Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Schizotypal Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603720/

  Schizotypal personality disorder, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), is a psychiatric disorder characterized by deficits in social and interpersonal skills, highlighted by a reduced ability to form close relationships, occurring in the setting of eccentric behavior and cognitive or perceptual distortions. […] Although older literature suggests that many individuals diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder progress to schizophrenia, recent research does not support this. […] Some common chromosome regions are shared by schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. […] Among possible candidate genes, the dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene located on chromosome 6q22.3, which codes for a synaptic protein dysbindin 1, has been associated with schizophrenia and paranoid schizotypy.

• #2 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Moreover, we have found that comorbidity of SPD in patients with BPD was associated with accentuated or additional gray matter loss of the posterior cingulate, compared to BPD patients without SPD. […] SPD is significant both as a clinical syndrome and, from a research perspective, as an intermediate schizophrenia-spectrum phenotype. […] SPD can be challenging to identify, as diagnostic phenomena may be a) difficult to elicit, b) attributed to more familiar diagnoses, or c) go unrecognized. […] Recognition of SPD may be aided by appreciation of its multidimensional nature, typically represented in terms of Cognitive-Perceptual, Oddness/Disorganized, and Interpersonal/Negative domains. […] There are factors that contribute to the development of SPD itself, as well as its component domains (e.g., Cognitive-Perceptual). […] In terms of the neurobiology of SPD, there are shared and divergent elements with respect to schizophrenia.

• #3 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/schizotypal-personality-disorder-stpd

  Etiology of schizotypal personality disorder is thought to be primarily biologic because it shares many of the brain-based abnormalities characteristic of schizophrenia. […] It is more common among 1st-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.

• #4 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23061-schizotypal-personality-disorder

  Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a mental health condition marked by a consistent pattern of intense discomfort with relationships and social interactions. […] Researchers think the cause of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is mainly biological and genetic because it shares many of the brain changes characteristic of schizophrenia. STPD is also more common among biological relatives of people with schizophrenia or Cluster A personality disorders, which suggests a genetic link. […] Many researchers consider schizotypal personality disorder to be one of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which also includes brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder and delusional disorder.

• #5 Schizotypal Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603720/

  Schizotypal traits are also more often found in relatives of those with schizophrenia. […] Medical conditions are often associated with personality disorders or alterations in personality, specifically those that may damage neurons. […] Personality is a complex summation of biological, psychological, social, and developmental factors. […] Schizotypal personality disorder can lead to many potential complications, including an increased risk of substance use, self-harm, and hospitalization. […] Schizotypal personality disorder has a relatively stable course, and only a few individuals progress to schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.

• #6 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23061-schizotypal-personality-disorder

  Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a mental health condition marked by a consistent pattern of intense discomfort with relationships and social interactions. […] Researchers think the cause of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is mainly biological and genetic because it shares many of the brain changes characteristic of schizophrenia. STPD is also more common among biological relatives of people with schizophrenia or Cluster A personality disorders, which suggests a genetic link. […] Many researchers consider schizotypal personality disorder to be one of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which also includes brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder and delusional disorder.

• #7 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Twin studies have provided evidence that SPD is determined by both familial-genetic and unique environmental factors. […] It has also been observed that SPD can manifest in 3 different phenotypic classes, which are associated with differing etio-pathogenic paths. […] A prominent genetic contribution was associated with a phenotypic class of SPD that exhibited exceptionally high levels of odd appearance/behavior, restricted affect/aloofness, as well as lack of close friends. […] A second SPD class, marked by high levels of magical ideation and perceptual disturbances, was also determined by familial-genetic and unique environmental influences. […] A third SPD class, however, consisting of moderately high levels of ideas of reference, social anxiety, and suspiciousness, but low levels of odd behavior, odd speech, and constricted affect, did not exhibit heritability, but rather, appeared to be determined entirely by unique environmental influences.

• #8 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Twin studies have provided evidence that SPD is determined by both familial-genetic and unique environmental factors. […] It has also been observed that SPD can manifest in 3 different phenotypic classes, which are associated with differing etio-pathogenic paths. […] A prominent genetic contribution was associated with a phenotypic class of SPD that exhibited exceptionally high levels of odd appearance/behavior, restricted affect/aloofness, as well as lack of close friends. […] A second SPD class, marked by high levels of magical ideation and perceptual disturbances, was also determined by familial-genetic and unique environmental influences. […] A third SPD class, however, consisting of moderately high levels of ideas of reference, social anxiety, and suspiciousness, but low levels of odd behavior, odd speech, and constricted affect, did not exhibit heritability, but rather, appeared to be determined entirely by unique environmental influences.

• #9 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/154377

  Research on the etiology of schizotypal personality disorder is limited due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of personality disorders. […] Genetic factors have been attributed as significant contributors to the development of a personality disorder; this was supported by multiple studies that investigated twin, linkage, candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies, and polygenic analyses. […] Schizotypal personality disorder is more prevalent in individuals with first-degree relatives who have schizotypal personality disorder. […] Hereditability of schizotypy has been estimated between 30% and 50%. […] Medical conditions are often associated with personality disorders or alterations in personality, specifically those that may damage neurons. […] Psychoanalytic factors also contribute to the development of personality disorders.

• #10 Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-018-0062-8

  The differentiation between schizotypal traits and STPD is clinically important and reflects the degree of impairment in occupational and interpersonal functioning and the severity of symptom presentation. […] Twin studies showed highly stable genetic factors and rather transient environmental factors for an increased risk for the schizotypal syndrome, and genetic risk variants for schizophrenia could also be linked to STPD. […] Imaging studies detected numerous group-level differences in the size of specific brain regions in individuals with STPD or schizotypy in comparison with healthy participants, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with other PDs. […] Despite these research efforts, evidence-based recommendations are still lacking for the diagnosis and treatment of STPD. […] Our evaluation of diagnostic instruments made clear that the diagnosis of STPD has changed over time.

• #11 Schizotypal Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603720/

  Schizotypal personality disorder, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), is a psychiatric disorder characterized by deficits in social and interpersonal skills, highlighted by a reduced ability to form close relationships, occurring in the setting of eccentric behavior and cognitive or perceptual distortions. […] Although older literature suggests that many individuals diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder progress to schizophrenia, recent research does not support this. […] Some common chromosome regions are shared by schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. […] Among possible candidate genes, the dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene located on chromosome 6q22.3, which codes for a synaptic protein dysbindin 1, has been associated with schizophrenia and paranoid schizotypy.

