Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #2 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52581-0_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population lies between 3 and 5% in most studies. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20% in women and 1-12% in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used, and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37% of subjects with primary RP. […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, SSc-specific autoantibodies, and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from the complications of digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene, and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function.

• #3 Raynaud phenomenon – UtahDERM Diagnoses

  https://utahderm.med.utah.edu/diagnoses/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Raynauds phenomenon has been reported to affect 3-21% of the population with most studies indicating a prevalence of 3-5%. […] Women are affected more commonly than men. […] 14-37% of those diagnosed with primary RP will progress to a diagnosis of secondary RP.

• #4 Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/3/e006389

  Objective To systematically review the literature with regard to the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP). […] The pooled prevalence of PRP was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08% to 8.71%) in the general population. The pooled annual incidence of PRP was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19% to 0.32%). […] This is the first systematic review of the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and associations of PRP. […] This is the first meta-analysis of the literature for the global epidemiology of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP). […] The prevalence and incidence of PRP in different countries were estimated. […] Overall, the pooled mean prevalence of PRP in the general population was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08% to 8.71%; figure 2) and the mean incidence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.17% to 0.33%) per annum. […] This first systematic review summarises the burden of PRP in the general population using published literature. It is not a rare condition (prevalence 4.85% and annual incidence 0.25%).

• #5 Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/3/e006389

  Objective To systematically review the literature with regard to the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP). […] The pooled prevalence of PRP was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08% to 8.71%) in the general population. The pooled annual incidence of PRP was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19% to 0.32%). […] This is the first systematic review of the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and associations of PRP. […] This is the first meta-analysis of the literature for the global epidemiology of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP). […] The prevalence and incidence of PRP in different countries were estimated. […] Overall, the pooled mean prevalence of PRP in the general population was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08% to 8.71%; figure 2) and the mean incidence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.17% to 0.33%) per annum. […] This first systematic review summarises the burden of PRP in the general population using published literature. It is not a rare condition (prevalence 4.85% and annual incidence 0.25%).

• #6 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Raynaud phenomena occur more frequently in women (about 20% to 30%), particularly in younger age populations (teens to 20s). The female to male ratio is 9 to 1. […] Nailfold capillary microscopy is utilized as a diagnostic method to differentiate primary Raynaud phenomena from secondary Raynaud phenomenon. It analyzes microvascular and morphologic changes in peripheral vessels seen with CTD, such as changes in architecture, capillary size, capillary density, the presence of hemorrhage, and avascular areas without capillary loops. This is done using a dermatoscope or ophthalmoscope. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy can also be used. Abnormal nail-fold microscopy is correlated with an increased likelihood of the development of CTD. The changes were seen are capillary loops appear enlarged or there is a loss of capillary loops. If there are mega-capillaries with a decreased capillary density, then these changes are indicative of scleroderma.

• #7 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP). Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates). 9 times more common in women than men. 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition. Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants. Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness. More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients. Trophic changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue may be seen in SRP (but not in PRP).

• #8 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #9 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52581-0_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population lies between 3 and 5% in most studies. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20% in women and 1-12% in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used, and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37% of subjects with primary RP. […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, SSc-specific autoantibodies, and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from the complications of digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene, and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function.

• #10 Raynaud’s disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/raynauds-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20363571

  Women are more likely than men to have Raynaud’s disease. It seems to be more common in people who live in colder climates. […] Risk factors for primary Raynaud’s include: The condition affects more women than men. […] Risk factors for secondary Raynaud’s include: Certain diseases. These include conditions such as scleroderma and lupus.

• #11 Raynaud’s Phenomenon – almostadoctor

  https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/raynauds-phenomenon

  Establishing the true prevalence is difficult due to the problem in correctly classifying the disease. Estimates vary from 3-20% with a slightly higher incidence in women. […] Prevalence is higher in colder climates. There is often a family history.

• #12 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Common Sense Approach to Diagnosis and Management

  https://practicingclinicians.com/the-exchange/raynaud-s-phenomenon-a-common-sense-approach-to-diagnosis-and-management

  Raynaud’s is estimated to affect between 3% and 4% of the population, but in colder climates this may be as high as 30%. […] Many patients with underlying rheumatic disease use calcium channel blockers (CCBs), which cause peripheral vasodilation, thereby preventing vasospasm. […] For those not responsive to these lifestyle interventions, CCBs are often effective and safe. […] Hirschl M, Hirschl K, Lenz M, et al. Transition from primary Raynaud’s phenomenon to secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon identified by diagnosis of an associated disease: Results of ten years of prospective surveillance. Am Coll Rheum. 2006;54:1974-1981.

• #13 Raynaud Phenomenon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331197-overview

  A 7-year study of Raynaud phenomenon in Whites in the United States showed baseline prevalence rates of 11% in women and 8% in men and yearly incidence rates of 2.2% in women and 1.5% in men. […] Internationally, the prevalence of primary Raynaud phenomenon varies among different populations, from 4.9%-20.1% in women to 3.8%-13.5% in men. As in the United States, the prevalence of secondary Raynaud phenomenon depends on the underlying disorder. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon occurs more frequently in women than in men. The prevalence by sex varies in different populations, ranging from 4.9%-20.1% in women to 3.8%-13.5% in men. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon usually occurs in the second or third decade of life. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon begins in accordance with the underlying disorder.

