Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Somatic symptom disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/somatic-symptom-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377776

  Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by an extreme focus on physical symptoms such as pain or fatigue that causes major emotional distress and problems functioning. […] You often think the worst about your symptoms and frequently seek medical care, continuing to search for an explanation even when other serious conditions have been excluded. […] If you have somatic symptom disorder, you may experience significant emotional and physical distress. Treatment can help ease symptoms, help you cope and improve your quality of life. […] Symptoms of somatic symptom disorder may be: Specific sensations, such as pain or shortness of breath, or more general symptoms, such as fatigue or weakness. […] Pain is the most common symptom, but whatever your symptoms, you have excessive thoughts, feelings or behaviors related to those symptoms, which cause significant problems, make it difficult to function and sometimes can be disabling. […] For somatic symptom disorder, more important than the specific physical symptoms you experience is the way you interpret and react to the symptoms and how they impact your daily life.

• #2 Somatic Symptom Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17976-somatic-symptom-disorder-in-adults

  Somatic symptom disorder happens when a person feels significantly distressed about physical symptoms and has abnormal feelings and behaviors in response to them. These responses interfere with their daily functioning. The physical symptoms may be due to a medical condition or have no clear cause. […] Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is a mental health condition in which a person feels significantly distressed about physical symptoms and has abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors in response to them. The disorder disrupts their daily functioning and quality of life. […] Although a person with somatic symptom disorder reports symptoms, the symptoms may have no medical explanation or be normal body sensations or discomfort. Even when there’s a medical cause, the person’s worry is out of proportion to the symptom.

• #3 Psychiatry.org – What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder/what-is-somatic-symptom-disorder

  Somatic symptom disorder is diagnosed when a person has a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, to a level that results in major distress and/or problems functioning. The individual has excessive thoughts, feelings and behaviors relating to the physical symptoms. The physical symptoms may or may not be associated with a diagnosed medical condition, but the person is experiencing symptoms and believes they are sick (that is, not faking the illness). […] A person is not diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder solely because a medical cause cant be identified for a physical symptom. The emphasis is on the extent to which the thoughts, feelings and behaviors related to the illness are excessive or out of proportion. […] A diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder requires the person experiencing one or more physical symptoms that are distressing or cause disruption in daily life.

• #4 Somatic symptom disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000955.htm

  Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) occurs when a person feels extreme, exaggerated anxiety about physical symptoms. The person has such intense thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the symptoms, that they feel they cannot do some of the activities of daily life. […] A person with SSD is not faking their symptoms. The pain and other problems are real. They may be caused by a medical problem. Often, no physical cause can be found. However, it is the extreme reaction and behaviors about the symptoms that are the main problem. […] SSD usually begins before age 30. It occurs more often in women than in men. […] Physical symptoms that can occur with SSD may include: Pain, Fatigue or weakness, Shortness of breath. […] Symptoms may be mild to severe. There may be one or more symptoms. They may come and go or change over time. Symptoms may be due to a medical condition but they also may have no clear cause.

• #5 Somatic Symptom Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532253/

  Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) involves one or more physical symptoms accompanied by an excessive amount of time, energy, emotion, and/or behavior related to the symptom that results in significant distress and/or dysfunction. […] Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is a recently defined diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). It is the manifestation of one or more physical symptoms accompanied by excessive thoughts, emotion, and/or behavior related to the symptom, which causes significant distress and/or dysfunction. […] The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is estimated to be 5% to 7% of the general population, with higher female representation (female-to-male ratio 10:1), and can occur in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood.

• #6 Somatic Symptom Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0101/p49.html

  With the release of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., the diagnostic category previously known as somatoform disorders is now called somatic symptom and related disorders. The main feature of this disorder is a patient’s concern with physical symptoms that he or she attributes to a nonpsychiatric disease. […] Somatic symptom disorder may be no less debilitating than physical disorders. […] The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder in the general population is an estimated 5% to 7%, making this one of the most common categories of patient concerns in the primary care setting. […] An estimated 20% to 25% of patients who present with acute somatic symptoms go on to develop a chronic somatic illness. […] Somatic symptoms may result from a heightened awareness of certain bodily sensations, combined with a tendency to interpret these sensations as indicative of a medical illness.

• #7 Somatic Symptom Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17976-somatic-symptom-disorder-in-adults

  People with somatic symptom disorder are often unaware of their underlying mental health condition and believe that they have serious physical ailments. The distress often causes them to visit multiple healthcare providers and to have many medical tests and unnecessary procedures. […] Physical symptoms that people with SSD may have include: Pain (the most commonly reported symptom). Fatigue or weakness. Shortness of breath (dyspnea). The physical symptoms may be mild to severe, and there may be one or multiple symptoms. They may be due to a medical condition or have no clear cause. […] How people think, feel and behave in response to these physical symptoms are the main signs of somatic symptom disorder. People with SSD may: Feel extreme anxiety about their physical symptoms. Feel concerned that mild physical symptoms are signs of serious conditions. See their healthcare provider for multiple diagnostic tests and exams but not believe the results. Feel that their healthcare provider doesn’t take their physical symptoms seriously enough. Go from one healthcare provider to another or seek treatment from multiple providers at once. Spend excessive amounts of time and energy dealing with health concerns. Frequently seem unusually sensitive to drug side effects. Become dependent on others, demanding help and emotional support, and become angry when they feel their needs aren’t met. Have trouble functioning day to day because of thoughts, feelings and behaviors about their physical symptoms.

• #8

  https://bpac.org.nz/2019/somatisation.aspx

  Somatisation can produce symptoms that manifest in any organ system and therefore can play a role in many types of presentations, such as: Generalised symptoms, e.g. fatigue, dizziness, blackouts or collapse; Gastrointestinal symptoms, e.g. nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhoea; Cardiorespiratory symptoms, e.g. palpitations, non-cardiac chest pain, shortness of breath; Neurological symptoms, e.g. tingling, numbness, weakness, headaches, non-epileptic seizures; Pain symptoms, e.g. headache, joint or limb pain, back pain, abdominal or pelvic pain. […] Importantly, these symptoms are not under voluntary control; they usually involve regional neuro-physiological pathways. […] Pain is the most common somatic symptom, and can include almost any type of pain, e.g. headache, back pain, abdominal pain, joint or limb pain.

