Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, Causes, and Management of Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10658748/

  Our comprehensive systematic review aimed to examine gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a disorder that occurs when stomach contents flow back into the esophagus. […] Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from GERD, a common clinical condition. […] GERD is a common gastrointestinal disorder, affecting around 20% of adults in Western cultures. […] The prevalence in the US ranges from 18.1% to 27.8%, with a slightly higher rate in men. […] GERD is a prevalent condition with no strong association with symptoms. […] GERD is a frequent digestive illness around the world, with a prevalence range of 18.1%-27.8% in North America. […] In the US, the rate of GERD symptoms is over 20%, with 110,000 hospitalizations each year. […] With regional fluctuation, the overall frequency of GERD symptoms is roughly 13%. […] GERD is a prevalent disease in the Western world, affecting 10%-20% of the population. […] In the US, the rising obesity epidemic is correlated with an increased prevalence of GERD.

• #2 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorder in the United States, and leads to substantial morbidity, though associated mortality is rare. The prevalence of GERD symptoms appeared to increase until 1999. Risk factors for complications of GERD include advanced age, male sex, white race, abdominal obesity, and tobacco use. Most patients with GERD presents with heartburn and effortless regurgitation. […] Heartburn and acid regurgitation are the classic symptoms of GERD. Patients generally report a burning feeling in the retrosternal area, raising into the chest and radiating toward the neck, throat and occasionally the back. […] GERD is exceedingly common, ranking as the most frequent gastrointestinal diagnosis associated with outpatient clinic visits in the United States (US), with nearly 9 million visits in 2009.

• #2 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  The pooled prevalence of at least weekly GERD symptoms reported from population-based studies worldwide is approximately 13%, but there is considerable geographic variation. […] In the US, estimates of the prevalence of GERD symptoms have ranged from 6% to 30%, with heterogeneity related to the particular questionnaire used, including the threshold frequency and duration of symptoms required to be classified as GERD. The prevalence of at least weekly GERD symptoms in the US is approximately 20%. […] Importantly, the prevalence of GERD symptoms in North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia has increased approximately 50% relative to the baseline prevalence in the early to middle 1990s, but has plateaued since then.

• #3 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Although gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a common medical complaint, there is currently no consensus on the global prevalence of GORD. […] The global pooled prevalence of GORD was 13.98% and varied greatly according to region (12.88% in Latin America and the Caribbean to 19.55% in North America) and country (4.16% in China to 22.40% in Turkey). […] Using the United Nations 2017 Revision of World Population Prospects, the estimated number of individuals suffering from GORD globally is 1.03 billion. […] This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that although a substantial proportion (13.98%) of the global population suffers from GORD, there are significant variations between regions and countries. […] Risk factors for GORD were also identified which may allow clinicians to recognise individuals most at risk.

• #3 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  The prevalence of GORD was also higher in those who had a high intake of food and drinks associated with obesity, such as fatty food and carbonated drinks, and was significantly higher in those with a moderate to high intake of coffee/tea. […] The odds of GORD were significantly higher in those with a low level of education compared with those with a medium or high level of education. […] Individuals with a higher income level may be able to afford a wider range of treatment options, as well as healthier food options, which may prevent or alleviate GORD symptoms. […] The prevalence of GORD was higher in those aged 35-59 years than those aged 18-34 years but was slightly lower in those aged 60 years compared with those aged 35-59 years. […] GORD prevalence was also significantly higher in those who use NSAIDs/aspirin.

• #3 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  The pooled prevalence of GORD in subjects living in an urban area was the highest (13.43%) followed by subjects living in a rural area (11.70%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to smoking habits showed that subjects who currently smoke had a higher prevalence of GORD (18.40%) compared with ex-smokers (16.83%) and non-smokers (15.55%). […] This systematic review is the most comprehensive review conducted on the prevalence and risk factors of GORD to date, and the first to include studies from all regions of the UN geoscheme.

• #4 The Prevalence and Impact of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease – About GERD

  https://aboutgerd.org/what-is/prevalence/

  Over the past several years, healthcare professionals have become increasingly interested in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) because of its prevalence and impact on the community. […] Studies suggest that approximately one-third of the population has GERD, according to the American Gastroenterological Association. […] A review study published in the journal Gut reports the following range of GERD prevalence estimates in global populations: 18 to 28% North America 9 to 26% Europe 3 to 8% East Asia 9 to 33% Middle East 12% Australia 23% South America. […] According to a recent study on the burden of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, GERD was found to be the most expensive, with direct and indirect costs totaling $10 billion per year. […] Even though there is no simple definition of GERD, it is clear that it has a profound financial impact on our community and our healthcare system as well as an emotional impact for patients suffering from the disease.

