Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Orchitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/orchitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20375860

  Orchitis (or-KIE-tis) refers to infection or swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of one or both testicles. Infections are common causes of orchitis. These include sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infection with the mumps virus. […] Infection with a virus or bacteria can cause orchitis. Sometimes a cause can’t be found. […] Most often, bacterial orchitis is linked with or is the result of epididymitis. An infection of the urethra or bladder that spreads to the epididymis most often causes epididymitis. Sometimes, an STI is the cause. But this is a less common cause of orchitis in adults. […] The mumps virus most often causes viral orchitis. Nearly one-third of people assigned male at birth who get the mumps after puberty get orchitis. This most often happens 4 to 7 days after the mumps start. Thanks to routine childhood vaccinations for the mumps, mumps orchitis happens less often than it used to.

• #2 Orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21658-orchitis

  Orchitis develops as a result of a viral or bacterial infection. Most cases occur because of: […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs) […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis. […] Yes, you can get orchitis without an STI. Viral infections that can cause orchitis include: […] Bacterial infections that can cause orchitis include: […] Epididymitis can also cause orchitis.

• #3 Orchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553165/

  Orchitis is defined as the inflammation of the testicle unilaterally or bilaterally usually caused by viruses and bacteria. […] Various bacteria and viruses cause orchitis. […] Orchitis in young patients is usually viral, with mumps and rubella being the most common causes. […] Other viruses include coxsackievirus, varicella, echovirus, and cytomegalovirus. […] Bacterial infections of the prostate and urinary tract infection can cause orchitis. Common causes of bacterial orchitis include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. […] Bacteria that can cause sexually transmitted infections can also cause orchitis in sexually active males. Common organisms are Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Treponema pallidum. […] Mycobacterium avium complex, Cryptococcus neoformans, Toxoplasma gondii, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Candida albicans have been reported to cause orchitis in immunocompromised patients. […] There are also reports of orchitis caused by autoimmunity, which can classify as primary and secondary.

• #4 Orchitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis is infection of the testes, typically with mumps virus. […] Isolated orchitis (ie, infection localized to the testes) is nearly always viral in origin, and most cases are due to mumps. Rare causes include congenital syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, echovirus infection, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, coxsackievirus infection, infectious mononucleosis, varicella, and infection with group B arborviruses. Most bacterial orchitis is the result of severe bacterial epididymitis extending to the testis (epididymo-orchitis). […] Orchitis develops in 20 to 25% of males with mumps; 80% of cases occur in patients 10 years. […] Fertility is diminished in one fourth of men after unilateral mumps orchitis and in two thirds of men who have had bilateral disease.

• #5 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html

  With the exception of viral diseases, genitourinary tract infections seldom primarily involve the testis. Orchitis usually occurs in patients with concurrent epididymitis, and the causative pathogens of the conditions are similar. […] Mumps is the most common cause of viral orchitis (orchitis occurs in 20 to 30 percent of men with mumps infection).

• #5 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html

  Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. […] Epididymitis is the most common cause of intrascrotal inflammation, and retrograde ascent of pathogens is the usual route of infection. Although epididymitis was historically thought to be caused by chemical irritation from urine reflux, a study published in 1979 showed that bacteria were responsible for most cases. […] In men 14 to 35 years of age, epididymitis is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Nonspecific bacterial epididymitis is caused by various aerobic bacteria and is often associated with anatomic abnormalities.

• #6 Orchitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777456-overview

  Orchitis is an acute inflammatory reaction of the testis secondary to infection. Most cases are associated with a viral mumps infection; however, other viruses and bacteria can cause orchitis. […] Orchitis most commonly occurs with epididymitis. Epididymitis is usually bacterial in origin; the most common pathogen is Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men aged 14-35 years, and Escherichia coli is the most common cause in boys younger than 14 years and in men older than 35 years. Viral orchitis is most often caused by mumps infection but can also be caused by a nonspecific inflammatory process in the testes. […] Most commonly, mumps causes isolated orchitis. The onset of scrotal pain and edema is acute. Because mumps orchitis is responsible for most cases of isolated orchitis, diagnosis in the ED usually is based on a reported history of a recent mumps infection or parotitis with a presentation of testicular edema.

