Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Somatic Symptom Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532253/

  The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is estimated to be 5% to 7% of the general population, with higher female representation (female-to-male ratio 10:1), and can occur in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. […] The prevalence increases to approximately 17% of the primary care patient population. […] The prevalence is likely higher in certain patient populations with functional disorders, including fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome.

• #2 Somatic Symptom Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914594?mobile-app=true&theme=wiki

  Prevalence rates for the most restrictive previous diagnosis of somatization disorder appear low in community samples (0.1%). Low community prevalence rates for somatic symptom disorder may be due to a reporting bias. […] One review estimates that the prevalence of somatic symptom disorder in the general population is approximately 5%7%. This suggests that these concerns are among the most common patient concerns in the primary care setting. […] An estimated 20%25% of patients who present with acute somatic symptoms go on to develop a chronic somatic illness. These disorders can begin in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. […] The existing evidence shows that somatoform disorders and medically unexplained symptoms are common in later life. The available data suggest that prevalence rates may decline after the age of 65 years.

• #3 Somatic Symptom Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0101/p49.html

  The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder in the general population is an estimated 5% to 7%, making this one of the most common categories of patient concerns in the primary care setting. An estimated 20% to 25% of patients who present with acute somatic symptoms go on to develop a chronic somatic illness. These disorders can begin in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Females tend to present with somatic symptom disorder more often than males, with an estimated female-to-male ratio of 10:1. […] Somatic symptoms may result from a heightened awareness of certain bodily sensations, combined with a tendency to interpret these sensations as indicative of a medical illness. The etiology of somatic symptom disorder is unclear. However, studies have determined that risk factors for chronic and severe somatic symptoms include childhood neglect, sexual abuse, chaotic lifestyle, and a history of alcohol and substance abuse. In addition, somatic symptom disorder has been associated with personality disorders.

• #4 Somatic symptom disorder: a scoping review on the empirical evidence of a new diagnosis | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/somatic-symptom-disorder-a-scoping-review-on-the-empirical-evidence-of-a-new-diagnosis/25B7921C514E9B42280B6A7376289729

  In 2013, the diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) was introduced into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). […] General population studies using self-report questionnaires reported mean frequencies for SSD of 12.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.5-13.3%], while prevalence studies based on criterion standard interviews are lacking. […] The current lack of studies examining the prevalence of SSD based on criterion-standard interviews is a major research gap, precluding reliable estimates of the prevalence of SSD. […] Only seven studies used semi-structured clinical interviews based on DSM-5 criteria to diagnose SSD. […] Prevalence studies in the general population using diagnostic criterion standard interviews are completely missing. […] SSD frequency rates in different medical and non-medical populations are summarized in Fig. 2. In general population studies, the frequency of proxy diagnosis for SSD varied between 6.7 and 17.4% [mean frequency 12.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 12.5-13.3%)]. […] The highest frequency of SSD was observed within mental health care settings specialized in SSD treatment with frequency rates ranging between 40.3 and 77.7% [mean frequency 60.1% (95% CI 57.8-62.4%)].

• #5 Somatic Symptom Disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/somatic-symptom-disorder/

  Historically, the prevalence of SSD was difficult to establish as the diagnostic criteria under the DSM-V subsumed other somatoform disorders such as hypochondriasis and panic disorder. An article by Kurlansik and Maffei estimates the prevalence of SSD as between 5 and 7% in the general population and 17% in the primary care population. Onset of SSD can begin in adolescence or childhood, and is considered more common in females than in males, with female to male ratios being estimated at 10:1. Further studies examined the incidence of SSD in the general population via self-report questionnaires and found that mean frequencies of SSD in the population were as high as 12.9% (CI 12.5-13.3 95%). When compared to previous somatic symptom disorders (i.e., somatization disorder, undifferentiated somatoform disorder, pain disorder, etc.) SSD was found to exhibit both reliability and validity, as well as good clinical utility.

