Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Lynch syndrome — Knowledge Hub

  https://www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk/genotes/knowledge-hub/lynch-syndrome/

  Individuals with Lynch syndrome have an increased lifetime risk of a variety of cancers, most commonly colorectal cancer or endometrial cancer, as well as ovarian, pancreaticobiliary, gastric, small intestinal, brain, urinary tract, skin and other cancers. The exact risks depend on the underlying genotype. […] Cancers associated with Lynch syndrome are typically mismatch repair (MMR) deficient and/or demonstrate microsatellite instability (MSI). […] Daily aspirin has been shown to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer and certain other cancers in Lynch syndrome. […] Surveillance for colorectal cancer by screening colonoscopy every two years (from age 25 for carriers of constitutional pathogenic variants in MLH1 or MSH2 and age 35 for carriers of constitutional pathogenic variants in MSH6 or PMS2). […] There should be prompt investigation of any symptoms (such as gynaecological, urinary, gastrointestinal or dermatological symptoms).

• #2

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome is associated with a faulty (disease-causing) copy of MMR genes, namely MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM. […] Individuals who have Lynch syndrome (carriers) face an increased risk of cancers, but it does not mean that they will definitely develop cancer. Carriers face different cancer risks depending on which faulty gene they have. […] Lynch syndrome increases the risk of cancer in both males and females. […] The common cancers in Lynch syndrome include urinary tract, stomach, colorectal, pancreas, prostate, and ovary and uterus. […] Other less common cancers associated with Lynch syndrome are hepatobiliary tract cancer, small bowel cancer, brain cancer, and sebaceous neoplasms (skin cancer). […] Individuals with CMMRD are at risk of developing blood malignancies, brain tumours, and colon, small bowel, uterine, gastric, urologic and other types of cancer. They may develop multiple cancers throughout their lifetime and may present early in childhood.

• #3 Lynch Syndrome | Symptoms & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome itself does not produce any symptoms unless cancer develops. […] If you develop cancer, early stages of the disease may not show any signs either. […] As cancer advances, it can cause general cancer symptoms, such as unexplained weight loss or anemia, as well as symptoms specific to the tumor location. […] For example, colon cancer symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, or other gastrointestinal issues. […] Early detection is critical to finding cancer when it is most treatable.

• #4 Lynch Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/lynch-syndrome-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-4690875

  Lynch syndrome has no visible symptoms. It’s not a disease or a conditionit’s a trait that someone carries in their genes. If a person with Lynch syndrome never develops cancer, they may never be physically affected by Lynch syndrome itself. […] A person is more likely to have Lynch syndrome if one or more of the following criteria are present: They have had colorectal or uterine cancer before the age of 50. More than one parent, sibling, or child in their family developed colorectal cancer before the age of 50. More than two first-degree or second-degree relatives (including aunts, uncles, grandparents, grandchildren, nephews, and nieces) developed colorectal cancer. At least two generations were affected by cancer due to Lynch syndrome. […] Lynch syndrome involves inherited gene mutations that increase a person’s risk of specific cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. Not everyone with Lynch syndrome develops cancer. People with a personal or family history of colorectal cancer before the age of 50 should be tested for Lynch syndrome. […] The syndrome itself cannot be treated or prevented. However, living a healthy lifestyle and being screened for cancer regularly can help reduce cancer risk.

• #5 Lynch Syndrome: Signs/Symptoms, Causes, Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17195-lynch-syndrome-and-hnpcc

  Lynch syndrome is a genetic condition that can lead to cancer. People with Lynch syndrome often get cancer before age 50 and should undergo lifelong cancer screenings to detect and treat cancer early. […] Symptoms of Lynch syndrome vary from person to person based on the severity of their diagnosis. People diagnosed with Lynch syndrome have symptoms similar to those of the cancers they cause, the most common being colorectal cancer. […] Common symptoms of Lynch syndrome that relate to colorectal cancer include: Blood in your stool. Constipation. Abdominal pain or cramps. Diarrhea or stool smaller than normal. Fatigue. Feeling full or bloated. Nausea or vomiting. […] Not every person will experience symptoms until cancer progresses into an advanced stage. If you experience any symptoms, visit your healthcare provider.

• #6 Lynch Syndrome | Personalized Care | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome typically does not produce any symptoms until it has led to the development of cancer. In those cases, general cancer symptoms like weight loss and anemia may arise, as well as symptoms specific to the particular type of cancer. When Lynch syndrome leads to colorectal cancer, symptoms may include: Bloody stool, Diarrhea, Constipation, Cramps and bloating. […] Lynch syndrome increases the risk of several types of cancer. The level of risk depends on a variety of factors, such as age, gender, family history, and organ. The following are the general lifetime risks: Colorectal Cancer: 20 to 80 percent, Endometrial Cancer: 15 to 60 percent, Ovarian Cancer: 1 to 38 percent, Stomach Cancer: 1 to 13 percent, Hepatobiliary Tract (Liver, Bile Ducts, and/or Gallbladder) Cancer: 1 to 4 percent, Urinary Tract Cancer: 1 to 18 percent, Small Bowel Cancer: 1 to 6 percent, Pancreatic Cancer: 1 to 6 percent, Brain or Central Nervous System Cancer: 1 to 3 percent.

• #7

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/lynch-syndrome-a-comprehensive-guide-for-patients-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Lynch syndrome is a genetic disorder that predisposes individuals to certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer, and to a lesser extent, endometrial cancer and others. Individuals with Lynch syndrome generally develop these cancers at a younger age than the general population, often before the age of 50. The disease progresses through the abnormal growth of cells, leading to the formation of polyps in the colon or rectum, which can eventually become cancerous. […] Approximately 20-25% of Lynch syndrome patients report abdominal pain, especially when colorectal cancer is present. This pain occurs as cancerous cells invade the layers of the colon or rectum, causing discomfort and inflammation. […] Seeing blood in stool is a common sign, occurring in 40-50% of Lynch syndrome cases with colorectal cancer. Blood may indicate the presence of polyps or cancerous tissues in the colon or rectum that bleed.

• #8 Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (Lynch Syndrome) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/188613-clinical

  Polyp formation in individuals with HNPCC starts in the late second and early third decade of life. […] Although these cancers are often asymptomatic in their early stages, the following signs and symptoms may develop as the cancer advances: Changes in bowel habits (eg, constipation or diarrhea that persists for longer than several days) […] Visible or occult blood in stool (positive fecal occult blood test) […] Black, tarry stool (may represent bleeding above the ligament of Treitz) […] Iron deficiency anemia without an identifiable cause […] Abdominal pain, cramps, or frequent feeling of distention (or bloating) […] Fatigue or weakness […] Decline in appetite […] Unexplained weight loss.

