Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Turner Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0801/p405.html

  Turner syndrome occurs in one out of every 2,500 to 3,000 live female births. Patients usually have normal intelligence but may have problems with nonverbal, social, and psychomotor skills. A Turner syndrome diagnosis should be considered in girls with short stature or primary amenorrhea. Patients are treated for short stature in early childhood with growth hormone therapy, and supplemental estrogen is initiated by adolescence for pubertal development and prevention of osteoporosis. […] Given the complexity and multisystem nature of Turner syndrome, family physicians can play an important role in coordinating multidisciplinary management and in directly managing risk factors and complications (e.g., infertility, cardiovascular complications, osteoporosis). […] The key aspects of managing Turner syndrome in children are cardiovascular monitoring and treatment of congenital heart disease; growth hormone therapy to augment linear growth (as early as 12 to 24 months of age); and supplemental estrogen therapy for sexual development and preservation of bone mineral density (typically initiated in the preteen years).

• #2 Management of Turner Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5819065/

  Turner syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders, affecting one in 2,000-2,500 live-born girls. In order to provide appropriate healthcare, a multi-disciplinary team of closely cooperating endocrinologists, gynaecologists, geneticists, cardiologists, otolaryngologists, fertility specialists, psychologists, nurse educators and social workers is needed. […] TS patients require multi-disciplinary and long-term medical healthcare. At various ages, different medical problems are the focus of treatment. […] The quality of life in TS patients is affected by a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases and hearing problems. Repeated screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases (Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves disease), coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus is recommended. […] TS patients require lifelong high-quality and developmentally adequate healthcare. Early diagnosis, the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team familiar with TS-related health problems as well as the patients understanding of the main factors associated with this genetic disorder are essential for successful patient management.

• #3 Turner syndrome: narrative review of genetics and clinical aspects of management – Fudge – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/7267/html

  Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition that is associated with a wide array of clinical manifestations including short stature, ovarian failure, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes, as well as neurocognitive deficits in some individuals. […] Individuals with TS have increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population necessitating increased awareness and improvements in clinical care. […] Current clinical care guidelines are discussed, as well as need for further research in some of these areas. TS is a complex disorder necessitating multidisciplinary care. […] Clinical care guidelines for TS are available which recommend life-long surveillance for TS associated problems with screening tests at specific ages, as well as management recommendations for comorbidities.

• #4 Turner Syndrome | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/turner-syndrome

  Short stature is the most common feature of girls with Turner syndrome. Growth hormone therapy can be used in girls with Turner syndrome to increase their height. […] Most girls with Turner syndrome have either poorly formed or absent ovaries. Ovaries produce estrogen and without estrogen, normal pubertal development does not occur. Signs of puberty, such as breast development and menstruation (periods), often do not occur without the help of hormone therapy. […] There is no cure for Turner syndrome; however, many of the more serious problems can be treated. For example, growth hormone can be given to improve final height, and hormone replacement therapy can be given so that girls will develop signs of puberty. […] In the Turner Syndrome Program, girls are cared for by endocrinologists who specialize in this disease, as well as experienced nurses and social workers and other specialists, if your child needs them.

• #5 Turner syndrome: French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (NDCP; National Diagnosis and Care Protocol) | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-022-02423-5

  Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disorder in which all or part of one X chromosome is absent: karyotype 45,X, mosaicism 45,X/46,XX, with possible variations of the mosaicism, presence of the Y chromosome, structural abnormalities of the X chromosome, such as X isochromosome (45,X/46,isoXq or 45,X/46,isoXp), ring X chromosome or deletion of the X chromosome. TS is almost always associated with short stature and ovarian insufficiency. Several other features have been described in some, but not all patients: morphological characteristics of various intensities, congenital malformations, and a high risk of acquired comorbid conditions (Appendix 1). Cognitive performance is generally satisfactory, although some patients have difficulty with certain kinds of learning, and some very specific abnormalities of the X chromosome (ring) may be accompanied by intellectual disability.

• #6 Turner Syndrome Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/turner-syndrome-nursing-management/

  Nursing care of a child with Turner syndrome include: […] Assessment in a child with Turner syndrome involves the following: […] Patients with Turner syndrome may present with a cystic hygroma on a fetal ultrasound or may have swollen hands and feet owing to lymphedema at birth; children usually present with short stature, but some girls younger than 11 years have heights within the normal range for girls without Turner syndrome; in older adolescents and adults, presenting symptoms usually involve issues of puberty and fertility as well as short stature. […] Approximately 95% of individuals with Turner syndrome have both short stature and signs of ovarian failure upon physical examination. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses are: […] Potential for low self-esteem related to body not developing secondary sex characteristics as peers of same age.

• #7 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Nursing care for patients with Turner syndrome should focus on monitoring growth, managing hormone therapy, preventing complications from associated conditions (such as cardiac or renal issues), and providing psychosocial support. […] Measure height, weight, and pubertal development regularly, tracking the patients growth curve. Monitor for delays in physical and sexual development. […] Assess for signs of cardiovascular problems, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or high blood pressure. Ensure regular follow-up with a cardiologist. […] Monitor for signs of renal anomalies, such as recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or abnormal renal function tests. […] Regularly evaluate hearing, as individuals with Turner syndrome are at increased risk for hearing loss. […] Assess the patients emotional well-being, body image concerns, and any difficulties related to learning or social interactions.

