Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Arrhythmias – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558923/

  Arrhythmia entails a broad spectrum of disorders of heart rate and rhythm abnormalities. The prevalence of arrhythmias is expected to be 1.5% to 5% in the general population, with atrial fibrillation being the most common. Arrhythmias may or may not produce any symptoms and can be paroxysmal, leading to difficulty in estimating true prevalence. The overall presence of arrhythmia is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. […] Arrhythmias can pose a diagnostic dilemma. The patient presentation can be varied even for the same arrhythmia and can require a different management approach based on the patient’s clinical condition and characteristics. […] It has been shown that hospitals with a dedicated arrhythmia team consisting of a nurse, electrophysiologist, noninvasive arrhythmia expert, and internist have shown significant improvement in the outcomes of patients.

• #2 Arrhythmias – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558923/

  Arrhythmia entails a broad spectrum of disorders of heart rate and rhythm abnormalities. The prevalence of arrhythmias is expected to be 1.5% to 5% in the general population, with atrial fibrillation being the most common. Arrhythmias may or may not produce any symptoms and can be paroxysmal, leading to difficulty in estimating true prevalence. The overall presence of arrhythmia is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. […] Arrhythmias can pose a diagnostic dilemma. The patient presentation can be varied even for the same arrhythmia and can require a different management approach based on the patient’s clinical condition and characteristics. […] It has been shown that hospitals with a dedicated arrhythmia team consisting of a nurse, electrophysiologist, noninvasive arrhythmia expert, and internist have shown significant improvement in the outcomes of patients.

• #3 Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of atrial fibrillation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-atrial-fibrillation

  Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of atrial fibrillation […] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. Patients are at increased risk for death, heart failure, hospitalization, and thromboembolic events. […] The epidemiology of, disease associations with, and risk factors for AF will be reviewed here. An overview of the presentation and management of patients with AF is discussed elsewhere. […] AF is a global health care problem with evidence suggesting an increasing prevalence and incidence worldwide. A systematic review of worldwide population-based studies (n = 184) estimated that the number of individuals with AF in 2010 was 33.5 million. […] The prevalence of AF depends upon population characteristics, with differences apparent due to age, sex, race, geography, and time period. The following data are primarily derived from studies in which an electrocardiogram was obtained during an office visit rather than ambulatory monitoring. The prevalence of paroxysmal AF, which is more likely to be detected with ambulatory monitoring, is much higher.

• #4 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, mechanisms and management.

  https://imsear.searo.who.int/items/94c6d266-0c58-454a-958e-ee60f95b04c4

  The incidence of AF, the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, increases with age and coronary artery disease, hypertension and valvular heart disease are common underlying substrates; however, occasionally, AF may occur without any underlying heart disease. […] The most widely accepted theory of its mechanism is Moe’s multiple wavelet hypothesis, although recent studies are helping to shed light on other mechanisms, including the focal origin of AF in some patients. […] Unlike other arrhythmias, there is still no highly successful therapy for treating AF. However, significant advances are being made using non-pharmacological approaches to either prevent or cure this troublesome arrhythmia.

• #5 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study demonstrated that more than 59 million individuals lived with AF in 2019. The prevalence has risen markedly since 2010 when the number was 33.5 million. However, the true prevalence of AF is higher because many individuals have undiagnosed AF until they develop symptoms or present with an ischemic stroke. Projection studies show that the prevalence of AF will rise to 15.9 million in 2050 in America and 17.9 million in 2060 in Europe. Increased availability of different heart rhythm recording devices and increased awareness of AF undoubtedly had a significant contribution in the overall increase in detection of AF. However, age-standardized prevalence reported in the GBD study remained stable between 1990 and 2019. This finding indicates that the increasing prevalence is a consequence of longer average life expectancy globally.

• #6 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study demonstrated that more than 59 million individuals lived with AF in 2019. The prevalence has risen markedly since 2010 when the number was 33.5 million. However, the true prevalence of AF is higher because many individuals have undiagnosed AF until they develop symptoms or present with an ischemic stroke. Projection studies show that the prevalence of AF will rise to 15.9 million in 2050 in America and 17.9 million in 2060 in Europe. Increased availability of different heart rhythm recording devices and increased awareness of AF undoubtedly had a significant contribution in the overall increase in detection of AF. However, age-standardized prevalence reported in the GBD study remained stable between 1990 and 2019. This finding indicates that the increasing prevalence is a consequence of longer average life expectancy globally.

• #7 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study demonstrated that more than 59 million individuals lived with AF in 2019. The prevalence has risen markedly since 2010 when the number was 33.5 million. However, the true prevalence of AF is higher because many individuals have undiagnosed AF until they develop symptoms or present with an ischemic stroke. Projection studies show that the prevalence of AF will rise to 15.9 million in 2050 in America and 17.9 million in 2060 in Europe. Increased availability of different heart rhythm recording devices and increased awareness of AF undoubtedly had a significant contribution in the overall increase in detection of AF. However, age-standardized prevalence reported in the GBD study remained stable between 1990 and 2019. This finding indicates that the increasing prevalence is a consequence of longer average life expectancy globally.

• #8 About Atrial Fibrillation | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/atrial-fibrillation.html

  Atrial fibrillation, often called AFib or AF, is the most common type of treated heart arrhythmia. […] It is estimated that 12.1 million people in the US will have AFib in S12. […] In 2021, AFib was mentioned on 232,030 death certificates and was the underlying cause of death in 28,037 of those deaths. […] More than 454,000 hospitalizations with AFib as the primary diagnosis happen each year in the US. […] The condition contributes to about 158,000 deaths each year. […] The death rate from AFib as the primary or a contributing cause of death has been rising for more than two decades.

• #9 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study demonstrated that more than 59 million individuals lived with AF in 2019. The prevalence has risen markedly since 2010 when the number was 33.5 million. However, the true prevalence of AF is higher because many individuals have undiagnosed AF until they develop symptoms or present with an ischemic stroke. Projection studies show that the prevalence of AF will rise to 15.9 million in 2050 in America and 17.9 million in 2060 in Europe. Increased availability of different heart rhythm recording devices and increased awareness of AF undoubtedly had a significant contribution in the overall increase in detection of AF. However, age-standardized prevalence reported in the GBD study remained stable between 1990 and 2019. This finding indicates that the increasing prevalence is a consequence of longer average life expectancy globally.

