Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Orchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553165/

  Orchitis is the inflammation of the testis and is usually unilateral. Orchitis can be acute and symptomatic on the presentation or asymptomatic and chronic. Isolated orchitis is rare and is usually accompanied by an infection of the epididymis. Orchitis develops in 14% to 35% of postpubertal patients with mumps. Symptoms develop 4 to 8 days after parotitis but can also occur in the absence of parotitis. Orchitis is usually unilateral, and symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Most cases resolve by the end of two weeks. The patient usually presents with acute onset of testicular pain, which may initially involve one testis, and then may spread to include the whole scrotum. Examination findings may include testicular enlargement, tenderness, and induration. The swelling and tenderness may persist even after antibiotic therapy but should be significantly improved. Most cases of mumps orchitis also resolve within ten days. Overall, the majority of viral cases and antibiotic-treated cases will resolve without any complications. Complications are preventable with accurate diagnosis and efficient management of patients. Most patients recover without sequelae; however, there are reports of the following complications: Testicular atrophy (up to 60% of cases demonstrate some degree of atrophy), Impaired fertility, Sterility (rare), Epididymitis, Reactive hydrocele.

• #2 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html/1000

  Epididymitis and orchitis are inflammation of the epididymis and testes, respectively, with or without infection. These conditions can be subclassified as acute, subacute, or chronic based on symptom duration. In acute epididymitis, symptoms are present for less than six weeks and are characterized by pain and swelling. Chronic epididymitis is characterized by pain, generally without swelling, that persists for more than three months. Orchitis usually occurs when the inflammation from the epididymis spreads to the adjacent testicle. […] Patients with epididymitis and orchitis often have tachycardia or fever. Patients may also be uncomfortable while seated, but this is also common with testicular torsion. […] Viral orchitis is associated with the abrupt onset of scrotal pain and swelling and is primarily unilateral. When associated with mumps infection, orchitis generally appears four to seven days after the development of parotitis. […] Orchitis treatment is mostly supportive and should include bed rest and the use of hot or cold packs for pain. Antibacterial medications are not indicated for the treatment of viral orchitis, and most cases of mumps-associated orchitis resolve spontaneously after three to 10 days.

• #3 Orchitis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/orchitis

  Orchitis is swelling (inflammation) of one or both of the testicles. […] The most common virus that causes orchitis is mumps. It most often occurs in boys after puberty. Orchitis most often develops 4 to 6 days after the mumps begins. […] Symptoms include: Pain in the testicle, Blood in the semen, Discharge from penis, Fever, Groin pain, Pain with intercourse or ejaculation, Pain with urination (dysuria), Scrotal swelling, Tender, swollen groin area on affected side, Tender, swollen, heavy feeling in the testicle. […] Getting the right diagnosis and treatment for orchitis caused by bacteria can most often allow the testicle to recover normally. […] Mumps orchitis has no effective treatment, and the outcome can vary. Men who have had mumps orchitis can become sterile. […] Some boys who get orchitis caused by mumps will have shrinking of the testicles (testicular atrophy). Orchitis may also cause infertility.

• #4 Orchitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis is infection of the testes, typically with mumps virus. Symptoms are testicular pain and swelling. […] Orchitis develops in 20 to 25% of males with mumps; 80% of cases occur in patients 10 years. […] Sixty percent of patients with mumps orchitis develop testicular atrophy in at least one testis. […] Unilateral mumps orchitis develops acutely between 4 and 7 days after parotid swelling in mumps. […] In addition to pain and swelling of the testes, systemic symptoms may develop, such as malaise, fever, nausea, headache, and myalgias. […] Testicular examination reveals tenderness, enlargement, and induration of the testis and edema and erythema of the scrotal skin. […] Other infectious agents cause similar symptoms with speed of onset and intensity related to their pathogenicity.