• #14 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #15 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP). Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates). 9 times more common in women than men. 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition. Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants. Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness. More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients. Trophic changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue may be seen in SRP (but not in PRP).

• #16 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP). Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates). 9 times more common in women than men. 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition. Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants. Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness. More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients. Trophic changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue may be seen in SRP (but not in PRP).

• #17 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #18 Pediatric Raynaud Phenomenon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1355650-overview

  Only one pediatric study has been done to assess the prevalence of pediatric Raynaud phenomenon. Jones et al surveyed 720 British school children aged 12-15 years to determine the prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon and its association with other problems. The overall prevalence was 14.9%; an 18% prevalence was reported in the girls, and a 12% prevalence was reported in the boys. Prevalence increased with age, especially in girls (9.8-14.3% in boys; 11.4-44% in girls). […] A review of Raynaud phenomenon from 10 international sites reported that 2.2% of 1247 patients had onset of primary Raynaud phenomenon within the first decade of life, and 19.9% had onset within the second decade of life (2.8-55.6% range for onset within the first 2 decades of life). […] The pediatric prevalence is similar to that reported in adults. Overall adult prevalence ranges from 3-20%, with higher rates found in females than in males, and higher rates found in colder climates.

• #19 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynauds Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US […] The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population is ~3-5%, of which 8090% are primary. […] The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in RP hospitalizations in the U.S and explore the differences in RP hospitalizations based on the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). […] We identified 2,540 hospitalizations with RP (mean age 540.8 years; females 77%), highest in winter (30.31%) and lowest in summer (18.50%). […] Overall, 1,375/2,540 (54%) hospitalized RP had an associated ARD, of which 35% had 2 ARDs. […] The association with ARDs was higher in RP with gangrene (815, 67%) than without gangrene (560, 42%). […] Hospitalized RP with ARDs had a significantly higher women: men ratio (6x versus 2x, p 0.001) and Black and Hispanic patients compared to RP without ARDs (25.6 vs 11.7%, and 21.5 vs 8.7%, respectively, p 0.001). […] As expected, the RP hospitalizations in the U.S. peaked in winter and were lowest in summer; such seasonal variation in hospitalizations might have an implication on dynamically tailoring pharmacotherapy by season.

• #20 Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/7/849

  It is estimated that 5% of the world’s population suffers from RP, 80 to 90% of whom have the idiopathic form. Up to 20% of cases occur in women, and the prevalence in pregnant women is also high. […] Therefore, the aim was to develop a systematic review of the literature based on the following key question—what practical contributions does the current scientific literature offer concerning the epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical, and treatment aspects of RP in breastfeeding? Despite technological advances and publications since 1992, there might still be a lack of more effective theoretical contributions to the presentation of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical picture, and diagnosis of RP in breastfeeding. […] According to the research strategy, 438 articles were identified, of which 19 were selected. The findings were divided by heuristic questions into two groups: “Epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical characterization of RP of the nipple” and “Treatment of RP of the nipple”.

• #21 The Description and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease/Phenomenon

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-description-and-treatment-of-raynauds-diseasephenomenon

  Due to diagnostic uncertainties, the precise incidence of Raynaud’s symptoms in the general population is unclear. Although some sources cite an incidence as high as 20%, more recent reviews place the prevalence at 3% to 5%. It most commonly occurs in women of childbearing age. […] Secondary Raynaud’s is most commonly associated with scleroderma (system sclerosis) or limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome), occurring in 90% to 95% of all cases. More important, secondary Raynaud’s may be the initial manifestation of disease in 70% of patients with scleroderma, and it may present several years before more obvious signs of connective tissue disease (CTD) are evident. […] An earlier meta-analysis involving 639 patients with presumed primary Raynaud’s documented the development of a secondary disorder in 81 (12.6%) of these patients, at a mean time of 10.4 years from the onset of Raynaud’s symptoms.

• #22 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #23 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from complications from digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function. […] Primary RP follows a relatively benign course with minimal impact on function and quality of life.

• #24 Raynaud’s Phenomenon

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Rheum/CV/RyndsPhnmn.htm

  Affects 3-4% of U.S. adult population. Predominately affects women by 3 to 1 ratio. Onset from Puberty to age 30 years. Family History responsible in 20-30% of patients.

• #25 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP). Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates). 9 times more common in women than men. 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition. Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants. Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness. More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients. Trophic changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue may be seen in SRP (but not in PRP).

• #26 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #27 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #28 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  […] […] Secondary Raynaud’s is much less common (10-20% of cases) and is the initial manifestation of an associated underlying connective tissue disease, such as scleroderma, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjgren’s syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. Over 90% of people with systemic sclerosis have Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] […] […] One UK study among 720 schoolchildren found that 18% of girls and 12% of boys reported a change of colour in their fingers in cold climates at least once a month, or a 'numb or tingly’ sensation in the fingers with cold exposure. The prevalence increased with age, especially among the girls6 . […] […] […] Prognosis3 […] Primary Raynaud’s is typically benign and does not progress or lead to tissue damage. Studies have found rates of remission (no attacks for two cold seasons, or 12 months without symptoms) between 3% and 33% after 7-14 years. The frequency and severity of symptoms fluctuate with changes in daily temperature and may lessen with increasing age.