• #12 Schizotypal Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603720/

  Schizotypal personality disorder, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), is a psychiatric disorder characterized by deficits in social and interpersonal skills, highlighted by a reduced ability to form close relationships, occurring in the setting of eccentric behavior and cognitive or perceptual distortions. […] Although older literature suggests that many individuals diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder progress to schizophrenia, recent research does not support this. […] Some common chromosome regions are shared by schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. […] Among possible candidate genes, the dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene located on chromosome 6q22.3, which codes for a synaptic protein dysbindin 1, has been associated with schizophrenia and paranoid schizotypy.

• #13 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/154377

  When schizotypal personality disorder was introduced in the DSM-III, it was based in part on the study of family members of individuals with schizophrenia. […] Although older literature suggests that many individuals diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder progress to schizophrenia, recent research does not support this. […] Some common chromosome regions are shared by schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. […] Among possible candidate genes, the dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene located on chromosome 6q22.3, which codes for a synaptic protein dysbindin 1, has been associated with schizophrenia and paranoid schizotypy. […] Functional alterations in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT) in the form of a single-nucleotide polymorphism on codon 158, which codes for an enzyme involved in the breakdown of dopamine at the synapse, are believed to contribute to negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia and higher schizotypy scores.

• #14 Schizotypal Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603720/

  Functional alterations in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT) in the form of a single-nucleotide polymorphism on codon 158, which codes for an enzyme involved in the breakdown of dopamine at the synapse, are believed to contribute to negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia and higher schizotypy scores. […] Research on the etiology of schizotypal personality disorder is limited due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of personality disorders. […] Genetic factors have been attributed as significant contributors to the development of a personality disorder; this was supported by multiple studies that investigated twin, linkage, candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies, and polygenic analyses. […] Schizotypal personality disorder is more prevalent in individuals with first-degree relatives who have schizotypal personality disorder.

• #15 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Unique environmental factors (i.e., those not shared among all siblings) are strongly suggested to be involved in the development of SPD, schizotypy, and specific schizotypal dimensions. […] Similar to findings in schizophrenia, prenatal insults, such as influenza exposure during the 6th month of gestation (specifically, week 23) have been associated with higher scores of schizotypal traits in an adult male population. […] A number of forms of psychological trauma and chronic stress have been associated with SPD. […] The COMT Val158Met polymorphism is one of the best studied candidate schizotypy genes. […] A number of genes, originally identified due to an association with schizophrenia, have been shown to be related to specific schizotypy dimensions and endophenotypes. […] Cognitive deficits represent one of the most functionally, clinically, and neurobiologically significant manifestations of SPD and schizotypy.

• #16 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Unique environmental factors (i.e., those not shared among all siblings) are strongly suggested to be involved in the development of SPD, schizotypy, and specific schizotypal dimensions. […] Similar to findings in schizophrenia, prenatal insults, such as influenza exposure during the 6th month of gestation (specifically, week 23) have been associated with higher scores of schizotypal traits in an adult male population. […] A number of forms of psychological trauma and chronic stress have been associated with SPD. […] The COMT Val158Met polymorphism is one of the best studied candidate schizotypy genes. […] A number of genes, originally identified due to an association with schizophrenia, have been shown to be related to specific schizotypy dimensions and endophenotypes. […] Cognitive deficits represent one of the most functionally, clinically, and neurobiologically significant manifestations of SPD and schizotypy.

• #17

  https://www.ewadirect.com/proceedings/lnep/article/view/5146

  The article summarizes and analyzes some of the previous studies on schizotypal personality disorder to explain the etiology, genetic aspect such as Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT which is situated on chromosome 22q11) and calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNA1C rs1006737); environmental aspect such as risky factors affecting an unnormal brain development like and psychological trauma, and chronic stress, and the treatment (Metacognitive treatment; RuminationFocused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Medication treatment) of schizotypal personality disorder are also discussed. […] Both methods, Metacognitive treatment, and RuminationFocused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, in their respective cases, improved symptoms in schizotypal personality disorder patients. […] However, although research on medication treatment shows that although some medicines, like Risperidone and Haloperidol, can also improve schizotypal personality disorder symptoms, they are also accompanied by the side effects. […] Moreover, the analysis shows that the present research on managing schizotypal personality disorder encounters issues such as insufficient sample size and absence of repeated experiments. […] These results of prior studies still need further verification before they can be used in practice.

• #18 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Unique environmental factors (i.e., those not shared among all siblings) are strongly suggested to be involved in the development of SPD, schizotypy, and specific schizotypal dimensions. […] Similar to findings in schizophrenia, prenatal insults, such as influenza exposure during the 6th month of gestation (specifically, week 23) have been associated with higher scores of schizotypal traits in an adult male population. […] A number of forms of psychological trauma and chronic stress have been associated with SPD. […] The COMT Val158Met polymorphism is one of the best studied candidate schizotypy genes. […] A number of genes, originally identified due to an association with schizophrenia, have been shown to be related to specific schizotypy dimensions and endophenotypes. […] Cognitive deficits represent one of the most functionally, clinically, and neurobiologically significant manifestations of SPD and schizotypy.

• #19 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/schizotypal-personality-disorder-stpd

  Etiology of schizotypal personality disorder is thought to be primarily biologic because it shares many of the brain-based abnormalities characteristic of schizophrenia. […] It is more common among 1st-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.

• #20 Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-018-0062-8

  The differentiation between schizotypal traits and STPD is clinically important and reflects the degree of impairment in occupational and interpersonal functioning and the severity of symptom presentation. […] Twin studies showed highly stable genetic factors and rather transient environmental factors for an increased risk for the schizotypal syndrome, and genetic risk variants for schizophrenia could also be linked to STPD. […] Imaging studies detected numerous group-level differences in the size of specific brain regions in individuals with STPD or schizotypy in comparison with healthy participants, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with other PDs. […] Despite these research efforts, evidence-based recommendations are still lacking for the diagnosis and treatment of STPD. […] Our evaluation of diagnostic instruments made clear that the diagnosis of STPD has changed over time.

• #21 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings Genetics Environmental Neurobiological Changes Neurotransmitter prevalence among first-degree relatives of people with Schizophrenia. Genes associated with schizophrenia are also risk factors for Schizotypal PD. Significant atrophy of the lateral temporal lobe. Certain subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be enlarged. Dysfunction in synaptic dopamine degradation, usually due to gene catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). […] Magical thinking Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies Unusual Perceptions Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions Ideas of Paranoia/Reference Suspiciousness Believing can range from coincidences to persistent and have strong overt hostility, personal guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance.

• #22 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings Genetics Environmental Neurobiological Changes Neurotransmitter prevalence among first-degree relatives of people with Schizophrenia. Genes associated with schizophrenia are also risk factors for Schizotypal PD. Significant atrophy of the lateral temporal lobe. Certain subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be enlarged. Dysfunction in synaptic dopamine degradation, usually due to gene catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). […] Magical thinking Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies Unusual Perceptions Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions Ideas of Paranoia/Reference Suspiciousness Believing can range from coincidences to persistent and have strong overt hostility, personal guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance.