• #9 Somatic Symptom Disorder – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/

  Somatization disorder usually involves pain and severe neurological symptoms (such as headache, fatigue). Other symptoms include digestive symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea) and sexual symptoms (such as pain during sexual activity, loss of sexual desire, and extremely painful periods in women). […] Hypochondriasis occurs when a person believes that normal body functions (such as a grumbling stomach) or minor symptoms (such as a common headache) are symptoms of a very serious disorder. […] Body dysmorphic disorder occurs when a person becomes obsessed with a flaw in their physical appearance. […] Conversion disorder is when physical symptoms that are similar to a neurological disorder develop even though no neurological disorder is actually present. Common symptoms include paralysis of an arm or leg, vision loss, hearing loss, and seizure.

• #10 Somatic symptom disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000955.htm

  How people feel and behave in response to these physical sensations are the main symptoms of SSD. These reactions must persist for 6 months or more. People with SSD may: Feel extreme anxiety about symptoms, Feel concern that mild symptoms are a sign of serious disease, Go to the provider for multiple tests and procedures, but not believe the results if they are normal, Feel that the provider does not take their symptoms seriously enough or has not done a good job treating the problem, Spend a lot of time and energy dealing with health concerns, Have trouble functioning because of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about symptoms. […] SSD is a long-term (chronic) condition. Working with your providers and following your treatment plan is important for managing this disorder.

• #11 Table 3.31, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Somatic Symptom Disorder Comparison – Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t31/

  A. A history of many physical complaints beginning before age 30 years that occur over a period of several years and result in treatment being sought or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] B. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following: Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of ones symptoms. […] C. Although any one somatic symptom may not be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is persistent (typically more than 6 months). […] A. One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. […] C. Either (1) or (2): after appropriate investigation, each of the symptoms in Criterion B cannot be fully explained by a known general medical condition or the direct effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication). […] D. The symptoms are not intentionally feigned or produced (as in factitious disorder or malingering). […] A persistent course is characterized by severe symptoms, marked impairment, and long duration (more than 6 months).

• #12 Somatic Symptom Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/somatic-symptom-disorder

  Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by disproportionate and excessive thoughts, feelings, and concerns about physical symptoms. […] Recurring physical complaints usually begin before age 30, sometimes during childhood. Most patients have multiple somatic symptoms, but some have only one severe symptom, typically pain. Severity may fluctuate, but symptoms persist and rarely remit for any extended period. The symptoms themselves or excessive worry about them is distressing or disrupts daily life. Some patients become overtly depressed. […] Whether or not symptoms are related to a general medical disorder, patients worry excessively about the symptoms and their possible catastrophic consequences and are very difficult to reassure. […] Health concerns often assume a central and sometimes all-consuming role in a patient’s life. Patients are very anxious about their health and frequently seem unusually sensitive to adverse effects of medications.

• #13 FloridaHealthFinder | Somatic symptom disorder | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000955

  Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) occurs when a person feels extreme, exaggerated anxiety about physical symptoms. The person has such intense thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the symptoms, that they feel they cannot do some of the activities of daily life. […] Symptoms may be mild to severe. There may be one or more symptoms. They may come and go or change over time. Symptoms may be due to a medical condition but they also may have no clear cause. […] How people feel and behave in response to these physical sensations are the main symptoms of SSD. These reactions must persist for 6 months or more. People with SSD may: Feel extreme anxiety about symptoms, Feel concern that mild symptoms are a sign of serious disease, Go to the provider for multiple tests and procedures, but not believe the results if they are normal, Feel that the provider does not take their symptoms seriously enough or has not done a good job treating the problem, Spend a lot of time and energy dealing with health concerns, Have trouble functioning because of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about symptoms. […] SSD is a long-term (chronic) condition. Working with your providers and following your treatment plan is important for managing this disorder.

• #14 Somatic symptom disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/somatic-symptom-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377781

  You have one or more somatic symptoms for example, pain or fatigue that are distressing or cause problems in your daily life […] You have excessive and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of your symptoms, you have a persistently high level of anxiety about your health or symptoms, or you devote too much time and energy to your symptoms or health concerns […] You continue to have symptoms that concern you, typically for more than six months, even though the symptoms may vary […] The goal of treatment is to improve your symptoms and your ability to function in daily life. Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, can be helpful for somatic symptom disorder. Sometimes medications may be added, especially if you’re struggling with feeling depressed […] Because physical symptoms can be related to psychological distress and a high level of health anxiety, psychotherapy specifically, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help improve physical symptoms […] Antidepressant medication can help reduce symptoms associated with depression and pain that often occur with somatic symptom disorder.

• #15 Somatic Symptom Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/somatic_symptom_disorder

  Somatic symptom disorder formerly called hypochondria has physical symptoms that feel very real, but it’s a mental health condition. […] Somatic symptom disorder is when you worry about and focus on your physical health to a degree that it impacts your daily life. […] The symptoms can range from general complaints, such as pain or tiredness, to concerns about normal body functions, such as breathing or stomach noises. […] If you have this, you are not faking or lying about your symptoms; you truly believe you are sick. […] Somatic symptoms disorder can happen at any time in your life, but it usually begins in early adulthood, showing up by age 30. […] Warning signs that you might have this condition include: A history of going to many doctors or „shopping around” to get a diagnosis, Being overly concerned about a specific organ or body system, such as the heart or the digestive system, The symptoms or area of concern might shift or change, A doctor’s reassurance does not calm your fears; you believe the doctor is wrong or made a mistake, Concern about the illness that is so extreme, it interferes with work, family, and social life, Having anxiety, nervousness, and/or depression, Physical symptoms like pain, weakness, or fatigue, Symptoms or impairment that are more intense than expected for a health condition you have, Constantly checking your body for anything abnormal, Worry that physical activity will harm you, Not responding to medical treatment. […] Somatic symptom disorder tends to be a chronic (long-term) condition that can last for years. […] Symptoms often come and go over time. […] Between 50% and 75% of people with the condition have an improvement of symptoms when treated.