• #5 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176595-overview

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when the amount of gastric juice that refluxes into the esophagus exceeds the normal limit, causing symptoms with or without associated esophageal mucosal injury (ie, esophagitis). […] A study by Richter and a Gallup Organization National Survey estimated that 25%-40% of healthy adult Americans experience symptomatic GERD, most commonly manifested clinically by pyrosis (heartburn), at least once a month. Furthermore, approximately 7%-10% of the adult population in the United States experiences such symptoms on a daily basis. […] Western dietary habits have made GERD a common disease. The prevalence of GERD in Western populations is estimated to be 10-20%, whereas it is about 2.5-17.0% in Asian populations. […] Richter and associates reported that 25%-40% of Americans experience symptomatic GERD at some point. Approximately 7%-10% of Americans experience symptoms of GERD on a daily basis.

• #5 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176595-overview

  No sexual predilection exists: GERD is as common in men as in women. However, the male-to-female incidence ratio for esophagitis is 2:1-3:1. The male-to-female incidence ratio for Barrett esophagus is 10:1. White males are at a greater risk for Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma than other populations. […] GERD occurs in all age groups. The prevalence of GERD increases in people older than 40 years.

• #6 A narrative review of the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Boulton – Annals of Esophagus

  https://aoe.amegroups.org/article/view/6041/html

  In 1989 a reported prevalence of reflux esophagitis in western countries was at 2% and reflux at 5%, this percentage has risen up to almost 50% since 1995. […] A reported prevalence from 2017 in adults within western populations was at 30%, yet below 10% in East Asia. […] The prevalence of GERD in Europe was estimated at around 25.9% in 2005. […] In 1997 Taiwan was reported to have almost 6% of patients attending a GI clinic complaining of heartburn and now known to be suffering from gastroesophageal reflux. […] Similarly, Turkey reported 22.8% of the population had heartburn and 12.7% experienced regurgitation. […] A recent study has estimated 7.8% of the population in East Asia are diagnosed with GERD. […] Age is becoming an increasing factor in GERD prevalence, many populations across the world are living longer, in turn this is causing an increase in health issues including GERD.

• #6 A narrative review of the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Boulton – Annals of Esophagus

  https://aoe.amegroups.org/article/view/6041/html

  Many papers have reported a trend in GERD symptoms in obese individuals indicating a link between obesity and GERD. […] An increased pressure around the abdomen also makes pregnant women at risk of GERD symptoms. […] Certain foods and drinks are associated with the incidence of reflux and studies have shown that consuming large amounts of fatty foods and chocolate cause episodes of reflux. […] Many categories of drugs are associated with increasing GERD symptoms.

• #7 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #7 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  Erosive esophagitis was found in 6.4% of patients in China and 15.5% of patients in Sweden in populational studies of patients undergoing endoscopy, regardless of the reported symptoms. […] A prospective study found erosions in the esophagus in 26% of patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) after 2 years, while in another study, erosive esophagitis was found in a follow-up endoscopy after 5 years in 10% of patients. […] GERD is a risk factor for BE, which affects approximately 2% of the population and may progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] GERD increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (odds ratio [OR], 7.7; 95% CI, 5.311.4), especially in patients with long-term GERD and severe or daily symptoms. […] The risk, however, is low and accounts for less than 0.001% annually. […] The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with BE is clearly greater in those with at least low-grade epithelial dysplasia.

• #8 Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=385&vmd=Full

  Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review Hye-Kyung Jung […] Ethnic and geographical differences are important factors in studying disease frequencies, because they may highlight the environmental or genetic influences in the etiology. We retrieved the studies which have been published regarding the epidemiologic features of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Asia, based on the definitions of GERD, study settings, publication years and geographical regions. From the population-based studies, the prevalence of symptom-based GERD in Eastern Asia was found to be 2.5%-4.8% before 2005 and 5.2%-8.5% from 2005 to 2010. In Southeast and Western Asia, it was 6.3%-18.3% after 2005, which was much higher than those in Eastern Asia. There were robust epidemiologic data of endoscopic reflux esophagitis in medical check-up participants. The prevalence of endoscopic reflux esophagitis in Eastern Asia increased from 3.4%-5.0% before 2000, to 4.3%-15.7% after 2005. In summary, the prevalence of symptom-based GERD and endoscopic reflux esophagitis has increased in Asian countries.

