Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Orchitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26310

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. Current literature also does not suggest any predilection for any race or religion. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #2 Causes of Orchitis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mumps Orchitis

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/mumps-orchitis.html

  The true incidence of orchitis is unclear, but it is much less common than epididymitis. […] Mumps orchitis develops in 30% of patients with mumps after puberty, and 10-30% have bilateral manifestations. […] Bilateral orchitis may cause testicular atrophy with infertility, in severe cases with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.

• #3 Orchitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26310

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. Current literature also does not suggest any predilection for any race or religion. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #4 Epididymitis and Orchitis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/epididymitis-and-orchitis/

  Epididymitis and orchitis are the most common causes of scrotal pain in adults (600,000 cases per year in the United States). […] Orchitis: acute inflammation of the testis due to viral or bacterial infections. […] Disease spectrum: Epididymitis can often progress to epididymo-orchitis if untreated.

• #5 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. […] In 2002, epididymitis or orchitis accounted for 1 in 144 outpatient visits (0.69 percent) in men 18 to 50 years of age. There are approximately 600,000 cases of epididymitis per year in the United States, most of which occur in men between 18 and 35 years of age. […] Epididymitis is more common than orchitis. In one outpatient study, orchitis occurred in 58 percent of men diagnosed with epididymitis. Isolated orchitis is rare and is generally associated with mumps infection in prepubertal boys (13 years or younger).

• #6 Acute epididymorchitis: a study of the predisposing factors and immedi | CA

  https://www.dovepress.com/acute-epididymorchitis-a-study-of-the-predisposing-factors-and-immedia-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CA

  Epididymorchitis is the inflammation of the epididymis and testes. […] Studies available indicate that acute epididymorchitis is uncommon. In 2002, epididymorchitis accounted for one in 144 (0.69%) of clinic consultation in the USA in men between 18 and 50 years. […] The data on the epidemiology of the disease in Nigeria are scanty or unavailable, the closest to it being the work by Mbibu et al on acute scrotum. […] Though the disease may not be of public interest epidemiologically, it places a significant social and psychological burden on the affected men. […] The offending pathogens vary with the age of the affected men and the underlying predisposing factors (PF). […] This work was done in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, a Federal tertiary institution located in rural Edo Central and subserving a population of approximately 4 million people.

• #7 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  Epididymitis is a common condition with incidence ranging from 25-65 cases per 10,000 adult males per year, and can be acute, chronic or recurrent. […] Acute epididymitis most commonly occurs in patients aged 15-35 years and patients older than 60 years. […] Prepubertal epididymitis is much less common (and testicular torsion is much more common in this age group). However, prepubertal epididymitis is thought to be more common than was once believed. It is thought to be a postviral infectious phenomenon. […] Mumps orchitis occurs in up to 40% of postpubertal boys with mumps; it is rare in prepubertal boys. An outbreak starting in 2004 and lasting for some three years was seen in England and Wales and was attributed to a reduction in the uptake of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine during the early to mid-1990s in children who subsequently matured. […] Testicular tuberculosis is rare and the diagnosis is frequently delayed or may be missed.

• #8

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1

  Acute epididymoorchitis is a relatively common condition affecting between 25 and 65 men per 10,000 per year. […] Several case reports of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis have been reported, but no large prospective study exists. […] In our study, the rates of loss of testes was relatively high in comparison to literature at 5% (7/131), 2 had testicular atrophy on follow-up and 5 underwent an orchidectomy. […] Our study has shown a significant rate of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis of 5% (7/131). Men over the age of 35, were at an increased risk of requiring an orchidectomy, accounting for 4 of 5 orchidectomies related to acute epididymoorchitis (80%). […] However, this study did not demonstrate any correlation between testicular loss and relevant medical comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, smoking, recurrent epididymoorchitis or steroids. […] There was a significant correlation between the presence of an abscess and the need for an orchidectomy.

• #9 Management of epididymo-orchitis in primary care: results from a large UK primary care database | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/60/579/e407

  Epididymo-orchitis is a common urological presentation in men but recent incidence data are lacking. […] To estimate the incidence of cases of epididymo-orchitis seen in UK general practice, and to describe their management. […] A total of 12 615 patients with a first episode of epididymo-orchitis were identified. The incidence was highest in 2004-2005 (25/10 000) and declined in the later years of the study. […] These results indicate low rates of specific testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections in males who attend general practice with symptoms of epididymo-orchitis. […] The current study aimed to estimate the incidence of epididymo-orchitis in primary care between 2003 and 2008. […] A substantial caseload of epididymo-orchitis is seen in primary care and the condition is not restricted to younger men. Incidence fell between 2003 and 2008, with the greatest decline in younger age groups and a relatively stable incidence in older men. […] Fifty-seven per cent of all cases were managed entirely within primary care and of these, 56% received recommended antibiotics but very few had appropriate testing. […] The management of epididymo-orchitis in primary care fails to recognise the need to test for a STI, even in younger men.

• #10 Management of epididymo-orchitis in primary care: results from a large UK primary care database | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/60/579/e407

  Epididymo-orchitis is a common urological presentation in men but recent incidence data are lacking. […] To estimate the incidence of cases of epididymo-orchitis seen in UK general practice, and to describe their management. […] A total of 12 615 patients with a first episode of epididymo-orchitis were identified. The incidence was highest in 2004-2005 (25/10 000) and declined in the later years of the study. […] These results indicate low rates of specific testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections in males who attend general practice with symptoms of epididymo-orchitis. […] The current study aimed to estimate the incidence of epididymo-orchitis in primary care between 2003 and 2008. […] A substantial caseload of epididymo-orchitis is seen in primary care and the condition is not restricted to younger men. Incidence fell between 2003 and 2008, with the greatest decline in younger age groups and a relatively stable incidence in older men. […] Fifty-seven per cent of all cases were managed entirely within primary care and of these, 56% received recommended antibiotics but very few had appropriate testing. […] The management of epididymo-orchitis in primary care fails to recognise the need to test for a STI, even in younger men.