• #6 Orchitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777456-overview

  Bacterial causes usually spread from an associated epididymitis in sexually active men or men with BPH; bacteria include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. Salmonella is a rare cause of epididymo-orchitis that disproportionately affects neonates. […] Orchitis may have a noninfectious etiology. It occurs in 12-19% of men with Behcet disease, usually with more severe disease. Amiodarone-induced epididymo-orchitis has also been reported.

• #7 Orchitis: Causes, symptoms., treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/orchitis

  Viruses such as varicella, cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus, or echovirus. […] Bacterial STIs, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea), Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia), Treponema pallidum (syphilis). […] Immunocompromised people may develop orchitis due to other bacteria, such as: Cryptococcus neoformans, Toxoplasma gondii, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium avium complex.

• #7 Orchitis: Causes, symptoms., treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/orchitis

  Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles. It can cause swelling and tenderness and commonly results from an underlying viral or bacterial infection. […] Orchitis typically does not occur in isolation, meaning that it often accompanies another condition. Most commonly, it occurs due to a viral or bacterial infection. […] While viruses or bacteria can cause orchitis, the most common cause is mumps. When mumps is the cause, orchitis typically develops 4 to 6 days after infection. […] Other common causes include bacterial infections, such as a urinary tract infection or infection of the prostate, are commonly the result of bacteria such as: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] Mumps and rubella, which are most common in younger people.

• #8 Orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/orchitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-of-testicular-inflammation

  Orchitis causes range from viral to bacterial infections. […] Viral orchitis causes often include the mumps virus, a primary contributor, but other viruses like measles, influenza, Epstein-Barr, varicella-zoster, and coxsackievirus can also lead to orchitis. […] Bacterial orchitis causes usually result from infections spreading from the urinary tract or epididymis. Common bacteria responsible include E. coli and Staphylococcus species, and sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhoea and chlamydia are also common culprits. […] Both viral and bacterial causes can trigger pain and inflammation in the testes, so proper diagnosis is essential to determine the underlying orchitis cause and start appropriate treatment. […] Additionally, orchitis causes chronic epididymitis, a condition characterised by persistent inflammation and pain in the epididymis, leading to ongoing discomfort.

• #9 Inflammation of the Testicle (Orchitis)

  https://www.webmd.com/men/inflammation-testicle-orchitis

  Orchitis can result from the spread of bacteria through your blood from somewhere else in your body. […] Bacteria and viruses can cause orchitis. […] Bacteria that commonly cause orchitis include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. […] Bacteria that cause sexually transmitted diseases (STD), such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, can cause orchitis in sexually active men, usually those ages 19 to 35. […] The virus that causes mumps can cause orchitis, as well. […] You may be at risk for nonsexually transmitted orchitis if you haven’t had proper vaccination against mumps, if you get urinary tract infections, if you are older than 45, or if you often have a catheter put into your bladder.

• #10 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html

  In those younger than 14 years or older than 35 years, epididymitis is generally caused by infection with common urinary tract pathogens, such as Escherichia coli. […] In men who practice insertive anal intercourse, coliform bacteria (e.g., E. coli) are common causative pathogens, although Haemophilus influenzae infection has also been linked. […] Other pathogens that are less commonly associated with epididymitis include Ureaplasma urealyticum, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. […] Epididymitis secondary to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is rare but must be considered among those at high risk. […] Noninfectious etiologies of epididymitis have been identified in numerous groups. […] Risk factors for epididymitis in all men include sexual activity, strenuous physical activity, bicycle or motorcycle riding, and prolonged periods of sitting (e.g., during travel, with a sedentary job).

• #11 Testicle Inflammation (Orchitis) Treatment, Definition, Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/inflammation_of_the_testicle_orchitis/article_em.htm

  Bacteria that can cause orchitis from prostate gland/urinary tract infections include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. […] Bacteria that cause sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, can cause orchitis in sexually active men, typically between the ages of 19-35 years. […] Individuals may be at risk for non-sexually transmitted orchitis if they have not been immunized against mumps, if they get frequent urinary tract infections, if older than 45 years of age, or if they frequently have a catheter placed into their bladder.

