Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Jet Lag: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12781-jet-lag

  Jet lag is a common but short-lived sleep problem you can get after traveling across more than three time zones. […] Jet lag is a type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder. […] Jet lag is a common issue many people experience when traveling. […] Jet lag symptoms result from your body’s natural rhythms being out of sync with the day- and nighttime hours of your destination. […] Jet lag is typically a short-term issue that goes away after your body’s circadian rhythm has adjusted to the local time. […] Many people who experience jet lag feel better a few days after arriving at their destination. For some people, it can take up to one week to feel fully back to themselves. […] Jet lag is a common problem. People of all ages can experience it while traveling long distances (more than three time zone changes) by plane.

• #2 Approaches to the Pharmacological Management of Jet Lag

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6182450/

  For many years now a treatment mitigating the debilitating effects of jet lag has been sought. […] Jet lag is primarily due to circadian rhythms adapting slowly to a change in time zone together with sleep deprivation during flight. […] A number of timed treatments including bright light exposure, stimulants, hypnotics and drugs that shift rhythms can alleviate the symptoms of jet lag and hasten adaptation to the destination time zone. […] The problem of treatment is not simple. […] Much effort has been devoted to finding an efficient method of alleviating jet lag with only partial success. […] The exact mode of action of these drugs is uncertain; however, increased dopamine activity is involved. […] The existing, approved, commercially available melatonin agonists agomelatine, ramelteon and tasimelteon were designed to act via the MT1 and MT2 receptors, as does prolonged-release melatonin.

• #3 Jet lag disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jet-lag/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374031

  Jet lag is temporary and usually doesn’t need treatment. Symptoms often improve within a few days, though they sometimes last longer. […] If you’re a frequent traveler bothered by jet lag, your health care provider may prescribe light therapy or medicines. […] Light therapy may be useful if you’re a business traveler and are often away from natural sunlight during the day in a new time zone. […] Although these medicines appear to help you sleep better and longer, you may still feel jet lag symptoms during the day. The medicines are usually only recommended for people who haven’t been helped by other treatments. […] Being exposed to sunlight helps reset your internal clock. It’s the most powerful natural tool for regulating the sleep-wake cycle. […] The latest research seems to show that melatonin aids sleep during times when you wouldn’t typically be resting, making it beneficial for people with jet lag.

• #4 Jet Lag: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12781-jet-lag

  Jet lag is a common but short-lived sleep problem you can get after traveling across more than three time zones. […] Jet lag is a type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder. […] Jet lag is a common issue many people experience when traveling. […] Jet lag symptoms result from your body’s natural rhythms being out of sync with the day- and nighttime hours of your destination. […] Jet lag is typically a short-term issue that goes away after your body’s circadian rhythm has adjusted to the local time. […] Many people who experience jet lag feel better a few days after arriving at their destination. For some people, it can take up to one week to feel fully back to themselves. […] Jet lag is a common problem. People of all ages can experience it while traveling long distances (more than three time zone changes) by plane.

• #5 Jet Lag: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12781-jet-lag

  Jet lag is a common but short-lived sleep problem you can get after traveling across more than three time zones. […] Jet lag is a type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder. […] Jet lag is a common issue many people experience when traveling. […] Jet lag symptoms result from your body’s natural rhythms being out of sync with the day- and nighttime hours of your destination. […] Jet lag is typically a short-term issue that goes away after your body’s circadian rhythm has adjusted to the local time. […] Many people who experience jet lag feel better a few days after arriving at their destination. For some people, it can take up to one week to feel fully back to themselves. […] Jet lag is a common problem. People of all ages can experience it while traveling long distances (more than three time zone changes) by plane.

• #6 Eastward Jet Lag is Associated with Impaired Performance and Game Outcome in the National Basketball Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9245584/

  Objectives: Elite athletes are often required to travel across time zones for national and international competitions, causing frequent jet lag. The aim of this study was to examine whether the direction of travel-related jet lag is associated with performance in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and if so, to explore potential mechanisms. […] Results: Among home teams, eastward (but not westward) jet lag was associated with reduced winning (i.e., change) = 6.03%, p = 0.051, marginal), points differential ( = 1.29 points, p = 0.015), rebound differential ( = 1.29 rebounds, p 0.0001), and effective field goal percentage differential ( = 1.2%, p = 0.01). […] Conclusion: Eastward jet lag was associated with impaired performance for home (but not away) teams. Sleep and circadian disruption associated with advancing phase following eastward travel may have significant adverse consequences on performance in the NBA, particularly when recovery time is limited. Sports organisations could consider chronobiology-informed scheduling and interventions to maximise recovery and performance of their athletes.