• #29 Part I: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809798/

  Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a relatively common disease with both primary and secondary forms. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation and diagnosis of both forms of RP are described in detail in this review article. […] Secondary RP (SRP) has been described in association with a variety of rheumatologic and nonrheumatologic diseases, environmental exposures, and/or medications.

• #30 The Description and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease/Phenomenon

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-description-and-treatment-of-raynauds-diseasephenomenon

  Due to diagnostic uncertainties, the precise incidence of Raynaud’s symptoms in the general population is unclear. Although some sources cite an incidence as high as 20%, more recent reviews place the prevalence at 3% to 5%. It most commonly occurs in women of childbearing age. […] Secondary Raynaud’s is most commonly associated with scleroderma (system sclerosis) or limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome), occurring in 90% to 95% of all cases. More important, secondary Raynaud’s may be the initial manifestation of disease in 70% of patients with scleroderma, and it may present several years before more obvious signs of connective tissue disease (CTD) are evident. […] An earlier meta-analysis involving 639 patients with presumed primary Raynaud’s documented the development of a secondary disorder in 81 (12.6%) of these patients, at a mean time of 10.4 years from the onset of Raynaud’s symptoms.

• #31 The Description and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease/Phenomenon

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-description-and-treatment-of-raynauds-diseasephenomenon

  Secondary Raynaud’s may also be associated with several other rheumatologic or dermatologic conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis. […] Atherosclerosis may be associated with symptoms of secondary Raynaud’s, especially in older male patients. […] Secondary Raynaud’s is quite common in people whose jobs involve the use of vibrating equipment (e.g., drills, jackhammers, and drums). […] In conclusion, there is not convincing evidence to favor these renin-angiotensin mediators over CCBs for first-line therapy, but they might be recommended as an alternative if CCBs are ineffective or not tolerated.

• #32 SciELO Brazil – Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/RtDP77R5nYBVPbhYwrf5Zbd/

  OBJECTIVE To review articles that evaluated the prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon of occupational origin. […] In general, a higher prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon was found among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers, with an increase in the number of cases the higher the level of vibration and the time of exposure. […] According to the list of work-related diseases, adopted as a reference by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, localized vibrations, vinyl chloride, and work in low temperatures are considered etiological agents or occupational risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon. […] The search strategy of this review contemplates three occupational risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon according to the list of work-related diseases (Brazilian Ministry of Health): localized vibrations, cold, and vinyl chloride.

• #33 Part I: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809798/

  Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a relatively common disease with both primary and secondary forms. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation and diagnosis of both forms of RP are described in detail in this review article. […] Secondary RP (SRP) has been described in association with a variety of rheumatologic and nonrheumatologic diseases, environmental exposures, and/or medications.

• #34 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynauds Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US […] The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population is ~3-5%, of which 8090% are primary. […] The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in RP hospitalizations in the U.S and explore the differences in RP hospitalizations based on the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). […] We identified 2,540 hospitalizations with RP (mean age 540.8 years; females 77%), highest in winter (30.31%) and lowest in summer (18.50%). […] Overall, 1,375/2,540 (54%) hospitalized RP had an associated ARD, of which 35% had 2 ARDs. […] The association with ARDs was higher in RP with gangrene (815, 67%) than without gangrene (560, 42%). […] Hospitalized RP with ARDs had a significantly higher women: men ratio (6x versus 2x, p 0.001) and Black and Hispanic patients compared to RP without ARDs (25.6 vs 11.7%, and 21.5 vs 8.7%, respectively, p 0.001). […] As expected, the RP hospitalizations in the U.S. peaked in winter and were lowest in summer; such seasonal variation in hospitalizations might have an implication on dynamically tailoring pharmacotherapy by season.

• #35 Pediatric Raynaud Phenomenon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1355650-overview

  In a review of outpatient clinic and hospital admission records, 69% of pediatric patients had primary Raynaud phenomenon, and 28% had secondary Raynaud phenomenon. […] One study of 250 pediatric patients with Raynaud phenomenon (mean age, 15 y) reported 76% of patients had primary Raynaud phenomenon and 24% had secondary Raynaud phenomenon. […] The frequency of Raynaud phenomenon in patients with different connective tissue diseases is as follows: Systemic sclerosis 84% in the pediatric population; 90% in adults; Systemic lupus erythematosus 10% in the pediatric population; 30% in adults; Mixed connective tissue disease 50% in the pediatric population; 85% in adults. […] Adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis were reported to have a 20% prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon, and adult patients with Sjgren syndrome had a 13% prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon.

