Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prognosis of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis remarkably improved: a case series of 12 patients and literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6096574/

  Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is notorious for its bad prognosis, with high mortality and morbidity rates described in literature. […] The prognosis of CST nowadays is more favorable than previously described. […] In our series of twelve patients, 1 died and 11 survived, of whom 9 without complications. […] CST has always been notorious for its bad prognosis. […] The explanation of the decline in mortality of CST in the last decades is sought in improved treatment and identification of less serious case by better quality and availability of imaging techniques. […] Our study thus adds another contemporary series that shows that mortality is not so dramatically anymore, like several recent articles suggested. […] Our series and other recent series in literature demonstrate that the prognosis of CST is not as devastating as it previously had been described.

• #1 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791704-overview

  Mortality rate for cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is as high as 30%; the majority of survivors suffer permanent sequelae. […] Prior to the advent of effective antimicrobial agents, the mortality rate from CST was effectively 100%. Typically, death is due to sepsis or central nervous system (CNS) infection. With aggressive management, the mortality rate is now less than 30%. Morbidity, however, remains high, and complete recovery is rare. Roughly one sixth of patients are left with some degree of visual impairment, and one half have cranial nerve deficits. These mortality and morbidity rates may be due to delayed diagnosis without prompt surgical drainage and antibiotic administration.

• #2 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791704-overview

  Mortality rate for cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is as high as 30%; the majority of survivors suffer permanent sequelae. […] Prior to the advent of effective antimicrobial agents, the mortality rate from CST was effectively 100%. Typically, death is due to sepsis or central nervous system (CNS) infection. With aggressive management, the mortality rate is now less than 30%. Morbidity, however, remains high, and complete recovery is rare. Roughly one sixth of patients are left with some degree of visual impairment, and one half have cranial nerve deficits. These mortality and morbidity rates may be due to delayed diagnosis without prompt surgical drainage and antibiotic administration.

• #2 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23520-cavernous-sinus-thrombosis

  Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare blood clot that can form in response to an infection in your face or head. Its fatal in about 1 in 3 cases. […] Cavernous sinus thrombosis can cause long-term damage to your brain, eyes and nerves. Without prompt treatment, it may result in death. […] Before antibiotics, cavernous sinus thrombosis nearly always resulted in death. Now, more than 70% of people with cavernous sinus thrombosis survive. […] Still, many people experience complications. For instance, just under 20% of people who survive cavernous sinus thrombosis have vision problems and nerve damage. Other complications include: […] Speak with your provider about the likelihood your condition will lead to complications. Ask about the warning signs so you can prevent complications whenever possible.

• #3 Prognosis of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis remarkably improved: a case series of 12 patients and literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6096574/

  Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is notorious for its bad prognosis, with high mortality and morbidity rates described in literature. […] The prognosis of CST nowadays is more favorable than previously described. […] In our series of twelve patients, 1 died and 11 survived, of whom 9 without complications. […] CST has always been notorious for its bad prognosis. […] The explanation of the decline in mortality of CST in the last decades is sought in improved treatment and identification of less serious case by better quality and availability of imaging techniques. […] Our study thus adds another contemporary series that shows that mortality is not so dramatically anymore, like several recent articles suggested. […] Our series and other recent series in literature demonstrate that the prognosis of CST is not as devastating as it previously had been described.

• #4 Key prognostic risk factors linked to poor functional outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-025-04059-x

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare stroke with several clinical manifestations. Several studies have identified prognostic risk factors associated with poor functional outcomes and established predictive models. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the overall effect size of all prognostic risk factors. […] Functional outcomes were primarily measured using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with scores2 or3 indicating poor outcomes in 35.00% and 60.00% of studies, respectively. […] For general information, age (InOR=0.98, 95% CI 0.531.43), intracranial hemorrhage (OR=3.79, 95% CI 2.775.20), and ischemic infarction (OR=3.18, 95% CI 2.404.23) were associated with poor functional outcomes. […] CVST patients with cancer (OR=3.87, 95% CI 2.955.07) or high blood glucose levels (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.617.68) were associated with poor functional outcomes.