• #7 Eastward Jet Lag is Associated with Impaired Performance and Game Outcome in the National Basketball Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9245584/

  Our findings from this analysis of 11,481 regular-season NBA games spanning the 2011/2012 through 2020/2021 seasons support the asymmetrical jet lag hypothesis, at least as it applies to home teams. When playing with eastward jet lag, home teams won fewer games (this association was marginal, p = 0.051) and had a worse points differential than when playing with no jet lag. […] The eastward jet lag disadvantage experienced by home teams could be explained by worse eFG% differential (i.e., impaired shooting) and worse total rebound margin (i.e., reduced effort). […] In summary, the current research examined the association between directional jet lag and performance and game outcome in the NBA over 10 regular seasons. Eastward jet lag was associated with impaired shooting, fewer rebounds, worse points differential and, ultimately, worse winning percentages for home (but not away) teams.

• #8 Eastward Jet Lag is Associated with Impaired Performance and Game Outcome in the National Basketball Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9245584/

  Objectives: Elite athletes are often required to travel across time zones for national and international competitions, causing frequent jet lag. The aim of this study was to examine whether the direction of travel-related jet lag is associated with performance in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and if so, to explore potential mechanisms. […] Results: Among home teams, eastward (but not westward) jet lag was associated with reduced winning (i.e., change) = 6.03%, p = 0.051, marginal), points differential ( = 1.29 points, p = 0.015), rebound differential ( = 1.29 rebounds, p 0.0001), and effective field goal percentage differential ( = 1.2%, p = 0.01). […] Conclusion: Eastward jet lag was associated with impaired performance for home (but not away) teams. Sleep and circadian disruption associated with advancing phase following eastward travel may have significant adverse consequences on performance in the NBA, particularly when recovery time is limited. Sports organisations could consider chronobiology-informed scheduling and interventions to maximise recovery and performance of their athletes.

• #9 Jet Lag Does Not Impact Football Performance: Using Randomization Inference to Handle Complexity | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.23296960v2.full-text

  There is no clear indication that jet lag and game time affect team performance when appropriate analyses are performed in a causal inference framework. […] The real data were compatible with the null hypothesis of no effect for hours lost/gained in travel and game time (P = 0.142). […] Using rigorous causal inference methods, we have shown there to be no discernable causal effect of jet lag and kickoff time on collegiate football team performance in the continental United States. […] In either case, we can conclude that in a collegiate football population, there is no CATE of jet lag and kickoff time on beating the Vegas Spread (i.e., team expected performance). […] The randomization inference analyses the only completely valid causal inference analyses are both highly compatible with the null hypothesis that time zone changes, with or without an effect mediation of kickoff time, do not impact the probability of beating the Vegas spread. […] There is no statistically significant causal effect of jet lag and kickoff time on the probability of the away team beating the Vegas spread.

• #10 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149v1.full-text

  After a flight across multiple time zones, most people show a transient state of circadian misalignment causing temporary malaise known as jetlag disorder. […] Surprisingly, however, regression models showed very low predictive power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] Only expectation emerged as a parameter with systematic, albeit small, predictive value. […] Our findings also caution against jetlag recommendations based on circadian principles but insufficient evidence linking circadian re-synchronization dynamics with ensuing symptom intensity and duration. […] In contrast to what guidelines state, in our study, we did not find that symptom severity could be explained by the number of time zones crossed or travel direction. Rather, travelers’ expectations about how long and strongly they will suffer from jetlag symptoms was the only factor systematically predicting jetlag severity.

• #11 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149.full

  After a flight across multiple time zones, most people show a transient state of circadian misalignment causing temporary malaise known as jetlag disorder. […] Surprisingly, however, regression models showed very low predictive power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] Only expectation emerged as a parameter with systematic, albeit small, predictive value. […] Our findings also caution against jetlag recommendations based on circadian principles but insufficient evidence linking circadian re-synchronization dynamics with ensuing symptom intensity and duration. […] In contrast to what guidelines state, in our study, we did not find that symptom severity could be explained by the number of time zones crossed or travel direction. Rather, travelers’ expectations about how long and strongly they will suffer from jetlag symptoms was the only factor systematically predicting jetlag severity.