• #36 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  Epidemiology3 4 5 […] The most common trigger of Raynaud’s disease is thought to be exposure to cold. Attacks may even occur after minor changes in temperature, such as moving into an air-conditioned building from a hot summer day. Other reported triggers include emotional stress, medications such as beta-blockers, injury due to vibrations or forcible trauma, extended use of digits, smoking and the presence of other arterial diseases, such as vasculitis. […] Raynaud’s phenomenon is common, occurring less frequently in warmer climates). Most cases (80-90%) of Raynaud’s phenomenon are primary. […] […] […] A systematic review reported a pooled prevalence of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon of 4.85% and a pooled annual incidence of 0.25%. […] […] […] The main risk factors identified for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon were female gender, positive family history, smoking and migraine. Smoking and hand-arm vibration syndrome are more commonly implicated in men.

• #37 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  Epidemiology3 4 5 […] The most common trigger of Raynaud’s disease is thought to be exposure to cold. Attacks may even occur after minor changes in temperature, such as moving into an air-conditioned building from a hot summer day. Other reported triggers include emotional stress, medications such as beta-blockers, injury due to vibrations or forcible trauma, extended use of digits, smoking and the presence of other arterial diseases, such as vasculitis. […] Raynaud’s phenomenon is common, occurring less frequently in warmer climates). Most cases (80-90%) of Raynaud’s phenomenon are primary. […] […] […] A systematic review reported a pooled prevalence of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon of 4.85% and a pooled annual incidence of 0.25%. […] […] […] The main risk factors identified for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon were female gender, positive family history, smoking and migraine. Smoking and hand-arm vibration syndrome are more commonly implicated in men.

• #38 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #39 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52581-0_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population lies between 3 and 5% in most studies. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20% in women and 1-12% in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used, and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37% of subjects with primary RP. […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, SSc-specific autoantibodies, and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from the complications of digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene, and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function.

• #40 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #41

  https://journals.lww.com/idoj/fulltext/2023/14020/raynaud_s_phenomenon__a_brush_up_.15.aspx

  Raynauds phenomenon is quite frequent in the general population with a prevalence of about 5%. The prevalence of idiopathic Raynauds is reported to be higher in women (2-20%) than in men (1-12%) and almost 50% of them have a positive family history, especially in females and those with early onset disease. […] The prevalence of this entity in various connective tissue diseases is shown in Table 1 below. […] According to a population-based study, a remission rate of 3% per year was found. According to a study by Gerbracht et al., 5% of patients with Raynauds disease developed clear evidence of connective tissue disease after a mean follow-up of 8.8 years (range 2-34.5 years). The authors concluded that the evolution of primary Raynauds to secondary is rare in the first decade of their disease. In those situations of transition, a mean duration of around nine years is usually required. According to other studies, the frequency of the development of connective tissue disease varied from 10-30%.

• #42

  https://journals.lww.com/idoj/fulltext/2023/14020/raynaud_s_phenomenon__a_brush_up_.15.aspx

  Raynauds phenomenon is quite frequent in the general population with a prevalence of about 5%. The prevalence of idiopathic Raynauds is reported to be higher in women (2-20%) than in men (1-12%) and almost 50% of them have a positive family history, especially in females and those with early onset disease. […] The prevalence of this entity in various connective tissue diseases is shown in Table 1 below. […] According to a population-based study, a remission rate of 3% per year was found. According to a study by Gerbracht et al., 5% of patients with Raynauds disease developed clear evidence of connective tissue disease after a mean follow-up of 8.8 years (range 2-34.5 years). The authors concluded that the evolution of primary Raynauds to secondary is rare in the first decade of their disease. In those situations of transition, a mean duration of around nine years is usually required. According to other studies, the frequency of the development of connective tissue disease varied from 10-30%.

• #43 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #44 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52581-0_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population lies between 3 and 5% in most studies. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20% in women and 1-12% in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used, and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37% of subjects with primary RP. […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, SSc-specific autoantibodies, and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from the complications of digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene, and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function.

• #45 Risk of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Among Workers in the Occupational Disease Surveillance System – Occupational Cancer Research Centre

  https://www.occupationalcancer.ca/resources/risk-of-raynauds-phenomenon-among-workers-in-the-occupational-disease-surveillance-system/

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is linked to occupational exposures such as vibration, cold temperature, and chemicals. […] A total of 7,131 RP cases were identified among 810,739 workers. Among men, higher risks were observed for truckdrivers (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.081.41), driversalesmen (HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.215.34), those in mining and quarryingrelated cutting, handling, and loading (HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.295.15), and construction trades laboring and elemental work(HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.242.34). Among women, higher risks were observed for those working in waitressing and related(HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.222.38), food and beverage preparation (HR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.021.76), and electrical equipmentfabricating and assembling (HR 1.96, 95% CI = 1.083.55). […] Study findings show elevated risks of RP among various occupations, with notable differences between men and women. These differences may be attributable to variations in potential exposures and susceptibility to RP. Findings underscore the need for large cohort studies to examine RP across various occupational groups and both sexes.