• #12 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis is the most common cause of intrascrotal inflammation, and retrograde ascent of pathogens is the usual route of infection. […] In men 14 to 35 years of age, epididymitis is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis infection. […] Nonspecific bacterial epididymitis is caused by various aerobic bacteria and is often associated with anatomic abnormalities. […] In those younger than 14 years or older than 35 years, epididymitis is generally caused by infection with common urinary tract pathogens, such as Escherichia coli. […] In men who practice insertive anal intercourse, coliform bacteria (e.g., E. coli) are common causative pathogens, although Haemophilus influenzae infection has also been linked. […] Other pathogens that are less commonly associated with epididymitis include Ureaplasma urealyticum, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

• #12 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis secondary to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is rare but must be considered among those at high risk. […] Noninfectious etiologies of epididymitis have been identified in numerous groups. […] One study found that the annual incidence of epididymitis in boys two to 13 years of age is 1.2 per 1,000, and that the condition in this age group is primarily a postinfectious inflammatory reaction to pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, enteroviruses, adenoviruses) that follows a benign course. […] Other noninfectious causes of epididymitis include vasculitides and certain medications, such as amiodarone (Cardarone). […] With the exception of viral diseases, genitourinary tract infections seldom primarily involve the testis. […] Orchitis usually occurs in patients with concurrent epididymitis, and the causative pathogens of the conditions are similar. […] Mumps is the most common cause of viral orchitis (orchitis occurs in 20 to 30 percent of men with mumps infection). […] Pyogenic orchitis usually is caused by an inflammatory process in the epididymis.

• #13 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  Ureaplasma urealyticum is found in men with epididymo-orchitis, often in association with N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection. […] 12-19% of men with Behet’s disease develop epididymo-orchitis. This is non-infective and thought to be part of the disease process. It is associated with more severe disease. […] Other rare infections (eg, brucellosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, cytomegalovirus and candidiasis) usually occur in immunocompromised hosts. […] Epididymo-orchitis has also been reported as an adverse effect of amiodarone but this is a rare side-effect of amiodarone. […] Viral: mumps orchitis is most common. Coxsackievirus A, varicella and echoviral infections are rare. […] Bacterial and pyogenic infections (E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species) are unusual. […] Granulomatous (syphilis, TB, leprosy, Actinomyces spp. and fungal diseases) are rare.

• #14 Acute Epididymo-orchitis

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/genital/acute-epididymo-orchitis/

  Acute epididymo-orchitis is a clinical syndrome consisting of pain, swelling and inflammation of the epididymis +/- testes usually caused by local extension of infection from the urethra (sexually transmitted) or the bladder (urinary). […] In men under 35 years epididymo-orchitis is more often caused by a sexually transmitted infection (e.g. chlamydia, gonorrhoea or Mycoplasma genitalium). In men over 35 years, it is more often caused by a non-sexually transmitted gram-negative enteric pathogen causing urinary tract infection. A sexual history should be taken to determine risk of STIs. Mumps and TB can also cause epididymo-orchitis. […] Gay, bisexual and other men-who-have-sex-with-men (gbMSM) who engage in insertive anal intercourse are at risk of epididymo-orchitis secondary to sexually transmitted enteric organisms.

• #15 Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-overview

  The etiology of chronic epididymitis includes the following: Inadequate treatment of acute epididymitis, Recurrent epididymitis, Association with a granulomatous reaction (most commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Association with a chronic disease process such as Behet syndrome. […] Causes of acute orchitis include the following: Viral: Mumps orchitis was once the most common etiology; however, since the introduction of the mumps vaccine in 1985, this has been virtually eliminated. Bacterial and pyogenic infections: Infections with E coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus species, and Streptococcus species are unusual. Granulomatous: T pallidum, M tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Actinomyces, and fungal diseases are rare. Trauma, Idiopathic.

