Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Approximately 60% of term and 80% of preterm newborns develop clinical jaundice in the first week after birth. Neonatal jaundice is usually a mild, transient, and self-limiting condition known as physiologic jaundice. However, this should be distinguished from the more severe pathologic jaundice. […] Severe hyperbilirubinemia can cause bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) and, if not treated adequately, may lead to acute and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy. […] The causes of pathologic UHB and CHB are numerous and varied. Preterm infants and those with congenital enzyme deficiencies are particularly prone to the harmful effects of unconjugated bilirubin on the central nervous system. […] The production of bilirubin can increase secondary to immune-mediated hemolysis caused by blood group incompatibilities (eg, such as ABO and Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility) and nonimmune mediated hemolysis, which is caused by RBC membrane defects (eg, hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis), RBC enzyme defects (eg, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD], pyruvate kinase deficiencies), sequestration-like cephalohematoma, subgaleal hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, polycythemia, and sepsis.

• #2 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/jaundice-8640349

  Neonatal jaundice is a common occurrence in newborns, affecting 60% of full-term babies and 80% of preterm babies. It usually develops by the second or third day of life and almost always clears on its own without consequence. […] Neonatal jaundice is caused when fetal hemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) is broken down and replaced with the post-birth form of hemoglobin. This breakdown causes the release of more bilirubin than a newborn’s liver can clear. […] Symptoms tend to develop within two to three days of birth, starting at the face and moving downward to the chest, stomach, legs, and feet. […] Depending on the severity, there may be other symptoms such as excessive sleepiness, fussiness, and poor feeding. […] Over time, though, the yellowing will usually dissipate as large amounts of bilirubin are excreted in the baby’s stool and urine.

• #3 Newborn Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/newborn-jaundice

  Newborn jaundice is when a babys skin and eyes turn yellow from too much bilirubin. It usually resolves as their liver matures and they start feeding, but if it persists, there may be another cause. […] The first sign of jaundice is the yellowing of a babys skin and eyes, which may start in the face before spreading across the body. With physiological jaundice, the yellowing may begin and peak within 2 to 5 days after birth. With other causes, it may begin closer to birth. […] If untreated, severe newborn jaundiced can lead to acute bilirubin encephalopathy, which is caused by the toxic levels of bilirubin in the brain. […] A baby may get a fever, act listless and lethargic, have a shrill cry, refuse to feed, and curve their neck and body backward. This can, in turn, progress to kernicterus, which is permanent brain damage.

• #4 Jaundice in Newborns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22263-jaundice-in-newborns

  Jaundice is the yellow color seen on the skin of many newborn babies. Jaundice is caused by a buildup of a bilirubin in your babys blood. It happens because their livers arent developed enough to get rid of the bilirubin. Jaundice is very common and usually goes away on its own. Sometimes babies need treatment with phototherapy. […] Jaundice in newborns is the yellow coloring in an infants skin. Jaundice occurs when bilirubin (pronounced bil-ih-ROO-bin) builds up in your babys blood. Hyperbilirubinemia is the medical term for this condition. […] Jaundice in infants is common. Its usually not serious and goes away within a couple of weeks. But its important for your babys healthcare provider to check them for jaundice. Severe jaundice can lead to brain damage if it goes untreated. […] The main sign of jaundice is the yellowing of your babys skin. You can see it best in natural lighting, such as in front of a window. It usually appears in your babys face first. The whites of your babys eyes and under their tongue may look yellow. As the level of bilirubin increases, the yellowing may move to your babys chest, belly (abdomen), arms and legs. Jaundice may be difficult to see if your baby has darker skin. But you should still be able to tell if your baby has jaundice by the color of their eyes and under their tongue.

• #5 Newborn jaundice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001559.htm

  Newborn jaundice occurs when a baby has a high level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow substance that the body creates when it replaces old red blood cells. The liver helps break down the substance so it can be removed from the body in the stool. […] A high level of bilirubin makes a baby’s skin and whites of the eyes look yellow. This is called jaundice. […] Jaundice causes a yellow color of the skin. It usually begins on the face and then moves down to the chest, belly area, legs, and soles of the feet. […] Sometimes, infants with severe jaundice may be very tired and feed poorly. […] Newborn jaundice is not harmful most of the time. For most babies, jaundice will get better without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. […] A very high level of bilirubin can damage the brain. This is called kernicterus. The condition is almost always diagnosed before the level becomes high enough to cause this damage. Treatment is usually effective.

• #6 The care of the neonatal jaundice 新生兒黃疸的照護 | 衛教單張 – China Medical University Hospital

  https://www.cmuh.cmu.edu.tw/HealthEdus/Detail_EN?no=6117

  Most infants develop visible jaundice due to elevation of unconjugated bilirubin concentration during their first week. Neonatal jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and other tissues of a newborn infant. A bilirubin level of more than 5 mg/dL manifests clinical jaundice in neonates whereas in the adults 2 mg/dL would look icteric. In newborns jaundice is detected by blanching the skin with digital pressure so that it reveals underlying skin and subcutaneous tissue. In neonates the dermal icterus is first noted in the face and as the bilirubin level rises proceeds caudal to the trunk and then to the extremities. […] Jaundice lasts for about 5 days with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 12 mg/dL. Bilirubin levels decline about 2 mg/dL for 2 weeks, eventually mimicking adult values. Most infants develop visible jaundice due to elevation of unconjugated bilirubin concentration during their first week. This common condition is called physiological jaundice. This is popular in the neonatal group in Taiwan.

• #7 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes the main sign of infant jaundice usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. […] If your baby doesn’t have jaundice, the skin color should simply look slightly lighter than its normal color for a moment. […] Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. […] The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if: Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow, The skin on your baby’s the abdomen, arms or legs looks yellow, The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow, Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken, Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly, Your baby makes high-pitched cries.

• #8 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics/print

  Typical signs of jaundice — Jaundice is not painful. Initially, it causes the skin and mucous membranes (such as the gums and lining of the eyes) to become yellow. As it progresses, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, as well as the whites of the eyes, may look yellow or show deeper shades of yellow coloring. […] When jaundice is visible, it: […] Is often noticeable first on the face; then on the chest, stomach, and groin areas; then farther along the arms, legs, wrists, and ankles; and then finally on the palms, soles of the feet, and nailbeds. […] Signs of worsening jaundice — Call your baby’s doctor if your baby has jaundice and any of the following occurs: […] The yellow color is visible at the elbows and knees or lower (towards the hands and feet), is becoming a deeper shade of yellow in appearance (color changing from a lemon yellow to an orange-yellow or yellow-brown), or if the whites of the eyes or eyelids appear yellow.

• #9 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes the main sign of infant jaundice usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. […] If your baby doesn’t have jaundice, the skin color should simply look slightly lighter than its normal color for a moment. […] Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. […] The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if: Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow, The skin on your baby’s the abdomen, arms or legs looks yellow, The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow, Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken, Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly, Your baby makes high-pitched cries.

• #10

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/

  Jaundice in newborn babies is common and usually harmless. It causes yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. The medical term for jaundice in babies is neonatal jaundice. […] Other symptoms of newborn jaundice can include: dark, yellow urine (a newborn baby’s urine should be colourless) and pale-coloured poo (it should be yellow or orange). […] The symptoms of newborn jaundice usually develop 2 days after the birth and tend to get better without treatment by the time the baby is about 2 weeks old. […] If you’re monitoring your baby’s jaundice at home, it’s also important to contact your midwife straight away if your baby’s symptoms quickly get worse or they become very reluctant to feed. […] Treatment for newborn jaundice is not usually needed because the symptoms normally pass within 10 to 14 days, although they can occasionally last longer. […] If a baby with very high levels of bilirubin is not treated, there’s a risk they could develop permanent brain damage. This is known as kernicterus.

• #11

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/jaundice.aspx

  Jaundice is the yellow color seen in the skin of many newborns. It happens when a chemical called bilirubin builds up in the baby’s blood. […] The skin of a baby with jaundice usually appears yellow. The best way to see jaundice is in white light, such as daylight or under fluorescent lights. Jaundice usually appears first in the face and then moves to the chest, abdomen, arms and legs as the bilirubin level increases. The whites of the eyes may also be yellow. Jaundice may be harder to see in babies with darker skin color. […] Most babies have mild jaundice that is harmless. But in rare cases, the bilirubin level can get very high and might cause brain damage. This is why testing bilirubin levels as recommended is important. […] Jaundice is more common in babies who are breastfed than babies who are formula-fed. This happens more often in newborns who are not getting enough breast milk.

• #12 Jaundice in Newborns: Symptoms, causes, treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/jaundice-in-newborns

  Neonatal jaundice is a common condition, especially in babies born prematurely. The symptoms of neonatal jaundice include the yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes, which typically becomes noticeable on the second or third day of life. […] Skin yellowing is more noticeable in natural light. Jaundice in newborns is assessable by pressing a finger on the nose or forehead. If the skin looks yellow, the baby has jaundice. […] If your baby shows the following symptoms, promptly take them to a doctor. Yellowing of the skin, particularly in the whites of the eyes, abdomen, arms, and legs. […] No treatment is necessary for mild neonatal jaundice, which usually resolves within 2-3 weeks.

• #13 Does My Baby Have Jaundice? What Are the Treatments?

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/digestive-diseases-jaundice

  The most obvious sign of jaundice is a yellow color to your baby’s skin, which sometimes can be hard to tell on brown or darker skin. It may be easier to spot yellow in the whites of their eyes or under their tongue. Jaundice usually starts on the face. Once bilirubin levels in the blood rise, the yellow color moves to the chest and stomach, and then, finally, the legs and arms. […] Severe jaundice can be a medical emergency, so call your doctor right away if your baby: […] Isnt eating or their diapers arent wet […] Is hard to wake up […] Wont stop crying or is making a high-pitched cry […] Is limp or stiff with their back arched […] Moves their eyes strangely.

• #14 Jaundice in Newborns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22263-jaundice-in-newborns

  Jaundice is the yellow color seen on the skin of many newborn babies. Jaundice is caused by a buildup of a bilirubin in your babys blood. It happens because their livers arent developed enough to get rid of the bilirubin. Jaundice is very common and usually goes away on its own. Sometimes babies need treatment with phototherapy. […] Jaundice in newborns is the yellow coloring in an infants skin. Jaundice occurs when bilirubin (pronounced bil-ih-ROO-bin) builds up in your babys blood. Hyperbilirubinemia is the medical term for this condition. […] Jaundice in infants is common. Its usually not serious and goes away within a couple of weeks. But its important for your babys healthcare provider to check them for jaundice. Severe jaundice can lead to brain damage if it goes untreated. […] The main sign of jaundice is the yellowing of your babys skin. You can see it best in natural lighting, such as in front of a window. It usually appears in your babys face first. The whites of your babys eyes and under their tongue may look yellow. As the level of bilirubin increases, the yellowing may move to your babys chest, belly (abdomen), arms and legs. Jaundice may be difficult to see if your baby has darker skin. But you should still be able to tell if your baby has jaundice by the color of their eyes and under their tongue.