• #23 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/154377

  Low persistence is consistent with schizotypal personality disorder. […] There are few investigations of neuroimaging and histopathological findings among Cluster A personality disorders. […] The hypothesized conclusion from these findings suggests that greater volume in motor pathways might relate to cognitive disorganization and negative symptoms in the schizophrenia spectrum illnesses. […] According to magnetic resonance imaging, patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder may share similarities in altered gross morphology of the insular cortex, suggesting a vulnerability factor associated with early neurodevelopmental anomalies and increased brain gyrification in diverse cortical regions. […] According to a study, patients with schizotypal personality disorder also had a significantly reduced cortical thickness in the left fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, right medial superior frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right medial orbitofrontal cortex compared to healthy controls.

• #24 Structural and functional brain abnormalities in children with schizotypal disorder: a pilot study | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0095-7

  Schizotypal disorder lies in the schizophrenia spectrum and is widely studied in adult populations. […] This study examined brain morphological and functional connectivity abnormalities in SDc (12 SDc and 9 typically developing children), focusing on the default mode and executive control brain networks. Results indicated that SDc is associated with reduced grey matter volume (GMV) in superior and medial frontal gyri, and increased resting-state functional connectivity between the superior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, compared to typically developing children. […] The brain structure abnormality (GMV in left superior frontal gyrus) was correlated with clinical symptoms in SDc and functional connectivity abnormality was correlated with extra-dimensional shifting impairments in all participants, suggesting their contribution to the underlying mechanisms of clinical presentation.

• #25 Structural and functional brain abnormalities in children with schizotypal disorder: a pilot study | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0095-7

  Schizotypal disorder lies in the schizophrenia spectrum and is widely studied in adult populations. […] This study examined brain morphological and functional connectivity abnormalities in SDc (12 SDc and 9 typically developing children), focusing on the default mode and executive control brain networks. Results indicated that SDc is associated with reduced grey matter volume (GMV) in superior and medial frontal gyri, and increased resting-state functional connectivity between the superior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, compared to typically developing children. […] The brain structure abnormality (GMV in left superior frontal gyrus) was correlated with clinical symptoms in SDc and functional connectivity abnormality was correlated with extra-dimensional shifting impairments in all participants, suggesting their contribution to the underlying mechanisms of clinical presentation.

• #26 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview

  People with schizotypal personality disorder display a consistent pattern of intense discomfort with and limited need for close relationships. Relationships may be hindered by their distorted views of reality, superstitions and unusual behaviors. […] In a study on schizotypal personality disorder, researchers found a volumetric decrease in the frontal lobe of their brain.

• #27 Structural and functional brain abnormalities in children with schizotypal disorder: a pilot study | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0095-7

  The preoccupation with internal fantasies in SDc is thought to reflect a difficulty in switching attention from internal to external foci. […] This proposition motivates corresponding neurobiological hypotheses of dysfunction in relevant brain networks. […] The DMN and ECN are affected in schizophrenia patients and adults with SD, both structurally and functionally. […] The observed correlation between GMV and MASK total score is consistent with similar relationships between clinical symptoms and GMV in prefrontal regions in high-risk individuals for psychosis. […] Increased functional connectivity between the superior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule was also observed in SDc, and increased functional connectivity was correlated with poorer attentional set-shifting performance in all participants.

• #28 Structural and functional brain abnormalities in children with schizotypal disorder: a pilot study | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0095-7

  This abnormal functional connectivity is also consistent with previous studies examining the relationship between DMN and ECN in schizophrenia and at-risk individuals. […] The correlation between DMN-ECN functional dysconnectivity and attentional set-shifting abilities further supports the link between this biological abnormality and impaired switching between internally-focused and externally-focused attention. […] This study represents an initial step in examining the neural basis of schizotypal disorder in childhood and motivates further work towards its characterization within the schizophrenia spectrum.

• #29 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Current pathophysiologic models of working memory impairment in SPD (and the schizophrenia-spectrum, more broadly), involve a hypodopaminergic state, particularly, in fronto-cortical regions, and subsequent understimulation of dopamine D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. […] A significant body of literature implicates the D1 receptor as a key modulator of DLPFC-dependent working memory function. […] A relationship between greater working memory deficits and higher prefrontal D1 receptor availability in patients with schizophrenia has also been described, which has been interpreted as impaired working memory as a function of D1 receptor understimulation. […] We have previously demonstrated that the mixed D1/D2 receptor agonist, pergolide, improves working memory function in patients with SPD.

• #30 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Current pathophysiologic models of working memory impairment in SPD (and the schizophrenia-spectrum, more broadly), involve a hypodopaminergic state, particularly, in fronto-cortical regions, and subsequent understimulation of dopamine D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. […] A significant body of literature implicates the D1 receptor as a key modulator of DLPFC-dependent working memory function. […] A relationship between greater working memory deficits and higher prefrontal D1 receptor availability in patients with schizophrenia has also been described, which has been interpreted as impaired working memory as a function of D1 receptor understimulation. […] We have previously demonstrated that the mixed D1/D2 receptor agonist, pergolide, improves working memory function in patients with SPD.

• #31 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Current pathophysiologic models of working memory impairment in SPD (and the schizophrenia-spectrum, more broadly), involve a hypodopaminergic state, particularly, in fronto-cortical regions, and subsequent understimulation of dopamine D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. […] A significant body of literature implicates the D1 receptor as a key modulator of DLPFC-dependent working memory function. […] A relationship between greater working memory deficits and higher prefrontal D1 receptor availability in patients with schizophrenia has also been described, which has been interpreted as impaired working memory as a function of D1 receptor understimulation. […] We have previously demonstrated that the mixed D1/D2 receptor agonist, pergolide, improves working memory function in patients with SPD.

• #32 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Current pathophysiologic models of working memory impairment in SPD (and the schizophrenia-spectrum, more broadly), involve a hypodopaminergic state, particularly, in fronto-cortical regions, and subsequent understimulation of dopamine D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. […] A significant body of literature implicates the D1 receptor as a key modulator of DLPFC-dependent working memory function. […] A relationship between greater working memory deficits and higher prefrontal D1 receptor availability in patients with schizophrenia has also been described, which has been interpreted as impaired working memory as a function of D1 receptor understimulation. […] We have previously demonstrated that the mixed D1/D2 receptor agonist, pergolide, improves working memory function in patients with SPD.