• #15 Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-overview

  The exact etiology of acute epididymitis is unclear; however, it is believed to be caused by the retrograde passage of urine from the prostatic urethra to the epididymis via the ejaculatory ducts and vas deferens. Obstruction of the prostate or urethra and congenital anomalies create a predisposition for reflux. Normally, the oblique angle of the ejaculatory ducts through the dense prostatic tissue prevents reflux. Fifty-six percent of men older than 60 years who have epididymitis exhibit concurrent bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), such as a urethral stricture or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). […] Reflux may also be induced by Valsalva maneuvers or strenuous exertion. This can be seen in athletes such as weight lifters. Epididymitis is commonly found to develop during strenuous exertion in conjunction with a full bladder.

• #15 Epididymitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-overview

  Instrumentation and indwelling catheters are common risk factors for acute epididymitis. […] The etiology of acute epididymo-orchitis varies with the age of the patient and may be a bacterial, nonbacterial infectious, noninfectious, or idiopathic process. […] Infections with urinary coliforms (eg, E coli, Pseudomonas species, Proteus species, Klebsiella species) are the most common cause in children and in men older than 35 years. […] Chlamydia is the most common cause in sexually active men younger than 35 years (accounting for up to 50% of cases, although laboratory evidence of chlamydia may be absent in up to 90% of cases). […] Tuberculous epididymitis can occur in endemic areas and is still the most common form of urogenital tuberculosis (TB). […] Viral epididymitis is thought to be the predominant etiology of pediatric epididymitis. It is defined by the absence of pyuria. Although mumps is the most common viral cause of epididymitis, coxsackievirus A, varicella, and echoviral infections have also been identified.

• #16 Autoimmune orchitis – Autoimmune Association

  https://autoimmune.org/disease-information/autoimmune-orchitis/

  Autoimmune orchitis is characterized by testis inflammation and the presence of specific antisperm antibodies (ASA). […] Primary autoimmune orchitis is defined by infertility and asymptomatic orchitis associated with ASA (100%) directed to the basement membrane or seminiferous tubules in infertile men, without any systemic disease and usually asymptomatic. […] Secondary autoimmune orchitis is characterized by symptomatic orchitis and/or testicular vasculitis associated with a systemic autoimmune disease, particularly vasculitis. These patients typically demonstrate testicular pain, erythema and/or swelling. ASA in secondary autoimmune orchitis have been reported in up to 50% of patients, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

• #17 Orchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchitis

  Orchitis can be related to epididymitis infection that has spread to the testicles (then called „epididymo-orchitis”), sometimes caused by the sexually transmitted infections chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] It has also been reported in cases of males infected with brucellosis. […] Orchitis can also be seen during active mumps, particularly in adolescent boys and girls. […] Ischemic orchitis may result from damage to the blood vessels of the spermatic cord during inguinal herniorrhaphy, and may in the worst event lead to testicular atrophy.

• #18 Epididymitis and Epididymo-orchitis – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/penile-and-testicular-disorders/epididymitis-and-epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis are usually caused by a bacterial infection. Infection can result from surgery, the insertion of a catheter into the bladder, or the spread of infections from elsewhere in the urinary tract. Sometimes, the cause is a sexually transmitted infection. Rare causes include infection by certain viruses or fungi. […] Sometimes there is no infection of any kind. In such cases, doctors believe the epididymis becomes inflamed by reverse flow of urine into the epididymis, perhaps because of straining (as when men lift something very heavy).

• #19 Quick Facts:Epididymitis and Epididymo-orchitis – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-men-s-health-issues/penis-and-testicle-disorders/epididymitis-and-epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis are usually caused by a bacterial infection. The infection can be caused by: […] Sometimes, you can get epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis without having an infection. Doctors think this may be caused by some urine flowing backward and causing irritation.

• #20 Orchitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001280.htm

  Orchitis may be caused by an infection. Many types of bacteria and viruses can cause this condition. […] The most common virus that causes orchitis is mumps. It most often occurs in boys after puberty. Orchitis most often develops 4 to 6 days after the mumps begins. […] Orchitis may also occur along with infections of the prostate or epididymis. […] Orchitis may be caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. The rate of sexually transmitted orchitis or epididymitis is higher in men ages 19 to 35. […] Risk factors for orchitis not due to an STI include: Being older than age 45, Long-term use of a Foley catheter, Not being vaccinated against the mumps virus, Problems of the urinary tract that were present at birth (congenital), Repeated urinary tract infections, Surgery of the urinary tract (genitourinary surgery), BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) – enlarged prostate, Urethral stricture (scarring inside urinary tract that causes narrowing of the passageway).