• #6 Estimated frequency of somatic symptom disorder in general practice: cross-sectional survey with general practitioners | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-022-04100-0

  Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is the successor diagnosis of somatoform disorder in the 5th Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Relevance and frequency of SSD and its clinical symptoms in general practice are still unknown. We estimate frequencies of patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of SSD in general practice. […] GPs saw the clinical symptoms of SSD fulfilled (A and B criteria) in 21.5% (95% CI: 20.6 to 22.3) of their patients. […] We estimate a frequency of 7.7% of patients in general practice to fulfil the diagnostic criteria of SSD. This number may figure as a reference for the yet to be uncovered prevalence of SSD and it indicates a high clinical relevance of the clinical symptoms of SSD in general practice. […] Representative and unbiased prevalence studies for SSD are still rare as evidenced in a recent scoping review.

• #7 Somatic Symptom Disorder: Causes and Symptoms

  https://patient.info/doctor/somatic-symptom-disorder

  How common is somatic symptom disorder? (Epidemiology) […] A German 2022 study reported a prevalence of 7.7% for somatic symptom disorder (SSD) in primary care. […] A large scale, 2022 community-based study in China reported that SSD was more prevalent in people over 60 years of age. […] Epidemiological studies generally quote a prevalence of 5-7% for the general population. […] The disorder usually begins before the age of 30 years and occurs more often in women than in men.

• #8 Somatic Symptom Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/somatic-symptom

  The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder is unknown since it is a new diagnosis, but estimated to be between 5 to 7%. […] The prevalence is expected to be higher than the older and more restrictive DSM-IV diagnosis of somatization disorder (1%) but lower than that of undifferentiated somatoform disorder (19%). […] It affects females more than males.

• #9 DSM 5 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | Working Fit

  http://www.workingfit.co.uk/medical-evidence/unexplained-and-exaggerated-symptoms/dsm-5-somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders

  The expected prevalence of Somatic Symptom Disorder stated in DSM 5 is higher than that for Somatization Disorder (<1%) but lower than that of Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder (19%). Both are more common in women. Nevertheless, the term Somatic Symptom Disorder is considered by DSM 5 to be broadly equivalent to ICD10 F45.1 and ICD9 300.82 Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder, and includes most patients with Hypochondriasis ICD 10 F45.21 and ICD 9 300.7. [...] DSM 5 considers the prevalence to be around 5% of referrals to neurology clinics, with an annual incidence in the general population of 2-5/100,000. [...] While the prevalence is not clear, DSM 5 notes that it is more common than Somatic Symptom Disorder.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Somatic-Symptom-Disorder.aspx

  The epidemiology of somatic symptom disorder is not reliable. However, reasonable assumption dictates that the rate of patients with somatic symptom disorder is greater in the population as well as in the primary, specialist, and mental healthcare realms relative to the rates for more narrowly defined multi-symptomatic somatoform subcategorizations. […] Despite this, the prevalence of somatic symptom disorder has been estimated to be between 5% and 7% of the general population, occurring with a higher rate in females, at a female to male ratio of 10:1. Somatic symptom disorder may occur in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. When patient populations are further subcategorized, those who have functional disorders, such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome, exhibit higher prevalence rates. Moreover, prevalence rises to ~ 17% of the primary care population.

• #11 Epidemiology and prevalence of somatic symptom disorder at the primary care level in Muscat, Oman: A cross-sectional study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430921/

  Objectives: Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is a diagnostic classification to describe the occurrence of physical symptoms without organic cause. This study aimed to identify prevalence rates and associated characteristics of SSD among adults in primary care settings. […] A total of 2000 adults participated in the study (response rate: 67.3%), of which most were female (71.7%) and under 50 years old (86.2%). Based on their SSS-8 scores, 602 participants (17.8%) had SSD, resulting in an overall prevalence estimate of 30.1% (95% confidence interval: 28.13-32.15). […] The estimated prevalence of SSD in primary care settings is high compared to reports from elsewhere in the Gulf region. There is an urgent need to enhance the diagnosis of SSD at the primary care level in order to reduce healthcare service overutilisation and patient dissatisfaction.