• #8 Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=385&vmd=Full

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) broadly includes the whole spectrum of reflux disease, from intermittent symptoms like heartburn or acid regurgitation to endoscopic reflux esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus. It usually gives a considerable impact on the quality of the patient’s life not only by the symptoms, but also by the following consultation procedures and medical cares. While GERD is a common disease and also the major upper gastrointestinal problem in Western countries, its prevalence amongst Asian has been reported to be relatively low. […] During the recent decade, several studies about prevalence of symptom-based GERD and endoscopic reflux esophagitis have revealed generally higher number of patients compared to other previous Asian studies. Time trend studies have also shown the increase of prevalence both in symptom based-GERD and endoscopic reflux esophagitis.

• #9 Acid Reflux & GERD: Symptoms, What It Is, Causes, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17019-acid-reflux-gerd

  GERD is estimated to affect about 20% of adults and 10% of children in the U.S. […] Occasional, uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are both common. […] Chronic acid reflux can really affect your quality of life, and it can also do real damage to your tissues. […] GERD stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Depending on where you live, it may be spelled GORD for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. However you spell it, GERD is chronic acid reflux in your esophagus. Acid reflux is considered chronic when you’ve had it at least twice a week for several weeks. […] Many things can contribute to weakening your LES, either temporarily or permanently. Sometimes occasional acid reflux turns into chronic GERD when these factors overlap or persist for a long time.

• #9 Acid Reflux & GERD: Symptoms, What It Is, Causes, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17019-acid-reflux-gerd

  Possible complications include: Esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, Esophageal stricture, Laryngopharyngeal reflux, Asthma. […] If you have severe GERD or it causes complications that medicine can’t help, you might need surgery. But surgery is usually minor and effective. Its worth treating GERD to prevent its complications.

• #10 Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease | WHO FCTC

  https://extranet.who.int/fctcapps/fctcapps/fctc/kh/wts/wts-database/epidemiology-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms increased approximately 50% until the mid-1990s, when it plateaued. […] The incidence of complications related to GERD including hospitalization, esophageal strictures, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and mortality also increased during that time period, but the increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma has since slowed, and the incidence of strictures has decreased since the mid-1990s. […] GERD is responsible for the greatest direct costs in the United States of any gastrointestinal disease, and most of those expenditures are for pharmacotherapy. […] Risk factors for GERD include obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and respiratory diseases.

• #11 GERD: A practical approach | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/4/223

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common, accounting for more than 5.6 million physician visits each year. From 10% to 20% of adults in Western countries and nearly 5% of those in Asia experience GERD symptoms at least weekly. The prevalence of GERD symptoms is increasing by about 4% per year, in parallel with increases in obesity rates and reduction in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori over the past several decades. However, patients may not have symptoms of GERD even if they have objective evidence of it such as erosive esophagitis or Barrett esophagus. […] An international consensus group has defined GERD as a condition that develops when reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms with or without complications. Typical symptoms that lead to the diagnosis of GERD are regurgitation and heartburn. As much as 16% of the US population complains of regurgitation, and 6% report clinically troublesome heartburn. However, while these symptoms are specific for the disease, they are insensitive markers of reflux.

• #11 GERD: A practical approach | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/4/223

  GERD is mainly a clinical diagnosis based on typical symptoms. Its diagnosis and management are summarized in Figure 1. Current guidelines indicate that patients with typical symptoms should first be given a trial of PPI treatment. However, patients with alarm symptoms including dysphagia, anemia, weight loss, bleeding, and recurrent vomiting should proceed directly to upper endoscopy. […] In 2015, the total direct economic impact of GERD and its complications was estimated to be over $18 billion, with use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) accounting for $12.4 billion, while the indirect costs driven by decreased work productivity were as much as $75 billion. […] Endoscopy should be performed in any patient with the alarm symptoms described above, and also in patients whose symptoms do not respond to a PPI. Abnormal endoscopic findings in GERD may include erosive esophagitis, strictures, and Barrett esophagus. However, many patients with GERD have normal findings on endoscopy.