• #15 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics/print

  Typical signs of jaundice — Jaundice is not painful. Initially, it causes the skin and mucous membranes (such as the gums and lining of the eyes) to become yellow. As it progresses, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, as well as the whites of the eyes, may look yellow or show deeper shades of yellow coloring. […] When jaundice is visible, it: […] Is often noticeable first on the face; then on the chest, stomach, and groin areas; then farther along the arms, legs, wrists, and ankles; and then finally on the palms, soles of the feet, and nailbeds. […] Signs of worsening jaundice — Call your baby’s doctor if your baby has jaundice and any of the following occurs: […] The yellow color is visible at the elbows and knees or lower (towards the hands and feet), is becoming a deeper shade of yellow in appearance (color changing from a lemon yellow to an orange-yellow or yellow-brown), or if the whites of the eyes or eyelids appear yellow.

• #16 Jaundice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice

  Jaundice in infants presents with yellowed skin and icteral sclerae. Neonatal jaundice spreads in a cephalocaudal pattern, affecting the face and neck before spreading down to the trunk and lower extremities in more severe cases. Other symptoms may include drowsiness, poor feeding, and in severe cases, unconjugated bilirubin can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause permanent neurological damage (kernicterus). […] Transient neonatal jaundice is one of the most common conditions occurring in newborns (children under 28 days of age) with more than 80 per cent experiencing jaundice during their first week of life. […] While most cases of newborn jaundice are not harmful, when bilirubin levels are very high, brain damage kernicterus may occur leading to significant disability. Kernicterus is associated with increased unconjugated bilirubin (bilirubin which is not carried by albumin). Newborns are especially vulnerable to this damage, due to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier occurring with increased unconjugated bilirubin, simultaneous to the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin and the immaturity of gut flora. […] Jaundice in newborns is usually transient and dissipates without medical intervention. In cases when serum bilirubin levels are greater than 421 mg/dl (68360 mol/L), infant may be treated with phototherapy or exchanged transfusion depending on the infant’s age and prematurity status.

• #17 Jaundice in Newborns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22263-jaundice-in-newborns

  Jaundice is the yellow color seen on the skin of many newborn babies. Jaundice is caused by a buildup of a bilirubin in your babys blood. It happens because their livers arent developed enough to get rid of the bilirubin. Jaundice is very common and usually goes away on its own. Sometimes babies need treatment with phototherapy. […] Jaundice in newborns is the yellow coloring in an infants skin. Jaundice occurs when bilirubin (pronounced bil-ih-ROO-bin) builds up in your babys blood. Hyperbilirubinemia is the medical term for this condition. […] Jaundice in infants is common. Its usually not serious and goes away within a couple of weeks. But its important for your babys healthcare provider to check them for jaundice. Severe jaundice can lead to brain damage if it goes untreated. […] The main sign of jaundice is the yellowing of your babys skin. You can see it best in natural lighting, such as in front of a window. It usually appears in your babys face first. The whites of your babys eyes and under their tongue may look yellow. As the level of bilirubin increases, the yellowing may move to your babys chest, belly (abdomen), arms and legs. Jaundice may be difficult to see if your baby has darker skin. But you should still be able to tell if your baby has jaundice by the color of their eyes and under their tongue.

• #18

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/symptoms/

  If your baby has jaundice, their skin will look slightly yellow. […] Changes in skin colour can be more difficult to see if your baby has brown or black skin. […] Yellowing may be more obvious elsewhere, such as: in the whites of their eyes, inside their mouth, on the soles of their feet, on the palms of their hands. […] The yellowing of the skin is usually more noticeable on the head and face. […] The yellowing may also increase if you press an area of skin down with your finger. […] A newborn baby with jaundice may also: be sleepy, not want to feed or not feed as well as usual, have dark yellow pee (it should be colourless), have pale poo (it should be yellow or orange). […] Jaundice usually appears about 2 days after birth and disappears by the time the baby is 2 weeks old. […] In premature babies, who are more prone to jaundice, it can take 5 to 7 days to appear and usually lasts about 3 weeks. […] It also tends to last longer in babies who only have breast milk, affecting some babies for a few months.

• #19

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/symptoms/

  If your baby has jaundice, their skin will look slightly yellow. […] Changes in skin colour can be more difficult to see if your baby has brown or black skin. […] Yellowing may be more obvious elsewhere, such as: in the whites of their eyes, inside their mouth, on the soles of their feet, on the palms of their hands. […] The yellowing of the skin is usually more noticeable on the head and face. […] The yellowing may also increase if you press an area of skin down with your finger. […] A newborn baby with jaundice may also: be sleepy, not want to feed or not feed as well as usual, have dark yellow pee (it should be colourless), have pale poo (it should be yellow or orange). […] Jaundice usually appears about 2 days after birth and disappears by the time the baby is 2 weeks old. […] In premature babies, who are more prone to jaundice, it can take 5 to 7 days to appear and usually lasts about 3 weeks. […] It also tends to last longer in babies who only have breast milk, affecting some babies for a few months.

• #20 Newborn Jaundice: Causes, Treatment, Symptoms & Signs

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/newborn_jaundice/article_em.htm

  Jaundice causes a yellowish discoloration of the skin. Jaundice causes a yellowish discoloration of the skin. Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin and the white part (the sclera) of the eyes. It results from having too much of a substance called bilirubin in the blood. As a baby’s bilirubin levels rise, jaundice moves from the head to involve the arms, trunk, and finally the legs. If the bilirubin levels are very high, a baby will appear jaundiced below the knees and over the palms of his or her hands. One easy way to check for jaundice is to press a finger against your baby’s skin, temporarily pushing the blood out of it. Normal skin will turn white when you do this, but jaundiced skin will stay yellow. Older children and adults will appear jaundiced when the amount of bilirubin in their blood is above 2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Newborn babies will begin to appear jaundiced when they have more than 5 mg/dL of bilirubin in their blood. It is important to recognize and treat neonatal jaundice because high levels of bilirubin can cause permanent damage to a baby’s brain. This brain damage is called kernicterus. Today, because of increased awareness and effective treatment of neonatal jaundice, kernicterus is extremely rare. Jaundice itself does not produce any clinical symptoms, but the underlying cause may produce the following symptoms: Ill appearance, Fever, Poor feeding.

• #21 Jaundice in babies | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/jaundice-in-babies

  Jaundice shows up in babies as a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyes. […] Jaundice usually appears on the second or third day. […] The symptoms of jaundice in babies depend on the cause and severity, but may include: a yellow tinge to the skin, usually appearing first on the face and scalp; a yellow tinge to the white parts of the eyes (sclera); a yellow tinge spreading to the skin of the body (in moderate jaundice); palms of the hands and soles of the feet turning yellow (in severe jaundice); unusual drowsiness; feeding difficulties; in some cases, light-coloured faeces (poo) and dark urine. […] Every newborn has elevated bilirubin levels, and around 60 per cent of full-term babies will have noticeable symptoms. […] In the meantime, the excess bilirubin in the baby’s body causes symptoms of jaundice.

• #22 Jaundice in Newborns (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/jaundice.html

  Babies with jaundice have a yellow coloring of the skin and eyes. This happens when there is too much bilirubin in the baby’s blood. […] A baby with jaundice has skin that looks yellow. It starts on the face, then the chest and stomach, and then the legs. The whites of a baby’s eyes also look yellow. Babies with very high bilirubin levels may be sleepy, fussy, floppy, or have trouble feeding. […] Call the doctor if your baby: starts to look or act sick, is not feeding well, is sleepier than usual, has jaundice that gets worse. […] High bilirubin levels can lead to serious problems. So doctors carefully watch babies with jaundice. […] Call the doctor if your baby has jaundice that isn’t going away. Babies with jaundice for longer than 2 weeks need more testing to check for other things that cause jaundice. These include infections, and problems with the liver or bile system, metabolism, or genes.

• #23

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/symptoms/

  If your baby has jaundice, their skin will look slightly yellow. […] Changes in skin colour can be more difficult to see if your baby has brown or black skin. […] Yellowing may be more obvious elsewhere, such as: in the whites of their eyes, inside their mouth, on the soles of their feet, on the palms of their hands. […] The yellowing of the skin is usually more noticeable on the head and face. […] The yellowing may also increase if you press an area of skin down with your finger. […] A newborn baby with jaundice may also: be sleepy, not want to feed or not feed as well as usual, have dark yellow pee (it should be colourless), have pale poo (it should be yellow or orange). […] Jaundice usually appears about 2 days after birth and disappears by the time the baby is 2 weeks old. […] In premature babies, who are more prone to jaundice, it can take 5 to 7 days to appear and usually lasts about 3 weeks. […] It also tends to last longer in babies who only have breast milk, affecting some babies for a few months.

• #25 Jaundice in Newborns (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/jaundice.html

  Babies with jaundice have a yellow coloring of the skin and eyes. This happens when there is too much bilirubin in the baby’s blood. […] A baby with jaundice has skin that looks yellow. It starts on the face, then the chest and stomach, and then the legs. The whites of a baby’s eyes also look yellow. Babies with very high bilirubin levels may be sleepy, fussy, floppy, or have trouble feeding. […] Call the doctor if your baby: starts to look or act sick, is not feeding well, is sleepier than usual, has jaundice that gets worse. […] High bilirubin levels can lead to serious problems. So doctors carefully watch babies with jaundice. […] Call the doctor if your baby has jaundice that isn’t going away. Babies with jaundice for longer than 2 weeks need more testing to check for other things that cause jaundice. These include infections, and problems with the liver or bile system, metabolism, or genes.

• #26 Jaundice in newborns: Causes and treatment – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/jaundice-in-newborns-causes-and-treatments

  As many as half of all newborns experience jaundice, a yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes, during their first weeks of life and in most cases, the condition can be easily managed. […] Symptoms of jaundice in newborns may include: Yellowing of the skin or eyes, Increased irritability, Sluggishness, Poor sucking during breastfeeding, A high-pitched cry. […] If your baby has these symptoms, call your pediatrician’s office. They can schedule an appointment to check your child’s blood for bilirubin. […] While severe cases and causes are rare, it’s important that jaundice is monitored and that its cause is pinpointed.

• #27 Infant jaundice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165358

  Infant jaundice is a condition where a babys skin, and the white part of their eye, appear yellow. Jaundice is a common condition in infants, affecting over 50 percent of all newborns. […] The most pervasive sign of infant jaundice is yellow skin and sclerae (the whites of the eyes). This typically starts at the head, and spreads to the chest, stomach, arms, and legs. […] Symptoms of infant jaundice can also include: drowsiness, pale stools breast-fed babies should have greenish-yellow stools, while those of bottle fed babies should be a greenish-mustard color, poor sucking or feeding, dark urine a newborns urine should be colorless. […] Symptoms of severe infant jaundice include: yellow abdomen or limbs, drowsiness, inability to gain weight, poor feeding, irritability.

• #28 Jaundice in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/jaundice-in-children

  If jaundice is prolonged (lasting longer than 2 weeks), severe (with very high bilirubin levels), or pathologic (caused by a disease), prompt attention, testing, and possibly treatment are important to prevent complications. […] What Are the Symptoms of Jaundice in a Child? Yellowish skin and eyes: Press gently on baby’s forehead with one finger. If the pressed area looks yellow, your baby may have jaundice. Dark urine: Normal infant urine is light yellow or colorless. Pale stool: Normal stool is yellowish-green in bottle-fed babies. Breastfed babies should have mustard yellow stool. In general, a normal stool color is yellow, orange, green or brown. A baby’s stool should not be gray, beige, white or pale.