• #12 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149v1.full-text

  The effect of expectation on jetlag symptoms was in the anticipated direction: the more severe participants expected their jetlag to be, the more severe the jetlag outcome was. […] Interestingly, participants did not distinguish clearly between expected jetlag symptom intensity and duration. […] The expected intensity showed a similar pattern albeit below the adjusted alpha-level for statistical significance. […] In summary, expected jetlag duration was systematically linked in our sample with jetlag intensity but not duration, whereas effects for expected jetlag intensity pointed in the same direction but did not reach statistical significance after adjustments.

• #13 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149.full

  Much to our surprise then, none of our 8 regression models demonstrated much explanatory power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] Notably, among the two predictors that showed at least some systematic explanatory power was health and expectation. […] In summary, expected jetlag duration was systematically linked in our sample with jetlag intensity but not duration, whereas effects for expected jetlag intensity pointed in the same direction but did not reach statistical significance after adjustments. […] This leaves room for various speculations on the driving mechanism behind these associations. […] Our aim here was to investigate whether and to what extent jetlag symptomatology may be influenced by prior expectation – to inform both mechanistic understanding and treatment improvements in jetlag disorder.

• #14 Accelerating recovery from jet lag: prediction from a multi-oscillator model and its experimental confirmation in model animals | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46702

  The endogenous circadian clock drives oscillations that are completely synchronized with the environmental daynight rhythms with a period of approximately 24hours. […] Repeated exposure to jet lag and rotating shift work increases the risk of lifestyle-related diseases, such as cardiovascular complaints and metabolic insufficiencies. […] To demonstrate the utility of our theoretical study, we applied it to predict that re-entrainment via a two-step jet lag in which a four-hour shift of the light-dark cycle is given in the span of two successive days requires fewer days than when given as a single eight-hour shift. […] We experimentally verified the feasibility of our theory in C57BL/6 strain mice, with results indicating that this pre-exposure of jet lag is indeed beneficial. […] Therefore, we expect there to be critical jet lag at which the way to adapt switches, a quantity we refer to as the jet lag separatrix.

• #15 Accelerating recovery from jet lag: prediction from a multi-oscillator model and its experimental confirmation in model animals | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46702

  The endogenous circadian clock drives oscillations that are completely synchronized with the environmental daynight rhythms with a period of approximately 24hours. […] Repeated exposure to jet lag and rotating shift work increases the risk of lifestyle-related diseases, such as cardiovascular complaints and metabolic insufficiencies. […] To demonstrate the utility of our theoretical study, we applied it to predict that re-entrainment via a two-step jet lag in which a four-hour shift of the light-dark cycle is given in the span of two successive days requires fewer days than when given as a single eight-hour shift. […] We experimentally verified the feasibility of our theory in C57BL/6 strain mice, with results indicating that this pre-exposure of jet lag is indeed beneficial. […] Therefore, we expect there to be critical jet lag at which the way to adapt switches, a quantity we refer to as the jet lag separatrix.

• #16 Accelerating recovery from jet lag: prediction from a multi-oscillator model and its experimental confirmation in model animals | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46702

  The main determinants of jet lag separatrix in our model are natural frequency and strength of the VIP interaction. […] We can thus expect that adaptation to jet lag close to the jet lag separatrix can be accelerated if jet lag is split in half over two days, which we refer to as two-step jet lag, because in this case, the system is expected to be kept far from the unstable state during the adaptation process. […] Our numerical results indeed indicated that adaptation was faster than the case of one-step jet lag. […] We demonstrated that our model can predict the response to jet lag and concluded that mice cope better with jet lag when they are pre-sensitized to jet lag. […] Jet lag separatrix is the key concept for understanding and coping with jet lag.

• #17 Taking the Lag out of Jet Lag through Model-Based Schedule Design | PLOS Computational Biology

  https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000418

  Travel across multiple time zones results in desynchronization of environmental time cues and the sleep-wake schedule from their normal phase relationships with the endogenous circadian system. […] One approach to reduce the short-term circadian, sleep-wake, and performance problems is to use mathematical models of the circadian pacemaker to design countermeasures that rapidly shift the circadian pacemaker to align with the new schedule. […] The method presented in this paper has direct implications for designing jet lag, shift-work, and non-24-hour schedules, including scheduling for extreme environments, such as in space, undersea, or in polar regions. […] A well-known intervention to resynchronize an individual’s clock with the environment is appropriately timed light exposure. […] Our results include quicker design of multiple schedule alternatives and predictions of substantial performance improvements relative to no intervention.