• #8 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Nursing care for patients with Turner syndrome should focus on monitoring growth, managing hormone therapy, preventing complications from associated conditions (such as cardiac or renal issues), and providing psychosocial support. […] Measure height, weight, and pubertal development regularly, tracking the patients growth curve. Monitor for delays in physical and sexual development. […] Assess for signs of cardiovascular problems, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or high blood pressure. Ensure regular follow-up with a cardiologist. […] Monitor for signs of renal anomalies, such as recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or abnormal renal function tests. […] Regularly evaluate hearing, as individuals with Turner syndrome are at increased risk for hearing loss. […] Assess the patients emotional well-being, body image concerns, and any difficulties related to learning or social interactions.

• #9 Turner Syndrome Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/turner-syndrome-nursing-management/

  Nursing care of a child with Turner syndrome include: […] Assessment in a child with Turner syndrome involves the following: […] Patients with Turner syndrome may present with a cystic hygroma on a fetal ultrasound or may have swollen hands and feet owing to lymphedema at birth; children usually present with short stature, but some girls younger than 11 years have heights within the normal range for girls without Turner syndrome; in older adolescents and adults, presenting symptoms usually involve issues of puberty and fertility as well as short stature. […] Approximately 95% of individuals with Turner syndrome have both short stature and signs of ovarian failure upon physical examination. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses are: […] Potential for low self-esteem related to body not developing secondary sex characteristics as peers of same age.

• #10 Turner Syndrome Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/turner-syndrome-nursing-management/

  Ineffective child/adolescent eating dynamics related to dental malocclusion. […] Disturbed body image related to differences in physical characteristics as evidenced by webbed neck, shield chest, and short stature. […] Risk for imbalanced nutrition, more than the body requires. […] The major nursing care planning goals for patients with Turner syndrome are: […] Patient will identify feelings of perception of self. […] Patient will demonstrate behaviors to restore positive self-esteem. […] Patent will participate in treatment regimen to correct factors that precipitated crisis. […] Patient will participate in daily physical activity 60 minutes daily. […] Patient will learn how to make healthy food choices by naming the food groups. […] Nursing interventions are: […] Help patient identify feelings and express them; engage in active listening regarding students concerns and verbalizations; help student explore support system and mobilize other community resources or support groups related to Turner syndrome; encourage involvement in medical decisions about care to be offered.

• #11 Turner Syndrome Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/turner-syndrome-nursing-management/

  Ineffective child/adolescent eating dynamics related to dental malocclusion. […] Disturbed body image related to differences in physical characteristics as evidenced by webbed neck, shield chest, and short stature. […] Risk for imbalanced nutrition, more than the body requires. […] The major nursing care planning goals for patients with Turner syndrome are: […] Patient will identify feelings of perception of self. […] Patient will demonstrate behaviors to restore positive self-esteem. […] Patent will participate in treatment regimen to correct factors that precipitated crisis. […] Patient will participate in daily physical activity 60 minutes daily. […] Patient will learn how to make healthy food choices by naming the food groups. […] Nursing interventions are: […] Help patient identify feelings and express them; engage in active listening regarding students concerns and verbalizations; help student explore support system and mobilize other community resources or support groups related to Turner syndrome; encourage involvement in medical decisions about care to be offered.

• #12 Turner Syndrome Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/turner-syndrome-nursing-management/

  Ineffective child/adolescent eating dynamics related to dental malocclusion. […] Disturbed body image related to differences in physical characteristics as evidenced by webbed neck, shield chest, and short stature. […] Risk for imbalanced nutrition, more than the body requires. […] The major nursing care planning goals for patients with Turner syndrome are: […] Patient will identify feelings of perception of self. […] Patient will demonstrate behaviors to restore positive self-esteem. […] Patent will participate in treatment regimen to correct factors that precipitated crisis. […] Patient will participate in daily physical activity 60 minutes daily. […] Patient will learn how to make healthy food choices by naming the food groups. […] Nursing interventions are: […] Help patient identify feelings and express them; engage in active listening regarding students concerns and verbalizations; help student explore support system and mobilize other community resources or support groups related to Turner syndrome; encourage involvement in medical decisions about care to be offered.

• #13 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Provide emotional support and counseling referrals to help individuals and families cope with the emotional and social impacts of Turner syndrome. Encourage participation in support groups. […] Work with school systems to ensure that the patient has access to appropriate educational resources. Encourage early intervention for learning disabilities, especially in math and spatial reasoning. […] The patient will demonstrate appropriate growth and development with the use of growth hormone therapy. […] The patient will maintain stable cardiovascular and renal function through regular monitoring and appropriate interventions. […] The patient will develop healthy self-esteem and body image with support from psychological counseling and social engagement. […] The patient will achieve academic success with the help of educational interventions and individualized learning plans.

• #14 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Nursing care for patients with Turner syndrome should focus on monitoring growth, managing hormone therapy, preventing complications from associated conditions (such as cardiac or renal issues), and providing psychosocial support. […] Administer growth hormone therapy as prescribed and monitor for side effects. Provide education to the patient and caregivers on the importance of adherence to therapy. […] Educate patients and families about estrogen therapy to promote secondary sexual characteristics and bone health. Monitor for compliance and manage side effects, such as mood changes or skin reactions. […] Encourage regular cardiovascular screenings, including echocardiograms and blood pressure checks, to detect early signs of heart disease. Collaborate with cardiologists for long-term monitoring.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/turner-syndrome/treatment/

  A specialist in hormone-related conditions (endocrinologist) will carry out tests and checks on a regular basis. They’ll also be able to recommend appropriate treatment, such as growth hormone therapy. […] Girls with Turner syndrome are entitled to receive high-dose growth hormone therapy as soon as it becomes apparent that they’re not growing normally. It will help make them taller in adulthood. […] Oestrogen and progesterone replacement therapy may also be recommended. […] Women with Turner syndrome usually need regular sex hormone treatment until they’re about 50. […] Most women with Turner syndrome are unable to have children (infertile). […] Psychological therapy, such as counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), may be recommended. […] It’s important to get help if your daughter is affected.