• #29

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/symptoms/

  If your baby has jaundice, their skin will look slightly yellow. […] Changes in skin colour can be more difficult to see if your baby has brown or black skin. […] Yellowing may be more obvious elsewhere, such as: in the whites of their eyes, inside their mouth, on the soles of their feet, on the palms of their hands. […] The yellowing of the skin is usually more noticeable on the head and face. […] The yellowing may also increase if you press an area of skin down with your finger. […] A newborn baby with jaundice may also: be sleepy, not want to feed or not feed as well as usual, have dark yellow pee (it should be colourless), have pale poo (it should be yellow or orange). […] Jaundice usually appears about 2 days after birth and disappears by the time the baby is 2 weeks old. […] In premature babies, who are more prone to jaundice, it can take 5 to 7 days to appear and usually lasts about 3 weeks. […] It also tends to last longer in babies who only have breast milk, affecting some babies for a few months.

• #30 Newborn jaundice | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/newborn-jaundice

  Call your baby’s health care provider right away if your baby: Looks very yellow, orange or greenish-yellow; The white area in the eyes looks yellow; Is hard to wake up or won’t sleep at all; Has trouble breastfeeding or sucking from a bottle; Is very fussy; Has too few wet or dirty diapers. […] These may be warning signs of dangerously high levels of bilirubin that need quick treatment to prevent a kind of brain damage caused by high bilirubin levels (acute or chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (CBE)). […] Most babies with jaundice don’t need treatment. […] Jaundice usually clears up within 2 weeks in formula-fed babies. It may last for more than 2 to 3 weeks in breastfed babies. […] Babies with more severe jaundice may need treatment including: Phototherapy treatment (also called light therapy or bili lights). […] If phototherapy doesn’t work and your baby’s bilirubin levels are still very high, your baby may need a special type of blood transfusion called an exchange transfusion.

• #31 Newborn Jaundice – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/newborn-jaundice-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  The skin and eyes of a newborn may seem yellow due to newborn jaundice, which is a common and usually innocuous disease. It usually happens in babies born before 38 weeks of pregnancy and some breastfed babies. Generally, infant jaundice occurs because the liver of a baby is not mature enough to get rid of bilirubin in the bloodstream. […] A yellow tone to the babys skin and yellow in the whites of their eyes are clear signs of jaundice. It usually begins on the face. The yellow tint spreads to the chest and stomach as bilirubin levels in the blood rise, then to the legs and arms. Consult the doctor straight away if the baby: […] Infant jaundice can also cause the following symptoms: […] The following are the symptoms of severe newborn jaundice: […] If untreated, high levels of bilirubin that produce acute jaundice can lead to catastrophic problems.

• #32 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes the main sign of infant jaundice usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. […] If your baby doesn’t have jaundice, the skin color should simply look slightly lighter than its normal color for a moment. […] Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. […] The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if: Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow, The skin on your baby’s the abdomen, arms or legs looks yellow, The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow, Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken, Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly, Your baby makes high-pitched cries.

• #33 Neonatal jaundice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice

  Quick and accurate treatment of neonatal jaundice helps to reduce the risk of neonates developing kernicterus. […] Infants with kernicterus may have a fever or seizures. […] High pitched crying can also be a side effect of kernicterus. […] Most infants develop visible jaundice due to elevation of unconjugated bilirubin concentration during their first week. […] This is called physiological jaundice. […] This pattern of hyperbilirubinemia has been classified into two functionally distinct periods. […] Term infants – jaundice lasts for about 10 days with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 204 mol/L (12 mg/dL). […] Preterm infants – jaundice lasts for about two weeks, with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 255 mol/L (15 mg/dL). […] The bilirubin levels for initiative of phototherapy varies depends on the age and health status of the newborn. […] However, any newborn with a total serum bilirubin greater than 359 mol/L (21 mg/dL) should receive phototherapy.

• #34 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes the main sign of infant jaundice usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. […] If your baby doesn’t have jaundice, the skin color should simply look slightly lighter than its normal color for a moment. […] Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. […] The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if: Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow, The skin on your baby’s the abdomen, arms or legs looks yellow, The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow, Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken, Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly, Your baby makes high-pitched cries.

• #35 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Signs of worsening jaundice — Call your baby’s doctor if your baby has jaundice and any of the following occurs: The yellow color is visible at the elbows and knees or lower (towards the hands and feet), is becoming a deeper shade of yellow in appearance (color changing from a lemon yellow to an orange-yellow or yellow-brown), or if the whites of the eyes or eyelids appear yellow. […] Your baby has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. […] Your baby has any difficulty breastfeeding or sucking and swallowing. […] Your baby is more sleepy than usual. […] Your baby is hard to wake up or keep awake to eat. […] Your baby is irritable and is difficult to console. […] Your baby has a high-pitched or shrill-sounding cry. […] Your baby starts to arch their neck or body backwards. […] Your baby seems to be working harder than normal to breathe.

• #36 When to Worry About Jaundice Symptoms in Newborn Babies

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/jaundice-babies

  Most cases of jaundice usually resolve on their own. However, if the jaundice-causing bilirubin levels spike within 24 hours of birth, or stay high after a week, other health problems have to be considered. […] In the meantime, seek immediate medical attention if you notice the following symptoms: Your baby’s skin is getting more yellow after 3 days, Your baby’s chest or abdomen is yellow, Your baby is sluggish and doesn’t nurse or feed well, Your baby’s bowel movement is pale, Your baby is cranky, Your baby arches his or her back, Your baby’s cry takes on a high pitch, The jaundice has not gone away after 2 weeks from birth.

• #37 Jaundice in newborns | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/jaundice_in_newborns

  Jaundice is a condition where a newborn babys skin turns yellow because a high amount of bilirubin is produced or because the liver cant get rid of it quickly enough. […] Jaundice is very common in newborn babies. It makes a babys skin and the whites of the eyes turn a yellow colour. You may notice it between 1 and 4 days after your baby is born. It will first appear on your babys face and chest. […] Babies who have higher levels of bilirubin (severe jaundice) may seem very tired and cranky, and feed poorly because they are too hard to wake up. […] If the level of bilirubin becomes very high, it can affect some of your babys brain cells. […] Jaundice can be more serious for babies: […] who develop jaundice early in life, especially during the first 24 hours, […] whose jaundice has moved to the arms and legs,

• #38 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Signs of worsening jaundice — Call your baby’s doctor if your baby has jaundice and any of the following occurs: The yellow color is visible at the elbows and knees or lower (towards the hands and feet), is becoming a deeper shade of yellow in appearance (color changing from a lemon yellow to an orange-yellow or yellow-brown), or if the whites of the eyes or eyelids appear yellow. […] Your baby has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. […] Your baby has any difficulty breastfeeding or sucking and swallowing. […] Your baby is more sleepy than usual. […] Your baby is hard to wake up or keep awake to eat. […] Your baby is irritable and is difficult to console. […] Your baby has a high-pitched or shrill-sounding cry. […] Your baby starts to arch their neck or body backwards. […] Your baby seems to be working harder than normal to breathe.

• #39 Jaundice in Newborns and Babies: Causes & Symptoms | Pampers

  https://www.pampers.com/en-us/baby/newborn/article/jaundice

  After all the time and planning, your newborn is finally here! Its such an exciting time, and theres so much going on. One thing you might notice a day or two after birth is that your newborn babys face is starting to turn a little yellow. If you see this, your little one may have jaundice. […] With jaundice, a yellowish color will typically appear on your babys face first, possibly spreading to the chest and tummy, and beginning to appear on the arms, legs, and in the whites of your babys eyes. […] If you notice any of the following neonatal jaundice symptoms, seek medical attention right away: Your babys skin becomes more yellow. Your baby is abnormally drowsy or sluggish. Its difficult to wake your baby from sleep. Your baby has a high-pitched cry. Your baby is sucking or feeding poorly. Your baby has a fever. Your baby is arching their neck and body backward.

• #40 Newborn Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/newborn-jaundice

  Once youre home, contact your doctor if you notice the following symptoms: Jaundice spreads or becomes more intense. Your baby develops a fever over 100F (38C). Your babys yellow coloring deepens. Your baby feeds poorly, appears listless or lethargic, and makes high-pitched cries. […] Most cases of physiological newborn jaundice will clear away, often without treatment. Frequent feedings will help it resolve. But your doctor will still monitor your baby to make sure it is improving. […] The outlook of pathological jaundice depends on the underlying cause and what treatment the baby requires. In both cases, without immediate treatment, complications can begin to develop.

• #41 4 reasons why babies get jaundice and might require immediate treatment | Pediatrics | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/4-reasons-babies-get-jaundice/

  If we suspect high levels of bilirubin, well confirm with a blood test and recommend follow-up appointments if symptoms dont go away on their own. […] If immediate treatment for jaundice isnt required, or when your baby starts improving after treatment in the hospital, well ask you to monitor symptoms at home. Along with yellowish skin and eyes, symptoms can include extreme sleepiness and difficulty feeding and gaining weight. […] Jaundice typically develops from the head to the feet. The legs and hands are usually last. If you notice jaundice in these areas, we need to see your baby right away because the jaundice has likely spread through their body and bilirubin levels are high. […] Any time you see new or lingering symptoms of jaundice, talk with your childs pediatrician. Follow-up appointments can help your baby avoid serious complications.

• #42 Symptoms of neonatal jaundice | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/neonatal-jaundice/

  These symptoms may indicate that the baby has more severe hyperbilirubinemia, and in these cases it will be especially important to seek medical attention without delay. […] A possible, but overall rare complication of neonatal jaundice is (acute) bilirubin encephalopathy, which may sometimes be termed kernicterus; this more likely affects premature babies or in a minority of cases babies with very high bilirubin levels. Signs of bilirubin encephalopathy may include: Severe jaundice within the first few days of birth, Difficulty feeding, High-pitched cry, Arched neck or back.

• #43 Kernicterus | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/types-of-birth-injuries/kernicterus/

  Signs and symptoms of jaundice include: Yellow or orangish skin color all over the baby’s body, starting at the head, Problems breast or bottle-feeding, Extreme fussiness, Trouble sleeping or waking up, Few wet and dirty diapers. […] Most cases of infant jaundice are mild and will resolve within a week or so. However, in 8% – 9% of cases, the infant develops severe jaundice. Severe jaundice symptoms include trouble sleeping and unusual eye movements, and the infant needs immediate medical attention to avoid developing Kernicterus. […] When healthcare professionals neglect to test for and treat severe jaundice, the infant can develop kernicterus. An infant’s bilirubin can reach toxic levels, damaging brain cells and causing new symptoms like respiratory distress and muscle spasms. […] Signs and symptoms of kernicterus in infancy include: High-pitched, inconsolable crying, Arched back, Stiff, limp, or floppy body, Lack of energy, Strange eye movements, Breathing problems, Reduced muscle tone and muscle spasms, Fever.

• #44

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw164159

  Jaundice is a yellow tint to a newborn’s skin and the white part of the eyes. It is a sign that there’s too much bilirubin in the baby’s blood. Jaundice usually appears in the first 5 days of life. Many babies have left the hospital by the time jaundice starts. Most babies have mild jaundice. It usually gets better or goes away on its own within a week or two without causing problems. But jaundice should be taken seriously. In rare cases, if the bilirubin level stays high and isn’t treated, it can cause brain damage called kernicterus. This can lead to serious lifelong problems. […] If a newborn has jaundice, the skin and the white part of the eyes will look yellow. The yellow colour shows up first in the baby’s face and chest, usually 1 to 5 days after birth. A baby whose bilirubin level is high may: Get more yellow. Be sluggish and not suck well. Be cranky or jittery. Arch their back. Have a high-pitched cry. A high bilirubin level can be dangerous. Make sure to call a doctor right away if your baby has any of these symptoms.