• #21 Orchitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/orchitis

  Factors that raise the risk of orchitis include untreated conditions that block the urinary tract. These include prostate enlargement or scar tissue in the urethra, called urethral stricture. […] The main risk factor for mumps orchitis is not getting the mumps vaccine. […] Sexual behaviors that can lead to STIs put you at risk of sexually transmitted orchitis. […] Sometimes, orchitis can cause you to not be able to have a child, called infertility. Or it can cause the body to make too little testosterone, a condition called hypogonadism. […] To help prevent orchitis: Get the vaccine against mumps, the most common cause of viral orchitis. […] Treatment depends on the cause of orchitis. […] Antibiotics treat bacterial orchitis and epididymo-orchitis. […] Most people with orchitis start to feel better in 3 to 10 days. But it can take a few weeks for the scrotum to stop being tender. Sometimes, the pain and swelling can last for several months.

• #21 Orchitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/orchitis

  Orchitis (or-KIE-tis) refers to infection or swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of one or both testicles. Infections are common causes of orchitis. These include sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infection with the mumps virus. […] Infection with a virus or bacteria can cause orchitis. Sometimes a cause can’t be found. […] Most often, bacterial orchitis is linked with or is the result of epididymitis. An infection of the urethra or bladder that spreads to the epididymis most often causes epididymitis. Sometimes, an STI is the cause. But this is a less common cause of orchitis in adults. […] The mumps virus most often causes viral orchitis. Nearly one-third of people assigned male at birth who get the mumps after puberty get orchitis. This most often happens 4 to 7 days after the mumps start.

• #22 What are the Causes of Orchitis? | NOVA IVF

  https://www.novaivffertility.com/fertility-help/what-are-causes-orchitis

  A male with many sexual partners, engaging in unprotected sex or having sex with a partner suffering from STI or with a history of STI is at high risk of contracting bacterial orchitis. […] A person may be at the risk of developing non-sexually transmitted orchitis if he hadn’t had proper immunization against mumps. […] Bacterial or viral infections aren’t the only things that can cause the condition. The risk for orchitis also increases if a person is born with congenital urinary tract abnormalities.

• #23 Orchitis – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/orchitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Orchitis is an inflammation caused in one or both testicles. It can be the result of a bacterial infection. The mumps virus can also cause orchitis. […] The risk of increases if you are not vaccinated against mumps if you suffer from frequent urinary tract infections, if you had surgery of the urinary tract or genitals or if you have had a defect in the urinary tract since birth. […] You would be at risk of sexually transmitted if you had several sexual partners, if you had sex with a partner suffering from sexually transmitted infection (STI), if you had sex without using a condom or if you have a personal history of sexually transmitted infections. […] For the treatment of viral orchitis, your doctor will prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Naproxen sodium and Ibuprofen. […] For the treatment of bacterial orchitis, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. […] Mumps is the most common cause of orchitis.

• #24 „Orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Options, and Prevention Strategies”

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/orchitis

  Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles, which can be caused by bacterial or viral infections. In some cases, the cause of orchitis may be unknown. […] The causes of orchitis can vary depending on the type of infection. Some common causes of bacterial orchitis include: […] STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis can cause bacterial orchitis. […] UTIs can also cause bacterial orchitis. […] Kidney stones can cause bacterial orchitis due to the spread of bacteria from the kidneys to the testicles. […] Individuals with a previous history of STIs are more susceptible to developing bacterial orchitis.