• #5 Orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21658-orchitis

  Orchitis causes pain and swelling in one or both of your testicles. The main symptoms of orchitis are testicular pain, tenderness and swelling. The pain usually starts in one testicle. But it can spread to your other testicle or affect your entire scrotum. Other orchitis symptoms may include: Feeling very tired (fatigue), Signs of infection, including fever, chills and headache, Discoloration in your scrotum (red, purple, brown or black), Muscle pain, Nausea and vomiting, Blood in your pee (hematuria), Pain when you ejaculate (dysorgasmia or orgasmalgia), Blood in your semen (hematospermia), Leaking fluid (discharge) from your penis, Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia). Orchitis develops as a result of a viral or bacterial infection. Most cases occur because of: Urinary tract infections (UTIs), Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis. Orchitis complications may include: Scrotal abscess. Your scrotum may fill with pus. Testicular atrophy. Your affected testicle may shrink and lose function. Hydrocele. Fluid builds up in your scrotum. In rare cases, if orchitis affects both of your testicles, it may lead to infertility. Without treatment, you’re more likely to have complications or long-term damage, including severe illness, infertility or the loss of a testicle. Orchitis symptoms typically start to go away a few days after you start treatment. But it can take weeks or even months for the swelling to go away completely. With proper diagnosis and treatment, the outlook for orchitis is good. Infertility and other long-term problems are rare.

• #6 Orchitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/orchitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20375860

  Orchitis may cause pain and swelling. […] Orchitis symptoms most often come on quickly. They can include: Swelling in one or both testicles. Pain ranging from mild to very bad. Fever. Nausea and vomiting. Feeling ill, called malaise. […] Most often, orchitis gets better with supportive care. It can take several weeks or months before the pain and swelling go away. […] Rarely, complications of orchitis may include: Testicular atrophy. Over time, orchitis can cause the affected testicle to shrink. […] Sometimes, orchitis can cause you to not be able to have a child, called infertility. Or it can cause the body to make too little testosterone, a condition called hypogonadism. But these are less likely to happen if orchitis affects only one testicle.

• #7 Orchitis: Causes, Risk Factors, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/orchitis

  Pain in the testicles and groin is the primary symptom of orchitis. […] You may also have: tenderness in the scrotum, painful urination, painful ejaculation, a swollen scrotum, blood in the semen, abnormal discharge, an enlarged prostate, swollen lymph nodes in the groin, a fever. […] Most men suffering from orchitis recover completely with no lasting effects. Orchitis rarely causes infertility. Other complications are also rare but can include: chronic inflammation of the epididymis, an abscess or blister within the scrotum, shrinking of the affected testicle, the death of testicular tissue.

• #8 Orchitis – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/penile-and-testicular-disorders/orchitis

  Orchitis is infection of the testes, most often by a virus such as mumps. […] The testis swells and is painful. […] Orchitis may affect one testis or both testes. Long term, it may cause the testis to shrink but usually does not decrease production of the male hormone testosterone. Orchitis may diminish fertility, particularly if it affects both testes and/or occurs after puberty. However, infertility is rare. […] In boys or men with mumps, orchitis develops between 4 and 7 days after the salivary gland swelling. The testis swells and is painful. Sometimes both testes are affected. Fever, nausea, headache, and muscle aches may also occur.

• #9 Inflammation of the Testicle (Orchitis)

  https://www.webmd.com/men/inflammation-testicle-orchitis

  Most cases of orchitis are acute, which means you have sudden, severe pain in one or both testicles that may spread to your groin (the area where your upper thigh meets your lower belly). You also may have: […] Orchitis causes an area of pain and swelling in the testicle for one to several days. […] Later, the infection spreads to involve the whole testicle. […] The longer you put off treatment, the more likely you are to have long-term damage. Untreated orchitis can lead to infertility, the loss of one or both testicles, and severe illness or death.

• #10 Orchitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777456-overview

  The symptoms of orchitis usually present several days after parotitis. Isolated bacterial orchitis is even more rare and is usually associated with a concurrent epididymitis; it occurs in sexually active males older than 15 years or in men older than 50 years with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Symptoms of isolated orchitis usually resolve spontaneously in approximately 3-10 days, whereas epididymitis will usually resolve in a similar time frame after initiation of antibiotic treatment.