• #45 Does My Baby Have Jaundice? What Are the Treatments?

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/digestive-diseases-jaundice

  The most obvious sign of jaundice is a yellow color to your baby’s skin, which sometimes can be hard to tell on brown or darker skin. It may be easier to spot yellow in the whites of their eyes or under their tongue. Jaundice usually starts on the face. Once bilirubin levels in the blood rise, the yellow color moves to the chest and stomach, and then, finally, the legs and arms. […] Severe jaundice can be a medical emergency, so call your doctor right away if your baby: […] Isnt eating or their diapers arent wet […] Is hard to wake up […] Wont stop crying or is making a high-pitched cry […] Is limp or stiff with their back arched […] Moves their eyes strangely.

• #46 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Signs of worsening jaundice — Call your baby’s doctor if your baby has jaundice and any of the following occurs: The yellow color is visible at the elbows and knees or lower (towards the hands and feet), is becoming a deeper shade of yellow in appearance (color changing from a lemon yellow to an orange-yellow or yellow-brown), or if the whites of the eyes or eyelids appear yellow. […] Your baby has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. […] Your baby has any difficulty breastfeeding or sucking and swallowing. […] Your baby is more sleepy than usual. […] Your baby is hard to wake up or keep awake to eat. […] Your baby is irritable and is difficult to console. […] Your baby has a high-pitched or shrill-sounding cry. […] Your baby starts to arch their neck or body backwards. […] Your baby seems to be working harder than normal to breathe.

• #47 When to Worry About Jaundice Symptoms in Newborn Babies

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/jaundice-babies

  Most cases of jaundice usually resolve on their own. However, if the jaundice-causing bilirubin levels spike within 24 hours of birth, or stay high after a week, other health problems have to be considered. […] In the meantime, seek immediate medical attention if you notice the following symptoms: Your baby’s skin is getting more yellow after 3 days, Your baby’s chest or abdomen is yellow, Your baby is sluggish and doesn’t nurse or feed well, Your baby’s bowel movement is pale, Your baby is cranky, Your baby arches his or her back, Your baby’s cry takes on a high pitch, The jaundice has not gone away after 2 weeks from birth.

• #48 Newborn jaundice | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/newborn-jaundice

  Call your baby’s health care provider right away if your baby: Looks very yellow, orange or greenish-yellow; The white area in the eyes looks yellow; Is hard to wake up or won’t sleep at all; Has trouble breastfeeding or sucking from a bottle; Is very fussy; Has too few wet or dirty diapers. […] These may be warning signs of dangerously high levels of bilirubin that need quick treatment to prevent a kind of brain damage caused by high bilirubin levels (acute or chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (CBE)). […] Most babies with jaundice don’t need treatment. […] Jaundice usually clears up within 2 weeks in formula-fed babies. It may last for more than 2 to 3 weeks in breastfed babies. […] Babies with more severe jaundice may need treatment including: Phototherapy treatment (also called light therapy or bili lights). […] If phototherapy doesn’t work and your baby’s bilirubin levels are still very high, your baby may need a special type of blood transfusion called an exchange transfusion.

• #49 Atlanta GA Newborn Jaundice Signs, Symptoms, Treatment| Decatur, Brookhaven

  https://intownpediatrics.com/newborn-jaundice/

  While mild jaundice is common and usually resolves on its own, more severe cases may require medical intervention. It is important to attend your newborns regular checkups to monitor for signs of jaundice. […] If your babys jaundice worsens or you notice any of the following signs, its important to seek medical care immediately: Deep yellow or orange skin that spreads down the body […] Lethargy or difficulty waking […] High-pitched crying […] Poor feeding or refusing to feed […] Arched back or body stiffness. […] Mild jaundice typically resolves within 1 to 2 weeks as the babys liver matures. Mild jaundice is common and usually not harmful. However, severe jaundice requires treatment to prevent complications. It’s important to follow your newborn checkup schedule, but if your babys skin or eyes become more yellow, or if they are feeding poorly, contact your pediatrician immediately.

• #50

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/

  Jaundice in newborn babies is common and usually harmless. It causes yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. The medical term for jaundice in babies is neonatal jaundice. […] Other symptoms of newborn jaundice can include: dark, yellow urine (a newborn baby’s urine should be colourless) and pale-coloured poo (it should be yellow or orange). […] The symptoms of newborn jaundice usually develop 2 days after the birth and tend to get better without treatment by the time the baby is about 2 weeks old. […] If you’re monitoring your baby’s jaundice at home, it’s also important to contact your midwife straight away if your baby’s symptoms quickly get worse or they become very reluctant to feed. […] Treatment for newborn jaundice is not usually needed because the symptoms normally pass within 10 to 14 days, although they can occasionally last longer. […] If a baby with very high levels of bilirubin is not treated, there’s a risk they could develop permanent brain damage. This is known as kernicterus.

• #51

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/symptoms/

  If your baby has jaundice, their skin will look slightly yellow. […] Changes in skin colour can be more difficult to see if your baby has brown or black skin. […] Yellowing may be more obvious elsewhere, such as: in the whites of their eyes, inside their mouth, on the soles of their feet, on the palms of their hands. […] The yellowing of the skin is usually more noticeable on the head and face. […] The yellowing may also increase if you press an area of skin down with your finger. […] A newborn baby with jaundice may also: be sleepy, not want to feed or not feed as well as usual, have dark yellow pee (it should be colourless), have pale poo (it should be yellow or orange). […] Jaundice usually appears about 2 days after birth and disappears by the time the baby is 2 weeks old. […] In premature babies, who are more prone to jaundice, it can take 5 to 7 days to appear and usually lasts about 3 weeks. […] It also tends to last longer in babies who only have breast milk, affecting some babies for a few months.

• #52 Jaundice in Newborns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22263-jaundice-in-newborns

  Jaundice in newborns is normal. It usually develops by their second or third day of life. In formula-fed babies, jaundice typically goes away on its own within two weeks. In breastfed babies, jaundice can last a month or longer. […] Jaundice in newborns is common. For most babies, jaundice will get better without treatment within one to two weeks. But its important to have your babys bilirubin level checked. A high bilirubin level can lead to serious health conditions if its not treated immediately. These conditions include cerebral palsy, deafness and kernicterus, a type of brain damage.

• #53 Neonatal Jaundice: Symptoms, Treatment & More – Care Options for Kids

  https://careoptionsforkids.com/blog/neonatal-jaundice

  The main signs and symptoms of neonatal jaundice are yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. This typically occurs between the second and fourth day after birth. […] Jaundice typically occurs between two and four days after birth. Physiological jaundice typically goes away within one to two weeks but can last longer in some cases. You may notice your baby’s jaundice symptoms peak at five to seven days and then lessen over the following month.

• #54 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  Your doctor will likely diagnose infant jaundice on the basis of your baby’s appearance. However, it’s still necessary to measure the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood. The level of bilirubin (severity of jaundice) will determine the course of treatment. […] Mild infant jaundice often disappears on its own within two or three weeks. For moderate or severe jaundice, your baby may need to stay longer in the newborn nursery or be readmitted to the hospital. […] Bilirubin levels in the blood tend to peak when your baby is between three and seven days old. So it’s important for your doctor to examine your baby for jaundice during that time. […] If risk factors for severe jaundice are present, your doctor may recommend a follow-up visit a day or two after the baby leaves the hospital.

• #55 Neonatal Jaundice: Symptoms, Treatment & More – Care Options for Kids

  https://careoptionsforkids.com/blog/neonatal-jaundice

  The main signs and symptoms of neonatal jaundice are yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. This typically occurs between the second and fourth day after birth. […] Jaundice typically occurs between two and four days after birth. Physiological jaundice typically goes away within one to two weeks but can last longer in some cases. You may notice your baby’s jaundice symptoms peak at five to seven days and then lessen over the following month.

• #56

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/jaundice.aspx

  Any baby that has jaundice in the first 24 hours after birth should have the bilirubin level measured right away. […] Some babies have a greater risk for high levels of bilirubin and may need to be seen sooner after discharge from the hospital. […] Call your baby’s doctor if you notice these symptoms: Your baby’s skin turns more yellow. Your baby’s abdomen, arms, or legs are yellow. The whites of your baby’s eyes are yellow. […] Treatment can prevent the potentially harmful effects of high bilirubin levels. Most jaundice requires no treatment. […] When treatment is needed, babies are placed undressed under special lights (phototherapy). Phototherapy helps lower the bilirubin level. […] In breastfed babies, it is common for jaundice to last 1 month or occasionally longer. In formula-fed babies, most jaundice goes away by 2 weeks. Let your baby’s doctor know if your baby has jaundice for more than 2 weeks if your baby is formula fed, or longer than 4 weeks if your baby is primarily breastfed.

• #57 Jaundice in Newborns and Babies: Causes & Symptoms | Pampers

  https://www.pampers.com/en-us/baby/newborn/article/jaundice

  In cases of physiological (normal) newborn jaundice, if youre breastfeeding your baby, it will usually go away within two or three weeks without special treatment. […] If youre formula feeding, normal newborn jaundice will likely only last until your baby is about 2 weeks old, since formulaunlike breast milkdoesnt slow the livers capability of removing bilirubin from the bloodstream. […] In some cases, if left untreated, high levels of bilirubin can affect the brain and result in serious complications. Prompt treatment is the best way to protect against complications like kernicterus, which is a form of brain damage. […] Jaundice is very common in newborn babies, and most often, its the kind that will clear on its own within a few weeks. Keep an eye on your baby and let their healthcare provider know if you see any signs of jaundice getting worse or persisting beyond a couple of weeks.

• #58 Infant Jaundice – Symptoms – Causes | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/infant-jaundice/

  Infant jaundice usually appears between 2 and 7 days after birth. As the amount of bilirubin in the blood builds up, your baby’s body will get more yellow. As the bilirubin level rises, the yellow color can move from your baby’s head down to the chest and even down to the toes. These are signs that your baby may have more severe jaundice. If this happens, you should call your baby’s doctor right away. […] Most of the time, treatment for jaundice isn’t needed. Mild jaundice usually goes away on its own in 1 to 2 weeks. […] For more serious cases of jaundice, your baby might need treatment at the hospital. Most babies who need treatment for jaundice get light therapy (also called phototherapy). […] How long jaundice lasts differs from baby to baby. Often, a baby’s bilirubin level goes up for the first 3 to 4 days and then slowly goes back down. A baby who is breastfed may have mild jaundice for a longer time than a baby who is fed formula.

• #59 Jaundice in Newborn Babies: Causes, Treatment and More

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/baby-health-and-safety/newborn-jaundice.aspx

  Typically, jaundice goes away in a week to 10 days, though it sticks around for longer in premature babies. […] If your baby is breastfed, jaundice can last a month or occasionally longer. If your baby is formula-fed, jaundice typically clears up within two weeks. If it lasts three weeks or longer, be sure to call the doctor for a follow-up.