• #33 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings Genetics Environmental Neurobiological Changes Neurotransmitter prevalence among first-degree relatives of people with Schizophrenia. Genes associated with schizophrenia are also risk factors for Schizotypal PD. Significant atrophy of the lateral temporal lobe. Certain subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be enlarged. Dysfunction in synaptic dopamine degradation, usually due to gene catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). […] Magical thinking Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies Unusual Perceptions Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions Ideas of Paranoia/Reference Suspiciousness Believing can range from coincidences to persistent and have strong overt hostility, personal guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance.

• #34 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview

  In patients with personality disorder, abnormalities may be seen in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. These abnormalities may be caused by perinatal injury, encephalitis, trauma, or genetics. Personality disorders are also seen with diminished monoamine oxidase (MAO) and serotonin levels. However, the relationships of anatomy, receptors, and neurotransmitters to personality disorders are purely speculative at this point. […] This disorder is genetically linked with schizophrenia. Evidence for dysregulation of dopaminergic pathways in these patients exists.

• #35 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Unique environmental factors (i.e., those not shared among all siblings) are strongly suggested to be involved in the development of SPD, schizotypy, and specific schizotypal dimensions. […] Similar to findings in schizophrenia, prenatal insults, such as influenza exposure during the 6th month of gestation (specifically, week 23) have been associated with higher scores of schizotypal traits in an adult male population. […] A number of forms of psychological trauma and chronic stress have been associated with SPD. […] The COMT Val158Met polymorphism is one of the best studied candidate schizotypy genes. […] A number of genes, originally identified due to an association with schizophrenia, have been shown to be related to specific schizotypy dimensions and endophenotypes. […] Cognitive deficits represent one of the most functionally, clinically, and neurobiologically significant manifestations of SPD and schizotypy.

• #36 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Unique environmental factors (i.e., those not shared among all siblings) are strongly suggested to be involved in the development of SPD, schizotypy, and specific schizotypal dimensions. […] Similar to findings in schizophrenia, prenatal insults, such as influenza exposure during the 6th month of gestation (specifically, week 23) have been associated with higher scores of schizotypal traits in an adult male population. […] A number of forms of psychological trauma and chronic stress have been associated with SPD. […] The COMT Val158Met polymorphism is one of the best studied candidate schizotypy genes. […] A number of genes, originally identified due to an association with schizophrenia, have been shown to be related to specific schizotypy dimensions and endophenotypes. […] Cognitive deficits represent one of the most functionally, clinically, and neurobiologically significant manifestations of SPD and schizotypy.

• #37 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Unique environmental factors (i.e., those not shared among all siblings) are strongly suggested to be involved in the development of SPD, schizotypy, and specific schizotypal dimensions. […] Similar to findings in schizophrenia, prenatal insults, such as influenza exposure during the 6th month of gestation (specifically, week 23) have been associated with higher scores of schizotypal traits in an adult male population. […] A number of forms of psychological trauma and chronic stress have been associated with SPD. […] The COMT Val158Met polymorphism is one of the best studied candidate schizotypy genes. […] A number of genes, originally identified due to an association with schizophrenia, have been shown to be related to specific schizotypy dimensions and endophenotypes. […] Cognitive deficits represent one of the most functionally, clinically, and neurobiologically significant manifestations of SPD and schizotypy.

• #38 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/schizotypal-personality-disorder/

  Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by severe social anxiety, thought disorder, paranoid ideation, transient psychosis, and often unconventional beliefs. […] The historical roots of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) are the non-psychotic personality syndromes within the spectrum of schizophrenia, meaning that its presentation is similar to schizophrenia, but without delusions or hallucinations. […] Schizotypal personality disorder is widely understood to have a genetic connection with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, mood disorders, and depression. Rates of schizotypal personality disorder are much higher in relatives of individuals with schizophrenia than in the relatives of people with other mental illnesses. […] There is evidence to suggest that parenting styles, early separation, trauma/maltreatment history (especially early childhood neglect) can lead to the development of schizotypal traits.

• #39 Understanding Schizotypal Personality Disorder

  https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/schizotypal-personality-disorder.htm

  Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a disorder characterised by cognitive or perceptual distortions, odd behaviour and the inability to keep up close relationships. […] Research has suggested that STPD represents a mild form of schizophrenia since there are similar, but not identical, symptoms. […] Rates of STPD are much higher in relatives of people with schizophrenia than in people without mentally ill relatives, which suggests a large biological part. Other theories suggest that parenting styles, early separation, trauma/maltreatment history (especially early childhood neglect) can lead to the development of Schizotypal traits.

• #40 Unraveling Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Causes and Effects – Psychology Fanatic

  https://psychologyfanatic.com/schizotypal-personality-disorder/

  Another model that provides insight into disease expression is the diathesis stress model. In the diathesis stress model it hypothesizes that psychological disorders develop as a result of interactions between pre-dispositional vulnerabilities (the diathesis), and stress from life experiences (Murphy, 2021). […] Several studies have found an associative link between schizotypal personality disorder and psychological trauma (Berenbaum et al., 2008). […] Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to schizophrenia, but the schizophrenic episodes are not as frequent, prolonged or intense. Individuals with this disorder can usually be shown that their distorted ideas and experiences are not reality. Patients with this disorder are spared the chronic psychosis of schizophrenia (Kirrane Siever, 2000).

• #41 Unraveling Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Causes and Effects – Psychology Fanatic

  https://psychologyfanatic.com/schizotypal-personality-disorder/

  Another model that provides insight into disease expression is the diathesis stress model. In the diathesis stress model it hypothesizes that psychological disorders develop as a result of interactions between pre-dispositional vulnerabilities (the diathesis), and stress from life experiences (Murphy, 2021). […] Several studies have found an associative link between schizotypal personality disorder and psychological trauma (Berenbaum et al., 2008). […] Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to schizophrenia, but the schizophrenic episodes are not as frequent, prolonged or intense. Individuals with this disorder can usually be shown that their distorted ideas and experiences are not reality. Patients with this disorder are spared the chronic psychosis of schizophrenia (Kirrane Siever, 2000).

• #42 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview

  In patients with personality disorder, abnormalities may be seen in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. These abnormalities may be caused by perinatal injury, encephalitis, trauma, or genetics. Personality disorders are also seen with diminished monoamine oxidase (MAO) and serotonin levels. However, the relationships of anatomy, receptors, and neurotransmitters to personality disorders are purely speculative at this point. […] This disorder is genetically linked with schizophrenia. Evidence for dysregulation of dopaminergic pathways in these patients exists.

• #43 Schizotypal Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Sheppard Pratt

  https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/schizotypal-personality-disorder/

  Schizotypal personality disorder is not caused by any one specific factor. […] There are a number of risk factors that may make you more inclined to develop this disorder, including: […] Brain malfunction, including brain trauma […] Abnormalities in your brain structure or chemistry.