• #12 Epidemiology and prevalence of somatic symptom disorder at the primary care level in Muscat, Oman: A cross-sectional study. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=00912174&AN=163264303&h=R85HEmkHxjYiLtAl%2BcIQXjUR%2BrxVsZPgJbcXxMHOzdgZR6%2FOh2IryTHzZK1v1wyQomEpLWZ2jXN%2BlAE4vimIag%3D%3D&crl=f

  Epidemiology and prevalence of somatic symptom disorder at the primary care level in Muscat, Oman: A cross-sectional study. […] This study aimed to identify prevalence rates and associated characteristics of SSD among adults in primary care settings. […] A total of 2000 adults participated in the study (response rate: 67.3%), of which most were female (71.7%) and under 50 years old (86.2%). Based on their SSS-8 scores, 602 participants (17.8%) had SSD, resulting in an overall prevalence estimate of 30.1% (95% confidence interval: 28.13–32.15). […] The estimated prevalence of SSD in primary care settings is high compared to reports from elsewhere in the Gulf region.

• #13 Somatization: Supporting the Patient with Somatization in Primary Care : Ottawa-Carleton, ON : eMentalHealth.ca

  https://primarycare.ementalhealth.ca/index.php?m=fpArticle&ID=26040

  1-year prevalence of somatoform disorders is almost 25% in primary care (Steinbrecher et al., 2011) […] Patients with chronic medically unexplained symptoms, of whom the majority have somatization, are extremely common in primary care.

• #14 Somatic Symptom (Somatization) Disorder | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688015/all/Somatic_Symptom__Somatization__Disorder?q=Stress+disorder

  Usually, first symptoms appear in adolescence. […] Predominant sex: female male (10:1) […] Type and frequency of somatic complaints may differ among cultures, so symptom reviews should be adjusted based on culture; more frequent in cultures without Western/empirical explanatory models. […] Expected 2% among women and 0.2% among men. […] Somatization is seen in up to 29% of patients presenting to primary care offices. […] Somatic concerns may increase, but other features of the presentation decrease such that prevalence declines after age 65 years.

• #15 Exploring Somatic Symptom Disorder: A Case Report

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/exploring-somatic-symptom-disorder-a-case-report

  Often underdiagnosed, somatic symptom disorder affects individuals of all ages with and without concomitant psychiatric disorders. […] They reported prevalence of somatic symptom disorder tends to decrease after age 65 years, with rates range from 11% to 21% in younger patients, 10% to 20% in middle-aged patients, and 1.5% to 13% in older patients. […] Ali said in the poster presentation. She added, We know that primary care physicians, psychiatrists, and neurologists encounter most of the cases, where 20% to 60% of outpatient visits constitute of medically unexplained symptoms. […] The concept of mind-body dualism might pose a challenge in early identification of the condition and subsequently lead to frequent hospital visits, numerous diagnostic tests, and an overall increase in health care costs and patient dissatisfaction, Ali reported. […] She also suggested the use of PHQ-15 in clinical practice, especially in primary care settings, as an effective screening tool.

• #16 Somatic symptom disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder

  Somatic symptom disorder affects 5% to 7% of the general population, with a higher female representation, and can arise throughout childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. […] A 2015 study found prevalence of 11% (n = 5738). […] Evidence suggests that the emergence of prodromal symptoms often begins in childhood and that symptoms fitting the criteria for somatic symptom disorder are common during adolescence. A community study of adolescents found that 5% had persistent distressing physical symptoms paired with psychological concerns. […] In the primary care patient population, the rate rises to around 17%. […] Patients with functional illnesses such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome have a greater prevalence of somatic symptom disorder. The reported frequency of somatic symptom disorder, as defined by the DSM-5 criteria, ranges from 25 to 60% among these patients.

• #17 Somatic Symptom Disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/somatic-symptom-disorder/

  Extrapolating data from the prior diagnoses that contribute to SSD to determine prevalence was considered but rejected because not all patients with the former diagnoses would qualify for the SSD diagnoses under the DSM-V, particularly in those with unexplained symptoms. Also, there are additional patients with explained medical conditions that can now be diagnosed with SSD if they suffer from the B and C criteria. This leads to concern for the risk of those with known medical disease having their symptoms attributed to psychological distress if they also qualify for the SSD diagnosis. With suspected prevalence rates of SSD at up to 25 to 60% in patients with functional somatic syndromes (i.e., fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome irritable bowel syndrome) it is important to avoid ascribing all somatic symptoms to SSD despite any overlap.