• #46 Risk of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Among Workers in the Occupational Disease Surveillance System – Occupational Cancer Research Centre

  https://www.occupationalcancer.ca/resources/risk-of-raynauds-phenomenon-among-workers-in-the-occupational-disease-surveillance-system/

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is linked to occupational exposures such as vibration, cold temperature, and chemicals. […] A total of 7,131 RP cases were identified among 810,739 workers. Among men, higher risks were observed for truckdrivers (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.081.41), driversalesmen (HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.215.34), those in mining and quarryingrelated cutting, handling, and loading (HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.295.15), and construction trades laboring and elemental work(HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.242.34). Among women, higher risks were observed for those working in waitressing and related(HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.222.38), food and beverage preparation (HR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.021.76), and electrical equipmentfabricating and assembling (HR 1.96, 95% CI = 1.083.55). […] Study findings show elevated risks of RP among various occupations, with notable differences between men and women. These differences may be attributable to variations in potential exposures and susceptibility to RP. Findings underscore the need for large cohort studies to examine RP across various occupational groups and both sexes.

• #47 Risk of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Among Workers in the Occupational Disease Surveillance System – Occupational Cancer Research Centre

  https://www.occupationalcancer.ca/resources/risk-of-raynauds-phenomenon-among-workers-in-the-occupational-disease-surveillance-system/

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is linked to occupational exposures such as vibration, cold temperature, and chemicals. […] A total of 7,131 RP cases were identified among 810,739 workers. Among men, higher risks were observed for truckdrivers (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.081.41), driversalesmen (HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.215.34), those in mining and quarryingrelated cutting, handling, and loading (HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.295.15), and construction trades laboring and elemental work(HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.242.34). Among women, higher risks were observed for those working in waitressing and related(HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.222.38), food and beverage preparation (HR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.021.76), and electrical equipmentfabricating and assembling (HR 1.96, 95% CI = 1.083.55). […] Study findings show elevated risks of RP among various occupations, with notable differences between men and women. These differences may be attributable to variations in potential exposures and susceptibility to RP. Findings underscore the need for large cohort studies to examine RP across various occupational groups and both sexes.

• #48 SciELO Brazil – Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/RtDP77R5nYBVPbhYwrf5Zbd/

  OBJECTIVE To review articles that evaluated the prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon of occupational origin. […] In general, a higher prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon was found among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers, with an increase in the number of cases the higher the level of vibration and the time of exposure. […] According to the list of work-related diseases, adopted as a reference by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, localized vibrations, vinyl chloride, and work in low temperatures are considered etiological agents or occupational risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon. […] The search strategy of this review contemplates three occupational risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon according to the list of work-related diseases (Brazilian Ministry of Health): localized vibrations, cold, and vinyl chloride.

• #49 SciELO Brazil – Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/RtDP77R5nYBVPbhYwrf5Zbd/

  In general terms, the literature review reiterates some expected data such as a higher prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers, an increased prevalence of this event the longer the exposure time to vibration, as well as among those exposed to higher levels of hand and arm vibration. […] Localized vibrations of the upper limbs, low temperatures, and vinyl chloride are considered occupational risk factors for the development of Raynauds phenomenon.

• #50 SciELO Brazil – Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/RtDP77R5nYBVPbhYwrf5Zbd/

  OBJECTIVE To review articles that evaluated the prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon of occupational origin. […] In general, a higher prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon was found among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers, with an increase in the number of cases the higher the level of vibration and the time of exposure. […] According to the list of work-related diseases, adopted as a reference by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, localized vibrations, vinyl chloride, and work in low temperatures are considered etiological agents or occupational risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon. […] The search strategy of this review contemplates three occupational risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon according to the list of work-related diseases (Brazilian Ministry of Health): localized vibrations, cold, and vinyl chloride.

• #51 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynauds Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US […] The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population is ~3-5%, of which 8090% are primary. […] The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in RP hospitalizations in the U.S and explore the differences in RP hospitalizations based on the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). […] We identified 2,540 hospitalizations with RP (mean age 540.8 years; females 77%), highest in winter (30.31%) and lowest in summer (18.50%). […] Overall, 1,375/2,540 (54%) hospitalized RP had an associated ARD, of which 35% had 2 ARDs. […] The association with ARDs was higher in RP with gangrene (815, 67%) than without gangrene (560, 42%). […] Hospitalized RP with ARDs had a significantly higher women: men ratio (6x versus 2x, p 0.001) and Black and Hispanic patients compared to RP without ARDs (25.6 vs 11.7%, and 21.5 vs 8.7%, respectively, p 0.001). […] As expected, the RP hospitalizations in the U.S. peaked in winter and were lowest in summer; such seasonal variation in hospitalizations might have an implication on dynamically tailoring pharmacotherapy by season.

• #52 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynauds Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US […] The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population is ~3-5%, of which 8090% are primary. […] The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in RP hospitalizations in the U.S and explore the differences in RP hospitalizations based on the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). […] We identified 2,540 hospitalizations with RP (mean age 540.8 years; females 77%), highest in winter (30.31%) and lowest in summer (18.50%). […] Overall, 1,375/2,540 (54%) hospitalized RP had an associated ARD, of which 35% had 2 ARDs. […] The association with ARDs was higher in RP with gangrene (815, 67%) than without gangrene (560, 42%). […] Hospitalized RP with ARDs had a significantly higher women: men ratio (6x versus 2x, p 0.001) and Black and Hispanic patients compared to RP without ARDs (25.6 vs 11.7%, and 21.5 vs 8.7%, respectively, p 0.001). […] As expected, the RP hospitalizations in the U.S. peaked in winter and were lowest in summer; such seasonal variation in hospitalizations might have an implication on dynamically tailoring pharmacotherapy by season.