• #16 Psychiatry.org – What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder/what-is-somatic-symptom-disorder

  People with somatic symptom disorder typically go to a primary care physician rather than a psychiatrist or other mental health professional. Individuals with somatic symptom disorder may experience difficulty accepting that their concerns about their symptoms are excessive. They may continue to be fearful and worried even when they are shown evidence that they do not have a serious condition. Some people have only pain as their dominant symptom. Somatic symptom disorder usually begins by age 30. […] Treatment for somatic symptom disorder is intended to help control symptoms and to allow the person to function as normally as possible. […] Treatment for somatic symptom disorder typically involves the person having regular visits with a trusted health care professional. The physician can offer support and reassurance, monitor health and symptoms and avoid unnecessary tests and treatments. Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can help the individual change their thinking and behavior and learn ways to cope with pain or other symptoms, as well as learn to deal with stress and improve functioning.

• #17 Somatoform Disorders: Symptoms, Types, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/somatoform-disorders-symptoms-types-treatment

  The diagnosis of SSD can create a lot of stress and frustration for patients. They may feel unsatisfied if there’s no better physical explanation for their symptoms or if they are told their level of distress about a physical illness is excessive. Stress often leads patients to become more worried about their health, and this creates a vicious cycle that can persist for years. […] Stress usually makes symptoms of conversion disorder worse. […] Patients who experience SSD may cling to the belief that their symptoms have an underlying physical cause despite a lack of evidence for a physical explanation. Or if there is a medical condition causing their symptoms, they may not recognize that the amount of distress they are experiencing or displaying is excessive. Patients may also dismiss any suggestion that psychiatric factors are playing a role in their symptoms.

• #18 Somatic Symptom Disorder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/somatic-symptom-disorder-a-to-z

  A person with somatic symptom disorder has one or more „somatic” (physical) symptoms over a long period of time (usually half a year or more). Symptoms usually occur over many years. The person may be distressed and function poorly at work and at home. Medical evaluation does not explain the symptoms, or the symptoms may exceed what would be expected in any medical illness that is found. Pain is the most common symptom. Symptoms can appear in almost any part of the body. […] Somatic symptom disorder is a chronic (long-lasting) problem. The disorder usually starts before the age of 25 or 30, although it can begin in adolescence. It can last for many years. […] Medications may provide some relief. Psychotherapy tends to proceed slowly, because the person probably has been living with the disorder for many years before starting treatment. It is difficult to give up long-standing patterns of behavior, but with persistence and support, progress is possible.

• #19 Somatic Symptom Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0101/p49.html

  The main feature of these disorders is a concern with physical symptoms that are attributed to a nonpsychiatric disease. […] This concern can manifest as one or more somatic symptoms that result in excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to those symptoms and that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. […] Although somatic symptoms need not be continuously present, they must be persistent (present for more than six months). […] Somatic symptom disorders are generally chronic, with waxing and waning symptoms. However, some studies have shown that patients can recover; the natural history of the disorders suggests that approximately 50% to 75% of patients with medically unexplained symptoms show improvement, whereas 10% to 30% deteriorate.

• #20 Somatic Symptom Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532253/

  Longitudinal studies show considerable chronicity, with up to 90% of somatic syndrome disorder (SSD) cases lasting longer than 5 years. […] The primary objective is to help the patient cope with physical symptoms, including health anxiety and maladaptive behaviors, as opposed to eliminating the symptoms. […] The outlook for patients with somatic syndromes is guarded. Once diagnosis and treatment are initiated, the nurses and clinicians should coordinate the care and education of the patient and family to obtain the best outcomes. The syndrome is often chronic and can be associated with a poor quality of life.

• #21 Somatic symptom disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder

  Somatic symptom disorder is typically persistent, with symptoms that wax and wane. Chronic limitations in general function, substantial psychological impairment, and a reduction in quality of life are all common. […] Some investigations suggest people can recover; the natural history of the illnesses implies that around 50% to 75% of patients with medically unexplained symptoms improve, whereas 10% to 30% deteriorate.

• #22 Somatic symptom disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder

  The cause of somatic symptom disorder is unknown. Symptoms may result from a heightened awareness of specific physical sensations paired with a tendency to interpret these experiences as signs of a medical ailment. […] Somatic symptom disorder can be detected by an ambiguous and often inconsistent history of symptoms that are rarely relieved by medical treatments. […] Recurrent ailments usually begin before the age of 30; most patients have many somatic symptoms, while others only experience one. The severity may fluctuate, but symptoms rarely go away completely for long periods of time. […] Those suffering from somatic symptom disorder experience recurring and obsessive feelings and thoughts concerning their well-being. […] Somatic symptom disorder pertains to how an individual interprets and responds to symptoms as opposed to the symptoms themselves.

• #23 Somatic Symptom Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/somatic-symptom

  Somatic Symptom Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by multiple, current, somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. Commonly, only one severe symptom, pain is present. The individual’s suffering is authentic, whether or not it is medically explained. The diagnoses of somatic symptom disorder and a concurrent medical illness are not mutually exclusive, and these frequently occur together. […] Individuals with severe somatic symptom disorder have poorer health status scores (more than 2 standard deviations below population norms). […] Associated symptoms may include repeated checking for bodily abnormalities, repeated seeking of medical help and reassurance, and avoidance of physical activity. These symptoms can be the most in severe, persistent somatic symptom disorder.