• #18 Taking the Lag out of Jet Lag through Model-Based Schedule Design | PLOS Computational Biology

  https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000418

  We define the light CM design problem as follows: given an operational schedule, determine the timing, intensity, and duration of a CM so that circadian phase is aligned with the new sleep-wake schedule to optimize sleep, alertness, and performance, as required. […] The CAM then determines optimal placement given the user-specified CM strength. […] The ability to maintain levels of performance 85% of maximum during the waking day is reduced from 12 hours during baseline to 6.5 hours without a CM. […] Our work illustrates that the CM design process can be divided into schedule specification and schedule optimization components. […] The scheduled building block formulation of the CAM is an iterative procedure whose functional form is motivated by the lambda calculus. […] The iterative procedure converges quickly for a variety of operationally relevant conditions. […] The CAM emphasizes the optimization of pulse placement without regard to pulse duration or intensity.

• #19 Jet lag disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jet-lag/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374031

  Jet lag is temporary and usually doesn’t need treatment. Symptoms often improve within a few days, though they sometimes last longer. […] If you’re a frequent traveler bothered by jet lag, your health care provider may prescribe light therapy or medicines. […] Light therapy may be useful if you’re a business traveler and are often away from natural sunlight during the day in a new time zone. […] Although these medicines appear to help you sleep better and longer, you may still feel jet lag symptoms during the day. The medicines are usually only recommended for people who haven’t been helped by other treatments. […] Being exposed to sunlight helps reset your internal clock. It’s the most powerful natural tool for regulating the sleep-wake cycle. […] The latest research seems to show that melatonin aids sleep during times when you wouldn’t typically be resting, making it beneficial for people with jet lag.

• #20 Approaches to the Pharmacological Management of Jet Lag

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6182450/

  For many years now a treatment mitigating the debilitating effects of jet lag has been sought. […] Jet lag is primarily due to circadian rhythms adapting slowly to a change in time zone together with sleep deprivation during flight. […] A number of timed treatments including bright light exposure, stimulants, hypnotics and drugs that shift rhythms can alleviate the symptoms of jet lag and hasten adaptation to the destination time zone. […] The problem of treatment is not simple. […] Much effort has been devoted to finding an efficient method of alleviating jet lag with only partial success. […] The exact mode of action of these drugs is uncertain; however, increased dopamine activity is involved. […] The existing, approved, commercially available melatonin agonists agomelatine, ramelteon and tasimelteon were designed to act via the MT1 and MT2 receptors, as does prolonged-release melatonin.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8

  Very few data are available from large randomised, placebo-controlled studies to judge their effects in jet-lag treatment. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends melatonin for DSPS, non-24 and jet lag. […] The use of elite athletes as subjects for jet-lag treatment is of substantial interest especially prior to the Olympic games, in view of the circadian variations in some performance measures. […] The synchronising properties of melatonin with regard to the activity-rest cycle were first shown in rats in 1983. […] The combination of hypnotic and chronobiotic properties is in theory ideal for a jet-lag therapy, but to exploit both requires careful timing together with control of light exposure. […] All of these debilitating conditions may be important for flight crew and business travellers and may ruin short holidays after a long-haul flight.

• #22 Jet lag disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jet-lag/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374031

  Jet lag is temporary and usually doesn’t need treatment. Symptoms often improve within a few days, though they sometimes last longer. […] If you’re a frequent traveler bothered by jet lag, your health care provider may prescribe light therapy or medicines. […] Light therapy may be useful if you’re a business traveler and are often away from natural sunlight during the day in a new time zone. […] Although these medicines appear to help you sleep better and longer, you may still feel jet lag symptoms during the day. The medicines are usually only recommended for people who haven’t been helped by other treatments. […] Being exposed to sunlight helps reset your internal clock. It’s the most powerful natural tool for regulating the sleep-wake cycle. […] The latest research seems to show that melatonin aids sleep during times when you wouldn’t typically be resting, making it beneficial for people with jet lag.

• #23 Jet lag disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jet-lag/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374031

  The time when you take melatonin is important. If you’ve flown east and need to reset your internal clock to an earlier schedule, take melatonin nightly in the new time zone. You can take it until you adjust to local time. […] If you’ve flown west and need to reset your body’s internal clock to a later schedule, take melatonin in the mornings in the new time zone until you adjust.