• #16 Turner Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0801/p405.html

  Patients with Turner syndrome require audiometry at diagnosis and periodically thereafter to assess for sensorineural or conductive hearing loss from recurrent otitis media; blood pressure measurement in all four extremities; and ongoing annual thyroid function, liver enzyme, and fasting lipid and glucose monitoring. […] In addition to reproductive counseling, the transition to adult treatment of Turner syndrome includes management of atherogenic cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia); calcium and vitamin D supplementation to prevent osteoporosis; and ongoing sex hormone therapy.

• #17 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Nursing care for patients with Turner syndrome should focus on monitoring growth, managing hormone therapy, preventing complications from associated conditions (such as cardiac or renal issues), and providing psychosocial support. […] Administer growth hormone therapy as prescribed and monitor for side effects. Provide education to the patient and caregivers on the importance of adherence to therapy. […] Educate patients and families about estrogen therapy to promote secondary sexual characteristics and bone health. Monitor for compliance and manage side effects, such as mood changes or skin reactions. […] Encourage regular cardiovascular screenings, including echocardiograms and blood pressure checks, to detect early signs of heart disease. Collaborate with cardiologists for long-term monitoring.

• #18 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Provide emotional support and counseling referrals to help individuals and families cope with the emotional and social impacts of Turner syndrome. Encourage participation in support groups. […] Work with school systems to ensure that the patient has access to appropriate educational resources. Encourage early intervention for learning disabilities, especially in math and spatial reasoning. […] The patient will demonstrate appropriate growth and development with the use of growth hormone therapy. […] The patient will maintain stable cardiovascular and renal function through regular monitoring and appropriate interventions. […] The patient will develop healthy self-esteem and body image with support from psychological counseling and social engagement. […] The patient will achieve academic success with the help of educational interventions and individualized learning plans.

• #19 Turner Syndrome Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/turner-syndrome-nursing-management/

  Provide the patient with suggestions of physical activities, e.g., walking, bike riding, basketball, dancing; plan activities to discuss the food groups and their suggested serving size; provide positive feedback to the patient. […] Goals are met as evidenced by: […] Patient identified feelings of perception of self. […] Patient demonstrated behaviors to restore positive self-esteem. […] Patient participated in treatment regimen to correct factors that precipitated crisis. […] Patient participated in daily physical activity 60 minutes daily. […] Patient learned how to make healthy food choices by naming the food groups. […] Documentation for a child with Turner syndrome include: […] Individual findings, including factors affecting, interactions, nature of social exchanges, specifics of individual behavior. […] Intake and output. […] Cultural and religious beliefs, and expectations. […] Plan of care. […] Teaching plan. […] Responses to interventions, teaching, and actions performed. […] Attainment or progress toward the desired outcome.

• #20 Turner Syndrome Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/turner-syndrome-nursing-management/

  Provide the patient with suggestions of physical activities, e.g., walking, bike riding, basketball, dancing; plan activities to discuss the food groups and their suggested serving size; provide positive feedback to the patient. […] Goals are met as evidenced by: […] Patient identified feelings of perception of self. […] Patient demonstrated behaviors to restore positive self-esteem. […] Patient participated in treatment regimen to correct factors that precipitated crisis. […] Patient participated in daily physical activity 60 minutes daily. […] Patient learned how to make healthy food choices by naming the food groups. […] Documentation for a child with Turner syndrome include: […] Individual findings, including factors affecting, interactions, nature of social exchanges, specifics of individual behavior. […] Intake and output. […] Cultural and religious beliefs, and expectations. […] Plan of care. […] Teaching plan. […] Responses to interventions, teaching, and actions performed. […] Attainment or progress toward the desired outcome.

• #21 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Provide emotional support and counseling referrals to help individuals and families cope with the emotional and social impacts of Turner syndrome. Encourage participation in support groups. […] Work with school systems to ensure that the patient has access to appropriate educational resources. Encourage early intervention for learning disabilities, especially in math and spatial reasoning. […] The patient will demonstrate appropriate growth and development with the use of growth hormone therapy. […] The patient will maintain stable cardiovascular and renal function through regular monitoring and appropriate interventions. […] The patient will develop healthy self-esteem and body image with support from psychological counseling and social engagement. […] The patient will achieve academic success with the help of educational interventions and individualized learning plans.

• #22 Management of Turner Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5819065/

  Turner syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders, affecting one in 2,000-2,500 live-born girls. In order to provide appropriate healthcare, a multi-disciplinary team of closely cooperating endocrinologists, gynaecologists, geneticists, cardiologists, otolaryngologists, fertility specialists, psychologists, nurse educators and social workers is needed. […] TS patients require multi-disciplinary and long-term medical healthcare. At various ages, different medical problems are the focus of treatment. […] The quality of life in TS patients is affected by a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases and hearing problems. Repeated screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases (Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves disease), coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus is recommended. […] TS patients require lifelong high-quality and developmentally adequate healthcare. Early diagnosis, the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team familiar with TS-related health problems as well as the patients understanding of the main factors associated with this genetic disorder are essential for successful patient management.