• #9

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/lynch-syndrome-a-comprehensive-guide-for-patients-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Lynch syndrome is a genetic disorder that predisposes individuals to certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer, and to a lesser extent, endometrial cancer and others. Individuals with Lynch syndrome generally develop these cancers at a younger age than the general population, often before the age of 50. The disease progresses through the abnormal growth of cells, leading to the formation of polyps in the colon or rectum, which can eventually become cancerous. […] Approximately 20-25% of Lynch syndrome patients report abdominal pain, especially when colorectal cancer is present. This pain occurs as cancerous cells invade the layers of the colon or rectum, causing discomfort and inflammation. […] Seeing blood in stool is a common sign, occurring in 40-50% of Lynch syndrome cases with colorectal cancer. Blood may indicate the presence of polyps or cancerous tissues in the colon or rectum that bleed.

• #10 BRCA & Lynch Syndrome | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/brca-lynch-syndrome

  As gene mutations, BRCA and Lynch Syndrome present no symptoms. However, the symptoms of the cancers linked to these conditions are as follows: […] Colorectal Cancer […] Bloody stool […] Unexplained diarrhea […] A long period of constipation […] Decrease in the size or caliber of stool […] Abdominal cramps […] Gas pain, bloating and fullness […] Unexplained weight loss […] Lethargy and vomiting.

• #11

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/lynch-syndrome-a-comprehensive-guide-for-patients-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Changes in bowel habits, including alternating diarrhea and constipation, can be experienced by around 35-45% of patients. This can be due to a tumor blocking part of the colon, affecting stool passage. […] This manifests in 25-35% of patients and is often a result of chronic blood loss due to the bleeding of cancerous tissues in the colon or rectum. This blood loss may not always be noticeable in the stool but can lead to anemia over time. […] Unexplained weight loss may occur in 15-20% of patients. It’s often a sign of advanced disease, with the body’s energy needs increasing as it fights against cancerous growth. […] Fatigue may be experienced by 30-40% of patients. This could be a consequence of iron deficiency anemia or the body’s general response to fighting cancer. […] 20-30% of patients can experience persistent diarrhea or constipation, often alternating. This can result from a tumor affecting the normal function of the colon.

• #12

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/lynch-syndrome-a-comprehensive-guide-for-patients-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Changes in bowel habits, including alternating diarrhea and constipation, can be experienced by around 35-45% of patients. This can be due to a tumor blocking part of the colon, affecting stool passage. […] This manifests in 25-35% of patients and is often a result of chronic blood loss due to the bleeding of cancerous tissues in the colon or rectum. This blood loss may not always be noticeable in the stool but can lead to anemia over time. […] Unexplained weight loss may occur in 15-20% of patients. It’s often a sign of advanced disease, with the body’s energy needs increasing as it fights against cancerous growth. […] Fatigue may be experienced by 30-40% of patients. This could be a consequence of iron deficiency anemia or the body’s general response to fighting cancer. […] 20-30% of patients can experience persistent diarrhea or constipation, often alternating. This can result from a tumor affecting the normal function of the colon.

• #13

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/lynch-syndrome-a-comprehensive-guide-for-patients-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Changes in bowel habits, including alternating diarrhea and constipation, can be experienced by around 35-45% of patients. This can be due to a tumor blocking part of the colon, affecting stool passage. […] This manifests in 25-35% of patients and is often a result of chronic blood loss due to the bleeding of cancerous tissues in the colon or rectum. This blood loss may not always be noticeable in the stool but can lead to anemia over time. […] Unexplained weight loss may occur in 15-20% of patients. It’s often a sign of advanced disease, with the body’s energy needs increasing as it fights against cancerous growth. […] Fatigue may be experienced by 30-40% of patients. This could be a consequence of iron deficiency anemia or the body’s general response to fighting cancer. […] 20-30% of patients can experience persistent diarrhea or constipation, often alternating. This can result from a tumor affecting the normal function of the colon.

• #14 Lynch Syndrome: Signs/Symptoms, Causes, Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17195-lynch-syndrome-and-hnpcc

  Colon cancers caused by Lynch syndrome tend to be more common on the right side of the colon and develop much more quickly than in the general population (one to two years versus 10 years). In addition, people who develop colorectal cancer as a result of Lynch syndrome have an increased risk of developing it again. This risk is approximately 15% within 10 years after the original surgery to remove the first cancer, 40% within 20 years and 60% after 30 years. […] Treatment for Lynch syndrome focuses on detecting cancer and surgically removing it from your body. […] Its possible that cancer could return, even after its surgically removed. […] You cannot prevent Lynch syndrome because its an inherited condition. However, people with Lynch syndrome should undergo lifelong cancer screenings, beginning in adulthood to detect cancer early.

• #15 Lynch Syndrome: Signs/Symptoms, Causes, Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17195-lynch-syndrome-and-hnpcc

  Colon cancers caused by Lynch syndrome tend to be more common on the right side of the colon and develop much more quickly than in the general population (one to two years versus 10 years). In addition, people who develop colorectal cancer as a result of Lynch syndrome have an increased risk of developing it again. This risk is approximately 15% within 10 years after the original surgery to remove the first cancer, 40% within 20 years and 60% after 30 years. […] Treatment for Lynch syndrome focuses on detecting cancer and surgically removing it from your body. […] Its possible that cancer could return, even after its surgically removed. […] You cannot prevent Lynch syndrome because its an inherited condition. However, people with Lynch syndrome should undergo lifelong cancer screenings, beginning in adulthood to detect cancer early.

• #16 Managing Lynch Syndrome | Lynch Syndrome Center

  https://lynchsyndromecenter.ucsf.edu/managing-lynch-syndrome

  Signs and symptoms of endometrial (uterine) cancer: Vaginal bleeding (in a post-menopausal woman), Abnormal bleeding (including bleeding in between periods, or heavier/longer lasting menstrual bleeding), Abnormal vaginal discharge (may be foul smelling), Pelvic or back pain, Pain on urination, Pain on sexual intercourse, Blood in the stool or urine. […] Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer: Bloating, Pelvic or abdominal pain, Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, Urinary symptoms (urgency or frequency).

• #17 Lynch syndrome: 10 things to know about this genetic condition | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/qa-understanding-and-managing-lynch-syndrome.h00-158589789.html

  No. But if you have a cancer related to it, you might start showing symptoms of that cancer. […] With colorectal cancer, for instance, you might see blood in your stool, feel pain during bowel movements, or notice a change in your bowel habits. […] With endometrial cancer, meanwhile, you might have unusual bleeding, feel pain or pressure in your pelvis, or have abnormal vaginal discharge. Both diseases can cause unexplained weight loss. […] Lynch syndrome carriers can live healthy and productive lives. It’s not written in stone that you’re going to have cancer, just because you have Lynch syndrome. Carriers must see their health care providers regularly for proper surveillance. But you can also be proactive. Preventive options are available.