• #10 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #11 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  AF is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Current evidence suggests that the prevalence of AF is 1%-2% in the general population, and increases significantly with age (1.0% up to 50 years of age, to 4% at 65 years, and 12% of those 80 years of age or older). Although the incidence has been relatively stable over time (approximately 28 per 1000 person-years), the overall prevalence of AF is increasing because of changing population demographics (eg, from 41 cases per 1000 in 1993 to 85 cases per 1000 in 2007). However, the true prevalence of AF is likely to be substantially higher than 1-2%, as these historical estimates were derived from populations with AF diagnosed using ECG, and did not routinely account for patients with paroxysmal AF (which is estimated to be approximately two-thirds of the AF population) or patients with silent AF. When factoring in patients with paroxysmal and silent AF, the prevalence of AF increases from 500,000 to nearly 1 million Canadians.

• #12 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #13 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #14 The Era of Rhythm Control: A Review of the Epidemiology and Clinical Impact of Anti-Arrhythmic Medications in Atrial Fibrillation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-0618/2/1/8

  Atrial fibrillation has been described as a global epidemic with a three-fold increase in prevalence in the last 50 years. […] The increasing burden of AF has been a major concern. Epidemiologic studies estimated the worldwide prevalence of AF was estimated to approximately 37.5 million in 2017, with approximately 3 million new cases every year. […] The incidence of AF was noted to be highest in the United States, Canada, Australia, and parts of Europe, while the lowest incidence was noted in Africa and the Middle East, with projections for this burden to increase in the future. […] In the United States, it is projected that the prevalence of AF will more than double between the years 2010 and 2030 (5.2 million in 2010 to an estimated 12.1 million in 2030). […] Globally, age has the greatest contribution to the risk of the development of AF. However, its prevalence can vary based on gender, race, and a patient’s co-morbidities.

• #15 Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-european-perspective-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  The most recent studies have confirmed this perception and shown that the prevalence of AF in the general adult population of Europe is more than double that reported just one decade earlier, ranging from 1.9% in Italy, Iceland, and England to 2.3% in Germany and 2.9% in Sweden. […] In Europe, the most recent studies performed in the global population over the last decade report an incidence of AF ranging from 0.23 per 1,000 person/years in Iceland to 0.41 in Germany and 0.9 in Scotland, respectively. […] In the USA, the bed utilization for AF as a primary diagnosis was approximately one million days in 1991 and 1.38 million days in 1999, representing a bed utilization that is similar to that needed for all the other cardiac arrhythmias combined. […] The magnitude of these data seems to confer an endemic dimension to this health care problem, implying not only a greater engagement of physicians but also a significant effort of health care systems to improve AF prevention and treatment and to facilitate the organization of social interventions for the cure of its consequences.

• #16 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #17 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #18 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #19 Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/obesity-and-atrial-fibrillation-epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-novel-therapeutic

  Worldwide obesity has reached pandemic proportions with more than 1.9 billion adults classed as overweight in 2016, of which 650 million were obese. Since it is a major modifiable risk factor for so many cardiovascular diseases, it is no surprise there has been an exponential increase in cases of AF coinciding with the rise in obesity. While there were an estimated 8.8 million cases of AF in 2010 in Europe alone, by 2060, this is estimated to rise to 17.9 million. Moreover, obesity is now the second biggest attributable risk factor for AF after hypertension. Together with overweight, it accounted for 17.9% of all AF cases in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. While AF risk appears to follow a linear pattern with increase in BMI, the pathophysiological basis of the obesity-AF relationship is complex and multifactorial. Indeed, various epidemiological studies have demonstrated an apparent paradox with regard to outcomes in AF patients; overweight and mildly obese patients with AF appear to have an overall better prognosis in terms of all-cause mortality compared with lean patients with AF.

• #20 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/

  Ventricular arrhythmia is a condition where the pumping of the heart ventricles is abnormal. The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. Cases of ventricular arrhythmias can be lethal, as when presenting with ventricular fibrillation or when caused by myocardial infarction. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. However, idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias can occur at any age. Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] The management of ventricular arrhythmia principally depends on the patients hemodynamic status and clinical condition.

• #21 Cardiac arrhythmias in low- and middle-income countries – Mkoko – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/31223/html

  Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are undergoing an epidemiological transition. […] However, there are limited studies on the epidemiology and management of cardiac arrhythmias in LMICs. […] This review article will focus on the current epidemiology and discuss the challenges to the management of cardiac arrhythmias and opportunities to improve arrhythmia care in LMICs. […] The prevalence and incidence of AF in HICs remains significantly higher compared to LMICs; however, this difference needs to factor in the substantial lack of data from LMICs that likely significantly underestimates the true disease burden. […] A systematic review of community-based AF epidemiology studies in LMICs showed a prevalence of 0.031.25% in the general population and 0.675.6% in individuals older than 70 years of age.

• #22 Cardiac arrhythmias in low- and middle-income countries – Mkoko – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/31223/html

  The epidemiology of AF in SSA is also not very well defined due to lack of large-scale population wide studies from the region. […] AF patients in LMICs tend to present younger and in heart failure compared to HICs and tend to have high prevalence of stroke at 1027% with severe and debilitating symptoms and are less likely to receive guideline directed management. […] The true burden of the disease and current management trends are not well understood in most LMICs. […] The World Heart Federation (WHF) identifies three main areas of care gaps in the management of AF in LMICs including inadequate screening for AF among high risk individuals and those with non-valvular AF that may not have significant symptoms, low rates of initiation on anticoagulation, and the lack of country specific AF data to tailor interventions particularly in LMIC where the extent of care gap is highly variable.