• #23 Turner Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0801/p405.html

  Turner syndrome occurs in one out of every 2,500 to 3,000 live female births. Patients usually have normal intelligence but may have problems with nonverbal, social, and psychomotor skills. A Turner syndrome diagnosis should be considered in girls with short stature or primary amenorrhea. Patients are treated for short stature in early childhood with growth hormone therapy, and supplemental estrogen is initiated by adolescence for pubertal development and prevention of osteoporosis. […] Given the complexity and multisystem nature of Turner syndrome, family physicians can play an important role in coordinating multidisciplinary management and in directly managing risk factors and complications (e.g., infertility, cardiovascular complications, osteoporosis). […] The key aspects of managing Turner syndrome in children are cardiovascular monitoring and treatment of congenital heart disease; growth hormone therapy to augment linear growth (as early as 12 to 24 months of age); and supplemental estrogen therapy for sexual development and preservation of bone mineral density (typically initiated in the preteen years).

• #24 Management of Turner Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5819065/

  Turner syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders, affecting one in 2,000-2,500 live-born girls. In order to provide appropriate healthcare, a multi-disciplinary team of closely cooperating endocrinologists, gynaecologists, geneticists, cardiologists, otolaryngologists, fertility specialists, psychologists, nurse educators and social workers is needed. […] TS patients require multi-disciplinary and long-term medical healthcare. At various ages, different medical problems are the focus of treatment. […] The quality of life in TS patients is affected by a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases and hearing problems. Repeated screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases (Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves disease), coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus is recommended. […] TS patients require lifelong high-quality and developmentally adequate healthcare. Early diagnosis, the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team familiar with TS-related health problems as well as the patients understanding of the main factors associated with this genetic disorder are essential for successful patient management.

• #25 What Is Turner Syndrome? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/turner-syndrome/guide/

  However, because women with the condition are at increased risk for developing gonadal tumors tumors made up of cells normally found in the testicles and ovaries its recommended that nonfunctioning gonadal tissue be removed via surgery. […] The Turner Syndrome Care Team should include these practitioners: Primary care doctor or pediatrician, Geneticist, Gynecologist, Endocrinologist, Cardiologist, Orthopedist, Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist, Audiologist (hearing specialist), Gastroenterologist, Ophthalmologist (eye specialist), Mental health professional, Fertility specialist.

• #26 Finding a doctor – Turner Syndrome Foundation Email EmailEvent Series

  https://turnersyndromefoundation.org/living/finding-a-doctor/?srsltid=AfmBOooGRI0VcI4JA1BrQ-G7-at-IprM8EqGn9lVUATS5PM1sECJ-hyR

  Organizing your medical team is essential for ongoing surveillance across the milestones and lifespan. […] It is up to you to find providers that are a good match for you. […] After you receive a referral for care, call the medical office and speak with a doctor or nurse to ask insightful questions. […] Prepare your questions prior to the visit so you can gather helpful information.

• #27 Turner Syndrome | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/turner-syndrome/

  Turner syndrome requires care from multiple specialists to monitor and treat symptoms. Children are usually seen every 13 years in a Turner Syndrome Program, with additional visits to their endocrinologist or other specialists as needed. […] Lurie Children’s offers specialized care for individuals with Turner syndrome, from prenatal diagnosis through young adulthood. Our team provides personalized, family-centered care to address medical, developmental, and emotional needs. […] Managing Turner syndrome requires care from multiple specialists to monitor and treat symptoms.

• #28 Turner Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949681-overview

  Patients with Turner syndrome require screening for commonly associated chronic diseases. Early preventive care and treatment are also essential. […] In childhood, growth hormone therapy is standard to prevent short stature as an adult. […] Ideally treatment should be initiated in early childhood; taller adult heights occur with the longest treatment durations before the start of puberty. […] Estrogen replacement therapy is usually required, but starting too early or using doses that are too high can compromise adult height. […] Both short stature and ovarian failure are risk factors for osteoporosis, and care should be taken to ensure adequate daily intake of calcium (1.0-1.5 g) and vitamin D (at least 400 IU). […] Patients should avoid obesity, which increases already high risks of hypertension and insulin resistance.

• #29

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/turner-syndrome

  GH can be started at 4-5 years of age, and involves an injection given daily via the subcutaneous route. GH therapy is generally continued until a child reaches her final height. […] For girls with pubertal failure, puberty can be initiated with the use of oestrogen replacement therapy. Oestrogen therapy is also important for the prevention of osteoporosis. […] The social and psychological impact of TS cannot be underestimated and should be a priority in the care of any girl or woman with the condition. It is highly beneficial for them to connect with others who share similar experiences and concerns.

• #30

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/turner-syndrome

  GH can be started at 4-5 years of age, and involves an injection given daily via the subcutaneous route. GH therapy is generally continued until a child reaches her final height. […] For girls with pubertal failure, puberty can be initiated with the use of oestrogen replacement therapy. Oestrogen therapy is also important for the prevention of osteoporosis. […] The social and psychological impact of TS cannot be underestimated and should be a priority in the care of any girl or woman with the condition. It is highly beneficial for them to connect with others who share similar experiences and concerns.