• #11 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  Epididymitis is a common condition with incidence ranging from 25-65 cases per 10,000 adult males per year, and can be acute, chronic or recurrent. […] Acute epididymitis most commonly occurs in patients aged 15-35 years and patients older than 60 years. […] Prepubertal epididymitis is much less common (and testicular torsion is much more common in this age group). However, prepubertal epididymitis is thought to be more common than was once believed. It is thought to be a postviral infectious phenomenon. […] Mumps orchitis occurs in up to 40% of postpubertal boys with mumps; it is rare in prepubertal boys. An outbreak starting in 2004 and lasting for some three years was seen in England and Wales and was attributed to a reduction in the uptake of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine during the early to mid-1990s in children who subsequently matured. […] Testicular tuberculosis is rare and the diagnosis is frequently delayed or may be missed.

• #12 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymo-orchitis occurs in about 1 in 1,000 males. It is common in men aged 15-30 years and in men aged over 60 years and is rare before puberty. About 3 in 10 boys who have mumps after puberty develop orchitis. The risk of developing epididymo-orchitis is increased if a catheter or other instruments are inserted into the urethra. […] Ideally, someone with epididymo-orchitis should be assessed in a sexual health clinic, particularly under the age of 40 where 50% of epididymo-orchitis infections will be due to a sexually transmitted infection.

• #13 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. […] In 2002, epididymitis or orchitis accounted for 1 in 144 outpatient visits (0.69 percent) in men 18 to 50 years of age. There are approximately 600,000 cases of epididymitis per year in the United States, most of which occur in men between 18 and 35 years of age. […] Epididymitis is more common than orchitis. In one outpatient study, orchitis occurred in 58 percent of men diagnosed with epididymitis. Isolated orchitis is rare and is generally associated with mumps infection in prepubertal boys (13 years or younger).

• #14 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. […] In 2002, epididymitis or orchitis accounted for 1 in 144 outpatient visits (0.69 percent) in men 18 to 50 years of age. There are approximately 600,000 cases of epididymitis per year in the United States, most of which occur in men between 18 and 35 years of age. […] Epididymitis is more common than orchitis. In one outpatient study, orchitis occurred in 58 percent of men diagnosed with epididymitis. Isolated orchitis is rare and is generally associated with mumps infection in prepubertal boys (13 years or younger).

• #15 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  Epididymitis is a common condition with incidence ranging from 25-65 cases per 10,000 adult males per year, and can be acute, chronic or recurrent. […] Acute epididymitis most commonly occurs in patients aged 15-35 years and patients older than 60 years. […] Prepubertal epididymitis is much less common (and testicular torsion is much more common in this age group). However, prepubertal epididymitis is thought to be more common than was once believed. It is thought to be a postviral infectious phenomenon. […] Mumps orchitis occurs in up to 40% of postpubertal boys with mumps; it is rare in prepubertal boys. An outbreak starting in 2004 and lasting for some three years was seen in England and Wales and was attributed to a reduction in the uptake of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine during the early to mid-1990s in children who subsequently matured. […] Testicular tuberculosis is rare and the diagnosis is frequently delayed or may be missed.

• #16 Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Prostatitis – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/epididymitis-orchitis-and-prostatitis/

  The reported incidence of acute epididymitis, as a cause of acute scrotal pain in children, ranges from 4% to 60.3%. In one large cross-sectional study of 17,000 children presenting to emergency departments with acute scrotum, the rate of epididymitis with or without orchitis was higher than that of either testicular torsion or appendix testis torsion (60.3%, 21.7%, and 17.9% respectively). […] There are varying reports on the peak age of presentation of epididymitis. A 21-year retrospective study from an outpatient pediatric urology clinic reported a mean age at first presentation of approximately 11 years, with the majority of cases occurring during the pubertal period (10-14 years). Only 1.5%-4% of patients with epididymitis are 2 years at the time of diagnosis. Approximately 25% of children with epididymitis experience a second episode within 5 years, with most cases occurring 7 months from the initial episode. Acute epididymitis is common in sexually active adolescents and young men as it is frequently related to sexually transmitted infections.

• #17 Orchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553165/

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #18 Orchitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26310

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. Current literature also does not suggest any predilection for any race or religion. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #19 Orchitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis develops in 20 to 25% of males with mumps; 80% of cases occur in patients 10 years. […] Sixty percent of patients with mumps orchitis develop testicular atrophy in at least one testis. […] The incidence of tumor does not appear to be increased. […] Fertility is diminished in one fourth of men after unilateral mumps orchitis and in two thirds of men who have had bilateral disease.

• #20 Orchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553165/

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #21 Orchitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26310

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. Current literature also does not suggest any predilection for any race or religion. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #22 Orchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553165/

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #23 Orchitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26310

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. Current literature also does not suggest any predilection for any race or religion. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #24 Causes of Orchitis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mumps Orchitis

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/mumps-orchitis.html

  The true incidence of orchitis is unclear, but it is much less common than epididymitis. […] Mumps orchitis develops in 30% of patients with mumps after puberty, and 10-30% have bilateral manifestations. […] Bilateral orchitis may cause testicular atrophy with infertility, in severe cases with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.

• #25 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymo-orchitis occurs in about 1 in 1,000 males. It is common in men aged 15-30 years and in men aged over 60 years and is rare before puberty. About 3 in 10 boys who have mumps after puberty develop orchitis. The risk of developing epididymo-orchitis is increased if a catheter or other instruments are inserted into the urethra. […] Ideally, someone with epididymo-orchitis should be assessed in a sexual health clinic, particularly under the age of 40 where 50% of epididymo-orchitis infections will be due to a sexually transmitted infection.

