarrhea and upset stomach caused by antibiotics. […] Diarrhea or loose stool can be a common manifestation of children taking antibiotics. Fortunately, in most cases it is mild. It may occur in 1 in 5 children taking antibiotics and is most common in children under 2 years of age (studies have shown up to 18% of children under 2). […] Most often, the diarrhea only lasts between a few days and a week, however, in some cases, it can persist a few weeks after your child finishes the antibiotic. […] It is very important that children with mild diarrhea finish their antibiotic course. […] The reason for antibiotic associated diarrhea is poorly understood but is thought to be due to a disruption in fecal flora. When antibiotics kill harmful bacteria that cause infection, they also kill these good bacteria in the digestive system.

• #34 How to handle when children have diarrhea due to taking antibiotics | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/how-to-handle-when-children-have-diarrhea-due-to-taking-antibiotics-en

  About 2 to 9 days after taking antibiotics, the child may have bloating, stomach pain, or a slightly swollen belly. The child may have frequent diarrhea, up to 15-20 times a day. The stool may be loose, mucousy, or appear green or yellow, sometimes frothy or containing undigested food. It may also have blood or mucus in it. The child may have to strain or push hard to pass stools. The skin around the child’s bottom may get red or irritated because of the acidic stool. If harmful bacteria grow too quickly, the child may experience more severe symptoms like a high fever, nausea, vomiting, strong stomach pain, and diarrhea with blood and pus. […] In the case of mild diarrhea, the symptoms typically resolve within a few days to two weeks after stopping the antibiotic. However, if the diarrhea persists, it can lead to several serious complications, such as: Malabsorption and metabolic disorders, Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, Rapid weight loss and potential malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can result in significant weight loss and may cause the child to become malnourished.

• #35 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/zh-Hans/healthaz/gastrointestinal/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea-zh-hans/?language=en

  Although rare, another complication of antibiotic use is inflammation (pain or swelling) of the large intestine. Signs of inflammation include severe diarrhea that may contain blood or mucus, fever, stomach pain, and extreme weakness. […] Call your child’s regular health-care provider right away if your child has severe diarrhea, has a new fever, has blood in the stool, is very tired and not drinking, or is showing signs of dehydration, such as less urine, crankiness, fatigue, and dry mouth.

• #36 Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD)

  https://www.hartmann-science-center.com/en/hygiene-knowledge/glossary/glossary-1/aad

  Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is diarrhoea caused by the administration of antibiotics. The symptoms occur during or up to eight weeks after administration of the antibiotic and can be traced back to this cause. […] The symptoms of AAD can appear just a few hours after taking the antibiotic. In addition to diarrhoea, there is often cramping abdominal pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. However, the symptoms can also appear several weeks after the start of antibiotic therapy. […] In most cases, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is harmless, but due to the loss of fluids and salts, the disease can become life-threatening in rare cases. Hospitalised and immunocompromised patients in particular have an increased risk of contracting AAD caused by C. difficile. This can lead to a further complication called pseudomembranous colitis.

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