• #44 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview

  In patients with personality disorder, abnormalities may be seen in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. These abnormalities may be caused by perinatal injury, encephalitis, trauma, or genetics. Personality disorders are also seen with diminished monoamine oxidase (MAO) and serotonin levels. However, the relationships of anatomy, receptors, and neurotransmitters to personality disorders are purely speculative at this point. […] This disorder is genetically linked with schizophrenia. Evidence for dysregulation of dopaminergic pathways in these patients exists.

• #45 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview

  In patients with personality disorder, abnormalities may be seen in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. These abnormalities may be caused by perinatal injury, encephalitis, trauma, or genetics. Personality disorders are also seen with diminished monoamine oxidase (MAO) and serotonin levels. However, the relationships of anatomy, receptors, and neurotransmitters to personality disorders are purely speculative at this point. […] This disorder is genetically linked with schizophrenia. Evidence for dysregulation of dopaminergic pathways in these patients exists.

• #46 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/schizotypal-personality-disorder-5225595

  Research suggests that a history of chronic stress or traumatic life events, especially during childhood, may increase the risk of STPD. […] Studies suggest that anywhere from 5% to 50% of people with STPD also have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is thought that high levels of social anxiety from STPD (a personality disorder) may „bleed over” and trigger symptoms of OCD (an anxiety disorder).

• #47 Understanding Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD): Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.helpguide.org/personality-disorders/schizotypal-personality-disorder

  Environmental issues, especially in childhood, seem to be linked to STPD. If you experience emotional neglect, physical abuse, or some other form of childhood trauma, you’re at increased risk of developing STPD. Other research points to a link between malnutrition in childhood and STPD in adulthood.

• #48 Schizotypal personality disorder Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder

  Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a mental condition in which a person has trouble with relationships and disturbances in thought patterns, appearance, and behavior. […] The exact cause of SPD is unknown. Many factors may be involved: Genetic — SPD seems to be more common among relatives of people with SPD. Studies have shown that some gene variants are found more often in people with SPD. […] Psychological — A person’s personality, ability to deal with stress, and handle relationships with others may contribute to SPD. […] Environmental — Emotional trauma as a child and chronic stress may also play roles in developing SPD.

• #49 Understanding Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD): Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.helpguide.org/personality-disorders/schizotypal-personality-disorder

  Environmental issues, especially in childhood, seem to be linked to STPD. If you experience emotional neglect, physical abuse, or some other form of childhood trauma, you’re at increased risk of developing STPD. Other research points to a link between malnutrition in childhood and STPD in adulthood.

• #50 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/schizotypal-personality-disorder/

  Schizotypal personality disorder may include severe anxiety, paranoia, disorganized thinking, odd beliefs, derealization and psychosis. […] Some research suggests that there may be a genetic component to the development of schizotypal personality disorder. This disorder is more common in families that also have a history of schizophrenia. However, schizotypal personality disorder is not the same as schizophrenia. […] While genetics may play a part in the development of schizotypal personality disorder, environmental factors seem to be the deciding factor in whether a person will develop this condition. […] Strict or cold parenting styles, separation from caregivers at an early age, neglect and abuse all may cause schizotypal personality disorder. However, these experiences during childhood do not mean a person will develop this disorder.

• #51 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/schizotypal-personality-disorder/

  Schizotypal personality disorder may include severe anxiety, paranoia, disorganized thinking, odd beliefs, derealization and psychosis. […] Some research suggests that there may be a genetic component to the development of schizotypal personality disorder. This disorder is more common in families that also have a history of schizophrenia. However, schizotypal personality disorder is not the same as schizophrenia. […] While genetics may play a part in the development of schizotypal personality disorder, environmental factors seem to be the deciding factor in whether a person will develop this condition. […] Strict or cold parenting styles, separation from caregivers at an early age, neglect and abuse all may cause schizotypal personality disorder. However, these experiences during childhood do not mean a person will develop this disorder.

• #52 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/Schizotypal/comments/14434at/schizotypal_fact_sheet_version_2/

  StPD is mostly genetic, but trauma may increase symptom severity. […] A recent model of schizotypy suggests that it is a cognitive-perceptual specialization for processing chaotic and noisy data, where patterns and relationships exist but can only be detected if minor inconsistencies are ignored (i.e., focusing on the 'big picture’), where giving higher weight to prediction errors prevents the detection of false patterns (i.e. apophenia) at the cost of being unable to detect higher level patterns (autism), and giving lower weight to prediction errors allows for the detection of higher level patterns at the cost of occasionally detecting patterns that don’t exist, as in delusions and hallucinations that occur in schizotypy. […] The hyper-mentalizing model suggests that symptoms like ideas of reference, paranoia, erotomania, auditory hallucinations, delusions of conspiracy, etc are a result of excessive mentalizing, where intentions are inferred excessively to the point of delusion, in contrast to autism where mentalizing is reduced.

• #53 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/Schizotypal/comments/14434at/schizotypal_fact_sheet_version_2/

  StPD is mostly genetic, but trauma may increase symptom severity. […] A recent model of schizotypy suggests that it is a cognitive-perceptual specialization for processing chaotic and noisy data, where patterns and relationships exist but can only be detected if minor inconsistencies are ignored (i.e., focusing on the 'big picture’), where giving higher weight to prediction errors prevents the detection of false patterns (i.e. apophenia) at the cost of being unable to detect higher level patterns (autism), and giving lower weight to prediction errors allows for the detection of higher level patterns at the cost of occasionally detecting patterns that don’t exist, as in delusions and hallucinations that occur in schizotypy. […] The hyper-mentalizing model suggests that symptoms like ideas of reference, paranoia, erotomania, auditory hallucinations, delusions of conspiracy, etc are a result of excessive mentalizing, where intentions are inferred excessively to the point of delusion, in contrast to autism where mentalizing is reduced.

• #54 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/Schizotypal/comments/14434at/schizotypal_fact_sheet_version_2/

  StPD is mostly genetic, but trauma may increase symptom severity. […] A recent model of schizotypy suggests that it is a cognitive-perceptual specialization for processing chaotic and noisy data, where patterns and relationships exist but can only be detected if minor inconsistencies are ignored (i.e., focusing on the 'big picture’), where giving higher weight to prediction errors prevents the detection of false patterns (i.e. apophenia) at the cost of being unable to detect higher level patterns (autism), and giving lower weight to prediction errors allows for the detection of higher level patterns at the cost of occasionally detecting patterns that don’t exist, as in delusions and hallucinations that occur in schizotypy. […] The hyper-mentalizing model suggests that symptoms like ideas of reference, paranoia, erotomania, auditory hallucinations, delusions of conspiracy, etc are a result of excessive mentalizing, where intentions are inferred excessively to the point of delusion, in contrast to autism where mentalizing is reduced.