• #26 Orchitis – Men’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/penile-and-testicular-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis is most often caused by a virus, usually the mumps virus. Rarely, it is caused by other infections. About 20 to 25% of men who have mumps develop orchitis. Most cases of mumps orchitis occur in boys younger than 10 years. […] Orchitis may diminish fertility, particularly if it affects both testes and/or occurs after puberty. However, infertility is rare.

• #27 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  Epididymitis is a common condition with incidence ranging from 25-65 cases per 10,000 adult males per year, and can be acute, chronic or recurrent. […] Acute epididymitis most commonly occurs in patients aged 15-35 years and patients older than 60 years. […] Prepubertal epididymitis is much less common (and testicular torsion is much more common in this age group). However, prepubertal epididymitis is thought to be more common than was once believed. It is thought to be a postviral infectious phenomenon. […] Mumps orchitis occurs in up to 40% of postpubertal boys with mumps; it is rare in prepubertal boys. An outbreak starting in 2004 and lasting for some three years was seen in England and Wales and was attributed to a reduction in the uptake of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine during the early to mid-1990s in children who subsequently matured. […] Testicular tuberculosis is rare and the diagnosis is frequently delayed or may be missed.

• #28 Orchitis the Strange, the Rare and the Unusual: Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iauc/international-archives-of-urology-and-complications-iauc-3-025.php?jid=iauc

  Orchitis are classified as granulomatous and non-granulomatous orchitis. Several agents are responsible for inflammatory and infective diseases of the testis, causing orchitis. The most common clinical features are scrotal swelling, mass and/or pain. The diagnosis is mainly histological because clinical and sonographic aspects may be not conclusive. Bacterial orchitis are characterized by diffuse enlargement and hyperemia usually without discrete mass. […] Granulomatous orchitis is a rare disease, first described by Grunberg in 1926. The most common clinical features that characterize granulomatous orchitis are scrotal swelling, mass and/or pain. The diagnosis is mainly histological because clinical and sonographic aspects may be not conclusive. […] The incidence has declined since the introduction of the childhood vaccination program. 10%-30% are bilateral mumps orchitis. Orchitis usually occurs 1-2 weeks after parotitis. Impairment of fertility is present in 13% of patients, while 30%-87% with bilateral orchitis experience infertility.

• #29 Orchitis the Strange, the Rare and the Unusual: Case Report and Review of the Literature

  http://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iauc/international-archives-of-urology-and-complications-iauc-3-025.php?jid=iauc

  Orchitis are classified as granulomatous and non-granulomatous orchitis. Several agents are responsible for inflammatory and infective diseases of the testis, causing orchitis. The most common clinical features are scrotal swelling, mass and/or pain. The diagnosis is mainly histological because clinical and sonographic aspects may be not conclusive. Bacterial orchitis are characterized by diffuse enlargement and hyperemia usually without discrete mass. […] Granulomatous orchitis is a rare disease, first described by Grunberg in 1926. The most common clinical features that characterize granulomatous orchitis are scrotal swelling, mass and/or pain. The diagnosis is mainly histological because clinical and sonographic aspects may be not conclusive. […] The incidence has declined since the introduction of the childhood vaccination program. 10%-30% are bilateral mumps orchitis. Orchitis usually occurs 1-2 weeks after parotitis. Impairment of fertility is present in 13% of patients, while 30%-87% with bilateral orchitis experience infertility.

• #30 Orchitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777456-overview

  Orchitis is an acute inflammatory reaction of the testis secondary to infection. Most cases are associated with a viral mumps infection; however, other viruses and bacteria can cause orchitis. […] Pubertal and postpubertal males who have not received mumps vaccination are more susceptible to the virus and have a high risk of mumps orchitis. […] Mumps outbreaks have resulted in substantial increases in cases of orchitis. The mumps outbreak in England in 2004-2005 resulted in an increase in orchitis cases of up to 2 to 2.5 times in some populations (those born in the 1970s and 1980s). In comparison, during the years of low mumps incidence following introduction of the MMR vaccine, mumps-related orchitis was significantly reduced in those who did come down with the disease. […] In the Czech Republic, 2-dose vaccinations against mumps showed a significant preventive effect against the mumps complications of orchitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. However, complications increased with the time interval after vaccination.

• #31 Orchitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777456-overview

  Orchitis is an acute inflammatory reaction of the testis secondary to infection. Most cases are associated with a viral mumps infection; however, other viruses and bacteria can cause orchitis. […] Pubertal and postpubertal males who have not received mumps vaccination are more susceptible to the virus and have a high risk of mumps orchitis. […] Mumps outbreaks have resulted in substantial increases in cases of orchitis. The mumps outbreak in England in 2004-2005 resulted in an increase in orchitis cases of up to 2 to 2.5 times in some populations (those born in the 1970s and 1980s). In comparison, during the years of low mumps incidence following introduction of the MMR vaccine, mumps-related orchitis was significantly reduced in those who did come down with the disease. […] In the Czech Republic, 2-dose vaccinations against mumps showed a significant preventive effect against the mumps complications of orchitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. However, complications increased with the time interval after vaccination.

• #32 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  Epididymitis is a common condition with incidence ranging from 25-65 cases per 10,000 adult males per year, and can be acute, chronic or recurrent. […] Acute epididymitis most commonly occurs in patients aged 15-35 years and patients older than 60 years. […] Prepubertal epididymitis is much less common (and testicular torsion is much more common in this age group). However, prepubertal epididymitis is thought to be more common than was once believed. It is thought to be a postviral infectious phenomenon. […] Mumps orchitis occurs in up to 40% of postpubertal boys with mumps; it is rare in prepubertal boys. An outbreak starting in 2004 and lasting for some three years was seen in England and Wales and was attributed to a reduction in the uptake of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine during the early to mid-1990s in children who subsequently matured. […] Testicular tuberculosis is rare and the diagnosis is frequently delayed or may be missed.