• #5 Key prognostic risk factors linked to poor functional outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-025-04059-x

  Pooled effect sizes revealed that ischemic infarction, headache, neurological focal deficit, lymphopenia, and cancer were significantly associated with poor functional outcomes, with low to moderate heterogeneity. […] This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the prognostic risk factors for poor functional outcomes in patients undergoing CVST, which can guide clinical decision-making and future research.

• #6

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2021/24060/clinico_etiological_factors,_neuroimaging.10.aspx

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is rare in children, increasingly being recognized of late due to advances in neuroimaging. […] The outcome was assessed from the follow-up notes in the charts. […] At 90 days of follow-up, 17 (54.8%) patients were normal (mRS: 01), 3 (9.7%) became functionally independent (mRS: 2), and 11 (35.5%) remained dependent (mRS: 35). […] The predictors of poor outcome were age less than 1 year, seizures, altered sensorium, motor deficit, parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging, presence of hydrocephalus, superior sagittal sinus involvement, meningitis as the etiologic factor, and focal syndrome presentation. […] Though mortality is low, CVST is associated with significant morbidity in children. […] The factors associated with poor prognosis included age less than 1 year (P = 0.009), seizures at the onset (P = 0.003), decreased level of consciousness (P = 0.008), parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging (P = 0.007), superior sagittal sinus involvement (P = 0.001), and presentation as a focal syndrome (P = 0.01). […] Partial recanalization of the thrombosed sinuses was seen in nearly 40% and non-recanalization in about 10% at the end of 3 months which is in confirmation with the other studies.

• #7 Key prognostic risk factors linked to poor functional outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-025-04059-x

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare stroke with several clinical manifestations. Several studies have identified prognostic risk factors associated with poor functional outcomes and established predictive models. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the overall effect size of all prognostic risk factors. […] Functional outcomes were primarily measured using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with scores2 or3 indicating poor outcomes in 35.00% and 60.00% of studies, respectively. […] For general information, age (InOR=0.98, 95% CI 0.531.43), intracranial hemorrhage (OR=3.79, 95% CI 2.775.20), and ischemic infarction (OR=3.18, 95% CI 2.404.23) were associated with poor functional outcomes. […] CVST patients with cancer (OR=3.87, 95% CI 2.955.07) or high blood glucose levels (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.617.68) were associated with poor functional outcomes.

• #8 Key prognostic risk factors linked to poor functional outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-025-04059-x

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare stroke with several clinical manifestations. Several studies have identified prognostic risk factors associated with poor functional outcomes and established predictive models. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the overall effect size of all prognostic risk factors. […] Functional outcomes were primarily measured using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with scores2 or3 indicating poor outcomes in 35.00% and 60.00% of studies, respectively. […] For general information, age (InOR=0.98, 95% CI 0.531.43), intracranial hemorrhage (OR=3.79, 95% CI 2.775.20), and ischemic infarction (OR=3.18, 95% CI 2.404.23) were associated with poor functional outcomes. […] CVST patients with cancer (OR=3.87, 95% CI 2.955.07) or high blood glucose levels (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.617.68) were associated with poor functional outcomes.

• #9 Key prognostic risk factors linked to poor functional outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-025-04059-x

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare stroke with several clinical manifestations. Several studies have identified prognostic risk factors associated with poor functional outcomes and established predictive models. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the overall effect size of all prognostic risk factors. […] Functional outcomes were primarily measured using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with scores2 or3 indicating poor outcomes in 35.00% and 60.00% of studies, respectively. […] For general information, age (InOR=0.98, 95% CI 0.531.43), intracranial hemorrhage (OR=3.79, 95% CI 2.775.20), and ischemic infarction (OR=3.18, 95% CI 2.404.23) were associated with poor functional outcomes. […] CVST patients with cancer (OR=3.87, 95% CI 2.955.07) or high blood glucose levels (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.617.68) were associated with poor functional outcomes.