• #24 Somatic Symptom Disorder: Types, Causes & Treatments

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/somatic-symptom/

  Somatic symptom disorder manifests in various ways, making it difficult for individuals to recognize and seek help. […] The prognosis for SSD is challenging, with up to 90% of cases persisting for five years or longer, leading to chronic disability and diminished quality of life. […] Factors influencing the duration and severity of SSD include the presence of co-occurring mental health conditions like anxiety and depression, individual coping mechanisms, and the support received from healthcare providers. Effective treatment often involves psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps manage both physical and psychological symptoms.

• #25 Somatic Symptom Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17976-somatic-symptom-disorder-in-adults

  Approximately 30% to 60% of people with somatic symptom disorder also have anxiety and/or depression. […] The goal of treating somatic symptom disorder is to manage physical symptoms, as well as psychological symptoms using psychotherapy (talk therapy) and sometimes medications that treat underlying anxiety and depression. […] If you have somatic symptom disorder, CBT can help you: Evaluate your feelings and beliefs about your physical symptoms and health in general. Find ways to reduce stress and anxiety about your symptoms. Stop focusing as much on your physical symptoms. Recognize what seems to make your physical symptoms worse. Find ways to stay active and social, even if you still have pain or other symptoms. Function better in your daily life. […] The course of somatic symptom disorder is likely chronic (long-term), with episodes that come and go from several months to years.

• #26 Somatic Symptom Disorder Symptoms & Treatments – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/somatic-symptom-disorder-symptoms-treatments

  The incidence of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is rising across the world due to a rise in associated factors such as mental stress, depression, alcohol abuse, physical or sexual abuse, and unhealthy lifestyles. […] It is important to get an early diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) in order to live a healthy and active life. […] Patients with SSD often report a wide range of medically unexplained symptoms, although they have no medical illness. […] These symptoms sometimes include normal body sensations and discomfort. […] People with SSD are often not aware of their underlying mental health condition. […] SSD usually presents with mild symptoms, although the patient may perceive them as severe. […] Nearly 30% to 60% of patients with somatic symptom disorder have depression, anxiety, or some other mental health disorders.

• #27 Somatic Symptoms in Children: The 5 Ws Explained

  https://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/healthy-living/child-development-and-behavior/the-5ws-of-somatic-symptoms-in-children/

  Somatic symptoms are caused by disruptions in how the brain and the body communicate, rather than a disease or injury. […] These types of symptoms can be frustrating and scary for parents and children. Often they’ve had many medical appointments, diagnostic tests, and missed days of school before symptoms are correctly diagnosed and treated. […] Somatic symptoms often start after an illness, injury, or stressor that triggers the “alarm.” Symptoms can continue long after the child’s infection or injury has healed or the stressor has passed. […] Somatic symptoms may be more noticeable at times when a child is under physical or emotional stress. […] Somatic symptoms happen as a result of how the brain interprets stressors and communicates this information to the body. […] Any type of physical, emotional, or social stressor (exercise, worry, negative interactions) can activate the autonomic nervous system.

• #28 Approach to the patient with multiple somatic symptoms | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/approach-patient-multiple-somatic-symptoms

  When communicating with the patient, empathy is important. […] Regular appointments should be scheduled at short intervals to reassure patients that they will continue to be monitored, but they should be discouraged from making multiple ad-hoc visits for emergent symptoms in between appointments. […] Jane was initially fearful of being diagnosed with a mental illness. After building rapport with her primary care physician, she acknowledged the emotional distress that her symptoms were causing her. […] She was concurrently started on fluvoxamine 50 mg nightly and underwent eight sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy over three months. Janes anxiety and constant ruminations improved with these interventions. She no longer experienced any throat discomfort and returned to eating without any problems. Her weight gradually increased back to its premorbid baseline.

• #29 Somatic Symptom Disorders Follow-up: Further Inpatient Care, Complications, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294908-followup

  Somatic symptom disorders can range from mild and transient to severe and chronic. Early treatment improves prognosis and limits social and occupational impairment. […] Somatic symptom disorders rarely require inpatient management. Consider inpatient care if a patient appears suicidal or requires detoxification from comorbid substance dependence. Additionally, inpatient care may be needed for patients whose somatic symptom disorder is incapacitating (ie, conversion disorder with motor symptoms of such severity to impair ambulation). […] Dysfunctional illness perception has been demonstrated to be related to active suicidal ideation independent of other psychiatric comorbidities.

• #30 Somatic Symptom Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17976-somatic-symptom-disorder-in-adults

  Left untreated, somatic syndrome disorder can lead to: Limited daily function. Unemployment or poor work performance. Psychological disability. Decreased quality of life. Alcohol and substance use disorders. […] The good news is that with treatment, most people can experience an improvement or remission in their symptoms.

• #31 Somatic symptom disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder

  Somatic symptom disorder is defined by one or more chronic physical symptoms that coincide with excessive and maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors connected to those symptoms. The symptoms are not deliberately produced or feigned, and they may or may not coexist with a known medical ailment. […] Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are variable; symptoms can be widespread, specific, and often fluctuate. Somatic symptom disorder corresponds to the way an individual views and reacts to symptoms rather than the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder may develop in those who suffer from an existing chronic illness or medical condition. […] Somatic symptom disorder typically leads to poor functioning, interpersonal issues, unemployment or problems at work, and financial strain as a result of excessive healthcare visits.

• #32 What It’s Actually Like to Have a Somatoform Disorder

  https://www.verywellmind.com/somatoform-disorder-8536179

  The physical manifestations of somatoform disorder are real, and can be intense at times. According to Javed-Payne, its common for people with somatoform conditions to experience pain, GI troubles, and even neurological issues like fainting or paralysis. […] Symptoms are not being feigned, Javed-Payne reminds. They are felt as completely authentic by the person whos experiencing them. Symptoms presenting as physical responses can be debilitating and affect the persons daily responsibilities, work, family, and social life, she says. […] Living with a somatoform disorder can seriously impact many aspects of your life, Worley says. […] Besides physical health, emotional health, and relationships, living with somatoform disorder can impact other areas of your life as well. First, you may find yourself visiting numerous doctors and may find yourself saddled with increased medical bills, Javed-Payne. You may also find that the disorder makes it difficult to work, she says, as the physical symptoms can sometimes be severe enough to impact job responsibilities. […] Heres the tough news: somatoform disorder can be an ongoing challenge, with some research finding that up to 90% of people will have cases of somatic syndrome disorder for five years or more.