• #33 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymo-orchitis occurs in about 1 in 1,000 males. It is common in men aged 15-30 years and in men aged over 60 years and is rare before puberty. About 3 in 10 boys who have mumps after puberty develop orchitis. The risk of developing epididymo-orchitis is increased if a catheter or other instruments are inserted into the urethra. […] Ideally, someone with epididymo-orchitis should be assessed in a sexual health clinic, particularly under the age of 40 where 50% of epididymo-orchitis infections will be due to a sexually transmitted infection.

• #34 Orchitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777456-overview

  Orchitis is an acute inflammatory reaction of the testis secondary to infection. Most cases are associated with a viral mumps infection; however, other viruses and bacteria can cause orchitis. […] Pubertal and postpubertal males who have not received mumps vaccination are more susceptible to the virus and have a high risk of mumps orchitis. […] Mumps outbreaks have resulted in substantial increases in cases of orchitis. The mumps outbreak in England in 2004-2005 resulted in an increase in orchitis cases of up to 2 to 2.5 times in some populations (those born in the 1970s and 1980s). In comparison, during the years of low mumps incidence following introduction of the MMR vaccine, mumps-related orchitis was significantly reduced in those who did come down with the disease. […] In the Czech Republic, 2-dose vaccinations against mumps showed a significant preventive effect against the mumps complications of orchitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. However, complications increased with the time interval after vaccination.

• #35 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health

  https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.230270

  Information gathered from male outpatient clinics indicates that the prevalence of male infertility attributed to infections varies between 6% and 15%. The predominant source of inflammatory conditions in the reproductive tracts of males can be primarily attributed to sexually transmitted bacteria or common urinary pathogens, leading to ascending tubular infections. […] Autoimmune orchitis, a variant of non-infectious orchitis, arises when the immune system launches an assault on the testicles, leading to inflammation and the generation of specific anti-sperm antibodies. Primary autoimmune orchitis, which involves autoantibodies binding to sperm surfaces, is observed in the serum or seminal plasma of 5%12% of male partners experiencing infertility. This distinct form of organ-specific ailment can be classified into two categories: primary and secondary autoimmune orchitis, depending on clinical indicators and the presence or absence of recognized systemic disorders.

• #36 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymo-orchitis occurs in about 1 in 1,000 males. It is common in men aged 15-30 years and in men aged over 60 years and is rare before puberty. About 3 in 10 boys who have mumps after puberty develop orchitis. The risk of developing epididymo-orchitis is increased if a catheter or other instruments are inserted into the urethra. […] Ideally, someone with epididymo-orchitis should be assessed in a sexual health clinic, particularly under the age of 40 where 50% of epididymo-orchitis infections will be due to a sexually transmitted infection.

• #37 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. […] In 2002, epididymitis or orchitis accounted for 1 in 144 outpatient visits (0.69 percent) in men 18 to 50 years of age. There are approximately 600,000 cases of epididymitis per year in the United States, most of which occur in men between 18 and 35 years of age. […] Epididymitis is more common than orchitis. In one outpatient study, orchitis occurred in 58 percent of men diagnosed with epididymitis. Isolated orchitis is rare and is generally associated with mumps infection in prepubertal boys (13 years or younger).

• #38 Acute epididymorchitis: a study of the predisposing factors and immedi | CA

  https://www.dovepress.com/acute-epididymorchitis-a-study-of-the-predisposing-factors-and-immedia-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CA

  Epididymorchitis is the inflammation of the epididymis and testes. […] Studies available indicate that acute epididymorchitis is uncommon. In 2002, epididymorchitis accounted for one in 144 (0.69%) of clinic consultation in the USA in men between 18 and 50 years. […] The data on the epidemiology of the disease in Nigeria are scanty or unavailable, the closest to it being the work by Mbibu et al on acute scrotum. […] Though the disease may not be of public interest epidemiologically, it places a significant social and psychological burden on the affected men. […] The offending pathogens vary with the age of the affected men and the underlying predisposing factors (PF). […] This work was done in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, a Federal tertiary institution located in rural Edo Central and subserving a population of approximately 4 million people.

• #39 Orchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553165/

  Orchitis alone is very uncommon and is usually accompanied by epididymitis, hence the true incidence is unclear. […] Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Mumps virus is responsible for most of the cases of isolated orchitis.

• #40 Orchitis – Men’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/penile-and-testicular-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis is most often caused by a virus, usually the mumps virus. Rarely, it is caused by other infections. About 20 to 25% of men who have mumps develop orchitis. Most cases of mumps orchitis occur in boys younger than 10 years. […] Orchitis may diminish fertility, particularly if it affects both testes and/or occurs after puberty. However, infertility is rare.

• #41 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. […] In 2002, epididymitis or orchitis accounted for 1 in 144 outpatient visits (0.69 percent) in men 18 to 50 years of age. There are approximately 600,000 cases of epididymitis per year in the United States, most of which occur in men between 18 and 35 years of age. […] Epididymitis is more common than orchitis. In one outpatient study, orchitis occurred in 58 percent of men diagnosed with epididymitis. Isolated orchitis is rare and is generally associated with mumps infection in prepubertal boys (13 years or younger).