• #53 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynauds Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US […] The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population is ~3-5%, of which 8090% are primary. […] The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in RP hospitalizations in the U.S and explore the differences in RP hospitalizations based on the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). […] We identified 2,540 hospitalizations with RP (mean age 540.8 years; females 77%), highest in winter (30.31%) and lowest in summer (18.50%). […] Overall, 1,375/2,540 (54%) hospitalized RP had an associated ARD, of which 35% had 2 ARDs. […] The association with ARDs was higher in RP with gangrene (815, 67%) than without gangrene (560, 42%). […] Hospitalized RP with ARDs had a significantly higher women: men ratio (6x versus 2x, p 0.001) and Black and Hispanic patients compared to RP without ARDs (25.6 vs 11.7%, and 21.5 vs 8.7%, respectively, p 0.001). […] As expected, the RP hospitalizations in the U.S. peaked in winter and were lowest in summer; such seasonal variation in hospitalizations might have an implication on dynamically tailoring pharmacotherapy by season.

• #54 Historical Perspective of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/historical-perspective-of-raynauds-phenomenon/

  The prevalence of RP in the general population has been subsequently estimated ranging from 1 to 19 % using postal and telephonic surveys in several worldwide geographic areas. While for some of these studies a physician assessment of RP was required, a patient-reported history of cold-induced white or blue digital color changes sufficed for others. These surveys showed that RP is more prevalent in young women, younger age groups, and family members of patients with RP. […] Interestingly, the advent of the worldwide web and the diffuse Internet use among the general population have dramatically increased the availability of medical information and boosted the ability to search information for a specific medical condition. Raynauds phenomenon (including all languages) is nowadays frequently queried through the most popular search engines. Intriguingly, data obtained from Google website shows a cyclical pattern for such searches, with a peak during winter months (January) every year.

• #55 Association of Raynaud’s phenomenon with a polymorphism in the NOS1 gene | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0196279

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) describes the phenomenon of recurrent vasospasm of digital arteries, associated with skin colour changes: pallor, cyanosis and erythema. […] The prevalence of RP is between 35% in the general population, of which primary RP accounts for 80-90%. […] However, the reported prevalence rates vary between different studies depending on the definition used for RP and the population studied. […] While the aetiology of RP is unknown, there is an associated genetic predisposition as demonstrated by two studies indicating greater concordance amongst monozygotic (MZ) than dizygotic (DZ) twins. Heritability for RP is reported as 55-64%. […] We have performed the first large scale candidate gene study in the general population. Within TwinsUK there was a reasonable prevalence of RP (15.0%), similar to the UK general population, and in keeping with findings in other studies: the prevalence of RP has been reported as high as 21% in women in general practice in the UK.

• #56 ADRA2A and IRX1 are putative risk genes for Raynaud’s phenomenon | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41876-5

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is a common vasospastic disorder that causes severe pain and ulcers, but despite its high reported heritability, no causal genes have been robustly identified. […] RP is highly heritable with estimates of 5564% being reported, but previous candidate gene studies failed to provide evidence for any robustly associated regions or genes. […] Here, we present the so far largest GWAS for RP including 5147 cases in the UK Biobank cohort and report two robust and strong novel loci. […] We identified a total of 5147 RP cases and 439,294 controls of European descent included in the genetic analyses based on collation and evidence of absence or presence of diagnostic codes from electronic health records. […] We identified a total of three genome-wide significant novel loci associated with RP.

• #57 ADRA2A and IRX1 are putative risk genes for Raynaud’s phenomenon | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41876-5

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is a common vasospastic disorder that causes severe pain and ulcers, but despite its high reported heritability, no causal genes have been robustly identified. […] RP is highly heritable with estimates of 5564% being reported, but previous candidate gene studies failed to provide evidence for any robustly associated regions or genes. […] Here, we present the so far largest GWAS for RP including 5147 cases in the UK Biobank cohort and report two robust and strong novel loci. […] We identified a total of 5147 RP cases and 439,294 controls of European descent included in the genetic analyses based on collation and evidence of absence or presence of diagnostic codes from electronic health records. […] We identified a total of three genome-wide significant novel loci associated with RP.

• #58 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230804/Genetic-reasons-behind-Raynauds-phenomenon-discovered.aspx

  Around 2-5% of the population are affected by Raynaud’s. Despite it being a common condition, it’s under-investigated and little is understood about the genetic cause of the condition. […] Researchers led by Professor Claudia Langenberg and Professor Maik Pietzner, working across PHURI and the BIH, carried out the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) for Raynaud’s phenomenon. The team used electronic health records from the UK Biobank, a large-scale biomedical database and research resource containing genetic and health information from half a million UK participants, to identify more than 9,000 people affected by Raynaud’s. […] The researchers’ findings also help to understand for the first time why the small vessels react so strongly in patients, even apparently without external stimuli, such as exposure to cold.