• #23 Cardiac arrhythmias in low- and middle-income countries – Mkoko – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/31223/html

  The epidemiology of AF in SSA is also not very well defined due to lack of large-scale population wide studies from the region. […] AF patients in LMICs tend to present younger and in heart failure compared to HICs and tend to have high prevalence of stroke at 1027% with severe and debilitating symptoms and are less likely to receive guideline directed management. […] The true burden of the disease and current management trends are not well understood in most LMICs. […] The World Heart Federation (WHF) identifies three main areas of care gaps in the management of AF in LMICs including inadequate screening for AF among high risk individuals and those with non-valvular AF that may not have significant symptoms, low rates of initiation on anticoagulation, and the lack of country specific AF data to tailor interventions particularly in LMIC where the extent of care gap is highly variable.

• #24 Cardiac arrhythmias in low- and middle-income countries – Mkoko – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/31223/html

  The epidemiology of AF in SSA is also not very well defined due to lack of large-scale population wide studies from the region. […] AF patients in LMICs tend to present younger and in heart failure compared to HICs and tend to have high prevalence of stroke at 1027% with severe and debilitating symptoms and are less likely to receive guideline directed management. […] The true burden of the disease and current management trends are not well understood in most LMICs. […] The World Heart Federation (WHF) identifies three main areas of care gaps in the management of AF in LMICs including inadequate screening for AF among high risk individuals and those with non-valvular AF that may not have significant symptoms, low rates of initiation on anticoagulation, and the lack of country specific AF data to tailor interventions particularly in LMIC where the extent of care gap is highly variable.

• #25 A Systematic Review of the Spectrum of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Sub-Saharan Africa | Global Heart

  https://globalheartjournal.com/articles/10.5334/gh.808

  Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter (AF/AFL) prevalence is 1622% in heart failure, 1028% in rheumatic heart disease, 37% in cardiology admissions, but 1% in the general population. […] The epidemiology of sudden cardiac arrest/death is less characterized in SSA. […] Low rates of cardiac implantable electronic devices insertions and rarity of invasive arrhythmia treatment centers are seen in SSA, relative to the high-income countries. […] The key finding of this systematic review is the sparsity of studies on SCA/SCD in this region. […] The most common underlying rhythm of SCA/SCD in SSA is asystole, followed by pulseless electrical activity (PEA), then VT/VF, and unknown. […] There is an alarming observed gross lack of CPR awareness among the SSA populations. CPR was only attempted in 3.740% of OHCA and only attempted in about 50% of IHCA cases among adults. […] The rates of CIEDs implants in SSA are abysmally rock-bottom. For instance, Nigeria offers 0.2 implants per million population, which is 4000 times less than in Germany. […] This review has noted very sparse data on SVTs, ventricular arrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias.

• #26 A Systematic Review of the Spectrum of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Sub-Saharan Africa | Global Heart

  https://globalheartjournal.com/articles/10.5334/gh.808

  Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter (AF/AFL) prevalence is 1622% in heart failure, 1028% in rheumatic heart disease, 37% in cardiology admissions, but 1% in the general population. […] The epidemiology of sudden cardiac arrest/death is less characterized in SSA. […] Low rates of cardiac implantable electronic devices insertions and rarity of invasive arrhythmia treatment centers are seen in SSA, relative to the high-income countries. […] The key finding of this systematic review is the sparsity of studies on SCA/SCD in this region. […] The most common underlying rhythm of SCA/SCD in SSA is asystole, followed by pulseless electrical activity (PEA), then VT/VF, and unknown. […] There is an alarming observed gross lack of CPR awareness among the SSA populations. CPR was only attempted in 3.740% of OHCA and only attempted in about 50% of IHCA cases among adults. […] The rates of CIEDs implants in SSA are abysmally rock-bottom. For instance, Nigeria offers 0.2 implants per million population, which is 4000 times less than in Germany. […] This review has noted very sparse data on SVTs, ventricular arrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias.

• #27 A Systematic Review of the Spectrum of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Sub-Saharan Africa | Global Heart

  https://globalheartjournal.com/articles/10.5334/gh.808

  Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter (AF/AFL) prevalence is 1622% in heart failure, 1028% in rheumatic heart disease, 37% in cardiology admissions, but 1% in the general population. […] The epidemiology of sudden cardiac arrest/death is less characterized in SSA. […] Low rates of cardiac implantable electronic devices insertions and rarity of invasive arrhythmia treatment centers are seen in SSA, relative to the high-income countries. […] The key finding of this systematic review is the sparsity of studies on SCA/SCD in this region. […] The most common underlying rhythm of SCA/SCD in SSA is asystole, followed by pulseless electrical activity (PEA), then VT/VF, and unknown. […] There is an alarming observed gross lack of CPR awareness among the SSA populations. CPR was only attempted in 3.740% of OHCA and only attempted in about 50% of IHCA cases among adults. […] The rates of CIEDs implants in SSA are abysmally rock-bottom. For instance, Nigeria offers 0.2 implants per million population, which is 4000 times less than in Germany. […] This review has noted very sparse data on SVTs, ventricular arrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias.

• #28 Epidemiology and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/494006

  The burden of healthcare costs associated with caring for patients with AF is also reaching astronomical proportions. Between 1985 and 1999, the number of AF-related hospitalizations increased 190%. In 2001, AF was responsible for 416,000 hospital discharges, with $6041 paid to Medicare beneficiaries for each hospitalization.

• #29 Epidemiology and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/494006

  The burden of healthcare costs associated with caring for patients with AF is also reaching astronomical proportions. Between 1985 and 1999, the number of AF-related hospitalizations increased 190%. In 2001, AF was responsible for 416,000 hospital discharges, with $6041 paid to Medicare beneficiaries for each hospitalization.