• #55 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/Schizotypal/comments/14434at/schizotypal_fact_sheet_version_2/

  It is suggested that StPD may have been evolutionarily selected for due to its ability to enhance short term mating success through enhanced creativity and non-conformity, which are beneficial to desirability as short term partners, but not long term partners. […] Openness to experience is associated with apophenia and intelligence, though the two latter traits are negatively related to each other. It is suggested that schizotypy represents apophenia, and an imbalance of high openness relative to intelligence is suggested to cause symptoms of StPD.

• #56 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/Schizotypal/comments/14434at/schizotypal_fact_sheet_version_2/

  It is suggested that StPD may have been evolutionarily selected for due to its ability to enhance short term mating success through enhanced creativity and non-conformity, which are beneficial to desirability as short term partners, but not long term partners. […] Openness to experience is associated with apophenia and intelligence, though the two latter traits are negatively related to each other. It is suggested that schizotypy represents apophenia, and an imbalance of high openness relative to intelligence is suggested to cause symptoms of StPD.

• #57 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/154377

  Personality is a complex summation of biological, psychological, social, and developmental factors. […] Each individual’s personality is unique, even amongst those diagnosed with a personality disorder. […] Harm avoidance involves a bias towards inhibiting behavior that results in punishment or non-reward. […] Individuals with high harm avoidance often experience fear of uncertainty, social inhibition, shy behavior, and avoidance of danger or the unknown, all of which are characteristics of schizotypal personality disorder. […] Schizotypal personality disorder presents with low novelty seeking, resulting in uninquiring, isolative, and stoical behaviors. […] Individuals with schizotypal personality typically have low reward dependence and, as a result, spend most of their time in isolation, with little need for social reward compared to individuals without schizotypal personality disorder.

• #58 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/154377

  Personality is a complex summation of biological, psychological, social, and developmental factors. […] Each individual’s personality is unique, even amongst those diagnosed with a personality disorder. […] Harm avoidance involves a bias towards inhibiting behavior that results in punishment or non-reward. […] Individuals with high harm avoidance often experience fear of uncertainty, social inhibition, shy behavior, and avoidance of danger or the unknown, all of which are characteristics of schizotypal personality disorder. […] Schizotypal personality disorder presents with low novelty seeking, resulting in uninquiring, isolative, and stoical behaviors. […] Individuals with schizotypal personality typically have low reward dependence and, as a result, spend most of their time in isolation, with little need for social reward compared to individuals without schizotypal personality disorder.

• #59 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/154377

  Personality is a complex summation of biological, psychological, social, and developmental factors. […] Each individual’s personality is unique, even amongst those diagnosed with a personality disorder. […] Harm avoidance involves a bias towards inhibiting behavior that results in punishment or non-reward. […] Individuals with high harm avoidance often experience fear of uncertainty, social inhibition, shy behavior, and avoidance of danger or the unknown, all of which are characteristics of schizotypal personality disorder. […] Schizotypal personality disorder presents with low novelty seeking, resulting in uninquiring, isolative, and stoical behaviors. […] Individuals with schizotypal personality typically have low reward dependence and, as a result, spend most of their time in isolation, with little need for social reward compared to individuals without schizotypal personality disorder.

• #60 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/154377

  Personality is a complex summation of biological, psychological, social, and developmental factors. […] Each individual’s personality is unique, even amongst those diagnosed with a personality disorder. […] Harm avoidance involves a bias towards inhibiting behavior that results in punishment or non-reward. […] Individuals with high harm avoidance often experience fear of uncertainty, social inhibition, shy behavior, and avoidance of danger or the unknown, all of which are characteristics of schizotypal personality disorder. […] Schizotypal personality disorder presents with low novelty seeking, resulting in uninquiring, isolative, and stoical behaviors. […] Individuals with schizotypal personality typically have low reward dependence and, as a result, spend most of their time in isolation, with little need for social reward compared to individuals without schizotypal personality disorder.

• #61 Schizotypal Personality Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/154377

  Low persistence is consistent with schizotypal personality disorder. […] There are few investigations of neuroimaging and histopathological findings among Cluster A personality disorders. […] The hypothesized conclusion from these findings suggests that greater volume in motor pathways might relate to cognitive disorganization and negative symptoms in the schizophrenia spectrum illnesses. […] According to magnetic resonance imaging, patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder may share similarities in altered gross morphology of the insular cortex, suggesting a vulnerability factor associated with early neurodevelopmental anomalies and increased brain gyrification in diverse cortical regions. […] According to a study, patients with schizotypal personality disorder also had a significantly reduced cortical thickness in the left fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, right medial superior frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right medial orbitofrontal cortex compared to healthy controls.

• #62 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Unique environmental factors (i.e., those not shared among all siblings) are strongly suggested to be involved in the development of SPD, schizotypy, and specific schizotypal dimensions. […] Similar to findings in schizophrenia, prenatal insults, such as influenza exposure during the 6th month of gestation (specifically, week 23) have been associated with higher scores of schizotypal traits in an adult male population. […] A number of forms of psychological trauma and chronic stress have been associated with SPD. […] The COMT Val158Met polymorphism is one of the best studied candidate schizotypy genes. […] A number of genes, originally identified due to an association with schizophrenia, have been shown to be related to specific schizotypy dimensions and endophenotypes. […] Cognitive deficits represent one of the most functionally, clinically, and neurobiologically significant manifestations of SPD and schizotypy.

• #63 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Current pathophysiologic models of working memory impairment in SPD (and the schizophrenia-spectrum, more broadly), involve a hypodopaminergic state, particularly, in fronto-cortical regions, and subsequent understimulation of dopamine D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. […] A significant body of literature implicates the D1 receptor as a key modulator of DLPFC-dependent working memory function. […] A relationship between greater working memory deficits and higher prefrontal D1 receptor availability in patients with schizophrenia has also been described, which has been interpreted as impaired working memory as a function of D1 receptor understimulation. […] We have previously demonstrated that the mixed D1/D2 receptor agonist, pergolide, improves working memory function in patients with SPD.

• #64 Structural and functional brain abnormalities in children with schizotypal disorder: a pilot study | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0095-7

  The preoccupation with internal fantasies in SDc is thought to reflect a difficulty in switching attention from internal to external foci. […] This proposition motivates corresponding neurobiological hypotheses of dysfunction in relevant brain networks. […] The DMN and ECN are affected in schizophrenia patients and adults with SD, both structurally and functionally. […] The observed correlation between GMV and MASK total score is consistent with similar relationships between clinical symptoms and GMV in prefrontal regions in high-risk individuals for psychosis. […] Increased functional connectivity between the superior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule was also observed in SDc, and increased functional connectivity was correlated with poorer attentional set-shifting performance in all participants.