• #18 Managing Lynch Syndrome | Lynch Syndrome Center

  https://lynchsyndromecenter.ucsf.edu/managing-lynch-syndrome

  Signs and symptoms of endometrial (uterine) cancer: Vaginal bleeding (in a post-menopausal woman), Abnormal bleeding (including bleeding in between periods, or heavier/longer lasting menstrual bleeding), Abnormal vaginal discharge (may be foul smelling), Pelvic or back pain, Pain on urination, Pain on sexual intercourse, Blood in the stool or urine. […] Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer: Bloating, Pelvic or abdominal pain, Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, Urinary symptoms (urgency or frequency).

• #19 Lynch Syndrome and Ovarian Cancer: What’s the Risk?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cancer/lynch-syndrome-ovarian-cancer

  People who have Lynch syndrome are at an increased risk of several types of cancer compared with the general population. One of these cancers is ovarian cancer. […] Lynch syndrome increases the risk of many different types of cancer, including ovarian cancer. The exact level of risk depends on which gene contains the mutation. […] In contrast, people with Lynch syndrome have a 3% to 17% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer. They also often develop cancer at a younger age than people without Lynch syndrome. […] Ovarian cancer can cause various symptoms. However, many of these don’t begin until the cancer is more advanced. Some to look out for include: pain in your abdomen or pelvis, abdominal bloating, feeling full shortly after eating, increased urinary urgency or frequency, fatigue, constipation, pain during sex, periods that are heavier or more irregular than is typical for you.

• #20 Managing Lynch Syndrome | Lynch Syndrome Center

  https://lynchsyndromecenter.ucsf.edu/managing-lynch-syndrome

  A diagnosis of Lynch syndrome requires vigilance in order to prevent and detect cancer at an early stage. Because Lynch syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cancer, its important to carefully follow screening guidelines and take steps to modify lifestyle and prevent cancer. […] Signs and symptoms of colon cancer: Bleeding from the rectum, Blood in the stool or toilet after a bowel movement, A change in the shape of the stool (i.e., thinning), Cramping pain in the abdomen, Feeling the need to have a bowel movement when you don’t actually have to. […] Signs and symptoms of gastric (stomach) cancer: Indigestion, heartburn, or ulcer-type symptoms, Difficulty swallowing, Abdominal pain or vague discomfort in the abdomen, Loss of appetite or nausea after meals, Vomiting blood, or blood in the stool, Sense of fullness after eating small amounts of food (also called early satiety).

• #21 Everything You Need to Know about Lynch Syndrome | Hereditary Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Risk | Ovarian Cancer Action

  https://ovarian.org.uk/hereditary-cancer-and-risk/lynch-syndrome-everything-you-need-to-know/

  Lynch syndrome causes a higher risk of cancer, including ovarian cancer, due to the body’s inability to properly repair damaged DNA. This means that people with Lynch syndrome have a greater chance of developing cancers, particularly in the colon, uterus, stomach, and ovaries. […] Lynch syndrome doesn’t cause immediate symptoms, but its effects become evident when abnormal cells grow unchecked, leading to cancer. […] Lynch syndrome itself doesn’t have direct symptoms, but it increases the risk of developing cancer, which comes with its own warning signs. […] Early signs of colorectal cancer include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, or unexplained weight loss. Endometrial cancer may present as unusual vaginal bleeding or pelvic pain. If you have Lynch syndrome, it’s important to stay aware of any new symptoms and discuss them with your doctor.

• #22 Lynch syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lynch-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20374714

  Lynch syndrome is a condition that increases the risk of many kinds of cancer. This condition is passed from parents to children. […] Families that have Lynch syndrome have more instances of cancer than expected. This might include colon cancer, endometrial cancer and other types of cancer. Lynch syndrome also causes cancers to happen at an earlier age. […] People with Lynch syndrome may experience: Colon cancer before age 50, Cancer of the inside lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer) before age 50, A personal history of more than one type of cancer, A family history of cancer before age 50, A family history of other cancers caused by Lynch syndrome, including stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, ureteral cancer, brain cancer, small bowel cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct cancer and skin cancer.

• #23

  https://omim.org/entry/120435

  From findings in the Danish HNPCC Register, Myrhoj et al. (1997) concluded that colorectal cancer in HNPCC behaves differently from colorectal cancer in general. The mean age at diagnosis of primary CRC was 41 years as compared with 70 years for all Danish CRC. […] Patients with Lynch syndrome are at increased risk of developing extracolonic cancers, including endometrial, ovarian, small bowel, biliary tract, urothelial, and bladder cancer (summary by van der Post et al., 2010). […] Haraldsdottir et al. (2014) analyzed the incidence of prostate cancer in males with Lynch syndrome. […] The cumulative incidence of endometrial cancer among HNPCC mutation carriers is high, estimated to be between 22 and 43%. […] The risk of developing colorectal cancer was significantly greater for males than for females (74% vs 30%, p = 0.006). […] The risk for endometrial cancer was 30% (18-45%). […] Van der Post et al. (2010) concluded that patients with Lynch syndrome, particularly those with MSH2 mutations, have an increased risk of urinary tract cancers, including bladder cancer, which may warrant surveillance.

• #24 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer

  In HNPCC, the mean age of diagnosis of gastric cancer is 56 years of age with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma being the most commonly reported pathology. HNPCC-associated ovarian cancers have an average age of diagnosis of 42.5 years old; approximately 30% are diagnosed before age 40. […] Significant variation in the rate of cancer has been found depending on the mutation involved. […] The average age of diagnosis of cancer in patients with this syndrome is 44 years old, as compared to 64 years old in people without the syndrome.

• #25 Lynch Syndrome | Colorectal Cancer Alliance

  https://colorectalcancer.org/screening-prevention/prevention/genetic-and-inherited-conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome increases the risk for several other types of cancer, including endometrial cancer (uterine cancer), ovarian cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer and other types of cancer. […] The average age of onset of colon cancer in Lynch syndrome patients is between 40-60, while the average age in sporadic (random) patients is between 67-71. […] People with Lynch syndrome should get screened early and often. Talk with your doctor about a screening plan to reduce your risk of developing colorectal or other cancers. […] Start at the age of 20-25, or two to five years younger than the youngest relative who was diagnosed with colorectal cancer. […] Continue with colonoscopy every one to two years until the age of 40, even if no polyps or pre-cancerous growths are found. Make sure to get a colonoscopy every year after 40.

• #26 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer

  HNPCC includes (and was once synonymous with) Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominant genetic condition that is associated with a high risk of colon cancer, endometrial cancer (second most common), ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin. […] Two-thirds of colon cancers occur in the proximal colon and common signs and symptoms include blood in the stool, diarrhea or constipation, and unintended weight loss. […] The average age of diagnosis of endometrial cancer is about 60 years. […] Among women with HNPCC who have both colon and endometrial cancer, about half present first with endometrial cancer, making endometrial cancer the most common sentinel cancer in Lynch syndrome. […] The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding.