• #42 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health

  https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.230270

  Information gathered from male outpatient clinics indicates that the prevalence of male infertility attributed to infections varies between 6% and 15%. The predominant source of inflammatory conditions in the reproductive tracts of males can be primarily attributed to sexually transmitted bacteria or common urinary pathogens, leading to ascending tubular infections. […] Autoimmune orchitis, a variant of non-infectious orchitis, arises when the immune system launches an assault on the testicles, leading to inflammation and the generation of specific anti-sperm antibodies. Primary autoimmune orchitis, which involves autoantibodies binding to sperm surfaces, is observed in the serum or seminal plasma of 5%12% of male partners experiencing infertility. This distinct form of organ-specific ailment can be classified into two categories: primary and secondary autoimmune orchitis, depending on clinical indicators and the presence or absence of recognized systemic disorders.

• #43 Testicular Cancer vs. Testicular Infection (Orchitis): Differences

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/testicular_cancer_vs_testicle_infection/article_em.htm

  Testicle infection (also termed testicular infection and/or orchitis) generally means infection of the testicles by various bacteria and/or viruses. […] Orchitis is an inflammatory condition of one or both testicles in males, generally caused by a viral or bacterial infection. […] Most cases of orchitis in children are caused by infection with the mumps virus. […] Orchitis caused by a bacterial infection most commonly develops from the progression of epididymitis, an infection of the tube that carries semen out of the testicles. […] The majority of cases of mumps orchitis occur in prepubertal (less than 10 years old) males, while most cases of bacterial orchitis occur in sexually active men, or in men older than 50 years of age with benign prostatic hypertrophy. […] The medical treatment of orchitis depends on the underlying cause of infection, specifically whether it is caused by a bacterial or viral organism.

• #44 Testicular Cancer vs. Testicular Infection (Orchitis): Differences

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/testicular_cancer_vs_testicle_infection/article_em.htm

  Testicle infection (also termed testicular infection and/or orchitis) generally means infection of the testicles by various bacteria and/or viruses. […] Orchitis is an inflammatory condition of one or both testicles in males, generally caused by a viral or bacterial infection. […] Most cases of orchitis in children are caused by infection with the mumps virus. […] Orchitis caused by a bacterial infection most commonly develops from the progression of epididymitis, an infection of the tube that carries semen out of the testicles. […] The majority of cases of mumps orchitis occur in prepubertal (less than 10 years old) males, while most cases of bacterial orchitis occur in sexually active men, or in men older than 50 years of age with benign prostatic hypertrophy. […] The medical treatment of orchitis depends on the underlying cause of infection, specifically whether it is caused by a bacterial or viral organism.

• #45 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/brucellar-epididymo-orchitis-in-turkiye

  Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent zoonoses worldwide and is endemic in Trkiye. It is a multisystemic infection that can affect various organ systems. Epididymo-orchitis is the most common form of genitourinary involvement. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, clinical characteristics, laboratory values, and treatment outcomes of brucellar epididymo-orchitis (BEO) in the East Anatolian region, where brucellosis is hyperendemic. […] The incidence of epididymo-orchitis in patients with Brucella infection was 8.7%. […] Brucella infection should be considered in patients presenting with epididymo-orchitis in endemic regions. Awareness of brucellosis by urologists will ensure that the disease is diagnosed without complications. […] The average incidence of brucellosis in Trkiye was reported as 7.9/100,000 in 2017, but it is much higher in the East and Southeast Anatolia regions.

• #46 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/brucellar-epididymo-orchitis-in-turkiye

  Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent zoonoses worldwide and is endemic in Trkiye. It is a multisystemic infection that can affect various organ systems. Epididymo-orchitis is the most common form of genitourinary involvement. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, clinical characteristics, laboratory values, and treatment outcomes of brucellar epididymo-orchitis (BEO) in the East Anatolian region, where brucellosis is hyperendemic. […] The incidence of epididymo-orchitis in patients with Brucella infection was 8.7%. […] Brucella infection should be considered in patients presenting with epididymo-orchitis in endemic regions. Awareness of brucellosis by urologists will ensure that the disease is diagnosed without complications. […] The average incidence of brucellosis in Trkiye was reported as 7.9/100,000 in 2017, but it is much higher in the East and Southeast Anatolia regions.

• #47 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/brucellar-epididymo-orchitis-in-turkiye

  Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent zoonoses worldwide and is endemic in Trkiye. It is a multisystemic infection that can affect various organ systems. Epididymo-orchitis is the most common form of genitourinary involvement. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, clinical characteristics, laboratory values, and treatment outcomes of brucellar epididymo-orchitis (BEO) in the East Anatolian region, where brucellosis is hyperendemic. […] The incidence of epididymo-orchitis in patients with Brucella infection was 8.7%. […] Brucella infection should be considered in patients presenting with epididymo-orchitis in endemic regions. Awareness of brucellosis by urologists will ensure that the disease is diagnosed without complications. […] The average incidence of brucellosis in Trkiye was reported as 7.9/100,000 in 2017, but it is much higher in the East and Southeast Anatolia regions.

• #48 Acute orchiepididymitis: Epidemiological and clinical aspects: An analysis of 152 cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8850673/

  Acute orchiepididymitis is a common cause for a consultation to the emergency room. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and ultrasound. Because of the frequency of complications and sequelae that might influence fertility in the long term, it is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergence. […] The diagnosis is clinical, the ultrasound allows confirmation of the diagnosis and the highlighting of complications. Early and appropriate treatment avoids these complications which can lead to sequelae, thus affecting male fertility.

• #49 Acute orchiepididymitis: Epidemiological and clinical aspects: An analysis of 152 cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8850673/

  Orchiepididymitis is an inflammation of the testis and epididymis. Epididymitis, orchitis, and true orchiepididymitis are all examples of orchiepididymites. They are the most frequent cause of adult acute scrotal pain. […] Over 600,000 cases are predicted to be recognised in emergency departments in the United States each year, and this disease was responsible for 1 in 144 outpatient consultations for males aged 18 to 50. […] Despite the prevalence and severity of acute orchiepididymitis, there is a study on this fascinating topic in Morocco and the Maghreb area, which might be explained by the taboo against sexually transmitted diseases, which are one of the main causes of acute orchiepididymitis. […] This study elucidated the epidemiological profile of acute orchiepididymitis by documenting its clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic, and evolution in the university hospital center’s urology department.