• #65 Structural and functional brain abnormalities in children with schizotypal disorder: a pilot study | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0095-7

  The preoccupation with internal fantasies in SDc is thought to reflect a difficulty in switching attention from internal to external foci. […] This proposition motivates corresponding neurobiological hypotheses of dysfunction in relevant brain networks. […] The DMN and ECN are affected in schizophrenia patients and adults with SD, both structurally and functionally. […] The observed correlation between GMV and MASK total score is consistent with similar relationships between clinical symptoms and GMV in prefrontal regions in high-risk individuals for psychosis. […] Increased functional connectivity between the superior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule was also observed in SDc, and increased functional connectivity was correlated with poorer attentional set-shifting performance in all participants.

• #66 Structural and functional brain abnormalities in children with schizotypal disorder: a pilot study | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-020-0095-7

  This abnormal functional connectivity is also consistent with previous studies examining the relationship between DMN and ECN in schizophrenia and at-risk individuals. […] The correlation between DMN-ECN functional dysconnectivity and attentional set-shifting abilities further supports the link between this biological abnormality and impaired switching between internally-focused and externally-focused attention. […] This study represents an initial step in examining the neural basis of schizotypal disorder in childhood and motivates further work towards its characterization within the schizophrenia spectrum.

• #67 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Moreover, we have found that comorbidity of SPD in patients with BPD was associated with accentuated or additional gray matter loss of the posterior cingulate, compared to BPD patients without SPD. […] SPD is significant both as a clinical syndrome and, from a research perspective, as an intermediate schizophrenia-spectrum phenotype. […] SPD can be challenging to identify, as diagnostic phenomena may be a) difficult to elicit, b) attributed to more familiar diagnoses, or c) go unrecognized. […] Recognition of SPD may be aided by appreciation of its multidimensional nature, typically represented in terms of Cognitive-Perceptual, Oddness/Disorganized, and Interpersonal/Negative domains. […] There are factors that contribute to the development of SPD itself, as well as its component domains (e.g., Cognitive-Perceptual). […] In terms of the neurobiology of SPD, there are shared and divergent elements with respect to schizophrenia.

• #68 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings Genetics Environmental Neurobiological Changes Neurotransmitter prevalence among first-degree relatives of people with Schizophrenia. Genes associated with schizophrenia are also risk factors for Schizotypal PD. Significant atrophy of the lateral temporal lobe. Certain subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be enlarged. Dysfunction in synaptic dopamine degradation, usually due to gene catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). […] Magical thinking Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies Unusual Perceptions Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions Ideas of Paranoia/Reference Suspiciousness Believing can range from coincidences to persistent and have strong overt hostility, personal guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance.

• #69 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis … | GrepMed

  https://grepmed.com/images/8211/symptoms-schizotypal-personalitydisorder-psychiatry-spd

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings […] Magical thinking – Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies […] Ideas of Reference – Believing coincidences have strong personal significance […] Unusual Perceptions – Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions […] Paranoia / Suspiciousness – Can range from persistent and overt hostility, guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance […] Unusual thinking or speech – Speech and thought process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked […] Lack Close Friends – Deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia […] Social Anxiety – Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity.

• #70 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings Genetics Environmental Neurobiological Changes Neurotransmitter prevalence among first-degree relatives of people with Schizophrenia. Genes associated with schizophrenia are also risk factors for Schizotypal PD. Significant atrophy of the lateral temporal lobe. Certain subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be enlarged. Dysfunction in synaptic dopamine degradation, usually due to gene catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). […] Magical thinking Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies Unusual Perceptions Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions Ideas of Paranoia/Reference Suspiciousness Believing can range from coincidences to persistent and have strong overt hostility, personal guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance.

• #71 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis … | GrepMed

  https://grepmed.com/images/8211/symptoms-schizotypal-personalitydisorder-psychiatry-spd

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings […] Magical thinking – Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies […] Ideas of Reference – Believing coincidences have strong personal significance […] Unusual Perceptions – Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions […] Paranoia / Suspiciousness – Can range from persistent and overt hostility, guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance […] Unusual thinking or speech – Speech and thought process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked […] Lack Close Friends – Deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia […] Social Anxiety – Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity.

• #72 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings Genetics Environmental Neurobiological Changes Neurotransmitter prevalence among first-degree relatives of people with Schizophrenia. Genes associated with schizophrenia are also risk factors for Schizotypal PD. Significant atrophy of the lateral temporal lobe. Certain subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be enlarged. Dysfunction in synaptic dopamine degradation, usually due to gene catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). […] Magical thinking Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies Unusual Perceptions Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions Ideas of Paranoia/Reference Suspiciousness Believing can range from coincidences to persistent and have strong overt hostility, personal guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance.

• #73 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis … | GrepMed

  https://grepmed.com/images/8211/symptoms-schizotypal-personalitydisorder-psychiatry-spd

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings […] Magical thinking – Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies […] Ideas of Reference – Believing coincidences have strong personal significance […] Unusual Perceptions – Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions […] Paranoia / Suspiciousness – Can range from persistent and overt hostility, guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance […] Unusual thinking or speech – Speech and thought process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked […] Lack Close Friends – Deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia […] Social Anxiety – Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity.

• #74 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings Genetics Environmental Neurobiological Changes Neurotransmitter prevalence among first-degree relatives of people with Schizophrenia. Genes associated with schizophrenia are also risk factors for Schizotypal PD. Significant atrophy of the lateral temporal lobe. Certain subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be enlarged. Dysfunction in synaptic dopamine degradation, usually due to gene catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). […] Magical thinking Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies Unusual Perceptions Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions Ideas of Paranoia/Reference Suspiciousness Believing can range from coincidences to persistent and have strong overt hostility, personal guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance.

• #75 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis … | GrepMed

  https://grepmed.com/images/8211/symptoms-schizotypal-personalitydisorder-psychiatry-spd

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings […] Magical thinking – Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies […] Ideas of Reference – Believing coincidences have strong personal significance […] Unusual Perceptions – Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions […] Paranoia / Suspiciousness – Can range from persistent and overt hostility, guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance […] Unusual thinking or speech – Speech and thought process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked […] Lack Close Friends – Deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia […] Social Anxiety – Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity.

• #76 Schizotypal personality disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353919

  It’s not known what causes schizotypal personality disorder. But it’s likely that changes in the way the brain functions, genetics, environmental influences and learned behaviors play a role. […] People with schizotypal personality disorder are more at risk of: […] Temporary psychotic bouts, usually in response to stress.