• #31 Turner Syndrome (for Parents) – Humana – Ohio

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaOhio/en/parents/turner.html

  Girls who have Turner syndrome don’t have typical ovarian development. They usually don’t develop all the secondary sexual characteristics (the physical changes that usually happen in puberty) and are infertile (can’t become pregnant) as adults. However, advances in medical technology, including hormonal therapy and in vitro fertilization, can help women with this condition. […] Because TS is a chromosomal disorder, there’s no cure for the condition. But a number of treatments can help: […] Estrogen replacement therapy often begins when a girl is 12 or 13 years old to stimulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics (breast development and menstrual periods). This therapy will not reverse infertility, however. […] Early consultation with a developmental pediatrician and screening for cognitive issues may help girls with Turner syndrome who have learning problems. A special set of tests (called psychoeducational evaluation) can identify specific problems. A girl’s doctor can help decide whether this testing is right for her.

• #32 Turner Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949681-treatment

  Attention should be paid to growth and development, thyroid status, and osteoporosis prevention with growth hormone, estrogens, and progestins. […] Patients on growth hormone should be seen every 3-6 months. […] Patients with systemic hypertension or aortic valve anomalies are at higher risk for aortic dissection. […] Almost a third of patients have renal anomalies that may require evaluation and follow-up care by a nephrologist. […] Dietary requirements are similar to those of other children or adults. […] Both short stature and ovarian failure are risk factors for osteoporosis, and care should be taken to ensure adequate daily intake of calcium (1.0-1.5 g) and vitamin D (at least 400 IU). […] Physical activity should be encouraged as prevention for obesity and osteoporosis.

• #33 Turner Syndrome Adult Care Center | UT Physicians

  https://www.utphysicians.com/turner-syndrome-care-center/

  The UT Physicians Turner Syndrome Adult Comprehensive Care Center (TSACCC) brings together a multidisciplinary team of specialists to give you coordinated and complete care. […] The TSACCC is more than just a medical home for adult women with TS. We’ll get to know you so that we can develop personalized care that meets your individual needs. […] Regular tests of your heart and blood vessels by a cardiologist are recommended for all people with TS. […] Regular screening of thyroid hormone levels (TSH and T4 tests) are recommended for everyone with TS, as they can develop any time in life and cause serious health problems if untreated. […] Many young adult women with TS do not receive recommended age-appropriate screening for TS-related conditions. […] We recommend implementing a planned and staged transition process in adolescence: Promote self-care and healthy lifestyle behaviors.

• #34 Turner Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949681-treatment

  Attention should be paid to growth and development, thyroid status, and osteoporosis prevention with growth hormone, estrogens, and progestins. […] Patients on growth hormone should be seen every 3-6 months. […] Patients with systemic hypertension or aortic valve anomalies are at higher risk for aortic dissection. […] Almost a third of patients have renal anomalies that may require evaluation and follow-up care by a nephrologist. […] Dietary requirements are similar to those of other children or adults. […] Both short stature and ovarian failure are risk factors for osteoporosis, and care should be taken to ensure adequate daily intake of calcium (1.0-1.5 g) and vitamin D (at least 400 IU). […] Physical activity should be encouraged as prevention for obesity and osteoporosis.

• #35

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ug5420

  Have your daughter take medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think your daughter is having a problem with her medicine. […] Be sure your daughter gets enough calcium and vitamin D to keep her bones strong. Females with Turner syndrome are at risk for developing thin bones. Ask your doctor how much calcium your daughter needs. Non-fat and low-fat dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, are good sources of calcium. She also can take calcium pills. […] See that your daughter gets plenty of exercise. Walking, running, and lifting weights also will help make bones strong. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child has any problems.

• #36 Turner Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949681-treatment

  Attention should be paid to growth and development, thyroid status, and osteoporosis prevention with growth hormone, estrogens, and progestins. […] Patients on growth hormone should be seen every 3-6 months. […] Patients with systemic hypertension or aortic valve anomalies are at higher risk for aortic dissection. […] Almost a third of patients have renal anomalies that may require evaluation and follow-up care by a nephrologist. […] Dietary requirements are similar to those of other children or adults. […] Both short stature and ovarian failure are risk factors for osteoporosis, and care should be taken to ensure adequate daily intake of calcium (1.0-1.5 g) and vitamin D (at least 400 IU). […] Physical activity should be encouraged as prevention for obesity and osteoporosis.

• #37

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ug5420

  Have your daughter take medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think your daughter is having a problem with her medicine. […] Be sure your daughter gets enough calcium and vitamin D to keep her bones strong. Females with Turner syndrome are at risk for developing thin bones. Ask your doctor how much calcium your daughter needs. Non-fat and low-fat dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, are good sources of calcium. She also can take calcium pills. […] See that your daughter gets plenty of exercise. Walking, running, and lifting weights also will help make bones strong. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child has any problems.

• #38 Turner Syndrome Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/turner-syndrome-nursing-management/

  Provide the patient with suggestions of physical activities, e.g., walking, bike riding, basketball, dancing; plan activities to discuss the food groups and their suggested serving size; provide positive feedback to the patient. […] Goals are met as evidenced by: […] Patient identified feelings of perception of self. […] Patient demonstrated behaviors to restore positive self-esteem. […] Patient participated in treatment regimen to correct factors that precipitated crisis. […] Patient participated in daily physical activity 60 minutes daily. […] Patient learned how to make healthy food choices by naming the food groups. […] Documentation for a child with Turner syndrome include: […] Individual findings, including factors affecting, interactions, nature of social exchanges, specifics of individual behavior. […] Intake and output. […] Cultural and religious beliefs, and expectations. […] Plan of care. […] Teaching plan. […] Responses to interventions, teaching, and actions performed. […] Attainment or progress toward the desired outcome.