• #50 Acute orchiepididymitis: Epidemiological and clinical aspects: An analysis of 152 cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8850673/

  Acute orchiepididymitis is a common cause for a consultation to the emergency room. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and ultrasound. Because of the frequency of complications and sequelae that might influence fertility in the long term, it is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergence. […] The diagnosis is clinical, the ultrasound allows confirmation of the diagnosis and the highlighting of complications. Early and appropriate treatment avoids these complications which can lead to sequelae, thus affecting male fertility.

• #51 Acute orchiepididymitis: Epidemiological and clinical aspects: An analysis of 152 cases

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8850673/

  Acute orchiepididymitis is a common cause for a consultation to the emergency room. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and ultrasound. Because of the frequency of complications and sequelae that might influence fertility in the long term, it is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergence. […] The diagnosis is clinical, the ultrasound allows confirmation of the diagnosis and the highlighting of complications. Early and appropriate treatment avoids these complications which can lead to sequelae, thus affecting male fertility.

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/05020/acute_epididymo_orchitis_complicated_by_outcomes.29.aspx

  Acute epididymo-orchitis, a common urological emergency requiring prompt intervention to prevent complications like testicular ischemia. This study highlights the use of serial Doppler ultrasound monitoring in patients with acute epididymo-orchitis, particularly in high-risk individuals. […] While antibiotics therapy is the mainstay of treatment, a subset of patients may progress to severe complications such as testicular necrosis, necessitating orchiectomy. […] Scrotal color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) is indispensable for directly assessing testicular blood supply within the established guidelines for EO management. […] Our findings indicate that for effective monitoring, it is essential to maintain consistent follow-up scans with uniform CDFI settings, particularly at brief intervals.

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/05020/acute_epididymo_orchitis_complicated_by_outcomes.29.aspx

  Acute epididymo-orchitis, a common urological emergency requiring prompt intervention to prevent complications like testicular ischemia. This study highlights the use of serial Doppler ultrasound monitoring in patients with acute epididymo-orchitis, particularly in high-risk individuals. […] While antibiotics therapy is the mainstay of treatment, a subset of patients may progress to severe complications such as testicular necrosis, necessitating orchiectomy. […] Scrotal color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) is indispensable for directly assessing testicular blood supply within the established guidelines for EO management. […] Our findings indicate that for effective monitoring, it is essential to maintain consistent follow-up scans with uniform CDFI settings, particularly at brief intervals.

• #54

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/05020/acute_epididymo_orchitis_complicated_by_outcomes.29.aspx

  The contrasting outcomes of the 2 cases presented underscore the critical role of serial Doppler ultrasonography in guiding treatment decisions for acute EO. […] Early and continuous monitoring is crucial in the management of acute EO. […] The blood flow patterns of the healthy testicle can be used as a baseline to assess the abnormality in the affected side. […] This approach, combined with pre and posttreatment comparisons, provides an objective framework for evaluating therapeutic efficacy a strategy not yet standardized in current guidelines. […] This study underscores the critical role of serial vascular imaging in guiding treatment decisions for acute EO, particularly in high-risk patients.

• #55

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/05020/acute_epididymo_orchitis_complicated_by_outcomes.29.aspx

  The contrasting outcomes of the 2 cases presented underscore the critical role of serial Doppler ultrasonography in guiding treatment decisions for acute EO. […] Early and continuous monitoring is crucial in the management of acute EO. […] The blood flow patterns of the healthy testicle can be used as a baseline to assess the abnormality in the affected side. […] This approach, combined with pre and posttreatment comparisons, provides an objective framework for evaluating therapeutic efficacy a strategy not yet standardized in current guidelines. […] This study underscores the critical role of serial vascular imaging in guiding treatment decisions for acute EO, particularly in high-risk patients.

• #56 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/brucellar-epididymo-orchitis-in-turkiye

  A well-planned, prospective, national, or province-wide surveillance study should be performed to define the exact rate of BEO among male patients with brucellosis. […] Epididymo-orchitis patients with risk factors should be examined for brucellosis, and empirical antibiotics should not be used. Awareness of Brucella infection by urologists will ensure that the disease is diagnosed before complications are developed. Urology and infectious diseases clinics should collaborate for early diagnosis and complication-free treatment of BEO patients. Additional surveillance and clinical studies are needed to define the exact rate and long-term sequels of BEO among male patients with brucellosis.

• #57 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/brucellar-epididymo-orchitis-in-turkiye

  A well-planned, prospective, national, or province-wide surveillance study should be performed to define the exact rate of BEO among male patients with brucellosis. […] Epididymo-orchitis patients with risk factors should be examined for brucellosis, and empirical antibiotics should not be used. Awareness of Brucella infection by urologists will ensure that the disease is diagnosed before complications are developed. Urology and infectious diseases clinics should collaborate for early diagnosis and complication-free treatment of BEO patients. Additional surveillance and clinical studies are needed to define the exact rate and long-term sequels of BEO among male patients with brucellosis.

• #58 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/brucellar-epididymo-orchitis-in-turkiye

  A well-planned, prospective, national, or province-wide surveillance study should be performed to define the exact rate of BEO among male patients with brucellosis. […] Epididymo-orchitis patients with risk factors should be examined for brucellosis, and empirical antibiotics should not be used. Awareness of Brucella infection by urologists will ensure that the disease is diagnosed before complications are developed. Urology and infectious diseases clinics should collaborate for early diagnosis and complication-free treatment of BEO patients. Additional surveillance and clinical studies are needed to define the exact rate and long-term sequels of BEO among male patients with brucellosis.