• #33 Approach to the patient with multiple somatic symptoms | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/approach-patient-multiple-somatic-symptoms

  Patients with multiple somatic complaints often receive extensive investigations for physical illnesses and unnecessary treatments, whereas psychological factors are insufficiently explored. […] Furthermore, patients with SSD utilise an inordinate amount of healthcare resources. One study estimated that patients with medically unexplained symptoms generate nine times the healthcare cost of an average patient. […] Individuals with SSD tend to be preoccupied with one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or cause significant disruption in their daily lives. This is usually accompanied by significant worry about their health. […] Notably, SSD and its related disorders may coexist with other physical or mental disorders. […] Somatic symptoms and psychological distress have a bidirectional link and can perpetuate each other. […] Normalise the co-occurrence of physical and psychological symptoms and draw analogies to explain how stress and physical symptoms interact, such as getting headaches when stressed or butterflies in the stomach when anxious, examples that many patients can relate to.

• #34 A cognitive behavioural group treatment for somatic symptom disorder: a pilot study | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-05141-9

  In fact, it has been reported that U.S. medical costs associated with somatization exceed $256 billion annually. […] Long-term prognostic outcomes for SSD are poor, as evidenced by high rates of disability in a longitudinal study of SSD outcomes. […] Indeed, rates of disability in SSD exceed levels observed in most other psychiatric disorders. […] Research indicates that practitioners frequently have difficulty implementing effective treatment approaches for SSD. […] While considerable strides have been made in attempting to develop evidence-based treatment approaches, recommendations, and protocols for the successful management of SSD, many of the interventions have significant limitations. […] The two interventions with the strongest empirical support are the psychiatric consultation intervention (PCI) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

• #35 The Evaluation and Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorder in Primary Care Practices

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/evaluation-treatment-somatic-symptom-disorder-primary-care-practices/

  Risk factors for developing SSD include sociocultural, biological, genetic, psychiatric, and developmental contributors. […] A patients preoccupation with their somatic symptoms will alert the clinician to a possible diagnosis of SSD, keeping in mind that SSD is not a diagnosis of exclusion and can co-occur with other medical diagnoses. […] When a diagnosis of SSD is suspected, it is especially important to inquire about substance use, trauma, major life events, psychosocial circumstances, and life stressors, in addition to the standard psychiatric and social history. […] The Somatic Symptom Disorder-1219 asks about thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with the somatic symptom(s) (criterion B in the DSM-5) and is a useful screening tool for SSD. […] SSD differs from the past DSM-IV diagnosis of somatization in that it focuses on the disproportionate psychological reaction to the somatic symptoms rather than on the medically unexplained nature of the somatic symptoms.

• #36 Somatic Symptom Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.verywellmind.com/somatic-symptom-disorder-definition-symptoms-causes-5217625

  The Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5-TR) provides the following diagnostic criteria for identifying somatic symptoms disorder: Experiencing somatic symptoms that cause significant distress and disrupt your daily functioning, Symptoms persisted for more than six months, Experiencing anxious thoughts or behaviors in response to having somatic symptoms. […] There’s no singular cause for SSD, as with many mental health conditions. The disorder, however, has been linked to experiencing childhood abuse and trauma. […] People with anxiety and a low pain threshold are also more susceptible to developing SSD. […] While somatic symptom disorder might not result in physical medical conditions, it can severely affect the quality of your life. […] If it goes untreated, you can become so consumed with your perceived health problems that it starts to take a toll on your health and the relationships you have with other people.

• #37 Somatic Symptom Disorder

  https://www.annabellepsychology.com/somatic-symptom-disorder

  While we still do not know the exact cause of it, cognitive factors are believed to play a strong role. […] People with Somatic Symptom Disorder also experience physical sensations more intensely and tend to engage in catastrophic thinking. […] Comprehensive intervention for people with somatic symptoms disorder includes pharmacological interventions and psychotherapy. […] Psychodynamic therapy focuses on helping patients became aware of the links between their emotions and the physical symptoms they experience. […] Reinforcement is another critical aspect of Somatic Symptom Disorder as it has been proposed that somatic complaints perpetuate because of reinforcement for their behaviour. […] To tackle this, cognitive therapy is used to help people learn to interpret their somatic symptoms in more appropriate and adaptive ways instead of catastrophizing.

• #38 Somatization: Signs and symptoms

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/somatization-signs-and-symptoms-

  When somatization causes distress, impairs a person’s quality of life and becomes a focus of medical attention, it is diagnosed as somatic symptom disorder or conversion disorder. […] When a person has somatic symptom disorder, a lot of thoughts, feelings and behaviours become connected to their physical symptoms. A child may have a medical condition, but their symptoms impair their routine and cause them more distress than would be expected from the medical condition on its own. […] Examples of somatic symptoms may include: pain, fatigue, shortness of breath or coughing, heart palpitations, fainting, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, stomach ache or diarrhea, needing to urinate often. […] Children and teens with somatic symptom disorder and/or conversion disorder may have other mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, ADHD or a learning disability. In addition, up to 40 per cent of children and teens with medical conditions have mental health conditions. […] A number of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety disorders, may also have a component of somatization. For instance, children and teens with depression may often have fatigue and headaches. Those with anxiety disorders often have headaches, muscle tension and nausea.