• #30 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  AF is independently associated with a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of mortality, which is predominantly due to increased risk of thromboembolic events and ventricular dysfunction. Nonanticoagulated patients with AF have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of stroke, which are generally more severe (greater resource utilization, long-term disability, and mortality) and more recurrent than strokes unrelated to AF. […] The economic burden of AF care is substantial. A significant proportion of AF health care expenses are attributed to the direct costs associated with hospitalization and the provision of acute care. In Canada, AF resulted in 8815 same-day procedures, 76,964 ED visits, and 64,214 acute care admissions (25,892 with AF as the principal diagnosis and 38,222 with AF as a comorbid diagnosis) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year. The annual direct cost of AF care adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollars (CAD$) was $956 million: $66 million for ED visits with AF as the principal diagnosis and $20 million with comorbid AF; $204 million for hospitalization with AF as the principal diagnosis and $634 million with comorbid AF; and $32 million for AF-related day procedures. On a per-patient basis, the excess annual direct cost of AF has been estimated to be $16,944-$19,529 (adjusted 2020 US dollars). In addition to these direct costs, the annual indirect costs (eg, days of work missed because of illness) have been estimated to be $3082 higher for AF patients compared with those without AF. It is important to recognize that the cost of care is not uniform across the spectrum of AF. Specifically, the annual inpatient and outpatient direct costs are more than twice as high for patients with primary AF compared with patients with secondary AF.

• #31 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  AF is independently associated with a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of mortality, which is predominantly due to increased risk of thromboembolic events and ventricular dysfunction. Nonanticoagulated patients with AF have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of stroke, which are generally more severe (greater resource utilization, long-term disability, and mortality) and more recurrent than strokes unrelated to AF. […] The economic burden of AF care is substantial. A significant proportion of AF health care expenses are attributed to the direct costs associated with hospitalization and the provision of acute care. In Canada, AF resulted in 8815 same-day procedures, 76,964 ED visits, and 64,214 acute care admissions (25,892 with AF as the principal diagnosis and 38,222 with AF as a comorbid diagnosis) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year. The annual direct cost of AF care adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollars (CAD$) was $956 million: $66 million for ED visits with AF as the principal diagnosis and $20 million with comorbid AF; $204 million for hospitalization with AF as the principal diagnosis and $634 million with comorbid AF; and $32 million for AF-related day procedures. On a per-patient basis, the excess annual direct cost of AF has been estimated to be $16,944-$19,529 (adjusted 2020 US dollars). In addition to these direct costs, the annual indirect costs (eg, days of work missed because of illness) have been estimated to be $3082 higher for AF patients compared with those without AF. It is important to recognize that the cost of care is not uniform across the spectrum of AF. Specifically, the annual inpatient and outpatient direct costs are more than twice as high for patients with primary AF compared with patients with secondary AF.

• #32 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  AF is independently associated with a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of mortality, which is predominantly due to increased risk of thromboembolic events and ventricular dysfunction. Nonanticoagulated patients with AF have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of stroke, which are generally more severe (greater resource utilization, long-term disability, and mortality) and more recurrent than strokes unrelated to AF. […] The economic burden of AF care is substantial. A significant proportion of AF health care expenses are attributed to the direct costs associated with hospitalization and the provision of acute care. In Canada, AF resulted in 8815 same-day procedures, 76,964 ED visits, and 64,214 acute care admissions (25,892 with AF as the principal diagnosis and 38,222 with AF as a comorbid diagnosis) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year. The annual direct cost of AF care adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollars (CAD$) was $956 million: $66 million for ED visits with AF as the principal diagnosis and $20 million with comorbid AF; $204 million for hospitalization with AF as the principal diagnosis and $634 million with comorbid AF; and $32 million for AF-related day procedures. On a per-patient basis, the excess annual direct cost of AF has been estimated to be $16,944-$19,529 (adjusted 2020 US dollars). In addition to these direct costs, the annual indirect costs (eg, days of work missed because of illness) have been estimated to be $3082 higher for AF patients compared with those without AF. It is important to recognize that the cost of care is not uniform across the spectrum of AF. Specifically, the annual inpatient and outpatient direct costs are more than twice as high for patients with primary AF compared with patients with secondary AF.

• #33 Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Atrial Fibrillation | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-atrial-fibrillation?language_content_entity=en

  The incidence of AF follows a similar pattern and also appears to be on the rise. […] Projected data from population-based studies, such as the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study in California and analysis from the Mayo Clinic in the Midwest, suggest that the number of adults with AF may reach 5.6-12.1 million by 2050. […] AF imposes a substantial cost burden on the healthcare system due to its increased morbidity- and mortality-associated therapeutic interventions. […] A good estimate of the involved costs was provided by a large UK-based survey that revealed that the direct cost of managing AF increased from 0.6-1.2% of the total National Health Service (NHS) budget in 1995 to 0.9-2.4% by 2000. […] These figures may be an underestimate as they do not comprehensively include other costs in the community. […] As a result of increasing age and improved survival rates in those with coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hypertension, an increase in the prevalence of AF is likely to be exponential and sustained in the foreseeable future.

• #34 Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Atrial Fibrillation | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-atrial-fibrillation?language_content_entity=en

  The incidence of AF follows a similar pattern and also appears to be on the rise. […] Projected data from population-based studies, such as the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study in California and analysis from the Mayo Clinic in the Midwest, suggest that the number of adults with AF may reach 5.6-12.1 million by 2050. […] AF imposes a substantial cost burden on the healthcare system due to its increased morbidity- and mortality-associated therapeutic interventions. […] A good estimate of the involved costs was provided by a large UK-based survey that revealed that the direct cost of managing AF increased from 0.6-1.2% of the total National Health Service (NHS) budget in 1995 to 0.9-2.4% by 2000. […] These figures may be an underestimate as they do not comprehensively include other costs in the community. […] As a result of increasing age and improved survival rates in those with coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hypertension, an increase in the prevalence of AF is likely to be exponential and sustained in the foreseeable future.

• #35 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/

  Ventricular arrhythmia is a condition where the pumping of the heart ventricles is abnormal. The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. Cases of ventricular arrhythmias can be lethal, as when presenting with ventricular fibrillation or when caused by myocardial infarction. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. However, idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias can occur at any age. Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] The management of ventricular arrhythmia principally depends on the patients hemodynamic status and clinical condition.

• #36 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/

  Ventricular arrhythmia is a condition where the pumping of the heart ventricles is abnormal. The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. Cases of ventricular arrhythmias can be lethal, as when presenting with ventricular fibrillation or when caused by myocardial infarction. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. However, idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias can occur at any age. Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] The management of ventricular arrhythmia principally depends on the patients hemodynamic status and clinical condition.