• #18 Somatic Symptom Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914594?mobile-app=true&theme=wiki

  There is evidence that somatic symptom disorder is highly prevalent in patients suffering from vertigo or dizziness symptoms. […] A study in Belgium reported that somatization syndrome is the third highest psychiatric disorder, with a prevalence rate of 8.9%. The first and second most common psychiatric disorders were depression and anxiety disorders. […] Somatic symptom disorders contribute a significant economic burden to the costs of brain disorders. A European survey estimated the cost of somatic symptom disorders across Europe to be 22 billion Euro/year (approximately $30 billion US dollars per year). This makes the cost of somatic symptom disorders in the range of that for multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, or traumatic brain injury. […] Somatic symptom disorders do not appear to independently increase the risk of death. Some evidence exists that somatization disorder is associated with increased risk for suicide attempts.

• #19 Prevalence of Somatic Symptoms and Somatoform Disorders among a German Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Sample

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/3/280

  Somatoform disorders (SD), commencing during adolescence, represent a major problem in health care systems. […] While literature underlines the high presence of mental health problems among children and adolescents afflicted by somatic symptoms in the general population, limited evidence is available on the prevalence of comorbid somatic symptoms in child and adolescent psychiatric populations. […] A total of 93.8% of the inpatients reported somatic symptoms within the past six months and still almost half (45.7%) of the sample reported at least one somatic symptom within the last seven days prior to inquiry. […] Relating to the past six months, 59.5% were positively screened for SD, and 44.6% reported symptoms eligible for positive screening within the past seven days prior to the survey.

• #20 Prevalence of Somatic Symptoms and Somatoform Disorders among a German Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Sample

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/3/280

  We provide evidence that somatic symptoms are frequent in children and adolescents being treated in child and adolescent psychiatry and are relevant to everyday functioning. […] Screening for somatic symptoms should be introduced in the routine diagnostic procedures for early detection of SD in the commencing stages. […] In general, somatic symptoms account for a significant amount of pediatric outpatient attendances. […] However, only a few studies have focused on somatic symptoms in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient cohorts who might represent a vulnerable population in the context of somatoform disorders. […] In summary, somatic symptoms are relevant and impairing with respect to everyday functioning. […] Therefore, the prevalence and clinical relevance of somatic symptoms and their interrelations with different diagnostic categories and symptoms of depression and anxiety, but also sex and age, are of particular interest among the highly vulnerable inpatient child and adolescent samples.

• #21 Somatic Symptom Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914594?mobile-app=true&theme=wiki

  Previous research indicates that suicidality is a substantial problem in primary care patients with somatoform disorders, especially when major depression or anxiety realm disorders are comorbid. […] Females tend to present with somatic symptom disorder more frequently than males, with an estimated F:M ratio of 10:1. This may be due to a greater willingness to report somatic symptoms in the female population. […] Somatic symptom disorders may begin in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. New onset of unexplained somatic symptom disorders in older adults should prompt a search for occult medical illness or evidence of major depression associated with somatization.

• #22 Somatic Symptom Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17976-somatic-symptom-disorder-in-adults

  Somatic symptom disorder can occur in children, adolescents and adults, and it usually begins by age 30. […] Women are 10 times more likely to be diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder. […] Somatic symptom disorder is somewhat common and occurs in about 5% to 7% of the adult population.

• #23 Somatization in childhood and adolescence: a guide to facilitate its understanding | Anales de Pediatría

  https://analesdepediatria.org/en-somatization-in-childhood-adolescence-guide-articulo-S2341287925000237

  Somatic symptoms affect approximately 25% of children and adolescents, with a significant impact in 10%, and somatization disorders affect 1%3% of the population. […] The estimated prevalence of somatic symptom disorders is approximately one to three percent. […] It is estimated that 25% of the population aged less than 18 years complains of one or more of these symptoms weekly. Of all children who visit the pediatrician for any reason, approximately 10% have physical symptoms that cannot be attributed to any recognizable disease but have a significant impact on their daily life. […] Overall, there is a higher prevalence of these disorders in the female population, and the age at onset is greater in conversion disorder compared to somatic symptom disorder.