• #59 Association of Raynaud’s phenomenon with a polymorphism in the NOS1 gene | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0196279

  The present study fulfilled the diagnostic criteria outlined as cold sensitivity and a minimum of two reported colour changes were required to classify patients as RP positive. […] In summary, this study has identified one polymorphic variant within the NOS1 gene as significantly associated with RP in the general population.

• #60 Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting drugs and Raynaud’s phenomenon: a real-world potential safety signal from the WHO pharmacovigilance database | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01424-w

  Migraine is responsible for significant disability and societal burden. […] The deficiency of CGRP is involved in Raynauds phenomenon, which consists of abnormal vasoconstriction of the digits. […] Overall, 99 reports of Raynauds phenomenon involving CGRP-targeting drugs have been yielded in VigiBase. […] As a whole, CGRP-targeting drugs were significantly associated with Raynauds phenomenon, with an IC of 3.3 (95%CI: 3.03.5). […] There is a significant disproportionality signal of Raynauds phenomenon with CGRP-targeting. […] The deficiency of CGRP is believed to play a role in Raynauds phenomenon. […] Cases of Raynauds phenomenon induced or aggravated by CGRP-targeting drugs have recently been reported. […] Our analysis of the international pharmacovigilance database highlights a significant disproportionality signal of Raynauds phenomenon with CGRP-targeting drugs.

• #61 Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting drugs and Raynaud’s phenomenon: a real-world potential safety signal from the WHO pharmacovigilance database | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01424-w

  Migraine is responsible for significant disability and societal burden. […] The deficiency of CGRP is involved in Raynauds phenomenon, which consists of abnormal vasoconstriction of the digits. […] Overall, 99 reports of Raynauds phenomenon involving CGRP-targeting drugs have been yielded in VigiBase. […] As a whole, CGRP-targeting drugs were significantly associated with Raynauds phenomenon, with an IC of 3.3 (95%CI: 3.03.5). […] There is a significant disproportionality signal of Raynauds phenomenon with CGRP-targeting. […] The deficiency of CGRP is believed to play a role in Raynauds phenomenon. […] Cases of Raynauds phenomenon induced or aggravated by CGRP-targeting drugs have recently been reported. […] Our analysis of the international pharmacovigilance database highlights a significant disproportionality signal of Raynauds phenomenon with CGRP-targeting drugs.

• #62 Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting drugs and Raynaud’s phenomenon: a real-world potential safety signal from the WHO pharmacovigilance database | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01424-w

  Migraine is responsible for significant disability and societal burden. […] The deficiency of CGRP is involved in Raynauds phenomenon, which consists of abnormal vasoconstriction of the digits. […] Overall, 99 reports of Raynauds phenomenon involving CGRP-targeting drugs have been yielded in VigiBase. […] As a whole, CGRP-targeting drugs were significantly associated with Raynauds phenomenon, with an IC of 3.3 (95%CI: 3.03.5). […] There is a significant disproportionality signal of Raynauds phenomenon with CGRP-targeting. […] The deficiency of CGRP is believed to play a role in Raynauds phenomenon. […] Cases of Raynauds phenomenon induced or aggravated by CGRP-targeting drugs have recently been reported. […] Our analysis of the international pharmacovigilance database highlights a significant disproportionality signal of Raynauds phenomenon with CGRP-targeting drugs.

• #63 Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting drugs and Raynaud’s phenomenon: a real-world potential safety signal from the WHO pharmacovigilance database | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01424-w

  CGRP-targeting drugs are also more likely to be reported for Raynauds phenomenon than beta-blockers used as preventive treatments. […] The involvement of the deficiency of CGRP in the pathogenesis of Raynauds phenomenon has been described as far back as the 1990s. […] In fact, in 2019, three cases of Raynauds phenomenon induced or exacerbated by CGRP monoclonal antibodies have been reported. […] Pending further long-term data regarding vascular safety of CGRP-targeting drugs, caution is warranted when considering the use of those promising drugs in patients at-risk of Raynauds phenomenon.

• #64 Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/7/849

  It is estimated that 5% of the world’s population suffers from RP, 80 to 90% of whom have the idiopathic form. Up to 20% of cases occur in women, and the prevalence in pregnant women is also high. […] Therefore, the aim was to develop a systematic review of the literature based on the following key question—what practical contributions does the current scientific literature offer concerning the epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical, and treatment aspects of RP in breastfeeding? Despite technological advances and publications since 1992, there might still be a lack of more effective theoretical contributions to the presentation of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical picture, and diagnosis of RP in breastfeeding. […] According to the research strategy, 438 articles were identified, of which 19 were selected. The findings were divided by heuristic questions into two groups: “Epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical characterization of RP of the nipple” and “Treatment of RP of the nipple”.