• #12 Meta-analysis on the epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in China

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i45/6410.htm

  The overall pooled prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was 8.7% in China. […] The prevalence of GERD in China has increased from 6.0% to 10.6%. […] GERD was more common in people aged 40-60, with body mass index 24, and of Uygur ethnicity. […] The prevalence was higher in the west and east than in the centre, and there may be a local spatial autocorrelation between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the southeast. […] GERD was correlated with gastric (r= 0.421,P = 0.041) and oesophageal tumours (r= 0.511,P = 0.011) in spatial distribution. […] The prevalence of GERD is on the rise in China. Prevalence varies in different regions and populations.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12664-011-0108-6

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as a condition which develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. […] However, studies describing the epidemiology of GERD in India and for that matter in south-east Asia, are sparse and traditionally, GERD is thought to be uncommon in the developing countries. […] This study reports a weekly prevalence of 7.6% in the Indian population. […] These studies emphasize that the prevalence of GERD in India is likely to be between 8% and 19%, which is comparable to GERD prevalence rates published in western countries. […] The current articles on GERD in this Journal demonstrate that contrary to previous belief, the prevalence of GERD in India is in fact much higher and similar to that reported in the Western countries.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12664-011-0108-6

  Nonetheless, the impact of adaptation of western diet and lifestyle, increasing obesity, reducing H. pylori frequency etc. on increase in prevalence of GERD cannot be ruled out. […] Since the prevalence of GERD can be profoundly affected based on the definition, for the prevalence rates to be comparable across studies, all future endeavors should use a standardized definition. […] The true population-based prevalence of GERD and risk factors should be assessed. […] Remarkably, very little is known about GERD in India. At this time, one thing is certain—the prevalence of GERD in India is higher than previously estimated and appears to be similar to that of the western countries.

• #14 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #94902: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adults – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2881&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Symptoms suggestive of GERD affect an estimated 30% of Western populations, and the prevalence continues to increase. […] A comparison of GERD prevalence in different continents showed the highest rates in North America. […] As noted, the prevalence of NERD in the GERD population is roughly 70%. […] Among adult residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota (home of the Mayo Clinic), 18.1% had GERD (defined by at least weekly heartburn and/or regurgitation). […] American studies conducted after 1995 show a significantly higher prevalence of GERD than studies conducted before 1995. […] GERD incidence increases with age, especially after 40 years. […] Gender differences are found across the GERD spectrum. […] In patients who meet the criteria for GERD, symptoms can impose a serious negative burden on quality of life.

• #15 The Changing Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Are Patients Getting Younger?

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18140

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease globally with increasing prevalence and consequently greater burden on the Healthcare system. Traditionally, GERD has been considered a disease of middle-aged and older people. […] Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of younger patients with GERD, especially those within the age range of 30-39 years. […] The increase in GERD prevalence may be due to multiple factors such as older age, male sex, race, intake of analgesics, consumption of certain types of food and drinks, decrease in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, family history of GERD, high body mass index (BMI), and limited physical activity. […] Our study showed that the proportion of patients with GERD has increased in all age groups, with the exception of those who were aged 70 years in both the universal and Healthcare system datasets.

• #15 The Changing Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Are Patients Getting Younger?

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18140

  In our study, however, the greatest rise in the proportion of patients with GERD diagnosis was seen in young adults aged 30-39 years in both datasets during the last decade. […] An important finding of our study was the general characteristic of GERD patients who were primarily obese or severely obese, older women, and Caucasian. […] Our study suggests that physicians should be more aware that the proportion of young adults with GERD has been increasing continuously.

• #16 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the urban Brazilian population Prevalence of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the urban Brazilian population

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/BxRthvtJVQnzFrKXH57HH6P/?lang=en

  BACKGROUND: The epidemiological aspects of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease have been object of growing interest in the last decade because of its increasing prevalence and the complications of the disease. […] The global prevalence of heartburn was 11.9% (1,651 persons). Heartburn once a week was present in 4.6% (637 persons) and GERD in 7.3% (1,014 persons). […] The occurrence of GERD increased with age and was more prevalent after 55 years old. […] The global prevalence of heartburn (11.9%) is relatively high in the Brazilian urban population, although lower than the reported figure to other countries. Heartburn and GERD have higher prevalence in women and both are related to food intake, fatty and spicy foods; GERD is more prevalent in individuals older than 35 years old.