• #11 Epididymitis and Orchitis: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://atlanticurologyclinics.com/conditions/epididymitis-and-orchitis/

  Symptoms for both epididymitis and orchitis can be similar and vary from mild to severe. The progression of symptoms might be sudden or gradual. Men who experience any of these symptoms should visit a healthcare provider for further evaluation. […] Pain and swelling in one or both testicles: These are typically the most noticeable symptoms of epididymitis and orchitis. The pain might start as a dull ache that gradually intensifies over time, or it could be a sudden, severe pain. The level of pain might also increase during physical activities or movement. Swelling in the affected testicle or epididymis might be apparent and can cause the scrotum to appear larger than usual. […] Fever: A fever is a sign of an ongoing infection or inflammatory process in the body. It might be accompanied by other symptoms such as chills, fatigue, or muscle aches. […] In some cases, men with epididymitis or orchitis might also experience discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse or ejaculation. Lower abdominal or pelvic pain might also be present.

• #12 What are the Signs and Symptoms of Orchitis? | Nova IVF Fertility

  https://www.novaivffertility.com/fertility-help/what-are-symptoms-and-signs-orchitis

  Orchitis is a medical condition in which one or both testicles are swollen and inflamed. This usually happens due to an infection by a bacteria or a virus. In some cases, the exact cause of orchitis can’t be determined with accuracy. […] Sudden pain in one or both the testicles that may spread to the groin is the main symptom of this condition. The common orchitis signs and symptoms include: One or both the testicles appear swollen and tender, along with redness. […] In the case of epididymo-orchitis, the signs and symptoms are similar. The onset of symptoms may occur rapidly or the progress may be more gradual, marked by the following: There may appear pain or swelling in a localized area of the testicle for one or more days. The infection increases to impact the whole testicle. […] Orchitis requires proper medical care. If you suspect that you are suffering from this condition, make sure to consult a doctor immediately.

• #13 Epididymitis & Orchitis Treatment| Austin Urology Institute

  https://austinurologyinstitute.com/conditions/epididymitis-orchitis/

  If you are a male and experiencing pain in the scrotum or testicle, then it might be attributed to epididymitis, orchitis or a combination of the two. […] Orchitis is inflammation of the testicle. It is almost always comes on suddenly and subsides with treatment. Chronic orchitis is not well-defined, and instead is considered to be one of the many conditions related to chronic testicular pain (orchalgia). […] Acute epididymitis and acute epididymo-orchitis: Symptoms occur not only from the local infection, but also from the original source of the infection. Common symptoms from the original source of the infection include: urethral discharge and urethral pain or itching (from urethritis); pelvic pain and urinary frequency, urgency or painful/burning urination (from infection of the bladder, called cystitis); fever, perineal pain, urinary frequency, urinary urgency or painful/burning urination (from infection of the prostate, called prostatitis); fever and flank pain (from infection of the kidney, called pyelonephritis).

• #14 Testicle Inflammation (Orchitis) Treatment, Definition, Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/inflammation_of_the_testicle_orchitis/article_em.htm

  Orchitis is an inflammatory condition of one or both testicles in males, generally caused by a viral or bacterial infection. […] The symptoms associated with orchitis may range from mild to severe, and the inflammation may involve one or both testicles. Patients may experience the rapid onset of pain and swelling, or the symptoms may appear more gradually. Symptoms of orchitis may include the following: Testicular swelling, Testicular redness, Testicular pain and tenderness, Fever and chills, Nausea, Malaise and fatigue, Headache, Body aches, Pain with urination. […] In epididymo-orchitis, the symptoms may come on and progress more gradually. Epididymitis initially causes a localized area of pain and swelling on the back of the testicle for several days. Later, the infection increases and spreads to involve the whole testicle. Possible pain or burning before or after urination and penile discharge may also be seen.

• #15 Epididymitis And Orchitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/epididymitis-and-orchitis-a-to-z

  Symptoms of epididymitis and orchitis can include: […] pain, swelling and tenderness in your scrotum. Only one side of the scrotum is affected. […] pain that at first is most intense at the back of one testicle. Within a few hours the pain spreads to the entire testicle, the overlying scrotum, in some cases, the groin. […] inability to walk without limping because of pain. […] redness and heat in the painful area. […] burning when you urinate. […] an accumulation of watery fluid in the scrotum. […] fever, chills and a burning sensation during urination. […] a clear, white or yellow abnormal discharge from the tip of your penis. […] With treatment, most cases of mild epididymitis and orchitis can be cured. There is usually no long-term effect on fertility, especially when only one side of the scrotum is involved.