• #10 Key prognostic risk factors linked to poor functional outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-025-04059-x

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare stroke with several clinical manifestations. Several studies have identified prognostic risk factors associated with poor functional outcomes and established predictive models. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the overall effect size of all prognostic risk factors. […] Functional outcomes were primarily measured using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with scores2 or3 indicating poor outcomes in 35.00% and 60.00% of studies, respectively. […] For general information, age (InOR=0.98, 95% CI 0.531.43), intracranial hemorrhage (OR=3.79, 95% CI 2.775.20), and ischemic infarction (OR=3.18, 95% CI 2.404.23) were associated with poor functional outcomes. […] CVST patients with cancer (OR=3.87, 95% CI 2.955.07) or high blood glucose levels (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.617.68) were associated with poor functional outcomes.

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2021/24060/clinico_etiological_factors,_neuroimaging.10.aspx

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is rare in children, increasingly being recognized of late due to advances in neuroimaging. […] The outcome was assessed from the follow-up notes in the charts. […] At 90 days of follow-up, 17 (54.8%) patients were normal (mRS: 01), 3 (9.7%) became functionally independent (mRS: 2), and 11 (35.5%) remained dependent (mRS: 35). […] The predictors of poor outcome were age less than 1 year, seizures, altered sensorium, motor deficit, parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging, presence of hydrocephalus, superior sagittal sinus involvement, meningitis as the etiologic factor, and focal syndrome presentation. […] Though mortality is low, CVST is associated with significant morbidity in children. […] The factors associated with poor prognosis included age less than 1 year (P = 0.009), seizures at the onset (P = 0.003), decreased level of consciousness (P = 0.008), parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging (P = 0.007), superior sagittal sinus involvement (P = 0.001), and presentation as a focal syndrome (P = 0.01). […] Partial recanalization of the thrombosed sinuses was seen in nearly 40% and non-recanalization in about 10% at the end of 3 months which is in confirmation with the other studies.

• #12

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2021/24060/clinico_etiological_factors,_neuroimaging.10.aspx

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is rare in children, increasingly being recognized of late due to advances in neuroimaging. […] The outcome was assessed from the follow-up notes in the charts. […] At 90 days of follow-up, 17 (54.8%) patients were normal (mRS: 01), 3 (9.7%) became functionally independent (mRS: 2), and 11 (35.5%) remained dependent (mRS: 35). […] The predictors of poor outcome were age less than 1 year, seizures, altered sensorium, motor deficit, parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging, presence of hydrocephalus, superior sagittal sinus involvement, meningitis as the etiologic factor, and focal syndrome presentation. […] Though mortality is low, CVST is associated with significant morbidity in children. […] The factors associated with poor prognosis included age less than 1 year (P = 0.009), seizures at the onset (P = 0.003), decreased level of consciousness (P = 0.008), parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging (P = 0.007), superior sagittal sinus involvement (P = 0.001), and presentation as a focal syndrome (P = 0.01). […] Partial recanalization of the thrombosed sinuses was seen in nearly 40% and non-recanalization in about 10% at the end of 3 months which is in confirmation with the other studies.

• #13

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2021/24060/clinico_etiological_factors,_neuroimaging.10.aspx

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is rare in children, increasingly being recognized of late due to advances in neuroimaging. […] The outcome was assessed from the follow-up notes in the charts. […] At 90 days of follow-up, 17 (54.8%) patients were normal (mRS: 01), 3 (9.7%) became functionally independent (mRS: 2), and 11 (35.5%) remained dependent (mRS: 35). […] The predictors of poor outcome were age less than 1 year, seizures, altered sensorium, motor deficit, parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging, presence of hydrocephalus, superior sagittal sinus involvement, meningitis as the etiologic factor, and focal syndrome presentation. […] Though mortality is low, CVST is associated with significant morbidity in children. […] The factors associated with poor prognosis included age less than 1 year (P = 0.009), seizures at the onset (P = 0.003), decreased level of consciousness (P = 0.008), parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging (P = 0.007), superior sagittal sinus involvement (P = 0.001), and presentation as a focal syndrome (P = 0.01). […] Partial recanalization of the thrombosed sinuses was seen in nearly 40% and non-recanalization in about 10% at the end of 3 months which is in confirmation with the other studies.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2021/24060/clinico_etiological_factors,_neuroimaging.10.aspx