• #17 Gastroesophageal reflux disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease

  In Western populations, GERD affects approximately 10% to 20% of the population and 0.4% newly develop the condition. For instance, an estimated 3.4 million to 6.8 million Canadians have GERD. The prevalence rate of GERD in developed nations is also tightly linked with age, with adults aged 60 to 70 being the most commonly affected. In the United States 20% of people have symptoms in a given week and 7% every day. No data supports sex predominance with regard to GERD. […] The classic symptoms of GERD were first described in 1925, when Friedenwald and Feldman commented on heartburn and its possible relationship to a hiatal hernia. In 1934 gastroenterologist Asher Winkelstein described reflux and attributed the symptoms to stomach acid.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2006/09001/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_gastroesophageal.9.aspx

  Dore, Maria P. MD, PhD; Maragkoudakis, Emmanouil MD; Fraley, Kennard J. MS; Realdi, Giuseppe MD, PhD; Graham, David Y. MD; Malaty, Hoda M. MD […] To determine the natural history and risk factors associated with GERD patients presenting in tertiary GI clinics, Italy. […] Patients with a first diagnosis of GERD between 2004 and 2005 were included. The diagnosis of GERD was based on classic symptoms of heartburn and/or acid regurgitation. […] A total of 500 subjects were enrolled. There were 300 GERD patients between the ages of 1280, and 200 controls. Females had a significantly higher prevalence of GERD than males (66% vs. 48%, p= 0.001, OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.53.1). […] GERD is more prevalent among Italian women than men and associated with a high BMI and a low socioeconomic status (as measured by educational level). […] Identification of the epidemiology and risk factors allows targeted studies regarding the pathogenesis and current management of GERD.

• #19 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28304

  The incidence of reflux esophagitis is greatest in individuals aged 60 to 70 and slightly decreases thereafter. Similar to its prevalence in adults, GERD is also increasingly observed in the pediatric population. Nelson et al reported an incidence of GERD ranging from 12% to 50% in children aged 0 to 18 between 2000 and 2005. […] The prevalence of GERD increases throughout pregnancy, affecting 20% to 30% of women in the first trimester, 40% to 45% in the second trimester, and 60% in the third trimester. […] The association of GERD with overweight patients has an odds ratio of 1.33 and 95% confidence intervals of 1.07 to 1.64; the association with obese individuals has an odds ratio of 1.70 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.36 to 2.12. […] Several medications have been associated with symptoms of GERD, including drugs that modulate the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, including nitrates, calcium channel blocker agents, anticholinergics, -adrenergic agonists, theophylline, and morphine.

• #20 Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930029-overview

  Gastroesophageal reflux is most commonly seen in infancy, with a peak at age 1-4 months. However, it can be seen in children of all ages, even healthy teenagers. […] Approximately 85% of infants vomit during the first week of life, and 60-70% manifest clinical gastroesophageal reflux at age 3-4 months. […] Symptoms abate without treatment in 60% of infants by age 6 months, when these infants begin to assume an upright position and eat solid foods. Resolution of symptoms occurs in approximately 90% of infants by age 8-10 months. The estimated prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux among children aged older than 1 year and adolescents ranges from 0.9-18.8%.

• #21 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Among Undergraduate Medical Students i | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-among-undergraduate-medical-students-i-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition that has a detrimental impact on ones quality of life because of acid reflux causing damage to the esophagus. Primary symptoms consist of heartburn and regurgitation, although patients may also encounter chest pain, nausea, and dysphagia. […] The prevalence of GERD in adults is found to be ranging from 8.7% to 33.1% in the Middle East and North African region, which is a significant increase since 1995. […] A total of 602 undergraduate medical students completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of GERD was found to be 28.4%, with heartburn and regurgitation being the most prevalent symptoms among participants. […] GERD has become increasingly common among medical students in Egypt. Contributing factors include medical students stressful lifestyles and familial predispositions.

• #21 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Among Undergraduate Medical Students i | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-among-undergraduate-medical-students-i-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  A higher percentage of GERD patients (48.5%) reported a family history of GERD compared to non-GERD participants (38.7%). […] Significant risk factors associated with GERD included family history (p=0.02) and stress or anxiety after medical school enrollment (p=0.02). […] Our study showed that 28.4% of medical students in Egypt suffer from GERD, which is deemed a relatively high percentage. […] The prevalence of GERD among medical students has not been a popular topic of research in Egypt, where only one research published in 2024 addressed this phenomenon. […] A notable risk factor for GERD is mental stress, which has been shown to exacerbate GERD symptoms in several ways in a Korean study. […] The current study failed to find a significant relationship between GERD and physical exercise. […] GERD is one of many common medical problems that have been rampant amongst the medical student population in Egypt in recent times.