• #39

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/turner-syndrome

  GH can be started at 4-5 years of age, and involves an injection given daily via the subcutaneous route. GH therapy is generally continued until a child reaches her final height. […] For girls with pubertal failure, puberty can be initiated with the use of oestrogen replacement therapy. Oestrogen therapy is also important for the prevention of osteoporosis. […] The social and psychological impact of TS cannot be underestimated and should be a priority in the care of any girl or woman with the condition. It is highly beneficial for them to connect with others who share similar experiences and concerns.

• #40 Turner Syndrome (for Parents) – Humana – Ohio

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaOhio/en/parents/turner.html

  Girls with Turner syndrome might have specific medical problems and different physical characteristics. But you can help your daughter develop daily living skills and cope with new or challenging situations. […] If she’s depressed or has self-esteem problems, consider counseling with a mental health professional. Don’t ignore your instincts if you think she’s sad or withdrawn.

• #41 Turner Syndrome Clinic | Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/multidisciplinary-clinics/turner-syndrome-clinic/

  Support from family, friends and health professionals is crucial to help children with Turner syndrome thrive. The Turner Syndrome Clinic nurse coordinator and social worker can help make sure your child gets the support and educational resources she needs. […] You can help your child develop daily living skills and cope with new or challenging situations.

• #42 Caring for a Child with Turner Syndrome – Care Options for Kids

  https://careoptionsforkids.com/blog/caring-for-a-child-with-turner-syndrome

  Turner Syndrome is a condition that affects the chromosomes and development of girls. […] Although this condition is treatable and the long-term outlook is usually positive, children with Turner Syndrome often have special care needs. […] If your child has been diagnosed with Turner Syndrome, there are a number of important steps you can take to ensure the best possible outcome for their growth and development. […] Because proactive monitoring is critical to minimizing the risk of complications, the number thing to do is to never miss a check-up or scheduled appointment. […] Additional tips for child care with Turner Syndrome include: Always reach out to your doctor about any problems, as it is always better to err on the side of caution. […] In many situations, pediatric home care is a critical part of a successful child care plan for Turner Syndrome. An experienced home care aide who understands the needs of children with conditions like Turner Syndrome can interface with your family to provide seamless care and support for busy schedules and complex family arrangements.

• #43 Turner syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360783

  Because symptoms and complications vary, treatments are tailored to address the individual’s specific problems. Evaluation and monitoring for medical or mental health issues associated with Turner syndrome throughout life can help to address problems early. […] The primary treatments for nearly all girls and women with Turner syndrome include hormone therapies: […] Other treatments are tailored to address particular problems as needed. Regular checkups have shown substantial improvements in the health and quality of life for girls and women with Turner syndrome. […] It’s important to help your child prepare for the transition from care with your pediatrician to adult medical and mental health care. A primary care doctor can help to continue coordination of care among a number of specialists throughout life.

• #44 Turner Syndrome Adult Care Center | UT Physicians

  https://www.utphysicians.com/turner-syndrome-care-center/

  The UT Physicians Turner Syndrome Adult Comprehensive Care Center (TSACCC) brings together a multidisciplinary team of specialists to give you coordinated and complete care. […] The TSACCC is more than just a medical home for adult women with TS. We’ll get to know you so that we can develop personalized care that meets your individual needs. […] Regular tests of your heart and blood vessels by a cardiologist are recommended for all people with TS. […] Regular screening of thyroid hormone levels (TSH and T4 tests) are recommended for everyone with TS, as they can develop any time in life and cause serious health problems if untreated. […] Many young adult women with TS do not receive recommended age-appropriate screening for TS-related conditions. […] We recommend implementing a planned and staged transition process in adolescence: Promote self-care and healthy lifestyle behaviors.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40618-024-02315-4

  Transition from pediatric to adult care is associated with significant challenges in patients with Turner syndrome (TS). […] The transition from pediatric to adult care is a critical period for patients with TS, necessitating tailored approaches and early disclosure of the diagnosis to promote self-reliance and healthcare autonomy. […] Fertility preservation and bone health strategies are recommended to mitigate long-term complications, and psychiatric evaluations are recommended to address the increased prevalence of anxiety and depression. […] The consensus also addresses the heightened risk of metabolic, cardiovascular and autoimmune disorders in patients with TS; regular screenings and interventions are advised to manage these conditions effectively. […] In addition, cardiac abnormalities, including aortic dissections, require regular monitoring and early surgical intervention if certain criteria are met.

• #46 Turner syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360783

  Because Turner syndrome can result in developmental concerns and medical complications, several specialists may be involved in screening for specific conditions, making diagnoses, recommending treatments and providing care. […] Only a small percentage of women with Turner syndrome can become pregnant without fertility treatment. Those who can are still likely to experience failure of the ovaries and subsequent infertility very early in adulthood. So it’s important to discuss reproductive goals with your health care provider. […] The Turner Syndrome Society of the United States and other organizations provide educational materials, resources for families and information about support groups. Groups for parents provide an opportunity to exchange ideas, develop coping strategies and locate resources.

• #47 What Is Turner Syndrome? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/turner-syndrome/guide/

  Turner syndrome is a condition in which a female is missing all or part of one X chromosome. […] The ovaries of girls and women with Turner syndrome usually do not contain eggs, making most affected women infertile. […] However, it may be possible for women with Turner syndrome to bear children using donated eggs and in vitro fertilization. […] Most women with Turner syndrome are unable to conceive children naturally and may need in vitro fertilization (IVF) in which a donor egg is used if they wish to give birth. […] Because pregnancy with Turner syndrome can be risky, women are advised to consult members of their medical care team before starting the process. […] Evaluation and monitoring for health complications associated with Turner syndrome throughout life can help to treat these problems early before they progress.