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is rare in children, increasingly being recognized of late due to advances in neuroimaging. […] The outcome was assessed from the follow-up notes in the charts. […] At 90 days of follow-up, 17 (54.8%) patients were normal (mRS: 01), 3 (9.7%) became functionally independent (mRS: 2), and 11 (35.5%) remained dependent (mRS: 35). […] The predictors of poor outcome were age less than 1 year, seizures, altered sensorium, motor deficit, parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging, presence of hydrocephalus, superior sagittal sinus involvement, meningitis as the etiologic factor, and focal syndrome presentation. […] Though mortality is low, CVST is associated with significant morbidity in children. […] The factors associated with poor prognosis included age less than 1 year (P = 0.009), seizures at the onset (P = 0.003), decreased level of consciousness (P = 0.008), parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging (P = 0.007), superior sagittal sinus involvement (P = 0.001), and presentation as a focal syndrome (P = 0.01). […] Partial recanalization of the thrombosed sinuses was seen in nearly 40% and non-recanalization in about 10% at the end of 3 months which is in confirmation with the other studies.

• #15 Long-term outcome of patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-022-00491-z

  We observed a mortality rate of 32%, which is comparable to similar investigations after using the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine; this rate appears to be higher than that reported for cases of CVST with different pathogenesis. […] As anticipated, initial low GCS scores were associated with poor outcomes. By contrast, GCS scores 10 were typically associated with improved neurological outcomes. […] We found that low platelet counts were also related to poor patient outcomes. […] Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of paying attention to early signs of increased intracranial pressure and the onset of thrombocytopenia in patients with a recent history of vaccination. […] While the frequency of serious VITT with CVST after vaccination with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine remains low, this risk associated with this vaccine and potentially with other adenoviral vector vaccines must be taken seriously.

• #16 Long-term outcome of patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-022-00491-z

  We observed a mortality rate of 32%, which is comparable to similar investigations after using the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine; this rate appears to be higher than that reported for cases of CVST with different pathogenesis. […] As anticipated, initial low GCS scores were associated with poor outcomes. By contrast, GCS scores 10 were typically associated with improved neurological outcomes. […] We found that low platelet counts were also related to poor patient outcomes. […] Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of paying attention to early signs of increased intracranial pressure and the onset of thrombocytopenia in patients with a recent history of vaccination. […] While the frequency of serious VITT with CVST after vaccination with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine remains low, this risk associated with this vaccine and potentially with other adenoviral vector vaccines must be taken seriously.

• #17 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791704-overview

  Mortality rate for cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is as high as 30%; the majority of survivors suffer permanent sequelae. […] Prior to the advent of effective antimicrobial agents, the mortality rate from CST was effectively 100%. Typically, death is due to sepsis or central nervous system (CNS) infection. With aggressive management, the mortality rate is now less than 30%. Morbidity, however, remains high, and complete recovery is rare. Roughly one sixth of patients are left with some degree of visual impairment, and one half have cranial nerve deficits. These mortality and morbidity rates may be due to delayed diagnosis without prompt surgical drainage and antibiotic administration.

• #18 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23520-cavernous-sinus-thrombosis

  Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare blood clot that can form in response to an infection in your face or head. Its fatal in about 1 in 3 cases. […] Cavernous sinus thrombosis can cause long-term damage to your brain, eyes and nerves. Without prompt treatment, it may result in death. […] Before antibiotics, cavernous sinus thrombosis nearly always resulted in death. Now, more than 70% of people with cavernous sinus thrombosis survive. […] Still, many people experience complications. For instance, just under 20% of people who survive cavernous sinus thrombosis have vision problems and nerve damage. Other complications include: […] Speak with your provider about the likelihood your condition will lead to complications. Ask about the warning signs so you can prevent complications whenever possible.