• #22 Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a population-based study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-024-03143-9

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the long term reduces the quality of life, leading to digestive diseases. The present study aims to determine the risk factors for GERD. […] The prevalence of GERD was 10.99% (n=1,058). The GERD was higher among older age and women. […] Based on the results, smoking, alcohol, inactivity, high intake of sweets and desserts, low intake of fiber, depression, visceral fat, and obesity are considered as risk factors for GERD. Modifying lifestyle and behavioral habits prevent GERD. […] Based on the estimations, 13.98% of the adult population worldwide suffers from GERD, and its prevalence ranges from 4.16% in China to 22.40% in Turkey. […] Smoking, stress, dietary factors (coffee and spicy foods), obesity, inactivity, alcohol intake, and family history of reflux were identified as risk factors for GERD.

• #22 Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a population-based study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-024-03143-9

  A cross-sectional analysis of data from 9,631 adults indicated that low physical activity, high intake of sweets and desserts, low intake of fiber, smoking, alcohol consumption, depression, visceral fat, and central obesity are among the most critical risk factors for GERD. […] The odds of GERD among current smokers were 23% higher than non-smokers. In addition, drinking increased odds of GERD. […] The results indicate that several factors contribute to the risk of GERD, including low physical activity, high consumption of sweets and desserts, low fiber consumption, smoking, alcohol, depression, visceral fat, and central obesity. To prevent GERD and its complications, lifestyle should be improved by following a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and controlling weight.

• #23 Is Acid Reflux Genetic? | Healthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/genetics

  Acid reflux is common, but when it becomes chronic and severe, its usually caused by GERD. […] In the United States, 18.1% to 27.8% of people have GERD, with a slightly higher incidence in males. […] There is abundant evidence showing a link between our genes and acid reflux or GERD. […] Research suggests that GERD does run in families. According to a 2018 review, numerous studies on twins and families show that GERD has a heritability of about 31%. Other research suggests it could be as high as 43%. […] Extensive research has shown a correlation between our genetic makeup and the development of acid reflux or GERD. GERD seems to run in families, and certain genetic markers have been identified that are linked to this condition.

• #24 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Prevalence and Its Risk Factors in Rural Bangladesh

  https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BMRCB/article/view/36804/24905

  This descriptive cross-sectional study has shown a low prevalence (6.8%) of GERD in a general population residing in rural community of Bangladesh and significantly associated with Body Mass Index, DM, HTN and Asthma. Prevalence of GERD was dominant among betel and tobacco chewer followed by smoker. It has been observed that prevalence of GERD is more among obese and overweight patient in the study. […] Through the prevalence of GERD in rural community of Bangladesh was 6.8% in the study which is lower than that of western world. Again, the prevalence of GERD is higher in 31-40 age group (11.80) than the other participants. This questionnaire-based community survey showed that the prevalence of which is less than that of western world. Higher body mass index, DM, presence of Asthma is significantly associated with GERD in this study.

• #25 GERD – Canadian Digestive Health Foundation

  https://cdhf.ca/en/digestive-conditions/gerd/

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder that has a significant impact on the community. In Canada, people suffering from GERD symptoms are absent from work 16% of each year, representing $21 billion in costs or 1.7 billion hours of lost productivity annually. […] Recent studies show that GERD in infants and children occurs more frequently than previously thought and may produce repeated vomiting, failure to grow, coughing and other respiratory problems. […] GERD is a chronic disease, and so treatment usually needs to be maintained on a long-term basis, even after symptoms are under control. […] Some patients with prolonged, uncontrolled GERD may develop Barrett’s esophagus, a condition that results in changes to the esophageal lining which increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.

• #25 GERD – Canadian Digestive Health Foundation

  https://cdhf.ca/en/digestive-conditions/gerd/

  GERD symptoms are widespread in the community and range from 2.5% to more than 25%. (Savarino et al. 2017) […] In North America, it is estimated that the prevalence of GERD is 15%. (Eusebi et al. 2018) […] A Canadian study estimated that patients with GERD lose 16% of their work time due to their symptoms. (Fedorak et al. 2010) […] Over a quarter of GERD patients may progress to Barrett’s esophagus in their lifetime. If untreated, Barrett’s esophagus may progress to esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer may not be curable depending on the stage at diagnosis. It has a low five-year survival rate of 14%.