• #60 Neonatal jaundice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice

  Quick and accurate treatment of neonatal jaundice helps to reduce the risk of neonates developing kernicterus. […] Infants with kernicterus may have a fever or seizures. […] High pitched crying can also be a side effect of kernicterus. […] Most infants develop visible jaundice due to elevation of unconjugated bilirubin concentration during their first week. […] This is called physiological jaundice. […] This pattern of hyperbilirubinemia has been classified into two functionally distinct periods. […] Term infants – jaundice lasts for about 10 days with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 204 mol/L (12 mg/dL). […] Preterm infants – jaundice lasts for about two weeks, with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 255 mol/L (15 mg/dL). […] The bilirubin levels for initiative of phototherapy varies depends on the age and health status of the newborn. […] However, any newborn with a total serum bilirubin greater than 359 mol/L (21 mg/dL) should receive phototherapy.

• #61 4 reasons why babies get jaundice and might require immediate treatment | Pediatrics | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/4-reasons-babies-get-jaundice/

  Neonatal jaundice, or the appearance of yellow skin and eyes in an infant, is one of the most common newborn health conditions. About 60% of babies develop jaundice within 2-3 days after delivery. […] Jaundice is caused by an accumulation of bilirubin in the body. When red blood cells break down naturally, this yellow substance is formed. Our livers usually process and remove bilirubin, but newborn livers are not functioning at full capacity right away and they cant break down excess bilirubin as easily. […] Instead of exiting through a newborns stool, excess bilirubin is reabsorbed into the body, building up in the blood and causing the skin and eyes to appear yellow. This is called physiologic jaundice the type we see most often. […] For many babies, it takes less than a week for the liver to excrete the excess bilirubin on its own without treatment. In rare cases, excess bilirubin can deposit in organs beyond the skin including the brain, which can cause permanent brain damage.

• #62 Jaundice in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/jaundice-in-children

  Jaundice is a very common condition in newborn babies. It usually appears in the first few days or weeks of life. Most cases of jaundice are not caused by any disease or concerning problem and clear up quickly without any treatment. […] Jaundice occurs when bilirubin cannot be removed from the body fast enough and levels in the blood become too high. The buildup of bilirubin causes the skin and the white part of the eyes to appear yellow. […] Jaundice is especially likely in babies having trouble breastfeeding, either because the baby does not feed well or because the mother does not produce enough milk. If a baby isn’t getting enough breast milk in the first few days or weeks, it may not produce enough bowel movements to clear away bilirubin. This is called breastfeeding jaundice. […] Jaundice is very common in newborns. It is usually temporary and harmless.

• #63 Newborn Jaundice: Causes, Treatment, Symptoms & Signs

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/newborn_jaundice/article_em.htm

  Jaundice in newborns most commonly occurs because their livers are not mature enough to remove bilirubin from the blood. Jaundice may also be caused by a number of other medical conditions. Physiologic jaundice is the most common form of newborn jaundice. The baby’s liver plays the most important part in bilirubin breakdown. The type of bilirubin that causes the yellow discoloration of jaundice is called unconjugated or indirect bilirubin. This form of bilirubin is not easily removed from the baby’s body. The baby’s liver changes this unconjugated bilirubin into conjugated or direct bilirubin, which is easier to excrete. The liver of a newborn baby is immature, so the job of conjugating and removing bilirubin is not done completely well. This causes an elevation of bilirubin, which results in the yellow discoloration of the baby’s eyes skin. As the breakdown of red blood cells slows down, and the baby’s liver matures, the jaundice rapidly disappears. When jaundice is due to these factors alone, it is called physiologic jaundice.

• #64 Jaundice in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/jaundice-in-children

  Jaundice is a very common condition in newborn babies. It usually appears in the first few days or weeks of life. Most cases of jaundice are not caused by any disease or concerning problem and clear up quickly without any treatment. […] Jaundice occurs when bilirubin cannot be removed from the body fast enough and levels in the blood become too high. The buildup of bilirubin causes the skin and the white part of the eyes to appear yellow. […] Jaundice is especially likely in babies having trouble breastfeeding, either because the baby does not feed well or because the mother does not produce enough milk. If a baby isn’t getting enough breast milk in the first few days or weeks, it may not produce enough bowel movements to clear away bilirubin. This is called breastfeeding jaundice. […] Jaundice is very common in newborns. It is usually temporary and harmless.

• #65

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/jaundice.aspx

  Jaundice is the yellow color seen in the skin of many newborns. It happens when a chemical called bilirubin builds up in the baby’s blood. […] The skin of a baby with jaundice usually appears yellow. The best way to see jaundice is in white light, such as daylight or under fluorescent lights. Jaundice usually appears first in the face and then moves to the chest, abdomen, arms and legs as the bilirubin level increases. The whites of the eyes may also be yellow. Jaundice may be harder to see in babies with darker skin color. […] Most babies have mild jaundice that is harmless. But in rare cases, the bilirubin level can get very high and might cause brain damage. This is why testing bilirubin levels as recommended is important. […] Jaundice is more common in babies who are breastfed than babies who are formula-fed. This happens more often in newborns who are not getting enough breast milk.

• #66 Jaundice in the Newborn – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-gi-and-liver-problems-in-newborns/jaundice-in-the-newborn

  Jaundice is a yellow color to the skin and/or eyes caused by an increase in bilirubin in the bloodstream. […] As bilirubin levels in the blood increase, the whites of the eyes turn yellow first, followed by the skin. Slightly more than half of all newborns become visibly jaundiced in the first week of life. […] During the first week of life, most full-term newborns develop unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which often causes jaundice that normally resolves within a week or two. This is known as physiologic jaundice. […] Physiologic jaundice usually does not cause other symptoms and resolves within 1 week. If the infant remains jaundiced at 2 weeks of age, doctors evaluate the infant for other causes of hyperbilirubinemia besides physiologic jaundice. […] In newborns with jaundice, the following symptoms are cause for concern: Jaundice that appears on the first day of life, Jaundice in newborns over 2 weeks old, Lethargy, poor feeding, irritability, and difficulty breathing, A fever. […] If jaundice develops in a newborn at home, parents should call their doctor right away. […] In many newborns, jaundice develops 2 or 3 days after birth and disappears on its own within a week.

• #67 Jaundice in Newborns and Babies: Causes & Symptoms | Pampers

  https://www.pampers.com/en-us/baby/newborn/article/jaundice

  A majority of healthy newborns have physiological jaundice, which is also called normal jaundice. This normal jaundice usually appears about two to four days after birth. It typically doesnt require special treatment and goes away on its own within two or three weeks. […] If jaundice occurs before the second day or after the fourth day of birth, it may be caused by something more serious than physiological or normal jaundice, such as a genetic disorder, an infection, or one of the other causes of jaundice listed above. […] If your babys healthcare provider determines that your baby needs treatment for jaundice, they may prescribe one of the following treatments, depending upon the severity of the jaundice: Light therapy. Also called phototherapy, this treatment reduces bilirubin levels by putting your baby under special lights.

• #68 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Approximately 60% of term and 80% of preterm newborns develop clinical jaundice in the first week after birth. Neonatal jaundice is usually a mild, transient, and self-limiting condition known as physiologic jaundice. However, this should be distinguished from the more severe pathologic jaundice. […] Severe hyperbilirubinemia can cause bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) and, if not treated adequately, may lead to acute and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy. […] The causes of pathologic UHB and CHB are numerous and varied. Preterm infants and those with congenital enzyme deficiencies are particularly prone to the harmful effects of unconjugated bilirubin on the central nervous system. […] The production of bilirubin can increase secondary to immune-mediated hemolysis caused by blood group incompatibilities (eg, such as ABO and Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility) and nonimmune mediated hemolysis, which is caused by RBC membrane defects (eg, hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis), RBC enzyme defects (eg, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD], pyruvate kinase deficiencies), sequestration-like cephalohematoma, subgaleal hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, polycythemia, and sepsis.

• #69 Jaundice in newborns | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/jaundice_in_newborns

  who have a lot of bruising or swelling under the scalp (called caput) after birth, […] whose siblings had jaundice at birth and needed treatment with an exchange transfusion (babys blood is removed and replaced). […] Call your doctor if your baby shows any of the following symptoms: […] is extremely jaundiced (arms and legs are a yellow or orange colour), or […] jaundice that seems to be getting worse.

• #70 Neonatal Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-overview

  Jaundice is the most common condition that requires medical attention and hospital readmission in newborns. The yellow coloration of the skin and sclera in newborns with jaundice is the result of accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin. In most infants, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia reflects a normal transitional phenomenon. However, in some infants, serum bilirubin levels may rise excessively, which can be cause for concern because unconjugated bilirubin IX (Z,Z) is neurotoxic and can cause death in newborns and lifelong neurologic sequelae in infants who survive (kernicterus). For these reasons, the presence of neonatal jaundice frequently results in diagnostic evaluation. […] Neonatal jaundice, although a normal transitional phenomenon in most infants, can occasionally become more pronounced. Blood group incompatibilities (eg, Rh, ABO) may increase bilirubin production through increased hemolysis. […] The risk of significant neonatal jaundice is inversely proportional to gestational age.

• #71 Infant jaundice – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Dr. Paul

  https://www.drpaul.com/newborn-issues/jaundice-of-the-newborn/

  Jaundice, technically known as hyperbilirubinemia, is seen quite commonly in newborn babies. It is the yellow color of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by excess bilirubin in the blood. […] Referred to as physiological jaundice, this occurs in most newborns, usually by the second to the fourth day. It is mild and resolves on its own by the first or second week of age. […] Because premature babies livers are even more immature than full-term babies are, they have an even harder time clearing the excess bilirubin load at birth. As a result, babies born prematurely (at less than thirty-five weeks of pregnancy) are at higher risk for developing jaundice during the first few days of life. […] If you notice your babys skin or eyes turning yellow or the color deepens or worsens, seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider will examine the baby and test for bilirubin.

• #72 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Approximately 60% of term and 80% of preterm newborns develop clinical jaundice in the first week after birth. Neonatal jaundice is usually a mild, transient, and self-limiting condition known as physiologic jaundice. However, this should be distinguished from the more severe pathologic jaundice. […] Severe hyperbilirubinemia can cause bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) and, if not treated adequately, may lead to acute and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy. […] The causes of pathologic UHB and CHB are numerous and varied. Preterm infants and those with congenital enzyme deficiencies are particularly prone to the harmful effects of unconjugated bilirubin on the central nervous system. […] The production of bilirubin can increase secondary to immune-mediated hemolysis caused by blood group incompatibilities (eg, such as ABO and Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility) and nonimmune mediated hemolysis, which is caused by RBC membrane defects (eg, hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis), RBC enzyme defects (eg, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD], pyruvate kinase deficiencies), sequestration-like cephalohematoma, subgaleal hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, polycythemia, and sepsis.

• #73 Jaundice in newborns | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/jaundice_in_newborns

  who have a lot of bruising or swelling under the scalp (called caput) after birth, […] whose siblings had jaundice at birth and needed treatment with an exchange transfusion (babys blood is removed and replaced). […] Call your doctor if your baby shows any of the following symptoms: […] is extremely jaundiced (arms and legs are a yellow or orange colour), or […] jaundice that seems to be getting worse.