• #24 Approaches to the Pharmacological Management of Jet Lag

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6182450/

  For many years now a treatment mitigating the debilitating effects of jet lag has been sought. […] Jet lag is primarily due to circadian rhythms adapting slowly to a change in time zone together with sleep deprivation during flight. […] A number of timed treatments including bright light exposure, stimulants, hypnotics and drugs that shift rhythms can alleviate the symptoms of jet lag and hasten adaptation to the destination time zone. […] The problem of treatment is not simple. […] Much effort has been devoted to finding an efficient method of alleviating jet lag with only partial success. […] The exact mode of action of these drugs is uncertain; however, increased dopamine activity is involved. […] The existing, approved, commercially available melatonin agonists agomelatine, ramelteon and tasimelteon were designed to act via the MT1 and MT2 receptors, as does prolonged-release melatonin.

• #25 Approaches to the Pharmacological Management of Jet Lag

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6182450/

  Very few data are available from large randomised, placebo-controlled studies to judge their effects in jet-lag treatment. […] All of the agonists and both fast- and prolonged-release melatonin have chronobiotic effects, but clearly more data are needed in large controlled trials to judge their usefulness in real-life jet-lag situations. […] Direct application of hypnotics and alertness-enhancing drugs is relatively easy to advise and applicable for short stopovers with medical advice. […] However, for the fatigued frequent flyer with short stop-overs in a state of internal and external desynchrony there is no cure to be had yet except to preserve sleep and alertness, with or without drugs.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8

  Very few data are available from large randomised, placebo-controlled studies to judge their effects in jet-lag treatment. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends melatonin for DSPS, non-24 and jet lag. […] The use of elite athletes as subjects for jet-lag treatment is of substantial interest especially prior to the Olympic games, in view of the circadian variations in some performance measures. […] The synchronising properties of melatonin with regard to the activity-rest cycle were first shown in rats in 1983. […] The combination of hypnotic and chronobiotic properties is in theory ideal for a jet-lag therapy, but to exploit both requires careful timing together with control of light exposure. […] All of these debilitating conditions may be important for flight crew and business travellers and may ruin short holidays after a long-haul flight.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8

  Very few data are available from large randomised, placebo-controlled studies to judge their effects in jet-lag treatment. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends melatonin for DSPS, non-24 and jet lag. […] The use of elite athletes as subjects for jet-lag treatment is of substantial interest especially prior to the Olympic games, in view of the circadian variations in some performance measures. […] The synchronising properties of melatonin with regard to the activity-rest cycle were first shown in rats in 1983. […] The combination of hypnotic and chronobiotic properties is in theory ideal for a jet-lag therapy, but to exploit both requires careful timing together with control of light exposure. […] All of these debilitating conditions may be important for flight crew and business travellers and may ruin short holidays after a long-haul flight.

• #28 Approaches to the Pharmacological Management of Jet Lag

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6182450/

  Very few data are available from large randomised, placebo-controlled studies to judge their effects in jet-lag treatment. […] All of the agonists and both fast- and prolonged-release melatonin have chronobiotic effects, but clearly more data are needed in large controlled trials to judge their usefulness in real-life jet-lag situations. […] Direct application of hypnotics and alertness-enhancing drugs is relatively easy to advise and applicable for short stopovers with medical advice. […] However, for the fatigued frequent flyer with short stop-overs in a state of internal and external desynchrony there is no cure to be had yet except to preserve sleep and alertness, with or without drugs.

• #29 Eastward Jet Lag is Associated with Impaired Performance and Game Outcome in the National Basketball Association

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9245584/

  Objectives: Elite athletes are often required to travel across time zones for national and international competitions, causing frequent jet lag. The aim of this study was to examine whether the direction of travel-related jet lag is associated with performance in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and if so, to explore potential mechanisms. […] Results: Among home teams, eastward (but not westward) jet lag was associated with reduced winning (i.e., change) = 6.03%, p = 0.051, marginal), points differential ( = 1.29 points, p = 0.015), rebound differential ( = 1.29 rebounds, p 0.0001), and effective field goal percentage differential ( = 1.2%, p = 0.01). […] Conclusion: Eastward jet lag was associated with impaired performance for home (but not away) teams. Sleep and circadian disruption associated with advancing phase following eastward travel may have significant adverse consequences on performance in the NBA, particularly when recovery time is limited. Sports organisations could consider chronobiology-informed scheduling and interventions to maximise recovery and performance of their athletes.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8