• #59 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/brucellar-epididymo-orchitis-in-turkiye

  A well-planned, prospective, national, or province-wide surveillance study should be performed to define the exact rate of BEO among male patients with brucellosis. […] Epididymo-orchitis patients with risk factors should be examined for brucellosis, and empirical antibiotics should not be used. Awareness of Brucella infection by urologists will ensure that the disease is diagnosed before complications are developed. Urology and infectious diseases clinics should collaborate for early diagnosis and complication-free treatment of BEO patients. Additional surveillance and clinical studies are needed to define the exact rate and long-term sequels of BEO among male patients with brucellosis.

• #60 Orchitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis develops in 20 to 25% of males with mumps; 80% of cases occur in patients 10 years. […] Sixty percent of patients with mumps orchitis develop testicular atrophy in at least one testis. […] The incidence of tumor does not appear to be increased. […] Fertility is diminished in one fourth of men after unilateral mumps orchitis and in two thirds of men who have had bilateral disease.

• #61 Orchitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis develops in 20 to 25% of males with mumps; 80% of cases occur in patients 10 years. […] Sixty percent of patients with mumps orchitis develop testicular atrophy in at least one testis. […] The incidence of tumor does not appear to be increased. […] Fertility is diminished in one fourth of men after unilateral mumps orchitis and in two thirds of men who have had bilateral disease.

• #62 Orchitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis develops in 20 to 25% of males with mumps; 80% of cases occur in patients 10 years. […] Sixty percent of patients with mumps orchitis develop testicular atrophy in at least one testis. […] The incidence of tumor does not appear to be increased. […] Fertility is diminished in one fourth of men after unilateral mumps orchitis and in two thirds of men who have had bilateral disease.

• #63 Causes of Orchitis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mumps Orchitis

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/mumps-orchitis.html

  The true incidence of orchitis is unclear, but it is much less common than epididymitis. […] Mumps orchitis develops in 30% of patients with mumps after puberty, and 10-30% have bilateral manifestations. […] Bilateral orchitis may cause testicular atrophy with infertility, in severe cases with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.

• #64 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health

  https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.230270

  Information gathered from male outpatient clinics indicates that the prevalence of male infertility attributed to infections varies between 6% and 15%. The predominant source of inflammatory conditions in the reproductive tracts of males can be primarily attributed to sexually transmitted bacteria or common urinary pathogens, leading to ascending tubular infections. […] Autoimmune orchitis, a variant of non-infectious orchitis, arises when the immune system launches an assault on the testicles, leading to inflammation and the generation of specific anti-sperm antibodies. Primary autoimmune orchitis, which involves autoantibodies binding to sperm surfaces, is observed in the serum or seminal plasma of 5%12% of male partners experiencing infertility. This distinct form of organ-specific ailment can be classified into two categories: primary and secondary autoimmune orchitis, depending on clinical indicators and the presence or absence of recognized systemic disorders.

• #65 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health

  https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.230270

  Information gathered from male outpatient clinics indicates that the prevalence of male infertility attributed to infections varies between 6% and 15%. The predominant source of inflammatory conditions in the reproductive tracts of males can be primarily attributed to sexually transmitted bacteria or common urinary pathogens, leading to ascending tubular infections. […] Autoimmune orchitis, a variant of non-infectious orchitis, arises when the immune system launches an assault on the testicles, leading to inflammation and the generation of specific anti-sperm antibodies. Primary autoimmune orchitis, which involves autoantibodies binding to sperm surfaces, is observed in the serum or seminal plasma of 5%12% of male partners experiencing infertility. This distinct form of organ-specific ailment can be classified into two categories: primary and secondary autoimmune orchitis, depending on clinical indicators and the presence or absence of recognized systemic disorders.

• #66 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health

  https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.230270

  Information gathered from male outpatient clinics indicates that the prevalence of male infertility attributed to infections varies between 6% and 15%. The predominant source of inflammatory conditions in the reproductive tracts of males can be primarily attributed to sexually transmitted bacteria or common urinary pathogens, leading to ascending tubular infections. […] Autoimmune orchitis, a variant of non-infectious orchitis, arises when the immune system launches an assault on the testicles, leading to inflammation and the generation of specific anti-sperm antibodies. Primary autoimmune orchitis, which involves autoantibodies binding to sperm surfaces, is observed in the serum or seminal plasma of 5%12% of male partners experiencing infertility. This distinct form of organ-specific ailment can be classified into two categories: primary and secondary autoimmune orchitis, depending on clinical indicators and the presence or absence of recognized systemic disorders.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1

  Acute epididymoorchitis is a relatively common condition affecting between 25 and 65 men per 10,000 per year. […] Several case reports of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis have been reported, but no large prospective study exists. […] In our study, the rates of loss of testes was relatively high in comparison to literature at 5% (7/131), 2 had testicular atrophy on follow-up and 5 underwent an orchidectomy. […] Our study has shown a significant rate of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis of 5% (7/131). Men over the age of 35, were at an increased risk of requiring an orchidectomy, accounting for 4 of 5 orchidectomies related to acute epididymoorchitis (80%). […] However, this study did not demonstrate any correlation between testicular loss and relevant medical comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, smoking, recurrent epididymoorchitis or steroids. […] There was a significant correlation between the presence of an abscess and the need for an orchidectomy.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1

  Acute epididymoorchitis is a relatively common condition affecting between 25 and 65 men per 10,000 per year. […] Several case reports of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis have been reported, but no large prospective study exists. […] In our study, the rates of loss of testes was relatively high in comparison to literature at 5% (7/131), 2 had testicular atrophy on follow-up and 5 underwent an orchidectomy. […] Our study has shown a significant rate of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis of 5% (7/131). Men over the age of 35, were at an increased risk of requiring an orchidectomy, accounting for 4 of 5 orchidectomies related to acute epididymoorchitis (80%). […] However, this study did not demonstrate any correlation between testicular loss and relevant medical comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, smoking, recurrent epididymoorchitis or steroids. […] There was a significant correlation between the presence of an abscess and the need for an orchidectomy.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1