• #26 Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/1001/p1311.html

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common chronic, relapsing condition that is associated with a risk of significant morbidity and the possibility of mortality from complications. An estimated 44 percent of the U.S. adult population (61 million Americans) have heartburn, the hallmark of acid regurgitation, at least once a month. Approximately 14 percent of Americans have gastroesophageal symptoms weekly, and 7 percent have symptoms daily. […] Many patients self-diagnose and self-treat, and do not seek medical attention for their symptoms, while others have more severe disease, including erosive esophagitis. Patients who have GERD generally report decreased quality of life, reduced productivity, and decreased well-being. In many of these patients, reported quality of life is lower than in patients who have untreated angina pectoris or chronic heart failure.

• #27 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common. The prevalence varies widely depending on the population being studied; some estimates range from 10 to 20% of adults (1). It also occurs frequently in infants, typically beginning at birth. […] Complications include esophagitis, esophageal stricture, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] The main symptom in adults is heartburn, and infants present with vomiting, irritability, anorexia, and sometimes symptoms of chronic aspiration; at any age, chronic aspiration may cause cough, hoarseness, or wheezing. […] Diagnose clinically; do endoscopy in patients not responding to empiric treatment and consider advanced pH monitoring if endoscopy is normal in patients with typical symptoms. […] Treat with lifestyle changes (eg, head of bed elevation, weight loss, dietary trigger avoidance) and acid-suppressing therapy. […] Antireflux surgery can help patients with severe esophagitis, complications of esophagitis, intolerance to medical therapy, or a large amount of symptomatic nonacid reflux.

• #28 Gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-and-heartburn

  Nearly everyone has an attack of heartburn at some point in their lives. In the vast majority of cases, the condition is temporary and mild, causing only short-term discomfort. If people develop persistent GERD with frequent relapses, and it remains untreated, serious complications may develop over time. […] Older people are at higher risk for complications from persistent GERD. […] Despite the complications that can occur with the condition, GERD does not appear to shorten life expectancy. […] The incidence of esophageal cancer is higher in people with Barrett esophagus. […] Only 10% of people with symptomatic GERD have Barrett esophagus. […] There is some evidence that acid reflux may contribute to the higher risk of cancer in Barrett esophagus, but it is not yet confirmed whether acid blockers have any protective effects against cancer in these patients. […] Periodic endoscopy is recommended for detecting cancer at an earlier stage in people who have been diagnosed with Barrett esophagus.

• #28 Gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-and-heartburn

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which gastric contents and acid flow up from the stomach into the esophagus (food pipe) due to poor stomach emptying, poor valve function, and problems with the esophagus. […] It is estimated that about half of American adults experience GERD symptoms at least once a month. […] Certain people will require ongoing monitoring and examinations every 3 to 5 years or sooner. […] About half of American adults experience GERD symptoms at least once a month. People of all ages are susceptible to GERD. Elderly people with GERD tend to have a more serious condition than younger people. […] A number of studies suggest that obesity contributes to GERD, and it may increase the risk for severe inflammation in the esophagus in people with GERD.

• #29 Acid Reflux/GERD | ACG

  https://gi.org/topics/acid-reflux/

  Persistent symptoms of heartburn and reflux should not be ignored. […] If left untreated, longstanding, severe and chronic heartburn/GERD has been linked with esophageal cancer. […] GERD has a significant role in asthma, chronic cough and ear, nose and throat problems — all referred to as extra-esophageal manifestations (EEM) although this connection may often go unrecognized.

• #30 Non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in three Nordic countries: population based cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/382/bmj-2023-076017

  Objective To assess the incidence rate of oesophageal adenocarcinoma among patients with non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease compared with the general population. […] The incidence rate of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease was 11.0/100000 person-years. […] Patients with non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease seem to have a similar incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma as the general population. This finding suggests that endoscopically confirmed non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease does not require additional endoscopic monitoring for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. […] This study found no increased incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with non-erosive GORD, even after a long observation time, compared with the corresponding general population.

• #30 Non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in three Nordic countries: population based cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/382/bmj-2023-076017

  Patients with GORD but no oesophageal mucosal abnormalities have a similar incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma as the general population. […] The findings from this study may show a distinctive difference in how to manage oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk in patients with GORD. […] This finding suggests that patients with confirmed non-erosive GORD are not susceptible to develop oesophageal adenocarcinoma and may not require repeated endoscopic examinations regarding assessment of cancer risk.