• #25 FloridaHealthFinder | Orchitis | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001280

  Orchitis may be caused by an infection. Many types of bacteria and viruses can cause this condition. […] The most common virus that causes orchitis is mumps. It most often occurs in boys after puberty. Orchitis most often develops 4 to 6 days after the mumps begins. […] Orchitis may also occur along with infections of the prostate or epididymis. […] Orchitis may be caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. The rate of sexually transmitted orchitis or epididymitis is higher in men ages 19 to 35. […] Risk factors for orchitis not due to an STI include: Being older than age 45, Long-term use of a Foley catheter, Not being vaccinated against the mumps virus, Problems of the urinary tract that were present at birth (congenital), Repeated urinary tract infections, Surgery of the urinary tract (genitourinary surgery), BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) – enlarged prostate, Urethral stricture (scarring inside urinary tract that causes narrowing of the passageway). […] Mumps orchitis has no effective treatment, and the outcome can vary. Men who have had mumps orchitis can become sterile. […] Orchitis may also cause infertility.

• #26 Orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) – causes of the disease, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Moscow

  https://www.k31.ru/en/service/urologiya/orchitis.html

  Inflammation of the testicles in men at the peak of sexual activity is often the result of sexually transmitted infections: ureaplasmosis, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, etc. […] The causes of non-infectious etiology are defined: taking certain medications; injury to the scrotum and other organs of the small pelvis, leading to stagnation of blood; Surgical interventions, urological (catheter placement, bougienage) or diagnostic manipulations, as a result of which the mucous membranes were damaged. […] Predisposing factors for orchitis include HIV, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, hypothermia.

• #27 Orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://oasisindia.in/blog/orchitis/

  Orchitis is inflammation of one or both of a mans testicles, typically caused by an infection. It can be due to the spread of bacteria from another part of your body into your bloodstream. It can also be a result of epididymitis, an infection of the tube that moves sperm from your testicles. This is known as epididymo-orchitis. […] Orchitis, which does not involve epididymal inflammation, is mostly caused by a viral infection that enters the testes via the bloodstream. The mumps virus causes the majority of these infections. […] Bacterial infections are most commonly responsible for epididymo-orchitis. The most common reason for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescent guys and young men is gonorrhea or chlamydia bacterium. […] Orchitis, whether caused by bacterial or viral infections, requires prompt medical intervention to avoid potential issues including infertility or testicular injury.

• #28 Causes of Orchitis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mumps Orchitis

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/mumps-orchitis.html

  The mumps virus is a neurotropic paramyxovirus with single-stranded RNA. Orchitis leads to infiltration of lymphocytes, damage to the blood-testis barrier, and edema with the rise of intratesticular pressure with pressure atrophy (caused by the inelastic tunica albuginea). Infertility, subfertility, and hypogonadism may develop depending on the extent of the (bilateral) disease. […] Bilateral orchitis may cause testicular atrophy with infertility, in severe cases with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.

• #29 Pulsenotes | Acute epididymo-orchitis notes

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/surgery/urology/notes/acute-epididymo-orchitis

  Acute epididymo-orchitis is a common cause of testicular pain and swelling. […] Most commonly the aetiology is infectious through the spread of pathogens from the urethra or bladder. It may be related to urinary tract infections or sexually transmitted infections. […] Epididymo-orchitis is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted infections or urinary pathogens. […] Sexually transmitted organisms tend to be considered in patients younger than 35, who have had previous STIs or are engaging in high-risk sexual activities. Urinary tract infection-related organisms tend to be considered in patients older than 35, particularly in the presence of risk factors like recent catheterisation or recurrent UTIs. […] In pre-pubertal boys, epididymitis is commonly non-infective and self-limiting.

• #30 Acute Orchitis

  https://fpnotebook.com/Uro/Testes/ActOrchts.htm

  Mumps Orchitis occurs in 20-35% of mumps Parotitis cases. […] Bilateral in 15% of cases. […] Granulomatous Orchitis is an autoimmune response to spermatazoa in older men. […] Mumps Orchitis confers 4% risk of sterility. […] Testes may become atrophic.

• #31 Epididymitis/orchitis | 5-Minute Emergency Consult

  https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307739/all/Epididymitis_orchitis

  Orchitis: Inflammation or infection of the testicle: […] Usually from direct extension of the same process within the epididymis […] Isolated testicular infection is rare: Can result from hematogenous spread of bacteria or following mumps infection. […] Pyogenic bacterial orchitis secondary to bacterial involvement of epididymis. […] Viral orchitis: Most commonly due to mumps. […] Granulomatous orchitis: Syphilis, mycobacterial and fungal diseases: […] Etiology maybe related to mycobacterial, syphilis, or fungal infections: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause of granulomatous disease affecting the epididymis. […] Orchitis: 20% may develop epididymo-orchitis. […] Rarely associated with live-attenuated mumps vaccine. […] Granulomatous orchitis: Syphilis, mycobacterial and fungal diseases: Suspect in HIV patients.