• #65 Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/7/849

  Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple is a possible cause of pain and breastfeeding cessation in lactating women. However, there are still few studies on the characterization of this manifestation. Thus, we aim to develop a systematic review of the literature carried out between January 1992 and January 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Portal de Periódicos da CAPES. Of the 438 articles, 19 met the eligibility criteria. The findings were divided by heuristic questions into two groups: “Epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical characterization of Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the nipple” and “Treatment of Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the nipple”. Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple is commonly primary, being more prevalent in the postpartum period, in women with a mean age of 32 years. The main triggers appear to be stress and temperature change. Generally, it is associated with a change in color and pain during breastfeeding. A calcium channel blocker was the most used medication with or without non-pharmacological measures.

• #66 Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/7/849

  Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple is a possible cause of pain and breastfeeding cessation in lactating women. However, there are still few studies on the characterization of this manifestation. Thus, we aim to develop a systematic review of the literature carried out between January 1992 and January 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Portal de Periódicos da CAPES. Of the 438 articles, 19 met the eligibility criteria. The findings were divided by heuristic questions into two groups: “Epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical characterization of Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the nipple” and “Treatment of Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the nipple”. Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple is commonly primary, being more prevalent in the postpartum period, in women with a mean age of 32 years. The main triggers appear to be stress and temperature change. Generally, it is associated with a change in color and pain during breastfeeding. A calcium channel blocker was the most used medication with or without non-pharmacological measures.

• #67 Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/7/849

  RP of the nipple appears to be more common in females, in younger individuals, and those with a family history. Some data have shown that the average age of onset in patients with primary RP is 14 years old, and only 27% of cases started around 40 years old. In contrast, cases of secondary RP have been shown to begin in adulthood. […] The literature reports raise the question of how many women give up breastfeeding due to nipple pain caused by undiagnosed vasospasm, which compromises the quality of feeding and effective immune protection for the newborn as well as mother–infant bonding. This emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, clarification of the condition, and appropriate treatment of these patients for the benefit of the woman and the child.

• #68 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from complications from digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function. […] Primary RP follows a relatively benign course with minimal impact on function and quality of life.

• #69 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from complications from digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function. […] Primary RP follows a relatively benign course with minimal impact on function and quality of life.

• #70 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52581-0_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population lies between 3 and 5% in most studies. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20% in women and 1-12% in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used, and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37% of subjects with primary RP. […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, SSc-specific autoantibodies, and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from the complications of digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene, and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function.

• #71 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  An underlying disorder develops in 13% of cases of the primary form. Primary Raynaud’s disease may go into remission. Most patients have a stable course and over half improve over time15 . Secondary cases are more prone to be problematic – ulceration, scarring, or gangrene occur in 17% of people with Raynaud’s disease secondary to systemic sclerosis16 .

• #72 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #73 Association of Raynaud’s phenomenon with a polymorphism in the NOS1 gene | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0196279

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) describes the phenomenon of recurrent vasospasm of digital arteries, associated with skin colour changes: pallor, cyanosis and erythema. […] The prevalence of RP is between 35% in the general population, of which primary RP accounts for 80-90%. […] However, the reported prevalence rates vary between different studies depending on the definition used for RP and the population studied. […] While the aetiology of RP is unknown, there is an associated genetic predisposition as demonstrated by two studies indicating greater concordance amongst monozygotic (MZ) than dizygotic (DZ) twins. Heritability for RP is reported as 55-64%. […] We have performed the first large scale candidate gene study in the general population. Within TwinsUK there was a reasonable prevalence of RP (15.0%), similar to the UK general population, and in keeping with findings in other studies: the prevalence of RP has been reported as high as 21% in women in general practice in the UK.

• #74 Pulsenotes | Raynaud phenomenon

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/rheumatology/notes/raynaud-phenomenon

  Raynaud phenomenon is common, often occurring in young women. […] The true prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon is difficult to quantify due to variability in its definition. It is estimated that 3-20% of women and 3-14% of men may have the condition. […] Raynaud phenomenon is more common in young women and often seen within families suggesting a genetic element.

• #75 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52581-0_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population lies between 3 and 5% in most studies. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20% in women and 1-12% in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used, and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37% of subjects with primary RP. […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, SSc-specific autoantibodies, and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] The greatest impact of secondary RP on morbidity and function arises from the complications of digital ulceration and ischemic necrosis, namely pain, infection, gangrene, and amputation, with resultant loss of hand function.

• #76 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #77 ADRA2A and IRX1 are putative risk genes for Raynaud’s phenomenon | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41876-5

  To evaluate whether genetic findings were specific to the development of RP or driven by associations with diseases leading to secondary RP, we performed sensitivity analyses based on a more stringent definition of primary RP that excluded potential secondary cases. […] We aimed to test for replication and transferability of our European-centric results in 401 RP cases of British Bangladeshi and Pakistani ancestry from the Genes Health cohort, and observed directionally concordant results for one of the two strongest loci. […] We observed that possible causes or related disorders for RP, like migraine, PAD, or SLE significantly correlated when considering all RP patients, but were strongly attenuated once we computed genetic correlations restricted to patients with primary RP. […] Our results advance the understanding of RP pathology by shifting the focus from a merely cold-induced phenomenon to a clinical entity in its own right with a distinct genetic architecture.

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