• #31 Improving treatment of people with gastro-esophageal reflux disease refractory to proton pump inhibitors | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00632-6

  Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the main treatment recommended and used for gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, they fail to control symptoms in a substantial proportion of patients who have PPI-refractory GERD, which is defined as persistent symptoms attributable to objective findings of gastro-esophageal reflux. […] It is reported that PPIs fail to control symptoms in 30-40% of patients. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated to be 8.8-25.9% in Europe and 18.1-27.8% in North America. […] Determining the exact prevalence of PPI failure is challenging since definitions of persistent symptoms vary. […] Rates of partial response or nonresponse to PPIs (defined as troublesome heartburn or regurgitation) ranged from 17 to 32% in interventional studies but were as high as 45% in observational studies.

• #31 Improving treatment of people with gastro-esophageal reflux disease refractory to proton pump inhibitors | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00632-6

  In a USA population-based study from 2020, of the 3229 participants taking daily PPIs, 54.1% had persistent GERD symptoms. […] A review paper also highlighted that despite aggressive acid suppression therapy failing to control symptoms in approximately 40% of GERD patients, less than 5% undergo fundoplication surgery. […] There seems to be hesitancy to refer patients for surgical assessment. […] A 2016 review of surgical options acknowledged a therapy gap caused by the combination of PPI-refractory symptoms and patients’ reluctance to undergo surgery for fear of side effects. […] More recent study findings appear to contradict the idea that PPI resistance is predictive of surgical failure, finding surgical treatment to be superior to medical treatment in those who had truly PPI-refractory GERD.

• #31 Improving treatment of people with gastro-esophageal reflux disease refractory to proton pump inhibitors | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00632-6

  Previous guidelines have generally neglected to address the management of patients with PPI-refractory GERD. […] We urge those responsible for the continuing care of these patients, such as primary care physicians and gastroenterologists, to remain aware that these surgical options exist and are constantly evolving, and to consider surgical referral in patients who have persistent symptoms caused by GERD despite correct prescribing of and adherence to PPI therapy.

• #32 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-english

  GERD is now widely prevalent around the world, with clear evidence of increasing prevalence in many developing countries. Practice recommendations should be sensitive to context, with the goal of optimizing care in relation to local resources and the availability of health-care support systems. The expression of the disease is considered to be similar across regions, with heartburn and regurgitation as the main symptoms.

• #32 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-english

  GERD is a global disease, and evidence suggests that its prevalence is increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but it is only in East Asia that prevalence estimates are currently consistently lower than 10%. The high prevalence of GERD, and hence of troublesome symptoms, has significant societal consequences, impacting adversely on work productivity and many other quality-of-life aspects for individual patients. […] Robust epidemiological studies are still lacking for developed countries, such as Japan, as well as from many emerging economies including Russia, India, and the African continent. There are also few data regarding the prevalence of GERD in pediatric populations, the incidence of GERD, its natural history, and its causes. […] Most epidemiological studies of the condition are symptom-based. As symptom-based diagnosis is challenging, the epidemiological data on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS) are probably flawed. This is in part because the description and nomenclature of reflux symptoms varies between regions, and in part because upper gastrointestinal symptoms (dyspeptic symptoms) may be described similarly by patients who have a variety of upper gastrointestinal diagnoses, including peptic ulcer disease, nonulcer dyspepsia, dysmotility, or GERD. Nonetheless, it is instructive to report the prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms across the globe, as these data affect the pretest probability that upper gastrointestinal symptoms are attributable to gastroesophageal reflux.

• #33 Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs Among Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Barrett’s Esophagus, and Barrett’s Esophagus-Related Neoplasia in the United States | Published in Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research

  https://jheor.org/article/68191-healthcare-resource-utilization-and-costs-among-patients-with-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-barrett-s-esophagus-and-barrett-s-esophagus-related-ne

  The burden associated with esophageal disorders has been well characterized in the United States, with healthcare expenditures exceeding $12 billion in 2018. […] The current study sheds light on the wide range of healthcare services used by patients across all cohorts, including outpatient visits. […] More than half of the patients in the EAC cohort (53%) had a disease-related hospitalization during an average study period of 17 months; 30% required an ED visit and 82% had an office visit. […] The results of the current work underscore the significant burden in this patient population and can serve as a benchmark to assist in improving their clinical management and inform future economic evaluations. […] Considering the dismal clinical outcomes among patients with EAC and the substantial incremental cost burden observed with disease progression from GERD to EAC, these findings highlight the importance of screening and surveillance in this population, which has the potential to prevent disease progression and reduce the associated disease burden.

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