  Acute epididymoorchitis is a relatively common condition affecting between 25 and 65 men per 10,000 per year. […] Several case reports of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis have been reported, but no large prospective study exists. […] In our study, the rates of loss of testes was relatively high in comparison to literature at 5% (7/131), 2 had testicular atrophy on follow-up and 5 underwent an orchidectomy. […] Our study has shown a significant rate of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis of 5% (7/131). Men over the age of 35, were at an increased risk of requiring an orchidectomy, accounting for 4 of 5 orchidectomies related to acute epididymoorchitis (80%). […] However, this study did not demonstrate any correlation between testicular loss and relevant medical comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, smoking, recurrent epididymoorchitis or steroids. […] There was a significant correlation between the presence of an abscess and the need for an orchidectomy.

• #70

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1

  Acute epididymoorchitis is a relatively common condition affecting between 25 and 65 men per 10,000 per year. […] Several case reports of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis have been reported, but no large prospective study exists. […] In our study, the rates of loss of testes was relatively high in comparison to literature at 5% (7/131), 2 had testicular atrophy on follow-up and 5 underwent an orchidectomy. […] Our study has shown a significant rate of testicular loss following acute epididymoorchitis of 5% (7/131). Men over the age of 35, were at an increased risk of requiring an orchidectomy, accounting for 4 of 5 orchidectomies related to acute epididymoorchitis (80%). […] However, this study did not demonstrate any correlation between testicular loss and relevant medical comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, smoking, recurrent epididymoorchitis or steroids. […] There was a significant correlation between the presence of an abscess and the need for an orchidectomy.

• #71 Testicular Cancer vs. Testicular Infection (Orchitis): Differences

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/testicular_cancer_vs_testicle_infection/article_em.htm

  People with bacterial orchitis or bacterial epididymo-orchitis require antibiotic treatment. […] Most men can be treated with antibiotics at home for 10-14 days. […] If the cause of orchitis is determined to be viral in origin, antibiotics will not be prescribed. […] Generally speaking, most cases of viral orchitis and antibiotic treated bacterial orchitis will improve without complications.

• #72 Testicular Cancer vs. Testicular Infection (Orchitis): Differences

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/testicular_cancer_vs_testicle_infection/article_em.htm

  People with bacterial orchitis or bacterial epididymo-orchitis require antibiotic treatment. […] Most men can be treated with antibiotics at home for 10-14 days. […] If the cause of orchitis is determined to be viral in origin, antibiotics will not be prescribed. […] Generally speaking, most cases of viral orchitis and antibiotic treated bacterial orchitis will improve without complications.

• #73 Testicular Cancer vs. Testicular Infection (Orchitis): Differences

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/testicular_cancer_vs_testicle_infection/article_em.htm

  People with bacterial orchitis or bacterial epididymo-orchitis require antibiotic treatment. […] Most men can be treated with antibiotics at home for 10-14 days. […] If the cause of orchitis is determined to be viral in origin, antibiotics will not be prescribed. […] Generally speaking, most cases of viral orchitis and antibiotic treated bacterial orchitis will improve without complications.

• #74 Testicular Cancer vs. Testicular Infection (Orchitis): Differences

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/testicular_cancer_vs_testicle_infection/article_em.htm

  People with bacterial orchitis or bacterial epididymo-orchitis require antibiotic treatment. […] Most men can be treated with antibiotics at home for 10-14 days. […] If the cause of orchitis is determined to be viral in origin, antibiotics will not be prescribed. […] Generally speaking, most cases of viral orchitis and antibiotic treated bacterial orchitis will improve without complications.

• #75

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/05020/acute_epididymo_orchitis_complicated_by_outcomes.29.aspx

  Acute epididymo-orchitis, a common urological emergency requiring prompt intervention to prevent complications like testicular ischemia. This study highlights the use of serial Doppler ultrasound monitoring in patients with acute epididymo-orchitis, particularly in high-risk individuals. […] While antibiotics therapy is the mainstay of treatment, a subset of patients may progress to severe complications such as testicular necrosis, necessitating orchiectomy. […] Scrotal color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) is indispensable for directly assessing testicular blood supply within the established guidelines for EO management. […] Our findings indicate that for effective monitoring, it is essential to maintain consistent follow-up scans with uniform CDFI settings, particularly at brief intervals.

• #76

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/05020/acute_epididymo_orchitis_complicated_by_outcomes.29.aspx

  The contrasting outcomes of the 2 cases presented underscore the critical role of serial Doppler ultrasonography in guiding treatment decisions for acute EO. […] Early and continuous monitoring is crucial in the management of acute EO. […] The blood flow patterns of the healthy testicle can be used as a baseline to assess the abnormality in the affected side. […] This approach, combined with pre and posttreatment comparisons, provides an objective framework for evaluating therapeutic efficacy a strategy not yet standardized in current guidelines. […] This study underscores the critical role of serial vascular imaging in guiding treatment decisions for acute EO, particularly in high-risk patients.

• #77 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/epididymo-orchitis

  Epididymo-orchitis occurs in about 1 in 1,000 males. It is common in men aged 15-30 years and in men aged over 60 years and is rare before puberty. About 3 in 10 boys who have mumps after puberty develop orchitis. The risk of developing epididymo-orchitis is increased if a catheter or other instruments are inserted into the urethra. […] Ideally, someone with epididymo-orchitis should be assessed in a sexual health clinic, particularly under the age of 40 where 50% of epididymo-orchitis infections will be due to a sexually transmitted infection.

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