• #27 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer

  In HNPCC, the mean age of diagnosis of gastric cancer is 56 years of age with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma being the most commonly reported pathology. HNPCC-associated ovarian cancers have an average age of diagnosis of 42.5 years old; approximately 30% are diagnosed before age 40. […] Significant variation in the rate of cancer has been found depending on the mutation involved. […] The average age of diagnosis of cancer in patients with this syndrome is 44 years old, as compared to 64 years old in people without the syndrome.

• #28 Lynch Syndrome and Ovarian Cancer: What’s the Risk?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cancer/lynch-syndrome-ovarian-cancer

  The 2016 review discussed above found that the average age at diagnosis of ovarian cancer in people with Lynch syndrome was 45.3. […] The outlook for people with Lynch syndrome who have any of many types of cancer, including ovarian cancer, is generally positive. This is because many cancers are detected when they’re still in an earlier stage.

• #29 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer

  In HNPCC, the mean age of diagnosis of gastric cancer is 56 years of age with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma being the most commonly reported pathology. HNPCC-associated ovarian cancers have an average age of diagnosis of 42.5 years old; approximately 30% are diagnosed before age 40. […] Significant variation in the rate of cancer has been found depending on the mutation involved. […] The average age of diagnosis of cancer in patients with this syndrome is 44 years old, as compared to 64 years old in people without the syndrome.

• #30 Lynch Syndrome – GeneReviews® – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1211/

  The risk of developing CRC associated with MLH1 and MHS2 pathogenic variants is significantly higher than the risk associated with MSH6 or PMS2 pathogenic variants. Of note, risk estimations based on cohort studies compared to the Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database are higher, particularly for PMS2 (9%-20% vs 3%). The mean ages at onset for CRC in individuals with MSH6 and PMS2 pathogenic variants are older than for CRC associated with MLH1 and MSH2 pathogenic variants: 42-69 years for MSH6 and 61-66 years for PMS2, compared with 44 years for MLH1 and MSH2. […] The risk of recurrent CRC is increased in individuals with Lynch syndrome. A meta-analysis of six studies including a total of 871 individuals found that based on an average of 91 months’ follow up, the rate of metachronous cancers was 23% among those individuals who had a segmental colectomy, compared to 6% among individuals who had a colectomy. The risk of metachronous CRC may be as high as 43% for individuals with an MLH1 or MSH2 pathogenic variant who have segmental resection. Available data indicate that risks of metachronous CRC may be lower for individuals with an MSH6 pathogenic variant, and negligible or absent for those with a PMS2 pathogenic variant.

• #31 Lynch Syndrome | Personalized Care | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome typically does not produce any symptoms until it has led to the development of cancer. In those cases, general cancer symptoms like weight loss and anemia may arise, as well as symptoms specific to the particular type of cancer. When Lynch syndrome leads to colorectal cancer, symptoms may include: Bloody stool, Diarrhea, Constipation, Cramps and bloating. […] Lynch syndrome increases the risk of several types of cancer. The level of risk depends on a variety of factors, such as age, gender, family history, and organ. The following are the general lifetime risks: Colorectal Cancer: 20 to 80 percent, Endometrial Cancer: 15 to 60 percent, Ovarian Cancer: 1 to 38 percent, Stomach Cancer: 1 to 13 percent, Hepatobiliary Tract (Liver, Bile Ducts, and/or Gallbladder) Cancer: 1 to 4 percent, Urinary Tract Cancer: 1 to 18 percent, Small Bowel Cancer: 1 to 6 percent, Pancreatic Cancer: 1 to 6 percent, Brain or Central Nervous System Cancer: 1 to 3 percent.

• #32 Lynch syndrome: 10 things to know about this genetic condition | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/qa-understanding-and-managing-lynch-syndrome.h00-158589789.html

  Lynch syndrome is a genetic condition that makes some people more likely to develop certain cancers. […] Carriers have a much greater chance than the average person of developing colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer. They are also at higher risk for ovarian cancer, small bowel cancer, urinary tract cancer, and even glioblastoma at some point in their lives. […] The lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer in the general population is about 5%. Among Lynch syndrome carriers, though, it jumps to between 40% and 80%. Men with Lynch syndrome have a 60% to 80% lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer, while women have a 40% to 60% risk. […] Women also have a 40% to 60% chance of developing endometrial cancer. The risk of developing small bowel cancer, urinary tract cancer and ovarian cancer, meanwhile, is between 5% and 10% each. And, the risk of developing glioblastoma is between 1% and 3%.

• #33 Lynch Syndrome – GeneReviews® – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1211/

  The risk of developing CRC associated with MLH1 and MHS2 pathogenic variants is significantly higher than the risk associated with MSH6 or PMS2 pathogenic variants. Of note, risk estimations based on cohort studies compared to the Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database are higher, particularly for PMS2 (9%-20% vs 3%). The mean ages at onset for CRC in individuals with MSH6 and PMS2 pathogenic variants are older than for CRC associated with MLH1 and MSH2 pathogenic variants: 42-69 years for MSH6 and 61-66 years for PMS2, compared with 44 years for MLH1 and MSH2. […] The risk of recurrent CRC is increased in individuals with Lynch syndrome. A meta-analysis of six studies including a total of 871 individuals found that based on an average of 91 months’ follow up, the rate of metachronous cancers was 23% among those individuals who had a segmental colectomy, compared to 6% among individuals who had a colectomy. The risk of metachronous CRC may be as high as 43% for individuals with an MLH1 or MSH2 pathogenic variant who have segmental resection. Available data indicate that risks of metachronous CRC may be lower for individuals with an MSH6 pathogenic variant, and negligible or absent for those with a PMS2 pathogenic variant.

• #34 Lynch Syndrome: From Multidisciplinary Management to Precision Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/5/849

  MLH1 and MSH2 mutations also result in an earlier age of cancer diagnosis compared to MSH6 and PMS2 mutations, as the diagnosis of CRC occurs at around 27–42 years of age for MSH2/MLH1 mutations, whereas for MSH6 and PMS2 mutations, CRC occurs at 54–63 and 47–66 years of age, respectively. […] Overall, MSH6 mutations, in contrast to MLH1 and MSH2 mutations, appear to confer a low risk of developing CRC, of around 20%. […] PMS2 is thought to be the MMR mutated gene that confers the lowest risk of developing CRC, which is estimated to be around 10% by the age of 70. […] However, LS is known to increase the risk not only of CRC, but also of other oncological diseases. […] After CRC, the second most common neoplasia associated with LS is endometrial cancer, with a lifetime risk ranging from 21% to 60%.

• #35 Lynch Syndrome: Signs/Symptoms, Causes, Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17195-lynch-syndrome-and-hnpcc

  Currently, there is no cure for Lynch syndrome. The best prognosis occurs if your healthcare provider finds and removes cancer early before it has time to spread to other parts of your body. Annual screenings, like a colonoscopy, are highly recommended for people diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. […] Individuals with Lynch syndrome may develop a few colorectal polyps, called adenomas (non-cancerous tumors), in their colon or rectum. If these polyps arent detected and removed, they could turn into cancer. Having regular colonoscopies is important for detecting and removing these polyps.