• #24 Prevalence and characteristics of somatic symptom disorder in the elderly in a community-based population: a large-scale cross-sectional study in China | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-022-03907-1

  The prevalence of SSD in the elderly was higher than that in the non-elderly (63.2% vs. 45.3%). […] The elderly suffered more severe SSD (20.4% moderate and severe in elderly vs. 12.0% in non-elderly) and are 1.560 times more likely to have the disorder (95%CI: 1.3991.739; p<.001) than the non-elderly. [...] Comorbidity of depressive or anxiety disorders was 3.7 times higher than would be expected in the general population. [...] Additionally, the results of adjusted multivariate analyses identified older age, female sex, and comorbid physical diseases as predictive risk factors of SSD in the elderly group. [...] With higher prevalence of common physical problems (including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardio/cerebrovascular disease), the elderly in Shanghai are more vulnerable to have SSD and are more likely to suffer from comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders.

• #25 Somatic Symptom Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0101/p49.html

  Psychosocial stressors and culture affect how patients present to the physician. For example, studies in primary care settings found significantly higher rates of unemployment and impaired occupational functioning in somaticizing patients compared with nonsomaticizing patients (29% vs. 15%, and 55% vs. 14%, respectively).

• #26

  https://step1.medbullets.com/psychiatry/114037/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders

  Epidemiology […] F M […] less educated […] lower socioecononimc status […] ethnic minorities […] […] […] Somatic symptom disorder […] one or more physical symptoms that cause distress […] dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, or behaviors associated with the physical symptoms […] dysfunction is present for at least six months […] […] […] pain disorder […] chronic pain that causes significant distress or impairment […] psychological factors appear to influence the experience of the pain […] […] […] conversion disorder […] neurological impairment involving voluntary motor or sensory function with no primary neurological cause […] […] […] more common in adolescents and young adults […] […] […] illness anxiety disorder

• #27 Somatic symptom disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder

  There are cultural differences in the prevalence of somatic symptom disorder. For example, somatic symptom disorder and symptoms were found to be significantly more common in Puerto Rico. […] In addition, the diagnosis is also more prevalent among African Americans and those with less than a high school education or lower socioeconomic status. […] There is usually co-morbidity with other psychological disorders, particularly mood disorders or anxiety disorders. […] Research also showed comorbidity between somatic symptom disorder and personality disorders, especially antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, avoidant, and dependent personality disorder. […] About 10-20% of female first degree relatives also have somatic symptom disorder and male relatives have increased rates of alcoholism and sociopathy.

• #28 Somatic Symptom Disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/somatic-symptom-disorder/

  Risk factors/primary prevention: Substance use, and childhood sexual abuse and neglect have been identified as potential risk factors for SSD or somatization. There is also published research regarding correlations involving SSD. One study shows that for patients suffering from psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, patients who also qualify for an SSD diagnosis are more likely to report polyallergy. Another study stated that for patients being evaluated for multiple sclerosis, if they brought a list of symptoms, there was a high incidence of SSD. The aforementioned studies suggest a potential behavioral or personality based component that may indicate risk of SSD symptoms. Risk factors that have been historically associated with somatoform disorders and somatization include female sex, fewer years of education, lower socioeconomic status, history of childhood chronic illness, history of sexual abuse or other trauma, and concurrent general medical or psychiatric disorders. It is important to note that this data is based on previous studies of multiple types of somatoform disorders and not on the newer diagnostic criteria for SSD under the DSM-V. It is possible that many of these risk factors also apply to SSD; however, caution should be taken to avoid the mislabeling of women and those who are undereducated or socioeconomically disadvantaged as catastrophizers when presenting with physical symptoms.