• #16 Orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) – causes of the disease, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Moscow

  https://www.k31.ru/en/service/urologiya/orchitis.html

  When acute orchitis is diagnosed, symptoms in men are most pronounced. First of all, it is a strong pulling pain, localized in the affected organ, but radiating to the inguinal region, rump, lower back. The pain syndrome is so pronounced that even the slightest touch to the skin is unbearable. The testicle is enlarged in size, its surface is stretched to smoothness. The color becomes bright red. […] The symptoms of the disease also affect the general condition of the body. Perhaps an increase in body temperature, the appearance of weakness, headache, muscle pain. […] The chronic course of the pathology is less pronounced. During remission, the presence of orchitis is indicated only by mild soreness that occurs when the organ is compressed. During the period of exacerbation, the signs of pathology become more pronounced, including a change in general physiological parameters.

• #17 Orchitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/orchitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375865

  Most people with orchitis start to feel better in 3 to 10 days. But it can take a few weeks for the scrotum to stop being tender. Sometimes, the pain and swelling can last for several months.

• #18 Orchitis: Causes, symptoms., treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/orchitis

  Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles. It can cause swelling and tenderness and commonly results from an underlying viral or bacterial infection. Most cases resolve within 10 days. […] Symptoms can range in severity from mild to severe. It can occur in both testicles, though it typically affects only one. […] Common symptoms of orchitis include: blood in the semen, pain in one or both testicles, fever, groin pain, a tender, heavy feeling, or swollen testicle, discharge from the penis, pain during intercourse, ejaculation, or urination, scrotal swelling, tender, swollen groin area on the affected side. […] Most people who experience orchitis receive outpatient treatment. They also tend to do well with antibiotics in cases of bacterial infections, though a person may experience some swelling and tenderness following treatment. […] Most cases resolve within 10 days. […] Though most people recover with no issues, some do develop complications relating to orchitis. Some possible complications include: infertility, scrotal abscess, chronic epididymitis, fistula on the skin of the scrotum, death of testicle tissue.

• #19 Orchitis Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777456-treatment

  Symptoms of isolated orchitis usually resolve spontaneously in approximately 3-10 days, whereas epididymitis will usually resolve in a similar time frame after initiation of antibiotic treatment. […] Treatment can usually be performed as an outpatient with close follow-up. Indications for admission include the following: […] Inability to take oral antibiotics […] Suspicion of abscess formation […] Failure of previous outpatient therapy […] Signs of sepsis.

• #20 Epididymitis and Orchitis | University Urology Associates of New Jersey

  https://uuanj.com/men/epididymitis-and-orchitis/

  Pain in the scrotum or testicle (teste) might be from epididymitis, orchitis or both. […] Orchitis is swelling or pain in one or both testicles, usually from an infection or virus. […] Orchitis is swelling of the teste alone is uncommon. It almost always comes on quickly and goes away with treatment. Chronic orchitis isnt well-defined. Its thought to be part of a health issue called orchalgia (chronic testicular pain). […] Epididymo-orchitis is the sudden swelling of both the epididymis and the teste.

• #21 Orchitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777456-overview

  Orchitis is an acute inflammatory reaction of the testis secondary to infection. Most cases are associated with a viral mumps infection; however, other viruses and bacteria can cause orchitis. Testicular examination reveals the following: testicular enlargement, induration of the testis, tenderness, erythematous scrotal skin, edematous scrotal skin, and enlarged epididymis associated with epididymo-orchitis. On rectal examination, there is a soft boggy prostate (prostatitis), often associated with epididymo-orchitis. […] Up to 60% of affected testes demonstrate some degree of testicular atrophy. Impaired fertility is reported at a rate of 7-13%. Sterility is rare in cases of unilateral orchitis. An associated hydrocele or pyocele may require surgical drainage to relieve pressure from the tunica. In one study of 7 patients who were followed after mumps orchitis (4 unilateral, 3 bilateral), in the unilateral orchitis group, 1 patient had an atrophic testis, 3 had severe oligozoospermia, and 1 had mild oligozoospermia. In the bilateral orchitis group, none had atrophic testes, and findings of semen analysis revealed azoospermia in 1 and severe oligozoospermia in 2 patients. Findings of semen analysis in most patients improved gradually.