• #19 Long-term outcome of patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-022-00491-z

  We present the long-term outcomes of 44 patients who developed cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with the adenoviral vector ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vaccine. […] Patient outcomes ranged from good recovery (13 patients, 29.6%) to moderate disability (11 patients, 25.0%) and severe disability or vegetative state (6 patients, 13.6%). Fatal outcomes were reported in 14 patients (31.8%). […] We provide data on the outcome of VITT cases with CVST upon vaccination with Vaxzevria and found that the recovery of patients from CVST was very heterogeneous. While some patients exhibited good recoveries, others developed severe disabilities and major long-term complications. […] Nearly half of the patients in our follow-up investigation had either a fatal outcome or severe neurological disabilities 36 months after hospital admission.

• #20

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2021/24060/clinico_etiological_factors,_neuroimaging.10.aspx

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is rare in children, increasingly being recognized of late due to advances in neuroimaging. […] The outcome was assessed from the follow-up notes in the charts. […] At 90 days of follow-up, 17 (54.8%) patients were normal (mRS: 01), 3 (9.7%) became functionally independent (mRS: 2), and 11 (35.5%) remained dependent (mRS: 35). […] The predictors of poor outcome were age less than 1 year, seizures, altered sensorium, motor deficit, parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging, presence of hydrocephalus, superior sagittal sinus involvement, meningitis as the etiologic factor, and focal syndrome presentation. […] Though mortality is low, CVST is associated with significant morbidity in children. […] The factors associated with poor prognosis included age less than 1 year (P = 0.009), seizures at the onset (P = 0.003), decreased level of consciousness (P = 0.008), parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging (P = 0.007), superior sagittal sinus involvement (P = 0.001), and presentation as a focal syndrome (P = 0.01). […] Partial recanalization of the thrombosed sinuses was seen in nearly 40% and non-recanalization in about 10% at the end of 3 months which is in confirmation with the other studies.

• #21 Key prognostic risk factors linked to poor functional outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-025-04059-x

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare stroke with several clinical manifestations. Several studies have identified prognostic risk factors associated with poor functional outcomes and established predictive models. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the overall effect size of all prognostic risk factors. […] Functional outcomes were primarily measured using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with scores2 or3 indicating poor outcomes in 35.00% and 60.00% of studies, respectively. […] For general information, age (InOR=0.98, 95% CI 0.531.43), intracranial hemorrhage (OR=3.79, 95% CI 2.775.20), and ischemic infarction (OR=3.18, 95% CI 2.404.23) were associated with poor functional outcomes. […] CVST patients with cancer (OR=3.87, 95% CI 2.955.07) or high blood glucose levels (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.617.68) were associated with poor functional outcomes.

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2021/24060/clinico_etiological_factors,_neuroimaging.10.aspx

  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is rare in children, increasingly being recognized of late due to advances in neuroimaging. […] The outcome was assessed from the follow-up notes in the charts. […] At 90 days of follow-up, 17 (54.8%) patients were normal (mRS: 01), 3 (9.7%) became functionally independent (mRS: 2), and 11 (35.5%) remained dependent (mRS: 35). […] The predictors of poor outcome were age less than 1 year, seizures, altered sensorium, motor deficit, parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging, presence of hydrocephalus, superior sagittal sinus involvement, meningitis as the etiologic factor, and focal syndrome presentation. […] Though mortality is low, CVST is associated with significant morbidity in children. […] The factors associated with poor prognosis included age less than 1 year (P = 0.009), seizures at the onset (P = 0.003), decreased level of consciousness (P = 0.008), parenchymal lesions in neuroimaging (P = 0.007), superior sagittal sinus involvement (P = 0.001), and presentation as a focal syndrome (P = 0.01). […] Partial recanalization of the thrombosed sinuses was seen in nearly 40% and non-recanalization in about 10% at the end of 3 months which is in confirmation with the other studies.