• #48 SciELO Brazil – Genomic-based nursing care for women with Turner Syndrome: genomic-based nursing care Genomic-based nursing care for women with Turner Syndrome: genomic-based nursing care

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rlae/a/B558NKn7p8QSM3KTJJNNYXr/?lang=en

  Biologic and technologic advances generated from The Human Genome Project are having a dramatic impact on the expanding role of nurses in current health care practice. […] Nurses can contribute significantly, as part of an interdisciplinary approach, to translate genome-based knowledge into benefits for health care and society. […] In this context, we describe a clinical-genetic investigation protocol, as well nursing diagnosis, interventions and outcomes for clients with Turner Syndrome (TS) at risk for develop gonadal tumors, due the presence of a normal or abnormal Y chromosome. […] The increasing interest in TS over the past two decades has been motivated by the endeavor to provide life-long support to the clients through multidisciplinary care with quality of life. […] The clinical-genetic investigation protocol for these cases starts with the clinical diagnosis of TS, during genetic counseling sessions, provided by a multidisciplinary team composed by physicians, geneticist nurse, psychologist and a social worker, using a face-to-face communication process to present information in the manner that best suits each person needs.

• #49 SciELO Brazil – Genomic-based nursing care for women with Turner Syndrome: genomic-based nursing care Genomic-based nursing care for women with Turner Syndrome: genomic-based nursing care

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rlae/a/B558NKn7p8QSM3KTJJNNYXr/?lang=en

  The pathogenesis of gonadoblastoma and its malignant potential is still rather obscure, but women with TS, dysgenetic gonads and Y chromosome material are at risk for this tumor. […] Considering the relationship between gonadoblastoma and the possibility of establishing the X or Y origin of chromosomal fragments in individuals with TS, the team uses the following approach for cases with female or ambiguous genitalia, divided in two groups according their karyotypes. […] We report some aspects of a geneticist nurse practice as a member of a Brazilian multidisciplinary clinical and research team, carrying out the genetic counseling process and genetic testing, using molecular biology techniques for individuals with Turner Syndrome at risk for gonadal tumors. […] Nurses are at the interface between technology, clinical application of new genetics tests and treatments, and the individuals and families who make use of and are affected by new genetics approaches to health and illness. […] In conclusion, because of their unique and holistic approach to care for their clients, nurses have a wealth of knowledge, resources, and research ideas to use in order to further enhance and improve clinical care in the genomic age.

• #50 What is Turner Syndrome? – Nursing Review (Video)

  https://www.mometrix.com/academy/turner-syndrome/

  Nurse taking care of a female pediatric patient needs to be aware of the signs symptoms of Turner Syndrome. Any girl who has unexplained growth failure should be further examined will need to see a pediatric endocrinologist once TS is confirmed. […] For the TS patient, a delayed diagnosis makes it more difficult to achieve a productive, normal lifestyle as an adult. The pediatric nurse school nurse will want to be especially careful not to miss the characteristics in Turner syndrome.

• #51 SciELO Brazil – Genomic-based nursing care for women with Turner Syndrome: genomic-based nursing care Genomic-based nursing care for women with Turner Syndrome: genomic-based nursing care

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rlae/a/B558NKn7p8QSM3KTJJNNYXr/?lang=en

  Biologic and technologic advances generated from The Human Genome Project are having a dramatic impact on the expanding role of nurses in current health care practice. […] Nurses can contribute significantly, as part of an interdisciplinary approach, to translate genome-based knowledge into benefits for health care and society. […] In this context, we describe a clinical-genetic investigation protocol, as well nursing diagnosis, interventions and outcomes for clients with Turner Syndrome (TS) at risk for develop gonadal tumors, due the presence of a normal or abnormal Y chromosome. […] The increasing interest in TS over the past two decades has been motivated by the endeavor to provide life-long support to the clients through multidisciplinary care with quality of life. […] The clinical-genetic investigation protocol for these cases starts with the clinical diagnosis of TS, during genetic counseling sessions, provided by a multidisciplinary team composed by physicians, geneticist nurse, psychologist and a social worker, using a face-to-face communication process to present information in the manner that best suits each person needs.

• #52 About Turner Syndrome

  https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome

  During childhood and adolescence, girls may be under the care of a pediatric endocrinologist, who is a specialist in childhood conditions of the hormones and metabolism. […] Growth hormone injections are beneficial in some individuals with Turner syndrome. Injections often begin in early childhood and may increase final adult height by a few inches. […] Estrogen replacement therapy is usually started at the time of normal puberty, around 12 years to start breast development. Estrogen and progesterone are given a little later to begin a monthly 'period,’ which is necessary to keep the womb healthy. Estrogen is also given to prevent osteoporosis. […] Regular health checks are very important. Special clinics for the care of girls and women who have Turner syndrome are available in some areas, with access to a variety of specialists. Early preventive care and treatment is very important. […] Having appropriate medical treatment and support allows a woman with Turner syndrome to lead a normal, healthy and happy life.

• #53

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/turner-syndrome/treatment/

  There’s no cure for Turner syndrome but many of the associated symptoms can be treated. […] Regular health checks and preventative care and treatment are important for girls and women with Turner syndrome. This is because of the risk of complications. […] If a girl or woman is diagnosed with Turner syndrome, the following areas may be monitored throughout her life. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is quite common in women with Turner syndrome, so it’s important blood pressure is checked regularly and treated, if necessary. This may be related to underlying heart or kidney problems. […] Women with Turner syndrome may need to have their glucose levels in their blood or pee checked to screen for diabetes. […] Women with Turner syndrome have an increased risk of developing brittle bones (osteoporosis) in late adulthood.