• #36 Lynch syndrome: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326169

  Lynch syndrome is an inherited condition that increases a persons risk of developing colorectal cancer and other forms of cancer before the age of 50 years. […] People with Lynch syndrome may develop colon polyps at an earlier age than people without this condition. However, Lynch syndrome does not affect the number of colon polyps that develop. […] Lynch syndrome can also lead to other symptoms and complications, including: stomach pain, constipation, fatigue, bleeding inside the gut, unintentional weight loss, reduced ability to absorb nutrients from foods, glioblastoma, an aggressive type of brain tumor. […] Developing colorectal cancer is the main complication of Lynch syndrome. […] If a person does not receive treatment, colon polyps can cause the following symptoms: stomach pain, constipation or diarrhea, changes in the color or texture of stools, anemia, fatigue. […] Although Lynch syndrome can significantly increase a persons risk of developing colorectal, stomach, endometrial, and ovarian cancer, not everyone who has Lynch syndrome will develop cancer.

• #37 Lynch syndrome – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/lynch-syndrome/

  Lynch syndrome, or hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), is a familial cancer syndrome caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Affected individuals develop a small number of adenomas that can rapidly progress to colorectal cancer (CRC), resulting in a considerably earlier symptom onset compared to sporadic colorectal cancer. Individuals with Lynch syndrome are also at increased risk of developing other forms of cancer, especially endometrial, gastric, and ovarian cancer. Individuals are asymptomatic until they present with symptoms of advanced cancer. […] Patients are usually asymptomatic until CRC develops (see colorectal cancer). […] Lynch syndrome typically manifests with colorectal cancer of the proximal colon, with only a few adenomatous polyps, in contrast to familial adenomatous polyposis, in which hundreds of adenomatous polyps are present.

• #38 Lynch Syndrome: Signs/Symptoms, Causes, Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17195-lynch-syndrome-and-hnpcc

  Colon cancers caused by Lynch syndrome tend to be more common on the right side of the colon and develop much more quickly than in the general population (one to two years versus 10 years). In addition, people who develop colorectal cancer as a result of Lynch syndrome have an increased risk of developing it again. This risk is approximately 15% within 10 years after the original surgery to remove the first cancer, 40% within 20 years and 60% after 30 years. […] Treatment for Lynch syndrome focuses on detecting cancer and surgically removing it from your body. […] Its possible that cancer could return, even after its surgically removed. […] You cannot prevent Lynch syndrome because its an inherited condition. However, people with Lynch syndrome should undergo lifelong cancer screenings, beginning in adulthood to detect cancer early.

• #39 Lynch Syndrome – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/tumors-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome is suspected by history and is confirmed by genetic testing. Symptoms and signs of Lynch syndrome are similar to other forms of colorectal cancer, and diagnosis and management of the tumor itself are generally the same. Compared to sporadic forms of colon cancer, Lynch syndrome occurs at a younger age (mid 40s), and the lesion is more likely to be proximal to the splenic flexure. Patients also have an elevated risk of other cancers, including of the stomach, urinary tract, pancreas, biliary tree, gallbladder, small bowel, and brain. Patients with confirmed Lynch syndrome require ongoing screening for other cancers. For endometrial cancer, annual endometrial aspiration or transvaginal ultrasound is recommended. For ovarian cancer, options include annual transvaginal ultrasound and serum CA 125 levels. Prophylactic hysterectomy and oophorectomy are also options. […] Symptoms, initial diagnosis, and treatment are similar to other forms of colorectal cancer.

• #40 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer

  HNPCC includes (and was once synonymous with) Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominant genetic condition that is associated with a high risk of colon cancer, endometrial cancer (second most common), ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin. […] Two-thirds of colon cancers occur in the proximal colon and common signs and symptoms include blood in the stool, diarrhea or constipation, and unintended weight loss. […] The average age of diagnosis of endometrial cancer is about 60 years. […] Among women with HNPCC who have both colon and endometrial cancer, about half present first with endometrial cancer, making endometrial cancer the most common sentinel cancer in Lynch syndrome. […] The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding.

• #41 Lynch Syndrome | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  People with Lynch syndrome may have: […] Colon cancer that occurs at a young age, especially before age 45. […] Those with Lynch syndrome have a 70 percent chance of developing colon cancer by age 70. […] Colon cancer patients with Lynch syndrome have an estimated 40 percent risk of developing a second primary colon cancer within seven years of being diagnosed after the first tumor. […] Women with Lynch syndrome have a 40 percent to 60 percent estimated lifetime risk of developing endometrial cancer. […] Lynch syndrome may also increase a person’s risk for cancers of the stomach, ovary, urinary tract, hepatobiliary tract, brain, small intestine, skin and pancreas.

• #42 Lynch Syndrome – GeneReviews® – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1211/

  The risk of developing CRC associated with MLH1 and MHS2 pathogenic variants is significantly higher than the risk associated with MSH6 or PMS2 pathogenic variants. Of note, risk estimations based on cohort studies compared to the Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database are higher, particularly for PMS2 (9%-20% vs 3%). The mean ages at onset for CRC in individuals with MSH6 and PMS2 pathogenic variants are older than for CRC associated with MLH1 and MSH2 pathogenic variants: 42-69 years for MSH6 and 61-66 years for PMS2, compared with 44 years for MLH1 and MSH2. […] The risk of recurrent CRC is increased in individuals with Lynch syndrome. A meta-analysis of six studies including a total of 871 individuals found that based on an average of 91 months’ follow up, the rate of metachronous cancers was 23% among those individuals who had a segmental colectomy, compared to 6% among individuals who had a colectomy. The risk of metachronous CRC may be as high as 43% for individuals with an MLH1 or MSH2 pathogenic variant who have segmental resection. Available data indicate that risks of metachronous CRC may be lower for individuals with an MSH6 pathogenic variant, and negligible or absent for those with a PMS2 pathogenic variant.

• #43 Lynch Syndrome: Signs/Symptoms, Causes, Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17195-lynch-syndrome-and-hnpcc

  Currently, there is no cure for Lynch syndrome. The best prognosis occurs if your healthcare provider finds and removes cancer early before it has time to spread to other parts of your body. Annual screenings, like a colonoscopy, are highly recommended for people diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. […] Individuals with Lynch syndrome may develop a few colorectal polyps, called adenomas (non-cancerous tumors), in their colon or rectum. If these polyps arent detected and removed, they could turn into cancer. Having regular colonoscopies is important for detecting and removing these polyps.