• #74 Newborn jaundice: Symptoms, testing and treatments parents need to know

  https://www.bswhealth.com/blog/newborn-jaundice-symptoms-testing-and-treatments-parents-need-to-know

  The babys levels will continue to be checked until the doctor feels it is a safe level for the lights to be stopped. Once the lights are stopped, levels will still need to be checked by your babys doctor, to be safe. […] If your babys bilirubin level is slightly elevated, doctors will advise you of some ways to help keep the bilirubin level down without going to the hospital. These tips may include: Indirect sunlight: it can help to expose the baby to indirect sunlight for 20-30 minutes a day, with your baby inside the house. […] Make sure the baby is well-fed: if babies do not eat well, they can become dehydrated, causing the bilirubin to increase. This is seen more often with solely breastfed babies, as moms milk is still starting to let down. You may consider breast pumping milk and supplementing with formula during the first few days of life. […] The key thing to remember about newborn jaundice is this: it is very common. Almost all babies have high levels at birth, and there are easy first-line treatments and home tips that work well every day for many babies.

• #75 Jaundice in newborns | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/jaundice_in_newborns

  who have a lot of bruising or swelling under the scalp (called caput) after birth, […] whose siblings had jaundice at birth and needed treatment with an exchange transfusion (babys blood is removed and replaced). […] Call your doctor if your baby shows any of the following symptoms: […] is extremely jaundiced (arms and legs are a yellow or orange colour), or […] jaundice that seems to be getting worse.

• #76 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Approximately 60% of term and 80% of preterm newborns develop clinical jaundice in the first week after birth. Neonatal jaundice is usually a mild, transient, and self-limiting condition known as physiologic jaundice. However, this should be distinguished from the more severe pathologic jaundice. […] Severe hyperbilirubinemia can cause bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) and, if not treated adequately, may lead to acute and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy. […] The causes of pathologic UHB and CHB are numerous and varied. Preterm infants and those with congenital enzyme deficiencies are particularly prone to the harmful effects of unconjugated bilirubin on the central nervous system. […] The production of bilirubin can increase secondary to immune-mediated hemolysis caused by blood group incompatibilities (eg, such as ABO and Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility) and nonimmune mediated hemolysis, which is caused by RBC membrane defects (eg, hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis), RBC enzyme defects (eg, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD], pyruvate kinase deficiencies), sequestration-like cephalohematoma, subgaleal hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, polycythemia, and sepsis.

• #77 Newborn jaundice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001559.htm

  Newborn jaundice occurs when a baby has a high level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow substance that the body creates when it replaces old red blood cells. The liver helps break down the substance so it can be removed from the body in the stool. […] A high level of bilirubin makes a baby’s skin and whites of the eyes look yellow. This is called jaundice. […] Jaundice causes a yellow color of the skin. It usually begins on the face and then moves down to the chest, belly area, legs, and soles of the feet. […] Sometimes, infants with severe jaundice may be very tired and feed poorly. […] Newborn jaundice is not harmful most of the time. For most babies, jaundice will get better without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. […] A very high level of bilirubin can damage the brain. This is called kernicterus. The condition is almost always diagnosed before the level becomes high enough to cause this damage. Treatment is usually effective.

• #78 What are Jaundice and Kernicterus? | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/jaundice/facts.html

  Jaundice usually appears first on the face and then moves to the chest, belly, arms, and legs as bilirubin levels get higher. The whites of the eyes can also look yellow. Jaundice can be harder to see in babies with darker skin color. […] When severe jaundice goes untreated for too long, it can cause brain damage and a condition called kernicterus. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of jaundice can prevent kernicterus.

• #79 When to Worry About Jaundice Symptoms in Newborn Babies

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/jaundice-babies

  It’s natural as new parents to worry about anything out of the ordinary with your newborn child. So when you notice that your baby has jaundice characterised by a yellowish tinge to their skin and whites of the eyes it’s natural to be worried. […] Early signs of newborn jaundice include: a yellowish tinge in the skin and whites of the eyes, usually starting in the face and spreading downwards across the body. […] Symptoms of severe jaundice, which may indicate an underlying medical condition, include: signs of jaundice that spread or become more intense, deepening of the yellow colouring, fever of over 38 degrees Celsius, poor appetite, listlessness or lethargy, high-pitched crying. […] Severe jaundice also heightens the risk of bilirubin passing into the brain, which may lead to permanent brain damage.

• #80 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/jaundice-8640349

  However, in some newborns, jaundice may be pathologic. This is typically the case when bilirubin levels are extremely high or when jaundice occurs immediately after birth or persists for weeks. […] Persistent hyperbilirubinemia can lead to a potentially fatal condition called kernicterus, in which bilirubin invades the brain, causing brain dysfunction known as encephalopathy. If not treated immediately, kernicterus can lead to seizures, brain damage, and complications such as permanent hearing loss and learning disabilities.

• #81 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  The manifestations of bilirubin encephalopathy in neonates with severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia depend on when the symptoms appear. The level at which unconjugated bilirubin becomes neurotoxic is unclear, and kernicterus has been reported in infants without markedly elevated bilirubin levels on autopsy. There are 3 phases of acute bilirubin encephalopathy, including: Phase 1: The symptoms of phase 1 appear during the first 1 to 2 days of illness and are notable for poor feeding, lethargy, hypotonia, irritability, or frank seizures. […] With treatment, the prognosis for most cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is excellent. In patients with delayed or inadequate treatment, bilirubin encephalopathy may ensue. The burden of bilirubin encephalopathy is significantly higher in developing and resource-limited nations.

• #82 Kernicterus | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/types-of-birth-injuries/kernicterus/

  Signs and symptoms of jaundice include: Yellow or orangish skin color all over the baby’s body, starting at the head, Problems breast or bottle-feeding, Extreme fussiness, Trouble sleeping or waking up, Few wet and dirty diapers. […] Most cases of infant jaundice are mild and will resolve within a week or so. However, in 8% – 9% of cases, the infant develops severe jaundice. Severe jaundice symptoms include trouble sleeping and unusual eye movements, and the infant needs immediate medical attention to avoid developing Kernicterus. […] When healthcare professionals neglect to test for and treat severe jaundice, the infant can develop kernicterus. An infant’s bilirubin can reach toxic levels, damaging brain cells and causing new symptoms like respiratory distress and muscle spasms. […] Signs and symptoms of kernicterus in infancy include: High-pitched, inconsolable crying, Arched back, Stiff, limp, or floppy body, Lack of energy, Strange eye movements, Breathing problems, Reduced muscle tone and muscle spasms, Fever.

• #83 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  The manifestations of bilirubin encephalopathy in neonates with severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia depend on when the symptoms appear. The level at which unconjugated bilirubin becomes neurotoxic is unclear, and kernicterus has been reported in infants without markedly elevated bilirubin levels on autopsy. There are 3 phases of acute bilirubin encephalopathy, including: Phase 1: The symptoms of phase 1 appear during the first 1 to 2 days of illness and are notable for poor feeding, lethargy, hypotonia, irritability, or frank seizures. […] With treatment, the prognosis for most cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is excellent. In patients with delayed or inadequate treatment, bilirubin encephalopathy may ensue. The burden of bilirubin encephalopathy is significantly higher in developing and resource-limited nations.

• #84 Kernicterus & High Bilirubin Causes & Treatments | Newborn Jaundice Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/practice-areas/jaundice-and-kernicterus/

  ABE has been categorized into three phases: Phase 1 typically begins around 3-5 days of life, and may involve decreased alertness, feeding problems, hypotonia, and a weak Moro reflex. […] Phase 2 typically begins later in the first week, and may involve stupor, irritability, changes in muscle tone/movement, and a high-pitched cry. […] Phase 3 typically begins after the first week, and may involve hypotonia, coma, spasms, “sun setting eyes,” fever, feeding problems, and apnea. […] Kernicterus is a more permanent effect of hyperbilirubinemia that can develop in babies who survive ABE.

• #85 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  The manifestations of bilirubin encephalopathy in neonates with severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia depend on when the symptoms appear. The level at which unconjugated bilirubin becomes neurotoxic is unclear, and kernicterus has been reported in infants without markedly elevated bilirubin levels on autopsy. There are 3 phases of acute bilirubin encephalopathy, including: Phase 1: The symptoms of phase 1 appear during the first 1 to 2 days of illness and are notable for poor feeding, lethargy, hypotonia, irritability, or frank seizures. […] With treatment, the prognosis for most cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is excellent. In patients with delayed or inadequate treatment, bilirubin encephalopathy may ensue. The burden of bilirubin encephalopathy is significantly higher in developing and resource-limited nations.

• #86 Kernicterus & High Bilirubin Causes & Treatments | Newborn Jaundice Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/practice-areas/jaundice-and-kernicterus/

  ABE has been categorized into three phases: Phase 1 typically begins around 3-5 days of life, and may involve decreased alertness, feeding problems, hypotonia, and a weak Moro reflex. […] Phase 2 typically begins later in the first week, and may involve stupor, irritability, changes in muscle tone/movement, and a high-pitched cry. […] Phase 3 typically begins after the first week, and may involve hypotonia, coma, spasms, “sun setting eyes,” fever, feeding problems, and apnea. […] Kernicterus is a more permanent effect of hyperbilirubinemia that can develop in babies who survive ABE.

• #87 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  The manifestations of bilirubin encephalopathy in neonates with severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia depend on when the symptoms appear. The level at which unconjugated bilirubin becomes neurotoxic is unclear, and kernicterus has been reported in infants without markedly elevated bilirubin levels on autopsy. There are 3 phases of acute bilirubin encephalopathy, including: Phase 1: The symptoms of phase 1 appear during the first 1 to 2 days of illness and are notable for poor feeding, lethargy, hypotonia, irritability, or frank seizures. […] With treatment, the prognosis for most cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is excellent. In patients with delayed or inadequate treatment, bilirubin encephalopathy may ensue. The burden of bilirubin encephalopathy is significantly higher in developing and resource-limited nations.

• #88 Kernicterus & High Bilirubin Causes & Treatments | Newborn Jaundice Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/practice-areas/jaundice-and-kernicterus/

  ABE has been categorized into three phases: Phase 1 typically begins around 3-5 days of life, and may involve decreased alertness, feeding problems, hypotonia, and a weak Moro reflex. […] Phase 2 typically begins later in the first week, and may involve stupor, irritability, changes in muscle tone/movement, and a high-pitched cry. […] Phase 3 typically begins after the first week, and may involve hypotonia, coma, spasms, “sun setting eyes,” fever, feeding problems, and apnea. […] Kernicterus is a more permanent effect of hyperbilirubinemia that can develop in babies who survive ABE.

• #89 Newborn Jaundice: Pathological, Prevention, Signs of Recovery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/newborn_jaundice_neonatal_jaundice/article.htm

  Kernicterus, which is caused by prolonged excessively elevated levels of bilirubin affecting the central nervous system, must be recognized and promptly treated as it can lead to permanent brain damage. Kernicterus is an irreversible and chronic condition that can include cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and intellectual impairment. Kernicterus has likely started to develop if the infant begins to exhibit extreme lethargy, changes in muscle tone, and a high-pitched cry.

• #90 Kernicterus | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/types-of-birth-injuries/kernicterus/

  Because kernicterus can permanently damage brain cells, children might develop new symptoms of kernicterus even years after treatment. These symptoms can be permanent and create life-long disabilities. […] Long-term symptoms of kernicterus include: Convulsions or seizures, Writhing and muscle spasms, Unusual motor development and movement, Stains on teeth enamel, Sensory challenges, primarily hearing, Inability to gaze upwards, Difficulty speaking.