• #32 UroPartners – Epididymititis and Orchitis

  https://uropartners.com/Conditions/Epididymititis

  Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis – the coiled tube that collects sperm from the testicle and passes it on to the vas deferens. […] Orchitis is inflammation of the testicle. It is almost always comes on suddenly and subsides with treatment. […] Acute epididymitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] In sexually active men, the most common infection causing epididymitis is a sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhea or chlamydia infection. […] In men over 40 years of age, the most common cause is bacteria from the urinary tract. […] Epididymitis is occasionally due to causes other than infection. […] Chemical epididymitis occurs when sterile urine flows backward from the urethra to the epididymis, which most commonly occurs with heavy lifting or straining.

• #32 UroPartners – Epididymititis and Orchitis

  https://uropartners.com/Conditions/Epididymititis

  In most cases of acute orchitis, the testicle is inflamed due to the spread of a bacterial infection from the epididymis, and therefore „epididymo-orchitits” is the correct term. […] Although orchitis without epididymitis can occur from a bacterial infection, orchitis without epididymitis usually results from an infection related to the mumps virus (or other virus infections).

• #33 Orchitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/orchitis?lang=us

  Orchitis (plural: orchitides) is an infection of the testis, which is rarely isolated, and when in conjunction with the epididymis is called epididymo-orchitis. […] Usually, bacteria retrogradely seed into the testis from the bladder or prostate. It can also be secondary to viral infection (e.g. mumps, Coxsackie virus). […] almost all cases are associated with epididymitis […] isolated orchitis can be seen in mumps, syphilis and brucellosis.

• #34 Epididymitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epididymitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20363853

  Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. […] Causes of epididymitis include: […] STIs. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the most common causes of epididymitis in young, sexually active males. […] Other infections. Bacteria from a urinary tract or prostate infection might spread from the infected site to the epididymis. Also, viral infections, such as the mumps virus, can result in epididymitis. […] Urine in the epididymis. This condition occurs when urine flows backward into the epididymis, causing chemical irritation. It may be the result of heavy lifting or straining. […] Trauma. A groin injury can cause epididymitis. […] Tuberculosis. Rarely, epididymitis can be caused by tuberculosis infection.

• #35 Epididymo-orchitis | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/e/epididymo-orchitis/

  Epididymo-orchitis is an inflammation of the tube that stores and carries sperm, and/or of the testicle. […] It’s normally caused by infection, most often a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or a urinary tract infection (UTI). […] Most cases are caused by infection. The 2 most common infections leading to epididymo-orchitis are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] STIs (eg, chlamydia or gonorrhoea) are the most common cause in men under 35 years of age. These are caught from having unprotected sex with someone who has the STI. […] UTI is the most common cause in men over 35 years of age. It occurs when bacteria that cause UTIs (eg, E. coli) track down the vas deferens (the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra). […] Other causes include: mumps, other viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.

• #36 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymo-orchitis is an inflammation of the epididymis (the tube which stores and transports sperm) and/or testicle (testis). In adults, epididymo-orchitis is usually due to infection, most commonly from a urine infection or a sexually transmitted infection. […] In over-14s, most cases of epididymo-orchitis are due to an infection. Causes of infection include the following: […] A sexually transmitted infection is the most common cause of epididymo-orchitis in young men (but can occur in any sexually active man). It most commonly occurs with chlamydial and gonorrhoeal infections. […] The mumps virus used to be a common cause. […] Rarely, epididymo-orchitis in children can be a complication of Henoch-Schnlein purpura, a condition caused by inflammation of the blood vessels. […] Other viral infections are uncommon causes of epididymo-orchitis. Infection from other parts of the body can travel in the blood to the testicles, such as tuberculosis (TB) and brucellosis. […] Schistosomiasis is a tropical infectious disease that can cause epididymo-orchitis.