• #37 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/

  Ventricular arrhythmia is a condition where the pumping of the heart ventricles is abnormal. The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. Cases of ventricular arrhythmias can be lethal, as when presenting with ventricular fibrillation or when caused by myocardial infarction. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. However, idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias can occur at any age. Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] The management of ventricular arrhythmia principally depends on the patients hemodynamic status and clinical condition.

• #38 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/

  Ventricular arrhythmia is a condition where the pumping of the heart ventricles is abnormal. The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. Cases of ventricular arrhythmias can be lethal, as when presenting with ventricular fibrillation or when caused by myocardial infarction. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. However, idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias can occur at any age. Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] The management of ventricular arrhythmia principally depends on the patients hemodynamic status and clinical condition.

• #39

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-023-01445-x

  To provide an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and management of cardiac arrhythmias in oncological patients within the context of the new European Society of Cardiology 2022 guidelines on cardio-oncology. […] The prevalence of arrhythmias in oncological patients differs, depending on the cancer type, oncological treatment, patients characteristics, and risk factors. The epidemiology of different arrhythmias in cancer patients is presented below. […] The overall incidence of AF in general population varies from 1 to 2%, whereas among oncological patients, it reaches between 5% and 16%, depending on the risk factors and cancer type. […] The incidence of VAs is smaller than in the case of atrial arrhythmias. However, the severity of the complications after the possible cardiac arrest is more serious.

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-023-01445-x

  To provide an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and management of cardiac arrhythmias in oncological patients within the context of the new European Society of Cardiology 2022 guidelines on cardio-oncology. […] The prevalence of arrhythmias in oncological patients differs, depending on the cancer type, oncological treatment, patients characteristics, and risk factors. The epidemiology of different arrhythmias in cancer patients is presented below. […] The overall incidence of AF in general population varies from 1 to 2%, whereas among oncological patients, it reaches between 5% and 16%, depending on the risk factors and cancer type. […] The incidence of VAs is smaller than in the case of atrial arrhythmias. However, the severity of the complications after the possible cardiac arrest is more serious.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-023-01445-x

  To provide an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and management of cardiac arrhythmias in oncological patients within the context of the new European Society of Cardiology 2022 guidelines on cardio-oncology. […] The prevalence of arrhythmias in oncological patients differs, depending on the cancer type, oncological treatment, patients characteristics, and risk factors. The epidemiology of different arrhythmias in cancer patients is presented below. […] The overall incidence of AF in general population varies from 1 to 2%, whereas among oncological patients, it reaches between 5% and 16%, depending on the risk factors and cancer type. […] The incidence of VAs is smaller than in the case of atrial arrhythmias. However, the severity of the complications after the possible cardiac arrest is more serious.

• #42

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-023-01445-x

  Altogether arrhythmias appear more frequently in the population of oncological patients. All types of cancers increase the risk of developing arrhythmia, but that risk can be lowered by changing the drug dose, type of therapy, or modifiable risk factors. […] Many risk factors are increasing the chance of arrhythmia in oncological patients. Some of them may overlap with risk factors for CVD, for instance, advanced age, race, or endocrine and metabolic disorders. […] As in the non-cancer population, age is the main risk factor for AF with a steep increase after the age of 65. […] The QT interval shows the duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization. […] The new ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology specify two categories either correctable or non-correctable risk factors of occurring LQTc and VA.

• #43

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-023-01445-x

  Altogether arrhythmias appear more frequently in the population of oncological patients. All types of cancers increase the risk of developing arrhythmia, but that risk can be lowered by changing the drug dose, type of therapy, or modifiable risk factors. […] Many risk factors are increasing the chance of arrhythmia in oncological patients. Some of them may overlap with risk factors for CVD, for instance, advanced age, race, or endocrine and metabolic disorders. […] As in the non-cancer population, age is the main risk factor for AF with a steep increase after the age of 65. […] The QT interval shows the duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization. […] The new ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology specify two categories either correctable or non-correctable risk factors of occurring LQTc and VA.

• #44 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent with a lifetime risk of about 1 in 35 individuals after the age of 45 years. Between 2010 and 2019, the global prevalence of AF has risen markedly from 33.5 million to 59 million individuals living with AF. Early detection of AF and implementation of appropriate treatment could reduce the frequency of complications associated with AF. International AF management guidelines recommend opportunistic and systematic screening for AF, but additional data are needed. Digital approaches and pathways have been proposed for early detection and for the transition to early AF management. Mobile health (mHealth) devices provide an opportunity for digital screening and should be part of novel models of care delivery based on integrated AF care pathways. For a broad implementation of mHealth-based, integrated care for patients with chronic diseases as AF, further high quality evidence is necessary.

• #45 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent with a lifetime risk of about 1 in 35 individuals after the age of 45 years. Between 2010 and 2019, the global prevalence of AF has risen markedly from 33.5 million to 59 million individuals living with AF. Early detection of AF and implementation of appropriate treatment could reduce the frequency of complications associated with AF. International AF management guidelines recommend opportunistic and systematic screening for AF, but additional data are needed. Digital approaches and pathways have been proposed for early detection and for the transition to early AF management. Mobile health (mHealth) devices provide an opportunity for digital screening and should be part of novel models of care delivery based on integrated AF care pathways. For a broad implementation of mHealth-based, integrated care for patients with chronic diseases as AF, further high quality evidence is necessary.

• #46 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on AF management recommend opportunistic screening for AF in persons aged 65 years and in hypertensive patients and should be considered in patients with sleep apnea. Systematic screening for AF should be considered in individuals aged 75 years, or at high risk of stroke. […] Considering all the above AF related complications, efforts have been made to reduce the healthcare burden by use of screening focused on high risk populations, or targeted at community based screening programmes. Importantly, while early AF diagnosis is intended to detect AF among individuals with AF-related symptoms, screening invites individuals without AF-related symptoms to undergo testing. A recent meta-analysis of 4 RCTs indicated that AF screening was associated with a reduction in stroke as compared with no screening.