• #44 Lynch syndrome and colorectal cancer risk

  https://preventcancer.org/article/lynch-syndrome-colorectal-cancer/

  Lynch syndrome is a genetic syndrome associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer as well as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer and other cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, including stomach and pancreatic cancers. […] People with Lynch syndrome do not have any symptoms unless or until they develop cancer. […] If you have Lynch syndrome, you will be advised to start screening with a colonoscopy at a younger age, sometimes as early as your 20s. […] While there’s no cure for Lynch syndrome, we know a lot about gene-specific risk for people with the syndrome.

• #45 Lynch Syndrome: Signs/Symptoms, Causes, Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17195-lynch-syndrome-and-hnpcc

  Currently, there is no cure for Lynch syndrome. The best prognosis occurs if your healthcare provider finds and removes cancer early before it has time to spread to other parts of your body. Annual screenings, like a colonoscopy, are highly recommended for people diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. […] Individuals with Lynch syndrome may develop a few colorectal polyps, called adenomas (non-cancerous tumors), in their colon or rectum. If these polyps arent detected and removed, they could turn into cancer. Having regular colonoscopies is important for detecting and removing these polyps.

• #46 Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431096/

  Patients with Lynch syndrome are at an increased risk of colonic and extracolonic tumors, including endometrial, ovarian, upper gastrointestinal tract, urothelial, prostate, pancreatic, and brain cancers. […] The overall reduction in life expectancy in patients with Lynch syndrome is primarily due to the increased incidence of cancer, especially colon cancer, and its appearance at an earlier age. The 10-year overall survival from colorectal cancer in patients with Lynch syndrome remains high at 70% for recto-sigmoid malignancies and 88% for colon cancer. Improved colorectal cancer surveillance increases survival further.

• #47 Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431096/

  Patients with Lynch syndrome are at an increased risk of colonic and extracolonic tumors, including endometrial, ovarian, upper gastrointestinal tract, urothelial, prostate, pancreatic, and brain cancers. […] The overall reduction in life expectancy in patients with Lynch syndrome is primarily due to the increased incidence of cancer, especially colon cancer, and its appearance at an earlier age. The 10-year overall survival from colorectal cancer in patients with Lynch syndrome remains high at 70% for recto-sigmoid malignancies and 88% for colon cancer. Improved colorectal cancer surveillance increases survival further.

• #48 Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17097-hereditary-non-polyposis-colorectal-cancer-hnpcc

  HNPCC may not cause any symptoms at first. As cancer grows, you may have: Abdominal pain or bloating. Appetite loss. Bloody stools. Fatigue. Unexplained weight loss. […] If you have HNPCC, you may be at higher risk for HNPCC-related cancers. Your healthcare provider may recommend getting checked regularly for certain cancers, including: Brain. Kidney. Liver. Ovarian. Stomach. Skin. Uterus (endometrial cancer). […] Lynch syndrome isn’t curable. Total colectomy can treat HNPCC and prevent colon cancer. […] The five-year survival rate for people with HNPCC is about 60%. That means 60% of people diagnosed with HNPCC are alive five years after diagnosis. The overall 10-year survival from colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome is 70% to 88%.

• #49 Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (Lynch Syndrome) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/hereditary-nonpolyposis-colon-cancer-lynch-syndrome/

  Patients diagnosed with a condition known as HNPCC (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer) and colon cancer generally have better survival rates than individuals with colorectal cancer in the broader population, known as sporadic colon cancer. In fact, if you have HNPCC, your chances of surviving for five years after diagnosis are about 60%, while those with sporadic colon cancer typically have a survival rate of 40-50%. […] People with HNPCC, a type of genetic disorder, have a higher chance of developing different types of cancers simultaneously or at different times. The most frequently seen cancer outside of the colon in those with HNPCC is endometrial cancer, which affects the lining of the uterus. People with HNPCC are also more likely to develop cancers of the ovary, stomach, small intestine, liver and bile duct system, renal pelvis and ureter (parts of the urinary system), brain (specifically glioma, a type of brain tumor), and skin tumors known as sebaceous neoplasms.

• #50 Torre-Muir syndrome, Lynch syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome is associated with a spectrum of malignancies including colorectal, stomach, pancreas, endometrium, ovary, urological (renal pelvis, ureter, prostate), and brain. Numerous skin tumours are described in Lynch syndrome, particularly in the Muir-Torre variant. Skin lesions may be one of the first signs of Lynch syndrome and represent 35% of the extracolonic cancers. […] Lynch syndrome is characterised by the development of multiple malignancies, often at a young age, which can metastasise and may be fatal. Sebaceous carcinomas can be locally invasive and metastasise. […] Early detection and treatment of cancers in patients with Lynch syndrome improves survival. The internal malignancies may behave in a less aggressive manner than would be predicted based on their histology. Sebaceous carcinoma has a local or metastatic recurrence rate of up to 25%.

• #51 Torre-Muir syndrome, Lynch syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome is associated with a spectrum of malignancies including colorectal, stomach, pancreas, endometrium, ovary, urological (renal pelvis, ureter, prostate), and brain. Numerous skin tumours are described in Lynch syndrome, particularly in the Muir-Torre variant. Skin lesions may be one of the first signs of Lynch syndrome and represent 35% of the extracolonic cancers. […] Lynch syndrome is characterised by the development of multiple malignancies, often at a young age, which can metastasise and may be fatal. Sebaceous carcinomas can be locally invasive and metastasise. […] Early detection and treatment of cancers in patients with Lynch syndrome improves survival. The internal malignancies may behave in a less aggressive manner than would be predicted based on their histology. Sebaceous carcinoma has a local or metastatic recurrence rate of up to 25%.

• #52 Lynch Syndrome: Signs/Symptoms, Causes, Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17195-lynch-syndrome-and-hnpcc

  Colon cancers caused by Lynch syndrome tend to be more common on the right side of the colon and develop much more quickly than in the general population (one to two years versus 10 years). In addition, people who develop colorectal cancer as a result of Lynch syndrome have an increased risk of developing it again. This risk is approximately 15% within 10 years after the original surgery to remove the first cancer, 40% within 20 years and 60% after 30 years. […] Treatment for Lynch syndrome focuses on detecting cancer and surgically removing it from your body. […] Its possible that cancer could return, even after its surgically removed. […] You cannot prevent Lynch syndrome because its an inherited condition. However, people with Lynch syndrome should undergo lifelong cancer screenings, beginning in adulthood to detect cancer early.

• #53 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Regular cancer screening to detect cancer early or preventative surgery to reduce risk of developing some cancers are two important ways to lower the risk of cancers caused by Lynch syndrome. […] Daily use of aspirin has been proven to reduce cancer risk in Lynch syndrome, Dr. Llor says. […] Keeping healthy habits such as regular exercise, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and less red meat, and keeping the weight in check can help reduce the risk of cancer in Lynch syndrome, too. […] People with Lynch syndrome typically start colonoscopy screenings in their 20s, repeating them every year or two years. […] Women may be advised to have an endometrial biopsy performed each year. […] An annual blood test and ultrasound can be used for detecting early signs of cancer for women. […] Periodic urine samples and ultrasounds can help monitor for signs of blood and cancerous cells.