• #39 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders

  Somatic symptom and related disorders (SSDs) are a group of diseases in which youth have physical symptoms that are either very distressing or result in significant disruption of their daily functioning, as well as excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding those symptoms. The symptoms are typically more severe than would be expected for an existing medical problem or may occur in the absence of a clear medical problem. […] SSDs may develop after a stressful event or a major change in a child’s life. As with adults, children and adolescents can express their stress through physical symptoms rather than through emotions or thoughts. […] Most people experience physical (or somatic) symptoms as part of everyday life without having a medical disease. […] Although SSDs are connected with psychological stress, this does not mean that children are “faking” or having symptoms purposefully.

• #40 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders

  The last factor — medical illness — may seem puzzling as a risk factor, but sometimes, a medical illness like a stomach bug or an injury can activate an “alarm” that will not stop ringing in the brain. […] SSDs are often temporary, and many children and adolescents fully recover. […] Symptoms may wax and wane in times of change or stress, but being aware of this possibility can help prevent new episodes or help with quick recovery if they occur again.

• #41 Somatic symptom disorder: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/somatic-symptom-disorder-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Diagnostic criteria — We recommend that somatic symptom disorder be diagnosed according to the criteria in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). The diagnosis requires each of the following: One or more somatic symptoms that cause distress or psychosocial impairment. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors associated with the somatic symptoms, as demonstrated by one or more of the following: Persistent thoughts about the seriousness of the symptoms, Persistent, severe anxiety about the symptoms or one’s general health, The time and energy devoted to the symptoms or health concerns is excessive. Although the specific somatic symptom(s) may change, the disorder is persistent (usually more than six months). […] Somatic symptom disorder can occur with or without a general medical illness that “explains” the somatic symptoms. The key to establishing whether the patient with a significant general medical disorder also has somatic symptom disorder is determining whether the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to the medical disease is excessive compared with most other patients with that medical disorder.

• #42 DSM 5 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | Working Fit

  http://www.workingfit.co.uk/medical-evidence/unexplained-and-exaggerated-symptoms/dsm-5-somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders

  The diagnostic criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder noted in DSM 5 are: […] One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. […] Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviours related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following: […] Although any one somatic symptom may not be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is persistent (typically more than 6 months). […] Specify if: Persistent: a persistent course is characterized by severe symptoms, marked impairment, and long duration (more than 6 months). […] The expected prevalence of Somatic Symptom Disorder stated in DSM 5 is higher than that for Somatization Disorder (<1%) but lower than that of Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder (19%). Both are more common in women.

• #43 Understanding Somatic Symptom Disorder: Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatment – Symptom Media

  https://symptommedia.com/understanding-somatic-symptom-disorder-diagnosis-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Understanding Somatic Symptom Disorder: Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatment […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) defines somatic symptom disorder as: […] One or more physical (somatic) symptoms that are distressing or cause significant disruption in daily life […] Excessive or intrusive thoughts, worries, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms with at least one of the following: Ongoing thoughts that are out of proportion with the seriousness of symptoms […] Ongoing high level of anxiety about health issues […] Excessive time and energy spent on health concerns or symptoms […] At least one symptom is consistently present for at least six months. […] The most current DSM-5-TR reflects a crucial change to the diagnostic criteria for somatic symptom disorder. In DSM-5-TR, the criteria for a somatic symptom disorder diagnosis no longer require that the symptoms causing distress are ‘medically unexplained,’ meaning that the patient may genuinely have real medical conditions causing the symptoms. Having a legitimate, identifiable medical condition causing the symptoms does not negate the excessive worry and anxiety the patient is experiencing. Having somatic symptom disorder does not mean ‘it’s all in their head.’

• #44 Somatic symptom disorder: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/somatic-symptom-disorder-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by one or more somatic symptoms that are accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms. In addition, the symptoms cause significant distress and/or dysfunction. The somatic symptoms may or may not be explained by a recognized medical condition. […] A core feature of somatic symptom disorder is the presence of one or more current somatic symptoms that are long-standing and cause distress or psychosocial impairment. […] The other core feature of somatic symptom disorder is excessive thoughts, worrying, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or to health concerns. […] When to suspect the disorder — In primary care or general medical settings, the presence of somatic symptom disorder is suggested by the following clues: history of present illness is vague and inconsistent, health care concerns are rarely alleviated despite high usage of medical care, patient attributes normal physical sensations to medical illnesses, repeatedly checks one’s body for abnormalities, and patient elicits negative feelings in clinicians.

• #45 DSM 5 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | Working Fit

  http://www.workingfit.co.uk/medical-evidence/unexplained-and-exaggerated-symptoms/dsm-5-somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders

  The major diagnosis in this diagnostic class, Somatic Symptom Disorder, emphasises diagnosis made on the basis of positive symptoms and signs (distressing somatic symptoms plus abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in response to these symptoms) rather than the absence of a medical explanation for somatic symptoms.

• #46 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (SSRD) Clinical Pathway — Emergency Department and Inpatient | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/somatic-symptom-related-disorders-ssrd-clinical-pathway

  Somatic symptoms are real (not faked). […] SSRD is a diagnosis of inclusion based on history and physical exam, not a diagnosis of exclusion. […] SSRDs typically do not benefit from admission. […] Presenting symptoms are better explained by an alternative medical and/or behavioral diagnosis. […] Most children with SSRD do not benefit from admission. However, there are several specific indications for which children may benefit from a short and focused inpatient stay, such as: Diagnostic uncertainty, Severe symptoms impairing function(i.e., ADLS, mobility, school participation), Co-morbid illness warranting admission, Inappropriate or ineffective use of polypharmacy benefitting from inpatient demedicalization. […] Education and clarification of diagnosis, Development of symptom management skills, Education and clarification that treatment will focus on eventual return to function. […] Document diagnosis of SSRD in medical record.

• #47 Somatic symptoms | Open Arms

  https://www.openarms.gov.au/health-professionals/assessment-and-treatment/somatic-symptoms

  For example, a veteran may present with multiple physical symptoms that medical investigations fail to explain. He or she may report disproportionate concerns about the seriousness of those symptoms, along with a tendency to devote excessive time and energy to behaviours associated with them. […] These symptoms are not intentional or fabricated. […] They cause significant distress and impairment for the veteran. […] The boundary between physical and mental health can be difficult to determine. […] There are no well-established and widely accepted measures to screen for somatic symptoms and related disorders. […] The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) is a tool for assessing the presence and severity of somatic symptoms. […] In all assessments, practitioners need to be alert to the common comorbidity of mental health problems in veterans presenting with somatic complaints.