• #37 What is Testicular Orchitis? Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.invitra.com/en/orchitis/

  Orchitis can have complications that end up leading to male sterility, which will be more or less severe depending on whether it affects one or both testicles. […] The most obvious cause of orchitis that causes infertility is mumps (caused by infection with a virus called Paramyxovirus) when it occurs in adulthood or after age 18. […] In general, orchitis of bacterial origin has a better prognosis than viral orchitis. Treatment consists of taking antibiotics to eliminate the causative agent, while in mumps orchitis the only goal of therapy is to relieve the symptoms. […] The definition of orchitis is that of an inflammatory process affecting one or both male gonads (testicles). The causes of orchitis can be of infectious origin, traumatic or even due to the twisting of the spermatic cord. All these causes can produce a process of subfertility (diminished fertility) or infertility.

• #38 Orchitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://www.novaivffertility.com/fertility-help/orchitis

  Orchitis can be caused by various bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus. […] The most common cause of viral orchitis is the virus that causes mumps. […] A man can suffer from orchitis due to the spread of bacteria through the bloodstream from other parts of the body. […] In several cases, epididymitis also becomes one of the bacterial orchitis causes. […] Orchitis can cause infertility or lead to inadequate production of testosterone (hypogonadism) in some cases. […] Orchitis usually doesn’t lead to infertility or hypogonadism if it affects only one testicle. […] A person may also be at the risk of developing non-sexually transmitted orchitis if he hadn’t had proper immunisation against mumps. […] The risk for orchitis also increases if a person is born with congenital urinary tract abnormalities.

• #39 Orchitis and Epididymitis in Dogs and Cats – Reproductive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/reproductive-system-diseases-of-male-dogs-and-cats/orchitis-and-epididymitis-in-dogs-and-cats

  Orchitis and epididymitis are usually infectious (bacterial, fungal, or viral); however, noninfectious immune-mediated orchitis can occur. The source of infection can be hematogenous or urological or by direct inoculation. […] Noninflammatory causes of orchitis, which can result in testicular atrophy, include previous exposure to excessive heat or cold, cytotoxic agents, and hormonal causes (eg, glucocorticoids, estrogen from Sertoli cell tumor, iatrogenic exposure to human transdermal hormone replacement therapy, phytoestrogens, and microplastics in the environment). […] Even when a causative infectious organism has been identified and appropriate antimicrobial treatment has been administered, the prognosis for maintaining fertility in patients with infectious orchitis or epididymitis is guarded because of the potential for the following: irreversible damage and thermal insult to the germinal epithelium, tubular degeneration, development of immune-mediated orchitis (secondary to breakdown of the blood-testis barrier), and obstruction of the duct system. These sequelae may take months to develop.

• #40 Orchitis | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/orchitis

  Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles, commonly linked to infections of the epididymis or prostate. This condition can arise from various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, often stemming from illnesses like mumps, scarlet fever, or typhoid fever. […] Causes: Bacterial or viral infection of epididymis or prostate from mumps, scarlet fever, or typhoid fever; chronic cases may result from STDs (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia), tuberculosis, or parasitic infections. […] The disease is typically caused by a generalized infection, such as mumps, scarlet fever, or typhoid fever. Chronic cases of orchitis can be produced by syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, tuberculosis, and parasitic infections. […] The most frequent cause of orchitis is the mumps, a viral infection. […] If orchitis is produced by a bacterial infection, then antibiotics are the most effective treatment. […] Immunization against mumps is the best preventive treatment to avoid the possible complications of orchitis.

• #41 Orchitis –

  https://purclinic.com/orchitis/

  Orchitis is inflammation that occurs in one or both of the testicles. It can be caused by an inflammatory response or an infection of either bacteria or viruses. […] Orchitis may be related to a mumps infection, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases or idiopathic (unknown cause). […] Treatment for orchitis will vary depending on the cause. […] Orchitis caused by sexually transmitted diseases requires antibiotic treatment for both the affected patient and any sexual contacts. […] Mumps vaccinations can help to prevent mumps-induced orchitis. Preventing urinary tract infections can reduce risk of orchitis related to UTIs.

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