• #47 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent with a lifetime risk of about 1 in 35 individuals after the age of 45 years. Between 2010 and 2019, the global prevalence of AF has risen markedly from 33.5 million to 59 million individuals living with AF. Early detection of AF and implementation of appropriate treatment could reduce the frequency of complications associated with AF. International AF management guidelines recommend opportunistic and systematic screening for AF, but additional data are needed. Digital approaches and pathways have been proposed for early detection and for the transition to early AF management. Mobile health (mHealth) devices provide an opportunity for digital screening and should be part of novel models of care delivery based on integrated AF care pathways. For a broad implementation of mHealth-based, integrated care for patients with chronic diseases as AF, further high quality evidence is necessary.

• #48 Diagnosing Atrial Fibrillation & Atrial Flutter | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/atrial-fibrillation-atrial-flutter/diagnosis

  AFib can also limit blood flow throughout the body. This can lead to heart failure, a serious condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the rest of the body. […] A surveillance monitor, including a Holter device, ambulatory telemetry device, or implantable cardiac loop recorder, may be recommended if you have intermittent and unpredictable episodes of arrhythmia. […] An implantable cardiac loop recorder is a small device thats placed under the skin of the chest to continuously monitor and record your heart rhythm for up to two years. This device is used in the Reveal LINQ Heart Failure study to monitor people who are at increased risk of stroke.

• #49 Diagnosing Atrial Fibrillation & Atrial Flutter | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/atrial-fibrillation-atrial-flutter/diagnosis

  AFib can also limit blood flow throughout the body. This can lead to heart failure, a serious condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the rest of the body. […] A surveillance monitor, including a Holter device, ambulatory telemetry device, or implantable cardiac loop recorder, may be recommended if you have intermittent and unpredictable episodes of arrhythmia. […] An implantable cardiac loop recorder is a small device thats placed under the skin of the chest to continuously monitor and record your heart rhythm for up to two years. This device is used in the Reveal LINQ Heart Failure study to monitor people who are at increased risk of stroke.

• #50 Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Screening, and Prognosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/30

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and one of the strongest risk factors and causal mechanisms for ischemic stroke (IS). […] The incidence of AF increases strongly with age, leading to a prevalence of almost 20% in a population aged more than 85 years. […] As AF can account for at least a fifth of cases with IS and the strokes caused by AF tend to be more severe than other types of IS, AF is a major modifiable risk factor for IS, including disabling stroke. […] The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Stroke Organization (ESO) guidelines recommend that patients with CIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA) should undergo at least 72 h of ECG monitoring, with further prolonged screening after initially negative screening being recommended. […] It is well documented that longer screening leads to an increased rate of positive AF paroxysms.

• #51 Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Screening, and Prognosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/30

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and one of the strongest risk factors and causal mechanisms for ischemic stroke (IS). […] The incidence of AF increases strongly with age, leading to a prevalence of almost 20% in a population aged more than 85 years. […] As AF can account for at least a fifth of cases with IS and the strokes caused by AF tend to be more severe than other types of IS, AF is a major modifiable risk factor for IS, including disabling stroke. […] The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Stroke Organization (ESO) guidelines recommend that patients with CIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA) should undergo at least 72 h of ECG monitoring, with further prolonged screening after initially negative screening being recommended. […] It is well documented that longer screening leads to an increased rate of positive AF paroxysms.

• #52 JMIR Cardio – Surveillance of Arrhythmia in Patients After Myocardial Infarction Using Wearable Electrocardiogram Patch Devices: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://cardio.jmir.org/2022/1/e35615

  Acute myocardial infarction may be associated with new-onset arrhythmias. Patients with myocardial infarction may manifest serious arrhythmias such as ventricular tachyarrhythmias or atrial fibrillation. Frequent, prolonged electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring can prevent devastating outcomes caused by these arrhythmias. […] The incidence of arrhythmias as detected by ATP-C120 and confirmed by 2 cardiologists is shown in the study. […] In this study, we analyzed 71 patients ECG signals after myocardial infarction for 11 days. Several studies reported that myocardial infarction may be associated with new-onset arrhythmias. […] A wearable ECG monitoring patch device is easy to apply and can detect ECG rhythm disturbances in patients with postmyocardial infarction. Further study is necessary regarding clinical implications and therapeutic approaches for early detected arrhythmias after myocardial infarction to prevent adverse outcomes among patients.

• #53 JMIR Cardio – Surveillance of Arrhythmia in Patients After Myocardial Infarction Using Wearable Electrocardiogram Patch Devices: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://cardio.jmir.org/2022/1/e35615

  Acute myocardial infarction may be associated with new-onset arrhythmias. Patients with myocardial infarction may manifest serious arrhythmias such as ventricular tachyarrhythmias or atrial fibrillation. Frequent, prolonged electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring can prevent devastating outcomes caused by these arrhythmias. […] The incidence of arrhythmias as detected by ATP-C120 and confirmed by 2 cardiologists is shown in the study. […] In this study, we analyzed 71 patients ECG signals after myocardial infarction for 11 days. Several studies reported that myocardial infarction may be associated with new-onset arrhythmias. […] A wearable ECG monitoring patch device is easy to apply and can detect ECG rhythm disturbances in patients with postmyocardial infarction. Further study is necessary regarding clinical implications and therapeutic approaches for early detected arrhythmias after myocardial infarction to prevent adverse outcomes among patients.

• #54 JMIR Cardio – Surveillance of Arrhythmia in Patients After Myocardial Infarction Using Wearable Electrocardiogram Patch Devices: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://cardio.jmir.org/2022/1/e35615

  Acute myocardial infarction may be associated with new-onset arrhythmias. Patients with myocardial infarction may manifest serious arrhythmias such as ventricular tachyarrhythmias or atrial fibrillation. Frequent, prolonged electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring can prevent devastating outcomes caused by these arrhythmias. […] The incidence of arrhythmias as detected by ATP-C120 and confirmed by 2 cardiologists is shown in the study. […] In this study, we analyzed 71 patients ECG signals after myocardial infarction for 11 days. Several studies reported that myocardial infarction may be associated with new-onset arrhythmias. […] A wearable ECG monitoring patch device is easy to apply and can detect ECG rhythm disturbances in patients with postmyocardial infarction. Further study is necessary regarding clinical implications and therapeutic approaches for early detected arrhythmias after myocardial infarction to prevent adverse outcomes among patients.