• #48 Somatic Symptom Disorder: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/somatic-symptom-disorder/

  Somatic symptom disorders can be tricky to diagnose as they require a careful process of differential diagnosis to determine that they are not medical conditions or normal reactions to them. However, there are a few common signs that indicate the presence of a somatic disorder. […] Most medical conditions have specific symptoms that can be detected by blood analysis, x-rays or other medical tests. Many of these medical disorders also cause pain and fatigue. However, when lethargy and physical discomfort are present when no other medical symptoms are detected or when all other physical symptoms are actively improving, they are more likely to indicate a somatic disorder. […] Two features of all somatic disorders are a preoccupation with somatic symptoms and anxiety about what they mean. This anxiety and the reactions to it can have a negative impact on the treatment of and recovery from an underlying medical condition when one is present.

• #49 Somatoform Disorders: Definition, Types, and Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/somatoform-disorders-6748181

  Common symptoms of illness anxiety disorder include: Overwhelming preoccupation with having or developing a serious health condition, Accompanying somatic symptoms are nonexistent or mild, Disproportionate responses to mild symptoms, Persistent, extreme anxiety about ones health, Either avoiding healthcare providers and clinical settings or excessively performing checks on ones health or seeking care frequently. […] The symptoms of conversion disorder, or functional neurological symptom disorder, include: A serious, sudden-onset physical or neurological symptom (e.g., blindness, numbness, paralysis, difficulties with coordination, loss of pain or touch, or the inability to speak) without any biological cause, Symptoms typically last a few days or weeks, Lack of concern or shock that would typically accompany a severe symptom, Psychological symptoms that suddenly go away after the appearance of physical symptoms.

• #50 Psychiatry.org – Somatic Symptom Disorder

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder

  Somatic symptom disorder is diagnosed when a person has a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, to a level that results in major distress and/or problems functioning. The individual has excessive thoughts, feelings and behaviors relating to the physical symptoms. The physical symptoms may or may not be associated with a diagnosed medical condition, but the person is experiencing symptoms and believes they are sick (that is, not faking the illness). […] A person is not diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder solely because a medical cause cant be identified for a physical symptom. The emphasis is on the extent to which the thoughts, feelings and behaviors related to the illness are excessive or out of proportion. […] Further complicating the picture is the fact that people with the disorder may have ongoing chronic illnesses that can change and worsen over time. The art of managing somatic symptom disorders is therefore balancing the need for a prudent medical evaluation without resulting in over-diagnosis and over-treatment. This balance can only be achieved through a trusting relationship with a knowledgeable clinician, usually a primary care provider or primary care team.

• #51 Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-8-somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/

  The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. […] Given that half of psychiatric patients also have an additional medical disorder, 35% have an undiagnosed medical condition, and approximately 20% reported medical problems caused their mental condition, it should not come as a surprise that somatic disorders, in general, have high comorbidity with other psychological disorders (Felker, Yazel, Short, 1996). […] Somatic symptom disorder is also comorbid with PTSD and OCD. (APA, 2022). […] Treatment for these disorders is often difficult as individuals see their problems as completely medical, and therefore, do not think psychological intervention is necessary (Lahmann, Henningsen, Noll-Hussong, 2010). […] Among the most effective treatment approaches is the biopsychosocial model of treatment. This approach considers the various biological, psychological, and social factors that influence the illness and presenting symptoms (Gatchel et al., 2007).

• #52 Somatoform Disorders: Symptoms, Types, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/somatoform-disorders-symptoms-types-treatment

  Somatic symptom disorder (SSD formerly known as „somatization disorder” or „somatoform disorder”) is a form of mental illness that causes one or more bodily symptoms, including pain. The symptoms may or may not be traceable to a physical cause including general medical conditions, other mental illnesses, or substance abuse. But regardless, they cause excessive and disproportionate levels of distress. The symptoms can involve one or more different organs and body systems, such as: […] Many people who have SSD will also have an anxiety disorder. […] People with SSD are not faking their symptoms. The distress they experience from pain and other problems they experience are real, regardless of whether or not a physical explanation can be found. And the distress from symptoms significantly affects daily functioning.

• #53 Somatic symptoms | Open Arms

  https://www.openarms.gov.au/health-professionals/assessment-and-treatment/somatic-symptoms

  It is common for comorbidity of mental health problems to exist in veterans presenting with somatic complaints. […] The boundary between physical and mental health can be difficult to determine. […] General practitioners commonly encounter individuals who display excessive concern with a health complaint or physical symptoms that have no readily evident organic cause. These presentations can lead to a diagnosis of a somatic symptom disorder (previously known as somatoform disorders). […] The category of somatic symptom disorder includes a range of clinical presentations such as health anxiety (previously hypochondriasis), medically unexplained symptoms, and persistent pain. […] Common to all these conditions is the central place of somatic symptoms in the presenting problem. Along with cognitive distortions and/or excessive thoughts, feelings and behaviours related to these physical complaints.

• #54 Approach to the patient with multiple somatic symptoms | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/approach-patient-multiple-somatic-symptoms

  Jane, a 42-year-old homemaker, presented with a persistent sensation of throat discomfort and fear of choking during eating over the past six months. […] She experienced some improvement in the globus sensation after she was started on proton-pump inhibitors but continued to have significant difficulty with eating. Jane said that she now required three hours to complete each meal and was only able to tolerate minced food or porridge. She had lost 8 kg since the onset of her symptoms. She was distressed and reported worsening anxiety and constant ruminations about her symptoms. She also experienced anhedonia and insomnia. […] For SSD, the emphasis is diagnosis based on the presence of positive symptoms and signs. Patients typically have multiple distressing somatic symptoms that disrupt their daily lives. They also have high levels of worry about illness and preoccupation with their symptoms. […] The prevalence of SSD and related disorders is estimated to be 5%7% in the general population. […] Persistence and deterioration in function are most likely in patients with more physical complaints and greater psychiatric comorbidity.