• #29 The epidemiology of multiple somatic symptoms – ePrints Soton

  https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/492273/

  The risk factors for a high total somatic symptom count are unclear; and it is not known whether total somatic symptoms count is a predictor of impaired health status. […] Risk factors for a persistent high SSI were: fewer than 12 years of education, separated, widowed or divorced status, reported psychological abuse during childhood, co-existing medical illnesses, anxiety and depression. […] The risk factors for total somatic symptom count were those associated with psychiatric disorders including physical illness. […] A persistent high somatic symptom count provides a readily measured dimension of importance in epidemiology as a predictor of health status.

• #30 Identifying and measuring the severity of somatic symptom disorder using the Self-reported Somatic Symptom Scale-China (SSS-CN): a research protocol for a diagnostic study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/9/e024290

  The DSM-5 states that SSD comorbid with anxiety and depressive disorder (a combination present in approximately 57.7% of patients with SSD) adds severity and complexity to the somatic components. […] The current study, however, represents the efficacy of the SSS-CN only in patients without organic diseases. Therefore, further research on the application of SSS-CN in patients with both SSD and diagnosed medical disorders is required. Moreover, the epidemiology of primary healthcare facilities is different from the epidemiology of general hospitals; therefore, the diagnostic accuracy in a healthcare sample requires additional investigation.

• #31 Somatic symptom and related disorders: Guidance on assessment and management for paediatric health care providers | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders

  Somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRD) refer to a category of mental disorders that commonly affect children and adolescents. Individuals with SSRDs have high health system utilization. […] Exact prevalence estimates of SSRDs are uncertain due to the non-specific nature of symptoms and the universal experience of somatization that does not cross the disorder threshold. Published estimates from European studies range from 4.1% to 12.6% of children and adolescents who at some point meet criteria for diagnosis. […] In Ontario, over 33,000 children, youth, and young adults (up to 24 years old) were identified in health records to have SSRDs over a 7-year period. […] Individuals with SSRDs have high health system utilization rates (and related costs), school absenteeism, high rates of disability, and variable prognoses. […] For children and youth hospitalized with an SSRD, mean health system costs were a combined $52,621 CAD in the year before and after diagnosis, on a par with some of the most medically complex children.

• #32 Identifying and measuring the severity of somatic symptom disorder using the Self-reported Somatic Symptom Scale-China (SSS-CN): a research protocol for a diagnostic study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/9/e024290

  Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is a common medical condition observed in general hospitals. The current prevalence of this disorder is estimated to be 5%7% in the general population, and it may be even higher in Asian individuals. In general hospitals, the detection rate of SSD is unsatisfactory due to the diagnostic complexity of the disease and the lack of adequate training for physicians to evaluate patients with suspected SSD. […] The yearly cost of medical care among patients with somatisation is nearly twice as high as the yearly cost among patients without somatisation. An estimated $256 billion in annual medical care costs is attributable to the incremental effects of somatisation alone. […] However, compared with widely researched disorders such as depression and anxiety, SSD has been far less studied. Follow-up or treatment studies of this disorder are even scarcer.

• #33 Somatic symptom disorder: Epidemiology, clinical features, and course of illness – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/somatic-symptom-disorder-epidemiology-and-clinical-presentation

  Somatic symptom disorder: Epidemiology, clinical features, and course of illness […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and course of illness in somatic symptom disorder. […] Somatic symptom disorder is a diagnosis that was introduced in 2013. […] Most of the patients who were previously diagnosed with somatoform disorders are now diagnosed in DSM-5-TR with somatic symptom disorder.

• #34 Somatic Symptom Disorder Statistics | Learn about Its Prevalence and Treatment

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/somatic-symptom-disorder/ssd-statistics/

  Somatic symptom disorders are relatively common, affecting about 57% of the population of the United States. It can affect children, teenagers and adults. Its prevalence is far higher in women than in men, and the female to male ratio of patients is about 10:1. […] Since the definition of somatic symptom disorder has changed recently, research on the condition is still limited. However, the latest statistics show it may be more common than one might think. Greater awareness is essential for people with the disease to find the help they need.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00800664

  Since the exclusion of somatic causes is necessary for somatoform disorders (SMD) to be diagnosed, there is little information on the prevalence of such disorders in the community. […] The prevalence rates of DSM-III-R somatoform disorders were studied in two wards of the city of Florence. […] The 1-year prevalence figures were as follows: 0.7% body dysmorphic disorder; 4.5% hypochondriasis; 0.6% somatoform pain disorder; 0.3% conversion disorder; 0.7% somatization disorder; 13.8% undifferentiated somatoform disorder. […] Although the sample investigated was small, this study may be seen as one of the first in an area where knowledge is still scant. The prevalence rates of somatoform disorders were generally found to be slightly lower than expected.