• #55 Prospective arrhythmia surveillance after a COVID-19 diagnosis | Open Heart

  https://openheart.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001758

  Cardiac arrhythmias have been observed among patients hospitalised with acute COVID-19 infection, and palpitations remain a common symptom among the much larger outpatient population of COVID-19 survivors in the convalescent stage of the disease. […] To determine arrhythmia prevalence among outpatients after a COVID-19 diagnosis. […] In this prospective observational cohort study that enrolled ambulatory individuals with a recent and confirmed COVID-19 infection, we found a very low incidence of clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias using continuous 14-day electrocardiographic monitoring. […] Although these findings cannot exclude the possibility of serious arrhythmia in select individuals, they do not support a strong or widespread proarrhythmic effect of COVID-19 infection after resolution of acute illness.

• #56 Prospective arrhythmia surveillance after a COVID-19 diagnosis | Open Heart

  https://openheart.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001758

  Cardiac arrhythmias have been observed among patients hospitalised with acute COVID-19 infection, and palpitations remain a common symptom among the much larger outpatient population of COVID-19 survivors in the convalescent stage of the disease. […] To determine arrhythmia prevalence among outpatients after a COVID-19 diagnosis. […] In this prospective observational cohort study that enrolled ambulatory individuals with a recent and confirmed COVID-19 infection, we found a very low incidence of clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias using continuous 14-day electrocardiographic monitoring. […] Although these findings cannot exclude the possibility of serious arrhythmia in select individuals, they do not support a strong or widespread proarrhythmic effect of COVID-19 infection after resolution of acute illness.

• #57 Prospective arrhythmia surveillance after a COVID-19 diagnosis | Open Heart

  https://openheart.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001758

  Cardiac arrhythmias have been observed among patients hospitalised with acute COVID-19 infection, and palpitations remain a common symptom among the much larger outpatient population of COVID-19 survivors in the convalescent stage of the disease. […] To determine arrhythmia prevalence among outpatients after a COVID-19 diagnosis. […] In this prospective observational cohort study that enrolled ambulatory individuals with a recent and confirmed COVID-19 infection, we found a very low incidence of clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias using continuous 14-day electrocardiographic monitoring. […] Although these findings cannot exclude the possibility of serious arrhythmia in select individuals, they do not support a strong or widespread proarrhythmic effect of COVID-19 infection after resolution of acute illness.

• #58 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  AF is independently associated with a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of mortality, which is predominantly due to increased risk of thromboembolic events and ventricular dysfunction. Nonanticoagulated patients with AF have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of stroke, which are generally more severe (greater resource utilization, long-term disability, and mortality) and more recurrent than strokes unrelated to AF. […] The economic burden of AF care is substantial. A significant proportion of AF health care expenses are attributed to the direct costs associated with hospitalization and the provision of acute care. In Canada, AF resulted in 8815 same-day procedures, 76,964 ED visits, and 64,214 acute care admissions (25,892 with AF as the principal diagnosis and 38,222 with AF as a comorbid diagnosis) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year. The annual direct cost of AF care adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollars (CAD$) was $956 million: $66 million for ED visits with AF as the principal diagnosis and $20 million with comorbid AF; $204 million for hospitalization with AF as the principal diagnosis and $634 million with comorbid AF; and $32 million for AF-related day procedures. On a per-patient basis, the excess annual direct cost of AF has been estimated to be $16,944-$19,529 (adjusted 2020 US dollars). In addition to these direct costs, the annual indirect costs (eg, days of work missed because of illness) have been estimated to be $3082 higher for AF patients compared with those without AF. It is important to recognize that the cost of care is not uniform across the spectrum of AF. Specifically, the annual inpatient and outpatient direct costs are more than twice as high for patients with primary AF compared with patients with secondary AF.

• #59 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  AF is independently associated with a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of mortality, which is predominantly due to increased risk of thromboembolic events and ventricular dysfunction. Nonanticoagulated patients with AF have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of stroke, which are generally more severe (greater resource utilization, long-term disability, and mortality) and more recurrent than strokes unrelated to AF. […] The economic burden of AF care is substantial. A significant proportion of AF health care expenses are attributed to the direct costs associated with hospitalization and the provision of acute care. In Canada, AF resulted in 8815 same-day procedures, 76,964 ED visits, and 64,214 acute care admissions (25,892 with AF as the principal diagnosis and 38,222 with AF as a comorbid diagnosis) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year. The annual direct cost of AF care adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollars (CAD$) was $956 million: $66 million for ED visits with AF as the principal diagnosis and $20 million with comorbid AF; $204 million for hospitalization with AF as the principal diagnosis and $634 million with comorbid AF; and $32 million for AF-related day procedures. On a per-patient basis, the excess annual direct cost of AF has been estimated to be $16,944-$19,529 (adjusted 2020 US dollars). In addition to these direct costs, the annual indirect costs (eg, days of work missed because of illness) have been estimated to be $3082 higher for AF patients compared with those without AF. It is important to recognize that the cost of care is not uniform across the spectrum of AF. Specifically, the annual inpatient and outpatient direct costs are more than twice as high for patients with primary AF compared with patients with secondary AF.

• #60 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #61 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #62 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #63 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #64 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #65 Diagnosing Atrial Fibrillation & Atrial Flutter | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/atrial-fibrillation-atrial-flutter/diagnosis

  AFib can also limit blood flow throughout the body. This can lead to heart failure, a serious condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the rest of the body. […] A surveillance monitor, including a Holter device, ambulatory telemetry device, or implantable cardiac loop recorder, may be recommended if you have intermittent and unpredictable episodes of arrhythmia. […] An implantable cardiac loop recorder is a small device thats placed under the skin of the chest to continuously monitor and record your heart rhythm for up to two years. This device is used in the Reveal LINQ Heart Failure study to monitor people who are at increased risk of stroke.