• #22 Orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Diagnosis

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/medicine/orchitis-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-complications

  Orchitis can present with the symptoms listed below: […] There is mild to severe pain […] Swelling in one or both testicles. […] Diarrhea, nausea […] Fever […] Malaise […] The ache might not go away for several weeks. […] Most people with viral orchitis start feeling better in three to ten days, though the scrotal discomfort may take many weeks to go away. […] Orchitis can occasionally lead to hypogonadism (inadequate production of testosterone) or infertility. These are less frequent, though, if the orchitis just affects one testicle.

• #23 Epididymo-orchitis – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/epididymoorchitis/

  Epididymo-orchitis typically presents with a gradual onset, over minutes to hours, with unilateral: […] Testicular pain […] Dragging or heavy sensation […] Swelling of testicle and epididymis […] Tenderness on palpation, particularly over epididymis […] Urethral discharge (should make you think of chlamydia or gonorrhoea) […] Systemic symptoms such as fever and potentially sepsis. […] Epididymo-orchitis can lead to: […] Chronic pain […] Chronic epididymitis […] Testicular atrophy […] Sub-fertility or infertility […] Scrotal abscess.

• #24

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/complications/

  Pain and swelling of the testicle (orchitis) affects up to 1 in 3 males who get mumps after puberty. The swelling is usually sudden and affects only one testicle. The testicle may also feel warm and tender. […] In affected boys and men, swelling of the testicle normally begins 4 to 8 days after the swelling of the parotid gland. Occasionally, swelling can occur up to 6 weeks after the swelling of the glands. […] Just under half of all males who get mumps-related orchitis notice some shrinkage of their testicles and an estimated 1 in 10 men experience a drop in their sperm count (the amount of healthy sperm their body can produce). However, this is very rarely large enough to cause infertility.

• #25 Causes of Orchitis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mumps Orchitis

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/mumps-orchitis.html

  Typical are redness, pain, and swelling of the affected scrotal compartment and testis, in addition to the symptoms of the underlying disease. […] Orchitis leads to infiltration of lymphocytes, damage to the blood-testis barrier, and edema with the rise of intratesticular pressure with pressure atrophy (caused by the inelastic tunica albuginea). Infertility, subfertility, and hypogonadism may develop depending on the extent of the (bilateral) disease. […] Orchitis: the scrotal symptoms occur after 46 days with a painful testicular swelling, in 1030% bilateral. […] Bilateral orchitis may cause testicular atrophy with infertility, in severe cases with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.

• #26 Epididymo-orchitis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro

  It usually presents with unilateral scrotal pain and swelling of relatively acute onset. […] Acute epididymitis is usually unilateral but is bilateral in 5-10% of the patients. […] In sexually transmitted epididymo-orchitis there may be symptoms of urethritis or a urethral discharge. […] There may be a history of symptoms suggesting a urinary tract infection or a history of bacteriuria. […] Symptoms suggestive of tuberculous infection include subacute/chronic onset of painless or painful scrotal swelling, associated with systemic symptoms of TB, a scrotal sinus or thickened scrotal skin.

• #27 Orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/orchitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-of-testicular-inflammation

  Orchitis symptoms usually develop suddenly and can include: […] Swelling, tenderness, and redness of one or both testicles […] Pain in the testicles that may spread to the groin […] Painful urination or ejaculation […] Fever and chills […] Nausea and vomiting […] Discharge from the penis. […] With appropriate treatment, most people with orchitis recover fully within a few weeks. However, follow-up care is important to ensure the infection has cleared and check for any long-term impact on fertility.

• #28 Orchitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/orchitis

  Orchitis may cause pain and swelling. It is typically treated with supportive underwear, cold packs, medicines called anti-inflammatories and, in some instances, medicines called antibiotics. But it can take several weeks or even months for tenderness in the scrotum to go away. […] Orchitis symptoms most often come on quickly. They can include: Swelling in one or both testicles. Pain ranging from mild to very bad. Fever. Nausea and vomiting. Feeling ill, called malaise. […] Most often, orchitis gets better with supportive care. It can take several weeks or months before the pain and swelling go away. […] Your scrotum may be tender for several weeks or months after treatment. Rest, support the scrotum with an athletic strap, apply cold packs and take medicine to help relieve pain. […] Most people with orchitis start to feel better in 3 to 10 days. But it can take a few weeks for the scrotum to stop being tender. Sometimes, the pain and swelling can last for several months.