• #23 Prognosis of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis remarkably improved: a case series of 12 patients and literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6096574/

  Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is notorious for its bad prognosis, with high mortality and morbidity rates described in literature. […] The prognosis of CST nowadays is more favorable than previously described. […] In our series of twelve patients, 1 died and 11 survived, of whom 9 without complications. […] CST has always been notorious for its bad prognosis. […] The explanation of the decline in mortality of CST in the last decades is sought in improved treatment and identification of less serious case by better quality and availability of imaging techniques. […] Our study thus adds another contemporary series that shows that mortality is not so dramatically anymore, like several recent articles suggested. […] Our series and other recent series in literature demonstrate that the prognosis of CST is not as devastating as it previously had been described.

• #24 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791704-overview

  Mortality rate for cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is as high as 30%; the majority of survivors suffer permanent sequelae. […] Prior to the advent of effective antimicrobial agents, the mortality rate from CST was effectively 100%. Typically, death is due to sepsis or central nervous system (CNS) infection. With aggressive management, the mortality rate is now less than 30%. Morbidity, however, remains high, and complete recovery is rare. Roughly one sixth of patients are left with some degree of visual impairment, and one half have cranial nerve deficits. These mortality and morbidity rates may be due to delayed diagnosis without prompt surgical drainage and antibiotic administration.

• #25 Long-term outcome of patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-022-00491-z

  We observed a mortality rate of 32%, which is comparable to similar investigations after using the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine; this rate appears to be higher than that reported for cases of CVST with different pathogenesis. […] As anticipated, initial low GCS scores were associated with poor outcomes. By contrast, GCS scores 10 were typically associated with improved neurological outcomes. […] We found that low platelet counts were also related to poor patient outcomes. […] Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of paying attention to early signs of increased intracranial pressure and the onset of thrombocytopenia in patients with a recent history of vaccination. […] While the frequency of serious VITT with CVST after vaccination with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine remains low, this risk associated with this vaccine and potentially with other adenoviral vector vaccines must be taken seriously.

• #26 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23520-cavernous-sinus-thrombosis

  Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare blood clot that can form in response to an infection in your face or head. Its fatal in about 1 in 3 cases. […] Cavernous sinus thrombosis can cause long-term damage to your brain, eyes and nerves. Without prompt treatment, it may result in death. […] Before antibiotics, cavernous sinus thrombosis nearly always resulted in death. Now, more than 70% of people with cavernous sinus thrombosis survive. […] Still, many people experience complications. For instance, just under 20% of people who survive cavernous sinus thrombosis have vision problems and nerve damage. Other complications include: […] Speak with your provider about the likelihood your condition will lead to complications. Ask about the warning signs so you can prevent complications whenever possible.

• #27 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791704-overview

  Mortality rate for cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is as high as 30%; the majority of survivors suffer permanent sequelae. […] Prior to the advent of effective antimicrobial agents, the mortality rate from CST was effectively 100%. Typically, death is due to sepsis or central nervous system (CNS) infection. With aggressive management, the mortality rate is now less than 30%. Morbidity, however, remains high, and complete recovery is rare. Roughly one sixth of patients are left with some degree of visual impairment, and one half have cranial nerve deficits. These mortality and morbidity rates may be due to delayed diagnosis without prompt surgical drainage and antibiotic administration.

• #28 Prognosis of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis remarkably improved: a case series of 12 patients and literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6096574/

  Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is notorious for its bad prognosis, with high mortality and morbidity rates described in literature. […] The prognosis of CST nowadays is more favorable than previously described. […] In our series of twelve patients, 1 died and 11 survived, of whom 9 without complications. […] CST has always been notorious for its bad prognosis. […] The explanation of the decline in mortality of CST in the last decades is sought in improved treatment and identification of less serious case by better quality and availability of imaging techniques. […] Our study thus adds another contemporary series that shows that mortality is not so dramatically anymore, like several recent articles suggested. […] Our series and other recent series in literature demonstrate that the prognosis of CST is not as devastating as it previously had been described.

• #29 Key prognostic risk factors linked to poor functional outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-025-04059-x

  Pooled effect sizes revealed that ischemic infarction, headache, neurological focal deficit, lymphopenia, and cancer were significantly associated with poor functional outcomes, with low to moderate heterogeneity. […] This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the prognostic risk factors for poor functional outcomes in patients undergoing CVST, which can guide clinical decision-making and future research.

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