• #54 Lynch Syndrome | Colorectal Cancer Alliance

  https://colorectalcancer.org/screening-prevention/prevention/genetic-and-inherited-conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Lynch syndrome increases the risk for several other types of cancer, including endometrial cancer (uterine cancer), ovarian cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer and other types of cancer. […] The average age of onset of colon cancer in Lynch syndrome patients is between 40-60, while the average age in sporadic (random) patients is between 67-71. […] People with Lynch syndrome should get screened early and often. Talk with your doctor about a screening plan to reduce your risk of developing colorectal or other cancers. […] Start at the age of 20-25, or two to five years younger than the youngest relative who was diagnosed with colorectal cancer. […] Continue with colonoscopy every one to two years until the age of 40, even if no polyps or pre-cancerous growths are found. Make sure to get a colonoscopy every year after 40.

• #55 Women With Lynch – Fight Lynch Syndrome

  https://fightlynch.org/families/women-lynch-syndrome/

  While women with Lynch Syndrome have a high risk of colon cancer, they also have an increased risk of getting endometrial (uterine) and ovarian cancers and of getting it at an earlier age. Because endometrial and ovarian cancers often occur without any symptoms, they can advance to an incurable stage unless active early-detection steps are taken. […] Look for abnormal bleeding, unusual periods, lower abdominal pain, pelvic cramping, or unusual fatigue and report these symptoms to your doctor. […] In addition to checking for endometrial and ovarian cancers, women (and men) should consider the following steps for colon, kidney, and stomach cancers: […] Beginning at age 20 25 (or sooner based on family history) get an initial colonoscopy. Do follow-up testing every 1- 2 years until age 39 and annually beginning at age 40. […] Because of the increased risk associated with Lynch Syndrome and the effectiveness of increased screening, insurance should cover the costs for these procedures, but it is not guaranteed.

• #56 Lynch syndrome — Knowledge Hub

  https://www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk/genotes/knowledge-hub/lynch-syndrome/

  Individuals with Lynch syndrome have an increased lifetime risk of a variety of cancers, most commonly colorectal cancer or endometrial cancer, as well as ovarian, pancreaticobiliary, gastric, small intestinal, brain, urinary tract, skin and other cancers. The exact risks depend on the underlying genotype. […] Cancers associated with Lynch syndrome are typically mismatch repair (MMR) deficient and/or demonstrate microsatellite instability (MSI). […] Daily aspirin has been shown to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer and certain other cancers in Lynch syndrome. […] Surveillance for colorectal cancer by screening colonoscopy every two years (from age 25 for carriers of constitutional pathogenic variants in MLH1 or MSH2 and age 35 for carriers of constitutional pathogenic variants in MSH6 or PMS2). […] There should be prompt investigation of any symptoms (such as gynaecological, urinary, gastrointestinal or dermatological symptoms).

• #57 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Regular cancer screening to detect cancer early or preventative surgery to reduce risk of developing some cancers are two important ways to lower the risk of cancers caused by Lynch syndrome. […] Daily use of aspirin has been proven to reduce cancer risk in Lynch syndrome, Dr. Llor says. […] Keeping healthy habits such as regular exercise, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and less red meat, and keeping the weight in check can help reduce the risk of cancer in Lynch syndrome, too. […] People with Lynch syndrome typically start colonoscopy screenings in their 20s, repeating them every year or two years. […] Women may be advised to have an endometrial biopsy performed each year. […] An annual blood test and ultrasound can be used for detecting early signs of cancer for women. […] Periodic urine samples and ultrasounds can help monitor for signs of blood and cancerous cells.

• #58 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Regular cancer screening to detect cancer early or preventative surgery to reduce risk of developing some cancers are two important ways to lower the risk of cancers caused by Lynch syndrome. […] Daily use of aspirin has been proven to reduce cancer risk in Lynch syndrome, Dr. Llor says. […] Keeping healthy habits such as regular exercise, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and less red meat, and keeping the weight in check can help reduce the risk of cancer in Lynch syndrome, too. […] People with Lynch syndrome typically start colonoscopy screenings in their 20s, repeating them every year or two years. […] Women may be advised to have an endometrial biopsy performed each year. […] An annual blood test and ultrasound can be used for detecting early signs of cancer for women. […] Periodic urine samples and ultrasounds can help monitor for signs of blood and cancerous cells.

• #59 Lynch Syndrome | Colorectal Cancer Alliance

  https://colorectalcancer.org/screening-prevention/prevention/genetic-and-inherited-conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Women with Lynch syndrome should have a screening plan for endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer that includes an annual: Transvaginal ultrasound, Blood test for the CA125 biomarker. […] Consider having surgery to remove your uterus (hysterectomy) and ovaries (oophorectomy) to reduce risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers.

• #60 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Regular cancer screening to detect cancer early or preventative surgery to reduce risk of developing some cancers are two important ways to lower the risk of cancers caused by Lynch syndrome. […] Daily use of aspirin has been proven to reduce cancer risk in Lynch syndrome, Dr. Llor says. […] Keeping healthy habits such as regular exercise, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and less red meat, and keeping the weight in check can help reduce the risk of cancer in Lynch syndrome, too. […] People with Lynch syndrome typically start colonoscopy screenings in their 20s, repeating them every year or two years. […] Women may be advised to have an endometrial biopsy performed each year. […] An annual blood test and ultrasound can be used for detecting early signs of cancer for women. […] Periodic urine samples and ultrasounds can help monitor for signs of blood and cancerous cells.

• #61 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  An endoscopy can be performed on the stomach and small intestines at a frequency determined by you and your doctor. […] After thoroughly evaluating the potential risks and benefits of surgery, preventative surgery to reduce your risk of developing cancer is an option. […] This surgery removes the uterus and/or the ovaries, which would reduce a woman’s chances of developing endometrial or ovarian cancer. […] This surgery removes the colon, which can be an option for someone who is unable or unwilling to go through frequent colon screening.

• #62 What Organs Are Affected by Lynch Syndrome?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_organs_are_affected_by_lynch_syndrome/article.htm

  Lynch syndrome may increase the risk of certain types of cancer, but it does not typically cause specific symptoms. Certain symptoms may appear when cancer has advanced. […] Some common symptoms of cancer associated with Lynch syndrome include: Abdominal pain or discomfort, Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding, Unexpected weight loss, Fatigue, Nausea or vomiting, Constipation or diarrhea, Loss of appetite, Rectal or abdominal mass, Uterine bleeding, Pelvic pain, Abdominal bloating, Unexpected weight loss, Jaundice in case of liver cancer, Back pain in case of kidney cancer. […] People with Lynch syndrome are at an increased risk of colorectal, endometrial, gastric, pancreatic, and other types of cancer at a younger age than the general population. […] Early detection and treatment of cancer in Lynch syndrome are crucial as they can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment and long-term survival.