• #29 Epididymo-orchitis | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/e/epididymo-orchitis

  Symptoms usually develop quickly and may include: […] swelling and pain in the affected testicle or scrotum […] a high temperature (fever) and generally feeling unwell. […] The symptoms of epididymo-orchitis are very similar to a condition called torsion of the testes, which occurs when a testicle twists and the blood supply to it is stopped. Unless the testicle is untwisted, it will die. This is a medical emergency and you need to see a doctor straight away. […] Once antibiotics have been started, pain normally improves within a few days. However, swelling may take a few weeks to completely go down.

• #30 Epididymo-orchitis | STI Guidelines Australia

  https://sti.guidelines.org.au/syndromes/epididymo-orchitis/

  Epididymo-orchitis is inflammation of the epididymis, and occasionally the testis. […] Symptoms include scrotal pain and swelling. […] Swelling, induration and tenderness of the epididymis is the most common sign. […] If very acute onset or severe pain, consider torsion and urgent surgical referral. […] Dysuria or urethral discharge may be present. […] Urethral symptoms are often absent despite the presence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Suprapubic pain, frequency and nocturia suggests urinary pathogen rather than STI. […] Bed rest, scrotal support and analgesia are commonly required. […] Complete resolution of the swelling may take several weeks, but a substantial response should occur in 4-5 days.

• #31 Epididymo-Orchitis – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/epididymo-orchitis.html

  Pain or tenderness in your scrotum, abdomen, or groin […] Redness or swelling of your scrotum […] Pain or burning during urination, or frequent urination […] Discharge from your penis or blood in your urine or semen […] Fever […] You have severe pain in your testicles […] Your symptoms become worse even after you start treatment with medicine […] Your symptoms do not get better within 3 days of treatment or come back after treatment […] You have a hot, red, tender area on your testicles.

• #32 Orchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://oasisindia.in/blog/orchitis/

  Symptoms can be moderate or severe. It can occur in both testicles, although it usually affects only one. When it occurs, it usually resolves within two weeks. […] Common signs of orchitis are: Semen containing blood, Testicular pain, Fever, Groin pain, Discharge from the penis, Pain during intercourse, Pain during ejaculation, Pain during urination, Scrotal swelling, Sensitive, enlarged groin area on the affected side. […] Without treatment, orchitis symptoms usually subside after a few days. However, the swelling may take weeks or months to subside completely. […] Some boys who develop mumps-induced orchitis will experience testicular atrophy. Orchitis may also result in infertility. […] Seek medical attention if you have significant discomfort or swelling in your testicles, scrotum, or groin, especially if it happens quickly. Other alarming symptoms include fever, blood in the sperm, painful urination or ejaculation, unusual discharge from the penis, or chronic groin pain. Also, seek emergency medical attention if the affected area becomes red, heated, or sensitive, or if you see scrotal lumps. Early medical intervention is critical for avoiding consequences like testicular injury or infertility.

• #33 Testicular infection (epididymo-orchitis)

  https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/mens-health/testicular-infection

  Epididymo-orchitis is an inflammation of your testicle and the tubes attached to the testicle, which are called the epididymis. It is usually caused by an infection. […] If you have pain or swelling in one of your testicles, see your healthcare provider. If the pain is sudden and severe, it may mean you have a twisted testicle, which needs to be looked at immediately. […] An inflamed testicle is usually caused by an infection. Often, it is caused by a sexually transmitted infection, but it can also be caused by a urine infection, or mumps (a viral infection). […] Inflammation of your testicle causes pain and swelling, and it may be painful to wee (urinate).

• #34 Pulsenotes | Acute epididymo-orchitis notes

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/surgery/urology/notes/acute-epididymo-orchitis

  Acute epididymo-orchitis is a common cause of testicular pain and swelling. […] Patients will complain of testicular pain, signs of systemic infection may be present. […] Symptoms include testicular pain, nausea and vomiting, fever, and dysuria. […] Signs include testicular swelling, palpable, swollen, tender epididymis, testicular erythema, tender testicle, hydrocele (reactive), and urethral discharge. […] Some patients develop features of systemic upset with acute epididymo-orchitis. This requires hospital admission and IV antibiotics as guided by the microbiology team.

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