• #91

• #92 Kernicterus | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/types-of-birth-injuries/kernicterus/

  Because kernicterus can permanently damage brain cells, children might develop new symptoms of kernicterus even years after treatment. These symptoms can be permanent and create life-long disabilities. […] Long-term symptoms of kernicterus include: Convulsions or seizures, Writhing and muscle spasms, Unusual motor development and movement, Stains on teeth enamel, Sensory challenges, primarily hearing, Inability to gaze upwards, Difficulty speaking.

• #93 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/jaundice-8640349

  However, in some newborns, jaundice may be pathologic. This is typically the case when bilirubin levels are extremely high or when jaundice occurs immediately after birth or persists for weeks. […] Persistent hyperbilirubinemia can lead to a potentially fatal condition called kernicterus, in which bilirubin invades the brain, causing brain dysfunction known as encephalopathy. If not treated immediately, kernicterus can lead to seizures, brain damage, and complications such as permanent hearing loss and learning disabilities.

• #94 Jaundice in newborns | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/jaundice

  Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin, and sometimes the whites of the eyes or the gums. Mild jaundice is quite common in newborn babies and is usually a temporary condition that causes no problems. However, severe cases of jaundice can be harmful, so if you think your baby has jaundice, it is always best to let your doctor or nurse know. […] The yellow colour of the skin is the main symptom of jaundice, usually beginning on the baby’s face and moving down to the chest, abdomen, legs and finally to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The whites of the eyes or the inside of the mouth or gums may also look yellow. Babies with jaundice may also be sleepy and not feed well. […] For most babies, jaundice does not cause any long-term problems. In very severe cases, the amount of bilirubin in a baby’s blood is so high that it can damage parts of the brain including parts that affect hearing, vision and control of movement (this is called kernicterus). With the right treatment this small risk is reduced even further.

• #95 Jaundice in newborns | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/jaundice

  Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin, and sometimes the whites of the eyes or the gums. Mild jaundice is quite common in newborn babies and is usually a temporary condition that causes no problems. However, severe cases of jaundice can be harmful, so if you think your baby has jaundice, it is always best to let your doctor or nurse know. […] The yellow colour of the skin is the main symptom of jaundice, usually beginning on the baby’s face and moving down to the chest, abdomen, legs and finally to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The whites of the eyes or the inside of the mouth or gums may also look yellow. Babies with jaundice may also be sleepy and not feed well. […] For most babies, jaundice does not cause any long-term problems. In very severe cases, the amount of bilirubin in a baby’s blood is so high that it can damage parts of the brain including parts that affect hearing, vision and control of movement (this is called kernicterus). With the right treatment this small risk is reduced even further.

• #96 Kernicterus | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/types-of-birth-injuries/kernicterus/

  Because kernicterus can permanently damage brain cells, children might develop new symptoms of kernicterus even years after treatment. These symptoms can be permanent and create life-long disabilities. […] Long-term symptoms of kernicterus include: Convulsions or seizures, Writhing and muscle spasms, Unusual motor development and movement, Stains on teeth enamel, Sensory challenges, primarily hearing, Inability to gaze upwards, Difficulty speaking.

• #97 Kernicterus | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/types-of-birth-injuries/kernicterus/

  Because kernicterus can permanently damage brain cells, children might develop new symptoms of kernicterus even years after treatment. These symptoms can be permanent and create life-long disabilities. […] Long-term symptoms of kernicterus include: Convulsions or seizures, Writhing and muscle spasms, Unusual motor development and movement, Stains on teeth enamel, Sensory challenges, primarily hearing, Inability to gaze upwards, Difficulty speaking.

• #98 Newborn Jaundice: Pathological, Prevention, Signs of Recovery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/newborn_jaundice_neonatal_jaundice/article.htm

  Kernicterus, which is caused by prolonged excessively elevated levels of bilirubin affecting the central nervous system, must be recognized and promptly treated as it can lead to permanent brain damage. Kernicterus is an irreversible and chronic condition that can include cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and intellectual impairment. Kernicterus has likely started to develop if the infant begins to exhibit extreme lethargy, changes in muscle tone, and a high-pitched cry.

• #99 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes the main sign of infant jaundice usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. […] If your baby doesn’t have jaundice, the skin color should simply look slightly lighter than its normal color for a moment. […] Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. […] The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if: Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow, The skin on your baby’s the abdomen, arms or legs looks yellow, The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow, Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken, Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly, Your baby makes high-pitched cries.

• #100

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/jaundice.aspx

  Any baby that has jaundice in the first 24 hours after birth should have the bilirubin level measured right away. […] Some babies have a greater risk for high levels of bilirubin and may need to be seen sooner after discharge from the hospital. […] Call your baby’s doctor if you notice these symptoms: Your baby’s skin turns more yellow. Your baby’s abdomen, arms, or legs are yellow. The whites of your baby’s eyes are yellow. […] Treatment can prevent the potentially harmful effects of high bilirubin levels. Most jaundice requires no treatment. […] When treatment is needed, babies are placed undressed under special lights (phototherapy). Phototherapy helps lower the bilirubin level. […] In breastfed babies, it is common for jaundice to last 1 month or occasionally longer. In formula-fed babies, most jaundice goes away by 2 weeks. Let your baby’s doctor know if your baby has jaundice for more than 2 weeks if your baby is formula fed, or longer than 4 weeks if your baby is primarily breastfed.

• #101 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  Your doctor will likely diagnose infant jaundice on the basis of your baby’s appearance. However, it’s still necessary to measure the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood. The level of bilirubin (severity of jaundice) will determine the course of treatment. […] Mild infant jaundice often disappears on its own within two or three weeks. For moderate or severe jaundice, your baby may need to stay longer in the newborn nursery or be readmitted to the hospital. […] Bilirubin levels in the blood tend to peak when your baby is between three and seven days old. So it’s important for your doctor to examine your baby for jaundice during that time. […] If risk factors for severe jaundice are present, your doctor may recommend a follow-up visit a day or two after the baby leaves the hospital.

• #102 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes the main sign of infant jaundice usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. […] If your baby doesn’t have jaundice, the skin color should simply look slightly lighter than its normal color for a moment. […] Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. […] The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if: Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow, The skin on your baby’s the abdomen, arms or legs looks yellow, The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow, Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken, Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly, Your baby makes high-pitched cries.

• #103 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Signs of worsening jaundice — Call your baby’s doctor if your baby has jaundice and any of the following occurs: The yellow color is visible at the elbows and knees or lower (towards the hands and feet), is becoming a deeper shade of yellow in appearance (color changing from a lemon yellow to an orange-yellow or yellow-brown), or if the whites of the eyes or eyelids appear yellow. […] Your baby has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. […] Your baby has any difficulty breastfeeding or sucking and swallowing. […] Your baby is more sleepy than usual. […] Your baby is hard to wake up or keep awake to eat. […] Your baby is irritable and is difficult to console. […] Your baby has a high-pitched or shrill-sounding cry. […] Your baby starts to arch their neck or body backwards. […] Your baby seems to be working harder than normal to breathe.

• #104 Jaundice In Babies | KidsHealth New Zealand’s Trusted Voice On Children’s Health

  https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/jaundice

  Normal (physiological) jaundice usually fades away after 1 or 2 weeks. Sometimes, normal jaundice may last longer than this. […] Jaundice in the first 24 hours after birth is never normal and needs urgent medical attention. […] If your baby is still jaundiced 2 weeks after birth, your health professional or midwife will need to check them. […] If your baby is jaundiced and has pale, white or light beige-coloured poo, take them to a health professional. […] You should call your midwife or a health professional urgently if your baby is jaundiced and looks sick. […] Severe jaundice can lead to deafness or brain damage without diagnosis and quick treatment.

• #105 Jaundice in the Newborn – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-gi-and-liver-problems-in-newborns/jaundice-in-the-newborn

  Jaundice is a yellow color to the skin and/or eyes caused by an increase in bilirubin in the bloodstream. […] As bilirubin levels in the blood increase, the whites of the eyes turn yellow first, followed by the skin. Slightly more than half of all newborns become visibly jaundiced in the first week of life. […] During the first week of life, most full-term newborns develop unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which often causes jaundice that normally resolves within a week or two. This is known as physiologic jaundice. […] Physiologic jaundice usually does not cause other symptoms and resolves within 1 week. If the infant remains jaundiced at 2 weeks of age, doctors evaluate the infant for other causes of hyperbilirubinemia besides physiologic jaundice. […] In newborns with jaundice, the following symptoms are cause for concern: Jaundice that appears on the first day of life, Jaundice in newborns over 2 weeks old, Lethargy, poor feeding, irritability, and difficulty breathing, A fever. […] If jaundice develops in a newborn at home, parents should call their doctor right away. […] In many newborns, jaundice develops 2 or 3 days after birth and disappears on its own within a week.

• #106 Jaundice in newborns | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/jaundice_in_newborns

  who have a lot of bruising or swelling under the scalp (called caput) after birth, […] whose siblings had jaundice at birth and needed treatment with an exchange transfusion (babys blood is removed and replaced). […] Call your doctor if your baby shows any of the following symptoms: […] is extremely jaundiced (arms and legs are a yellow or orange colour), or […] jaundice that seems to be getting worse.

• #107 Jaundiced Newborn

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/jaundiced-newborn/

  Jaundice (yellow skin) in a baby during the first 3 months of life (90 days) […] The skin turns a yellow color from high bilirubin levels in the blood. […] Jaundice means the skin has turned yellow. […] Bilirubin is the pigment that turns the skin yellow. […] Half of babies have some jaundice. Usually it is mild. […] The level of bilirubin that is harmful is around 20. Reaching a level this high is rare. […] Physiological jaundice peaks on day 4 or 5. […] It slowly goes away over 1-2 weeks. […] Jaundice began during the first 24 hours of life. […] Skin looks deep yellow or orange. […] Jaundice has reached the legs. […] Jaundice gets worse. […] Whites of the eyes turn yellow. […] Belly or legs turn yellow. […] Jaundice lasts more than 14 days.

• #108 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Signs of worsening jaundice — Call your baby’s doctor if your baby has jaundice and any of the following occurs: The yellow color is visible at the elbows and knees or lower (towards the hands and feet), is becoming a deeper shade of yellow in appearance (color changing from a lemon yellow to an orange-yellow or yellow-brown), or if the whites of the eyes or eyelids appear yellow. […] Your baby has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. […] Your baby has any difficulty breastfeeding or sucking and swallowing. […] Your baby is more sleepy than usual. […] Your baby is hard to wake up or keep awake to eat. […] Your baby is irritable and is difficult to console. […] Your baby has a high-pitched or shrill-sounding cry. […] Your baby starts to arch their neck or body backwards. […] Your baby seems to be working harder than normal to breathe.