• #55 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (SSRDs) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders-ssrds

  Somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRDs) occur when there are problems with the bodys communication system. Children with this condition have physical symptoms that can be upsetting but are not harmful. Symptoms may look like other illnesses, but tests and lab results may not find a cause. These symptoms are called somatic symptoms. Somatic symptoms are real; they are not imagined. […] SSRDs look different for each person. It is common to have more than one symptom. Symptoms may change or worsen over time. They may come and go or be constant. Examples of somatic symptoms include: Pain, weakness, difficulty moving, headaches, dizziness or extreme tiredness, changes in vision or hearing, itching, numbness, abnormal movements, stomach aches, nausea. […] Though somatic disorders are not easily explained by a test or medical diagnosis, they are real, often upsetting and interfere with daily life. SSRD treatment aims to repair communication between the mind and body. This will improve the childs ability to function and participate in daily life at home, at school and with friends. […] SSRDs are treatable, though it may take time and practice to repair the communication pathways. Most children diagnosed with a somatic disorder will see improvement or resolution of their symptoms with proper treatment.

• #56 Somatization and the Mind-Body Connection | Kelty Mental Health

  https://keltymentalhealth.ca/somatization

  Children and youth with this disorder may have body symptoms like: pain in abdomen (belly), headache, fatigue, nausea, chronic pain. […] Often people can have an element of somatization when they have strong physical symptoms or a medical condition. […] Treatment helps the child or youth learn to manage their physical symptoms and return to wellness. […] Yes! Many of the symptoms that are caused by somatization go away on their own. If these symptoms last more than a few weeks or months, they may need more active treatment.

• #57 Somatic Symptom Disorder in Children: A Quick Guide

  https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-somatic-symptom-disorder/

  Somatic symptom disorder is a mental health disorder that can affect children. Children who have somatic symptom disorder worry a lot about physical feelings that are pretty normal — like headaches, stomachaches, or being tired. These small issues make them think they have a serious sickness. For example, they might think a stomachache means they have cancer. Kids with somatic symptom disorder worry so much that it causes them a lot of stress and anxiety that get in the way of normal activities like school. […] Signs that a child might have somatic symptom disorder include: Thinking normal bodily feelings mean they are very sick. For example, the child might be sure that a headache means they have a brain tumor. Spending a lot of time worrying about a specific pain or a more general feeling like being tired. Having a lot of stomachaches or headaches or feeling tired a lot. Being afraid of physical activities like sports because they think they will hurt themselves. Spending a lot of time reading about illnesses. […] Kids with somatic symptom disorder have extreme worries about their symptoms and are convinced they have a serious condition. This gets in the way of normal life, including school and friendships. They aren’t faking their fear.

• #58 Somatic Symptoms in Children: The 5 Ws Explained

  https://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/healthy-living/child-development-and-behavior/the-5ws-of-somatic-symptoms-in-children/

  Somatic symptoms are diagnosed more often in teenagers, and in more girls than boys. […] If your child is experiencing frequent symptoms and a lot of impairment, such as missing school, social, or family activities, you may be referred to or seek a referral to a psychologist who practices CBT. […] Overall, it’s important to know that somatic symptoms are real and are affected by everything we think, feel, and do.

• #59

  https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Physical_Symptoms_of_Emotional_Distress-Somatic_Symptoms_and_Related_Disorders-124.aspx

  SSRD Symptoms may include: body pains including headaches, joint pains, stomach aches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, memory problems, weakness, numbness, trouble breathing, shortness of breath, changes in vision or hearing including sudden blindness, a „stuck” feeling or a „lump” in the throat, seizure-like episodes, fainting, abnormal movements. […] SSRDs are treatable. Sometimes symptoms are short-lived and disappear quickly without treatment. Other times, a child needs a course of treatment. Psychotherapy (talk therapy) focusing on helping a child express feelings is very important. The main goal of treatment is to help a child return to normal levels of functioning.

• #59

  https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Physical_Symptoms_of_Emotional_Distress-Somatic_Symptoms_and_Related_Disorders-124.aspx

  What are Somatic Symptoms? Physical complaints are common in children. As many as 1 in 10 children will complain of an ache, pain, or worry about their body on any given day. There may be no medical illness that fully explains the complaint, it may be that emotions are being felt as physical symptoms. Physical symptoms of emotional distress are called somatic symptoms. Somatization is the name used when emotional distress is expressed by physical symptoms. Everyone experiences somatization at times. Examples can include your heart beating fast or butterflies in your stomach when you feel nervous, or muscles becoming tense and sore when you feel angry or under stress. These symptoms are very real to your child; they are not „faking it.” […] A Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder (SSRD) is diagnosed when your child has physical symptoms that are not explained by a medical illness or when symptoms of a known illness affect your child much more than expected and these symptoms interfere with daily life such as missing school, not wanting to play with friends, or avoiding fun activities.

• #60 Somatic symptom disorder in patients with post-COVID-19 neurological symptoms: a preliminary report from the somatic study (Somatic Symptom Disorder Triggered by COVID-19) | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/93/11/1174

  Objectives To assess the diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) in patients with unexplained neurological symptoms occurring after SARS-CoV-2 infection, also referred to as long COVID. […] Results Although the patients did not meet the DSM-5 criteria for a functional neurological symptom disorder specifically, SSD diagnosis based on DSM-5 criteria was positive in 32 (64%) patients. In the remaining 18 patients, SSD was considered possible given the high score on diagnostic scales. […] Conclusion A majority of patients with unexplained long-lasting neurological symptoms after mild COVID met diagnostic criteria for SSD and may require specific management.

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