• #66 Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-in-heart-failure/

  Atrial fibrillation and heart failure are common cardiovascular conditions that are intricately linked to each other, with a significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. […] The presence of heart failure increases the risk of atrial fibrillation by 4-6-fold, which in turn increases the risk of the latter and leads to a vicious cycle that is challenging to manage. […] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by irregular atrial activity and is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting over 59 million people worldwide. […] The incidence of AF and HF steeply rises after 60 years of age. […] The global prevalence of both AF and HF is significant and continues to increase. […] Between 2030 and 2034, approximately 33 million individuals are projected to develop AF, and the prevalence will continue to grow over the next 30 years. […] The incidence of HF is also anticipated to rise by 46% by 2030. […] Studies revealed the prevalence of AF in HF varies from 10% to 57%. […] AF is associated with preserved LVEF (HFpEF) and reduced LVEF (HFrEF). […] The intersection of AF and HF has been measured in several large registries.

• #67 Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-in-heart-failure/

  Atrial fibrillation and heart failure are common cardiovascular conditions that are intricately linked to each other, with a significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. […] The presence of heart failure increases the risk of atrial fibrillation by 4-6-fold, which in turn increases the risk of the latter and leads to a vicious cycle that is challenging to manage. […] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by irregular atrial activity and is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting over 59 million people worldwide. […] The incidence of AF and HF steeply rises after 60 years of age. […] The global prevalence of both AF and HF is significant and continues to increase. […] Between 2030 and 2034, approximately 33 million individuals are projected to develop AF, and the prevalence will continue to grow over the next 30 years. […] The incidence of HF is also anticipated to rise by 46% by 2030. […] Studies revealed the prevalence of AF in HF varies from 10% to 57%. […] AF is associated with preserved LVEF (HFpEF) and reduced LVEF (HFrEF). […] The intersection of AF and HF has been measured in several large registries.

• #68 Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-in-heart-failure/

  Atrial fibrillation and heart failure are common cardiovascular conditions that are intricately linked to each other, with a significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. […] The presence of heart failure increases the risk of atrial fibrillation by 4-6-fold, which in turn increases the risk of the latter and leads to a vicious cycle that is challenging to manage. […] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by irregular atrial activity and is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting over 59 million people worldwide. […] The incidence of AF and HF steeply rises after 60 years of age. […] The global prevalence of both AF and HF is significant and continues to increase. […] Between 2030 and 2034, approximately 33 million individuals are projected to develop AF, and the prevalence will continue to grow over the next 30 years. […] The incidence of HF is also anticipated to rise by 46% by 2030. […] Studies revealed the prevalence of AF in HF varies from 10% to 57%. […] AF is associated with preserved LVEF (HFpEF) and reduced LVEF (HFrEF). […] The intersection of AF and HF has been measured in several large registries.

• #69 Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-in-heart-failure/

  Atrial fibrillation and heart failure are common cardiovascular conditions that are intricately linked to each other, with a significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. […] The presence of heart failure increases the risk of atrial fibrillation by 4-6-fold, which in turn increases the risk of the latter and leads to a vicious cycle that is challenging to manage. […] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by irregular atrial activity and is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting over 59 million people worldwide. […] The incidence of AF and HF steeply rises after 60 years of age. […] The global prevalence of both AF and HF is significant and continues to increase. […] Between 2030 and 2034, approximately 33 million individuals are projected to develop AF, and the prevalence will continue to grow over the next 30 years. […] The incidence of HF is also anticipated to rise by 46% by 2030. […] Studies revealed the prevalence of AF in HF varies from 10% to 57%. […] AF is associated with preserved LVEF (HFpEF) and reduced LVEF (HFrEF). […] The intersection of AF and HF has been measured in several large registries.

• #70 Arrhythmias – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558923/

  Arrhythmia entails a broad spectrum of disorders of heart rate and rhythm abnormalities. The prevalence of arrhythmias is expected to be 1.5% to 5% in the general population, with atrial fibrillation being the most common. Arrhythmias may or may not produce any symptoms and can be paroxysmal, leading to difficulty in estimating true prevalence. The overall presence of arrhythmia is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. […] Arrhythmias can pose a diagnostic dilemma. The patient presentation can be varied even for the same arrhythmia and can require a different management approach based on the patient’s clinical condition and characteristics. […] It has been shown that hospitals with a dedicated arrhythmia team consisting of a nurse, electrophysiologist, noninvasive arrhythmia expert, and internist have shown significant improvement in the outcomes of patients.

• #71

  http://www.cardiacbc.ca/health-info/heart-conditions/abnormal-heart-rhythm

  Abnormalities of heart rate and/or rhythm are called arrhythmias. Types of arrhythmia include: […] The causes of arrhythmia can also vary: […] In BC, specialized programs and clinics provide heart rhythm patients with access to healthcare teams, treatment plans, education and counselling. […] Treatments for an abnormal heart rhythm include electrophysiology procedures or implantable cardiac rhythm devices.

• #72

  http://www.cardiacbc.ca/health-info/heart-conditions/abnormal-heart-rhythm

  Abnormalities of heart rate and/or rhythm are called arrhythmias. Types of arrhythmia include: […] The causes of arrhythmia can also vary: […] In BC, specialized programs and clinics provide heart rhythm patients with access to healthcare teams, treatment plans, education and counselling. […] Treatments for an abnormal heart rhythm include electrophysiology procedures or implantable cardiac rhythm devices.

• #73 Arrhythmias – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558923/

  Arrhythmia entails a broad spectrum of disorders of heart rate and rhythm abnormalities. The prevalence of arrhythmias is expected to be 1.5% to 5% in the general population, with atrial fibrillation being the most common. Arrhythmias may or may not produce any symptoms and can be paroxysmal, leading to difficulty in estimating true prevalence. The overall presence of arrhythmia is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. […] Arrhythmias can pose a diagnostic dilemma. The patient presentation can be varied even for the same arrhythmia and can require a different management approach based on the patient’s clinical condition and characteristics. […] It has been shown that hospitals with a dedicated arrhythmia team consisting of a nurse, electrophysiologist, noninvasive arrhythmia expert, and internist have shown significant improvement in the outcomes of patients.

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