• #109 Jaundice in the Newborn – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-gi-and-liver-problems-in-newborns/jaundice-in-the-newborn

  Jaundice is a yellow color to the skin and/or eyes caused by an increase in bilirubin in the bloodstream. […] As bilirubin levels in the blood increase, the whites of the eyes turn yellow first, followed by the skin. Slightly more than half of all newborns become visibly jaundiced in the first week of life. […] During the first week of life, most full-term newborns develop unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which often causes jaundice that normally resolves within a week or two. This is known as physiologic jaundice. […] Physiologic jaundice usually does not cause other symptoms and resolves within 1 week. If the infant remains jaundiced at 2 weeks of age, doctors evaluate the infant for other causes of hyperbilirubinemia besides physiologic jaundice. […] In newborns with jaundice, the following symptoms are cause for concern: Jaundice that appears on the first day of life, Jaundice in newborns over 2 weeks old, Lethargy, poor feeding, irritability, and difficulty breathing, A fever. […] If jaundice develops in a newborn at home, parents should call their doctor right away. […] In many newborns, jaundice develops 2 or 3 days after birth and disappears on its own within a week.

• #110 Newborn jaundice | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/newborn-jaundice

  Call your baby’s health care provider right away if your baby: Looks very yellow, orange or greenish-yellow; The white area in the eyes looks yellow; Is hard to wake up or won’t sleep at all; Has trouble breastfeeding or sucking from a bottle; Is very fussy; Has too few wet or dirty diapers. […] These may be warning signs of dangerously high levels of bilirubin that need quick treatment to prevent a kind of brain damage caused by high bilirubin levels (acute or chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (CBE)). […] Most babies with jaundice don’t need treatment. […] Jaundice usually clears up within 2 weeks in formula-fed babies. It may last for more than 2 to 3 weeks in breastfed babies. […] Babies with more severe jaundice may need treatment including: Phototherapy treatment (also called light therapy or bili lights). […] If phototherapy doesn’t work and your baby’s bilirubin levels are still very high, your baby may need a special type of blood transfusion called an exchange transfusion.

• #111 Atlanta GA Newborn Jaundice Signs, Symptoms, Treatment| Decatur, Brookhaven

  https://intownpediatrics.com/newborn-jaundice/

  While mild jaundice is common and usually resolves on its own, more severe cases may require medical intervention. It is important to attend your newborns regular checkups to monitor for signs of jaundice. […] If your babys jaundice worsens or you notice any of the following signs, its important to seek medical care immediately: Deep yellow or orange skin that spreads down the body […] Lethargy or difficulty waking […] High-pitched crying […] Poor feeding or refusing to feed […] Arched back or body stiffness. […] Mild jaundice typically resolves within 1 to 2 weeks as the babys liver matures. Mild jaundice is common and usually not harmful. However, severe jaundice requires treatment to prevent complications. It’s important to follow your newborn checkup schedule, but if your babys skin or eyes become more yellow, or if they are feeding poorly, contact your pediatrician immediately.

• #112 Does My Baby Have Jaundice? What Are the Treatments?

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/digestive-diseases-jaundice

  The most obvious sign of jaundice is a yellow color to your baby’s skin, which sometimes can be hard to tell on brown or darker skin. It may be easier to spot yellow in the whites of their eyes or under their tongue. Jaundice usually starts on the face. Once bilirubin levels in the blood rise, the yellow color moves to the chest and stomach, and then, finally, the legs and arms. […] Severe jaundice can be a medical emergency, so call your doctor right away if your baby: […] Isnt eating or their diapers arent wet […] Is hard to wake up […] Wont stop crying or is making a high-pitched cry […] Is limp or stiff with their back arched […] Moves their eyes strangely.

• #113 Newborn jaundice – discharge Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/discharge-instructions/newborn-jaundice-discharge

  Your baby has newborn jaundice. This common condition is caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Your child’s skin and sclera (whites of their eyes) will look yellow. […] Some newborns need to be treated before they leave the hospital. Others may need to go back to the hospital when they are a few days old. Treatment in the hospital most often lasts 1 to 2 days. Your child needs treatment when their bilirubin level is too high or rising too quickly. […] If your child did not have jaundice at birth but now has it, you should call your provider. Bilirubin levels are generally the highest when a newborn is 3 to 5 days old. […] Contact your baby’s health care provider if the infant has a yellow color that goes away, but then returns after treatment stop. […] Also contact your baby’s provider if you have concerns, if the jaundice is getting worse, or the baby is lethargic (hard to wake up), less responsive, or fussy.

• #114

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw164159

  Jaundice is a yellow tint to a newborn’s skin and the white part of the eyes. It is a sign that there’s too much bilirubin in the baby’s blood. Jaundice usually appears in the first 5 days of life. Many babies have left the hospital by the time jaundice starts. Most babies have mild jaundice. It usually gets better or goes away on its own within a week or two without causing problems. But jaundice should be taken seriously. In rare cases, if the bilirubin level stays high and isn’t treated, it can cause brain damage called kernicterus. This can lead to serious lifelong problems. […] If a newborn has jaundice, the skin and the white part of the eyes will look yellow. The yellow colour shows up first in the baby’s face and chest, usually 1 to 5 days after birth. A baby whose bilirubin level is high may: Get more yellow. Be sluggish and not suck well. Be cranky or jittery. Arch their back. Have a high-pitched cry. A high bilirubin level can be dangerous. Make sure to call a doctor right away if your baby has any of these symptoms.

• #115 Jaundice in newborns. Every new parent should know | Bangkok Hospital Headquarter

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/content/jaundice-new-parents-should-know

  Since jaundice in newborns is very common. After being discharged from the hospital, parents must observe the signs and symptoms of jaundice. If yellowish skin or eyes is presented with other abnormal symptoms such as lethargy, poor breastfeeding, irritability, a high-pitched cry, fever and chills, pale stool, limpness or stiffness of the whole body with muscle spasms, medical assistance must be provided urgently.

• #116

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/jaundice.aspx

  Any baby that has jaundice in the first 24 hours after birth should have the bilirubin level measured right away. […] Some babies have a greater risk for high levels of bilirubin and may need to be seen sooner after discharge from the hospital. […] Call your baby’s doctor if you notice these symptoms: Your baby’s skin turns more yellow. Your baby’s abdomen, arms, or legs are yellow. The whites of your baby’s eyes are yellow. […] Treatment can prevent the potentially harmful effects of high bilirubin levels. Most jaundice requires no treatment. […] When treatment is needed, babies are placed undressed under special lights (phototherapy). Phototherapy helps lower the bilirubin level. […] In breastfed babies, it is common for jaundice to last 1 month or occasionally longer. In formula-fed babies, most jaundice goes away by 2 weeks. Let your baby’s doctor know if your baby has jaundice for more than 2 weeks if your baby is formula fed, or longer than 4 weeks if your baby is primarily breastfed.

• #117 Jaundice in Newborn Babies: Causes, Treatment and More

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/baby-health-and-safety/newborn-jaundice.aspx

  Typically, jaundice goes away in a week to 10 days, though it sticks around for longer in premature babies. […] If your baby is breastfed, jaundice can last a month or occasionally longer. If your baby is formula-fed, jaundice typically clears up within two weeks. If it lasts three weeks or longer, be sure to call the doctor for a follow-up.

• #118 Neonatal Jaundice

  https://patient.info/doctor/neonatal-jaundice-pro

  Parents, carers and healthcare professionals should all look for jaundice. Check the naked baby in bright and preferably natural light. Examination should include the sclerae, gums and blanched skin. You should not rely on visual inspection alone to estimate the bilirubin level in a baby with jaundice. […] Neonatal jaundice first becomes visible in the face and forehead. Blanching reveals the underlying colour. Jaundice then gradually becomes visible on the trunk and extremities. […] In most infants, yellow colour is the only finding on physical examination. More intense jaundice may be associated with drowsiness. […] Neurological signs – eg, changes in muscle tone, seizures, or altered crying – require immediate attention to avoid kernicterus. […] Hepatosplenomegaly, petechiae and microcephaly are associated with haemolytic anaemia, sepsis and congenital infections. […] Hepatitis (eg, congenital rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis) and biliary atresia cause a raised conjugated bilirubin and have a marked jaundice and pale stools and dark urine, usually presenting in the third week of life.

• #119 Jaundice in newborn babies factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/jaundice-newborn-babies-factsheet

  Jaundice is a common condition where the skin and white parts of the eyes turn a yellow colour. […] Visible jaundice occurs in nearly a half of all normal newborn babies. It usually does not cause problems and generally fades by the end of the first week after birth. […] Jaundice can be a concern if it happens within 24 hours of being born, or it lasts for longer than 2 weeks. […] The main sign of jaundice is a yellow colour to the skin and white parts of the eyes. […] Jaundice can happen in breastfed babies during the first few weeks as milk supply is increasing and becoming stable. […] Jaundice that lasts for longer than 2 weeks can mean that your baby may have another health problem, like an infection. […] Treatment will depend on the level of jaundice in your newborn. […] Mild jaundice in the first week is treated with fluids as it can appear worse when babies have mild dehydration. […] Moderate jaundice is treated with phototherapy. […] Severe jaundice can be treated with a blood transfusion. […] In some cases, jaundice is a sign of liver disease. […] If your baby has jaundice and has pale poo, see your local doctor immediately.

• #120 Newborn jaundice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001559.htm

  Newborn jaundice occurs when a baby has a high level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow substance that the body creates when it replaces old red blood cells. The liver helps break down the substance so it can be removed from the body in the stool. […] A high level of bilirubin makes a baby’s skin and whites of the eyes look yellow. This is called jaundice. […] Jaundice causes a yellow color of the skin. It usually begins on the face and then moves down to the chest, belly area, legs, and soles of the feet. […] Sometimes, infants with severe jaundice may be very tired and feed poorly. […] Newborn jaundice is not harmful most of the time. For most babies, jaundice will get better without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. […] A very high level of bilirubin can damage the brain. This is called kernicterus. The condition is almost always diagnosed before the level becomes high enough to cause this damage. Treatment is usually effective.

• #121 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  The manifestations of bilirubin encephalopathy in neonates with severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia depend on when the symptoms appear. The level at which unconjugated bilirubin becomes neurotoxic is unclear, and kernicterus has been reported in infants without markedly elevated bilirubin levels on autopsy. There are 3 phases of acute bilirubin encephalopathy, including: Phase 1: The symptoms of phase 1 appear during the first 1 to 2 days of illness and are notable for poor feeding, lethargy, hypotonia, irritability, or frank seizures. […] With treatment, the prognosis for most cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is excellent. In patients with delayed or inadequate treatment, bilirubin encephalopathy may ensue. The burden of bilirubin encephalopathy is significantly higher in developing and resource-limited nations.

• #122 New guidelines on newborn jaundice: What parents need to know – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/newborn-jaundice-what-parents-need-to-know-2021020421886

  Most newborn babies turn at least a little bit yellow. Known as jaundice, this condition is a very common and usually normal part of the newborn period. But in some very rare cases it can lead to, or be a sign of, a more serious problem. That’s why parents need to know about it. […] Jaundice usually peaks in the first two to five days of life, and lasts about one to two weeks. In babies who are breastfed, it can last longer; we don’t know exactly why this happens, but it isn’t anything to worry about. […] Sometimes, though, jaundice can be a sign of another problem, and when bilirubin levels get very high it can affect the brain, sometimes in a permanent way. Called kernicterus, this is very, very rare, affecting far less than 1% of infants. […] Jaundice tends to spread from the face downward as bilirubin levels go up. For that reason, doctors worry far less about a baby who is yellow just in the face and upper chest than one who is yellow below the knees. […] Call the doctor if your baby: is looking more yellow, especially if it is spreading down below the knees.

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