• #36 Somatic symptom and related disorders – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/

  Prevalence in adults: 57% […] Screening tools may identify patients at risk for somatic symptom disorder. […] Patients with somatic symptom disorder often visit multiple physicians.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000530

  The new DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder was introduced to improve the diagnosis of persons experiencing what used to be called somatoform disorders. […] A nationally representative general population survey was performed resulting in 250 participants (minimum age = 14 years. 12.8% participation rate). […] Diagnostic accuracy was adequate to good for each individual questionnaire (PHQ-15: AUC = 0.79, p .001, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.730.85; WI-7: AUC = 0.76, p .001, 95% CI = 0.690.83; SAIB: AUC = 0.77, p .001, 95% CI = 0.710.83). […] The PHQ-15, WI-7, and SAIB are useful screening instruments to detect persons at risk for somatic symptom disorder, and a combination of these three instruments slightly improves diagnostic accuracy. Their use in routine care will lead to improved detection rates.

• #38 Somatization in childhood and adolescence: a guide to facilitate its understanding | Anales de Pediatría

  https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-somatization-in-childhood-adolescence-guide-articulo-S2341287925000237

  Somatic symptoms affect approximately 25% of children and adolescents, with a significant impact in 10%, and somatization disorders affect 1%3% of the population. […] The estimated prevalence of somatic symptom disorders is approximately one to three percent. […] These complaints usually affect the patients quality of life, family and social adaptation, cognitive development, academic performance and mood. […] Overall, there is a higher prevalence of these disorders in the female population, and the age at onset is greater in conversion disorder compared to somatic symptom disorder. […] Somatic symptoms are very frequent in children and adolescents, and somatoform disorders occur in 1%2% of the pediatric population.

• #39 Prevalence and characteristics of somatic symptom disorder in the elderly in a community-based population: a large-scale cross-sectional study in China | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-022-03907-1

  SSD screening should be given more attention in the elderly, especially among older females with several comorbid physical diseases. […] This study reveals that the prevalence of SSD in the elderly in China is higher than that in non-elderly populations, and SSD severity tends to worsen with age. […] Finally, we found that female sex and the existence of physical diseases are associated with higher SSD prevalence.

• #40

  https://journals.lww.com/iopn/fulltext/2013/05010/epidemiology_and_co_morbidity_of_somatoform.12.aspx

  A high co-morbidity of somatoform disorders and anxiety or depressive disorders has been a common finding in several studies. […] Patients with hypochondriasis view their health as poor and have greater impairment in physical functioning and work performance than patients with comparable physical disease. […] There is a need for further intense research to be carried out using population based samples and patients coming for consultation to primary care centers.

• #41 Prevalence of Somatic Symptoms and Somatoform Disorders among a German Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Sample

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/3/280

  We hypothesized to find substantial portions of somatic symptoms in this clinical cohort even when no SD diagnosis was given. […] We further hypothesized that somatic symptoms would be correlated with symptoms of anxiety and depression and account for impairment in everyday functioning together with depression and anxiety. […] In our study, we found a high prevalence of somatic symptoms in adolescent psychiatric inpatients, as the majority of the adolescents reported at least one unexplained somatic symptom within the past six months and almost half of our cohort had at least one symptom during the last seven days prior to the survey. […] We also found somatic symptoms to be highly correlated with symptoms of depression and particularly anxiety but, using linear regressions, only the number of somatic symptoms explained everyday impairment in patients with comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms. […] Our data suggest that somatic symptoms in child and adolescent psychiatric patients are so frequent that—starting at the age of 11 and especially in patients with internalizing symptoms—screening for somatic symptoms and SD should be integrated in routine diagnostic procedures.

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