• #63 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Regular cancer screening to detect cancer early or preventative surgery to reduce risk of developing some cancers are two important ways to lower the risk of cancers caused by Lynch syndrome. […] Daily use of aspirin has been proven to reduce cancer risk in Lynch syndrome, Dr. Llor says. […] Keeping healthy habits such as regular exercise, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and less red meat, and keeping the weight in check can help reduce the risk of cancer in Lynch syndrome, too. […] People with Lynch syndrome typically start colonoscopy screenings in their 20s, repeating them every year or two years. […] Women may be advised to have an endometrial biopsy performed each year. […] An annual blood test and ultrasound can be used for detecting early signs of cancer for women. […] Periodic urine samples and ultrasounds can help monitor for signs of blood and cancerous cells.

• #64 Lynch Syndrome: From Multidisciplinary Management to Precision Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/5/849

  A double-masked, randomized clinical trial showed that preventive administration of daily 600 mg of acetylsalicylate daily for up to four years reduced the incidence of CRC by half. […] The most important question in a clinician’s clinical routine is to understand who should undergo genetic counselling for the diagnosis of LS. […] Genetic testing for LS has three distinct aims: to confirm the diagnosis of LS in a patient and or their family, to determine the status of family members at risk, and to define the management of affected and unaffected individuals. […] Endoscopy remains the gold standard method for colorectal cancer (CRC) surveillance in patients with LS. […] The surveillance program is tailored to the cumulative risk of CRC development in LS patients. […] The recommended surveillance interval for colonoscopy has now been set at 2 years by the European, Japanese, and American endoscopy societies.

• #65 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  Regular cancer screening to detect cancer early or preventative surgery to reduce risk of developing some cancers are two important ways to lower the risk of cancers caused by Lynch syndrome. […] Daily use of aspirin has been proven to reduce cancer risk in Lynch syndrome, Dr. Llor says. […] Keeping healthy habits such as regular exercise, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and less red meat, and keeping the weight in check can help reduce the risk of cancer in Lynch syndrome, too. […] People with Lynch syndrome typically start colonoscopy screenings in their 20s, repeating them every year or two years. […] Women may be advised to have an endometrial biopsy performed each year. […] An annual blood test and ultrasound can be used for detecting early signs of cancer for women. […] Periodic urine samples and ultrasounds can help monitor for signs of blood and cancerous cells.

• #66 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  An endoscopy can be performed on the stomach and small intestines at a frequency determined by you and your doctor. […] After thoroughly evaluating the potential risks and benefits of surgery, preventative surgery to reduce your risk of developing cancer is an option. […] This surgery removes the uterus and/or the ovaries, which would reduce a woman’s chances of developing endometrial or ovarian cancer. […] This surgery removes the colon, which can be an option for someone who is unable or unwilling to go through frequent colon screening.

• #67 Lynch syndrome: Reclaiming power – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/lynch-syndrome-reclaiming-power

  Cancer prevention efforts are another form of vigilance. They include frequent screenings, such as colonoscopies starting either at age 30 or 10 years before the earliest colorectal cancer occurred in a family. Other screening methods not used in women at average risk for cancer may be recommended in women with Lynch; examples are transvaginal ultrasounds to check pelvic organs and blood tests to measure a protein called CA-125 in women with a growth on an ovary. […] Dr. Garrett advises women with Lynch syndrome to undergo risk-reducing surgery to lower their risk for gynecologic cancers. This typically means a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy a procedure to remove the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix between ages 35 and 40 unless a woman is planning another pregnancy.

• #68 Lynch syndrome: Reclaiming power – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/lynch-syndrome-reclaiming-power

  Cancer prevention efforts are another form of vigilance. They include frequent screenings, such as colonoscopies starting either at age 30 or 10 years before the earliest colorectal cancer occurred in a family. Other screening methods not used in women at average risk for cancer may be recommended in women with Lynch; examples are transvaginal ultrasounds to check pelvic organs and blood tests to measure a protein called CA-125 in women with a growth on an ovary. […] Dr. Garrett advises women with Lynch syndrome to undergo risk-reducing surgery to lower their risk for gynecologic cancers. This typically means a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy a procedure to remove the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix between ages 35 and 40 unless a woman is planning another pregnancy.

• #69 Lynch syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lynch-syndrome

  An endoscopy can be performed on the stomach and small intestines at a frequency determined by you and your doctor. […] After thoroughly evaluating the potential risks and benefits of surgery, preventative surgery to reduce your risk of developing cancer is an option. […] This surgery removes the uterus and/or the ovaries, which would reduce a woman’s chances of developing endometrial or ovarian cancer. […] This surgery removes the colon, which can be an option for someone who is unable or unwilling to go through frequent colon screening.

• #70 Everything You Need to Know about Lynch Syndrome | Hereditary Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Risk | Ovarian Cancer Action

  https://ovarian.org.uk/hereditary-cancer-and-risk/lynch-syndrome-everything-you-need-to-know/

  The main symptoms of ovarian cancer are: Persistent stomach pain, Persistent bloating, Needing to wee more frequently or urgently, Difficulty eating/feeling full more quickly. […] Other things to look out for include a change in bowel habits (going more often, or less frequently), extreme tiredness for no obvious reason, and unexplained weight loss. […] Lynch syndrome is not a guarantee that you will develop cancer, but it gives you an increased risk that you will be diagnosed with certain cancers in your lifetime.

• #71 Lynch Syndrome | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/impacted-by-cancer/lynch-syndrome

  Having Lynch syndrome does not mean that a person will definitely develop cancer. However, the risk of developing cancer is higher than for people who do not have Lynch syndrome. […] Cancer may also develop at a younger age than in the general population. […] The level of risk of developing cancer depends on which mismatch repair genes are faulty. The risk of developing cancer is much lower for people who have a fault in the PMS2 gene compared with those who have faults in other mismatch repair genes. […] If genetic testing shows that a person has a faulty mismatch repair gene, this means that he or she is at increased risk of developing Lynch syndrome-associated cancers. Regular check-ups will be recommended to look for early signs of cancer. This means that if cancer does develop, treatment can start as soon as possible.

• #72 Lynch syndrome: Reclaiming power – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/lynch-syndrome-reclaiming-power

  Cancer prevention efforts are another form of vigilance. They include frequent screenings, such as colonoscopies starting either at age 30 or 10 years before the earliest colorectal cancer occurred in a family. Other screening methods not used in women at average risk for cancer may be recommended in women with Lynch; examples are transvaginal ultrasounds to check pelvic organs and blood tests to measure a protein called CA-125 in women with a growth on an ovary. […] Dr. Garrett advises women with Lynch syndrome to undergo risk-reducing surgery to lower their risk for gynecologic cancers. This typically means a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy a procedure to remove the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix between ages 35 and 40 unless a woman is planning another pregnancy.

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