  Very few data are available from large randomised, placebo-controlled studies to judge their effects in jet-lag treatment. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends melatonin for DSPS, non-24 and jet lag. […] The use of elite athletes as subjects for jet-lag treatment is of substantial interest especially prior to the Olympic games, in view of the circadian variations in some performance measures. […] The synchronising properties of melatonin with regard to the activity-rest cycle were first shown in rats in 1983. […] The combination of hypnotic and chronobiotic properties is in theory ideal for a jet-lag therapy, but to exploit both requires careful timing together with control of light exposure. […] All of these debilitating conditions may be important for flight crew and business travellers and may ruin short holidays after a long-haul flight.

• #31 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149.full

  After a flight across multiple time zones, most people show a transient state of circadian misalignment causing temporary malaise known as jetlag disorder. […] Surprisingly, however, regression models showed very low predictive power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] Only expectation emerged as a parameter with systematic, albeit small, predictive value. […] Our findings also caution against jetlag recommendations based on circadian principles but insufficient evidence linking circadian re-synchronization dynamics with ensuing symptom intensity and duration. […] In contrast to what guidelines state, in our study, we did not find that symptom severity could be explained by the number of time zones crossed or travel direction. Rather, travelers’ expectations about how long and strongly they will suffer from jetlag symptoms was the only factor systematically predicting jetlag severity.

• #32 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149v1.full-text

  After a flight across multiple time zones, most people show a transient state of circadian misalignment causing temporary malaise known as jetlag disorder. […] Surprisingly, however, regression models showed very low predictive power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] Only expectation emerged as a parameter with systematic, albeit small, predictive value. […] Our findings also caution against jetlag recommendations based on circadian principles but insufficient evidence linking circadian re-synchronization dynamics with ensuing symptom intensity and duration. […] In contrast to what guidelines state, in our study, we did not find that symptom severity could be explained by the number of time zones crossed or travel direction. Rather, travelers’ expectations about how long and strongly they will suffer from jetlag symptoms was the only factor systematically predicting jetlag severity.

• #33 Jet lag disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jet-lag/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374031

  Jet lag is temporary and usually doesn’t need treatment. Symptoms often improve within a few days, though they sometimes last longer. […] If you’re a frequent traveler bothered by jet lag, your health care provider may prescribe light therapy or medicines. […] Light therapy may be useful if you’re a business traveler and are often away from natural sunlight during the day in a new time zone. […] Although these medicines appear to help you sleep better and longer, you may still feel jet lag symptoms during the day. The medicines are usually only recommended for people who haven’t been helped by other treatments. […] Being exposed to sunlight helps reset your internal clock. It’s the most powerful natural tool for regulating the sleep-wake cycle. […] The latest research seems to show that melatonin aids sleep during times when you wouldn’t typically be resting, making it beneficial for people with jet lag.

• #34 Taking the Lag out of Jet Lag through Model-Based Schedule Design | PLOS Computational Biology

  https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000418

  Travel across multiple time zones results in desynchronization of environmental time cues and the sleep-wake schedule from their normal phase relationships with the endogenous circadian system. […] One approach to reduce the short-term circadian, sleep-wake, and performance problems is to use mathematical models of the circadian pacemaker to design countermeasures that rapidly shift the circadian pacemaker to align with the new schedule. […] The method presented in this paper has direct implications for designing jet lag, shift-work, and non-24-hour schedules, including scheduling for extreme environments, such as in space, undersea, or in polar regions. […] A well-known intervention to resynchronize an individual’s clock with the environment is appropriately timed light exposure. […] Our results include quicker design of multiple schedule alternatives and predictions of substantial performance improvements relative to no intervention.

• #35 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149.full

  Much to our surprise then, none of our 8 regression models demonstrated much explanatory power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] Notably, among the two predictors that showed at least some systematic explanatory power was health and expectation. […] In summary, expected jetlag duration was systematically linked in our sample with jetlag intensity but not duration, whereas effects for expected jetlag intensity pointed in the same direction but did not reach statistical significance after adjustments. […] This leaves room for various speculations on the driving mechanism behind these associations. […] Our aim here was to investigate whether and to what extent jetlag symptomatology may be influenced by prior expectation – to inform both mechanistic understanding and treatment improvements in jetlag disorder.

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