• #54 Management of Turner Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5819065/

  Turner syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders, affecting one in 2,000-2,500 live-born girls. In order to provide appropriate healthcare, a multi-disciplinary team of closely cooperating endocrinologists, gynaecologists, geneticists, cardiologists, otolaryngologists, fertility specialists, psychologists, nurse educators and social workers is needed. […] TS patients require multi-disciplinary and long-term medical healthcare. At various ages, different medical problems are the focus of treatment. […] The quality of life in TS patients is affected by a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases and hearing problems. Repeated screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases (Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves disease), coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus is recommended. […] TS patients require lifelong high-quality and developmentally adequate healthcare. Early diagnosis, the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team familiar with TS-related health problems as well as the patients understanding of the main factors associated with this genetic disorder are essential for successful patient management.

• #55 Turner Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0801/p405.html

  Patients with Turner syndrome require audiometry at diagnosis and periodically thereafter to assess for sensorineural or conductive hearing loss from recurrent otitis media; blood pressure measurement in all four extremities; and ongoing annual thyroid function, liver enzyme, and fasting lipid and glucose monitoring. […] In addition to reproductive counseling, the transition to adult treatment of Turner syndrome includes management of atherogenic cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia); calcium and vitamin D supplementation to prevent osteoporosis; and ongoing sex hormone therapy.

• #56 Turner Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949681-treatment

  Attention should be paid to growth and development, thyroid status, and osteoporosis prevention with growth hormone, estrogens, and progestins. […] Patients on growth hormone should be seen every 3-6 months. […] Patients with systemic hypertension or aortic valve anomalies are at higher risk for aortic dissection. […] Almost a third of patients have renal anomalies that may require evaluation and follow-up care by a nephrologist. […] Dietary requirements are similar to those of other children or adults. […] Both short stature and ovarian failure are risk factors for osteoporosis, and care should be taken to ensure adequate daily intake of calcium (1.0-1.5 g) and vitamin D (at least 400 IU). […] Physical activity should be encouraged as prevention for obesity and osteoporosis.

• #57 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Nursing care for patients with Turner syndrome should focus on monitoring growth, managing hormone therapy, preventing complications from associated conditions (such as cardiac or renal issues), and providing psychosocial support. […] Measure height, weight, and pubertal development regularly, tracking the patients growth curve. Monitor for delays in physical and sexual development. […] Assess for signs of cardiovascular problems, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or high blood pressure. Ensure regular follow-up with a cardiologist. […] Monitor for signs of renal anomalies, such as recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or abnormal renal function tests. […] Regularly evaluate hearing, as individuals with Turner syndrome are at increased risk for hearing loss. […] Assess the patients emotional well-being, body image concerns, and any difficulties related to learning or social interactions.

• #58 Turner Syndrome: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/turner-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqXY4JS4t-h5AH4FPRC_0_OhNJjNaAL9zLvYfmiVb7wsoWuLibc

  Nursing care for patients with Turner syndrome should focus on monitoring growth, managing hormone therapy, preventing complications from associated conditions (such as cardiac or renal issues), and providing psychosocial support. […] Measure height, weight, and pubertal development regularly, tracking the patients growth curve. Monitor for delays in physical and sexual development. […] Assess for signs of cardiovascular problems, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or high blood pressure. Ensure regular follow-up with a cardiologist. […] Monitor for signs of renal anomalies, such as recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or abnormal renal function tests. […] Regularly evaluate hearing, as individuals with Turner syndrome are at increased risk for hearing loss. […] Assess the patients emotional well-being, body image concerns, and any difficulties related to learning or social interactions.

• #59 Turner Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554621/

  Turner syndrome, also referred to as congenital ovarian hypoplasia syndrome is the most common sex chromosomal abnormality found in females. […] This activity describes the clinical manifestations, complications, evaluation, and management of Turner syndrome and highlights the role of the interprofessional team approach in managing patients with this condition. […] Explain the importance of improving care coordination amongst the interprofessional team to enhance the delivery of care for patients with Turner syndrome. […] Following a diagnosis of Turner syndrome, management includes evaluation for other associated abnormalities like cardiac anomalies, renal anomalies, and learning disabilities. […] Screening should be a part of the baseline evaluation, and patients should undergo periodic screening thereafter. […] Patients with Turner syndrome have a lot of comorbidities and require many specialty fields to be involved in care, functioning as an interprofessional team. […] The interprofessional team approach will lead to optimal outcomes for Turner syndrome patients.

• #60 Management of Turner Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5819065/

  Turner syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders, affecting one in 2,000-2,500 live-born girls. In order to provide appropriate healthcare, a multi-disciplinary team of closely cooperating endocrinologists, gynaecologists, geneticists, cardiologists, otolaryngologists, fertility specialists, psychologists, nurse educators and social workers is needed. […] TS patients require multi-disciplinary and long-term medical healthcare. At various ages, different medical problems are the focus of treatment. […] The quality of life in TS patients is affected by a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases and hearing problems. Repeated screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases (Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves disease), coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus is recommended. […] TS patients require lifelong high-quality and developmentally adequate healthcare. Early diagnosis, the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team familiar with TS-related health problems as well as the patients understanding of the main factors associated with this genetic disorder are essential for successful patient management.

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