• #77 Schizotypal personality disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder?content_id=CON-20194206

  It’s not known what causes schizotypal personality disorder. But it’s likely that changes in the way the brain functions, genetics, environmental influences and learned behaviors play a role. […] People with schizotypal personality disorder are more at risk of: […] Temporary psychotic bouts, usually in response to stress. […] Despite the differences, people with schizotypal personality disorder can benefit from treatments like those used for schizophrenia. Sometimes schizotypal personality disorder is thought to be on a spectrum with schizophrenia, with schizotypal personality disorder viewed as less severe.

• #78 Day # 131: Schizotypal Personality Disorder

  https://www.bulletpsych.com/post/day-131-schizotypal-personality-disorder

  Those with schizotypal personality disorder rarely seek treatment themselves. […] Mental status exam: taking a history may be difficult because of the patients unusual way of thinking and communicating. […] They may experience perceptual disturbances such as body illusions or macropsia (condition in which visual objects are perceived to be larger than they are objectively sized). […] There are no FDA approved medications for schizotypal PD.

• #79 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder Oddness/disorganized interpersonal deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia. Constricted affect Eccentric behavior Unusual thinking or speech Unconventional or idiosyncratic process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked. Social Anxiety Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity. Clinically significant impaired functioning.

• #80 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder Oddness/disorganized interpersonal deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia. Constricted affect Eccentric behavior Unusual thinking or speech Unconventional or idiosyncratic process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked. Social Anxiety Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity. Clinically significant impaired functioning.

• #81 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis … | GrepMed

  https://grepmed.com/images/8211/symptoms-schizotypal-personalitydisorder-psychiatry-spd

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings […] Magical thinking – Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies […] Ideas of Reference – Believing coincidences have strong personal significance […] Unusual Perceptions – Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions […] Paranoia / Suspiciousness – Can range from persistent and overt hostility, guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance […] Unusual thinking or speech – Speech and thought process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked […] Lack Close Friends – Deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia […] Social Anxiety – Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity.

• #82 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder Oddness/disorganized interpersonal deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia. Constricted affect Eccentric behavior Unusual thinking or speech Unconventional or idiosyncratic process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked. Social Anxiety Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity. Clinically significant impaired functioning.

• #83 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder Oddness/disorganized interpersonal deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia. Constricted affect Eccentric behavior Unusual thinking or speech Unconventional or idiosyncratic process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked. Social Anxiety Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity. Clinically significant impaired functioning.

• #84 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis … | GrepMed

  https://grepmed.com/images/8211/symptoms-schizotypal-personalitydisorder-psychiatry-spd

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings […] Magical thinking – Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies […] Ideas of Reference – Believing coincidences have strong personal significance […] Unusual Perceptions – Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions […] Paranoia / Suspiciousness – Can range from persistent and overt hostility, guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance […] Unusual thinking or speech – Speech and thought process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked […] Lack Close Friends – Deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia […] Social Anxiety – Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity.

• #85 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder Oddness/disorganized interpersonal deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia. Constricted affect Eccentric behavior Unusual thinking or speech Unconventional or idiosyncratic process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked. Social Anxiety Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity. Clinically significant impaired functioning.

• #86 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis … | GrepMed

  https://grepmed.com/images/8211/symptoms-schizotypal-personalitydisorder-psychiatry-spd

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings […] Magical thinking – Belief in paranormal or supernatural phenomena, such as superstitions, telepathy, weird fantasies […] Ideas of Reference – Believing coincidences have strong personal significance […] Unusual Perceptions – Seeing a halo or aura, presence of unseen force, or bodily illusions […] Paranoia / Suspiciousness – Can range from persistent and overt hostility, guardedness to pleasant and agreeable compliance […] Unusual thinking or speech – Speech and thought process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked […] Lack Close Friends – Deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia […] Social Anxiety – Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity.

• #87 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder Oddness/disorganized interpersonal deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia. Constricted affect Eccentric behavior Unusual thinking or speech Unconventional or idiosyncratic process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked. Social Anxiety Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity. Clinically significant impaired functioning.

• #88 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/schizotypal-personality-disorder-spd-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/

  Schizotypal Personality Disorder Oddness/disorganized interpersonal deficit in finding social interactions gratifying, a form of social anhedonia. Constricted affect Eccentric behavior Unusual thinking or speech Unconventional or idiosyncratic process can be vague, unelaborate, circumstantial, metaphorical, or stereotyped but not grossly incoherent or blocked. Social Anxiety Unrelenting, situationally generalized, unconditional, and does not tend to lessen with familiarity. Clinically significant impaired functioning.

• #89 Schizotypal Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603720/

  Schizotypal traits are also more often found in relatives of those with schizophrenia. […] Medical conditions are often associated with personality disorders or alterations in personality, specifically those that may damage neurons. […] Personality is a complex summation of biological, psychological, social, and developmental factors. […] Schizotypal personality disorder can lead to many potential complications, including an increased risk of substance use, self-harm, and hospitalization. […] Schizotypal personality disorder has a relatively stable course, and only a few individuals progress to schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.

• #90 Schizotypal Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603720/

  Schizotypal traits are also more often found in relatives of those with schizophrenia. […] Medical conditions are often associated with personality disorders or alterations in personality, specifically those that may damage neurons. […] Personality is a complex summation of biological, psychological, social, and developmental factors. […] Schizotypal personality disorder can lead to many potential complications, including an increased risk of substance use, self-harm, and hospitalization. […] Schizotypal personality disorder has a relatively stable course, and only a few individuals progress to schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.

• #91 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Recent findings however have indicated that despite the validity of such a 3-factor solution among the 9 diagnostic criteria of SPD criteria, only the Cognitive-Perceptual and Oddness factors persisted when examining the factor among all DSM-IV personality disorder criteria. […] The lifetime prevalence of SPD in the United States (US) has recently been estimated to be just under 4%, with slightly higher rates among men (4.2%) than women (3.7%). […] After adjusting for sociodemographic parameters and comorbidities, SPD remained significantly associated with bipolar I and II disorders, PTSD, BPD, and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). […] Early studies revealed that SPD was more common among the relatives of schizotypal probands, compared to those of families with non-Cluster A personality disorders.

• #92 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/schizotypal-personality-disorder-5225595

  Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a long-term mental health condition characterized by eccentric behaviors, unusual beliefs and preoccupations, difficulty expressing emotions, and unusual patterns of speech, thought, and dress. […] There is no single known cause of STPD. However, researchers have identified several risk factors that may contribute to STPD, including: […] Twin studies suggest that STPD may be passed in families due to certain genetic variations. […] Early research has found that both children and adults with STPD have differences in brain structure and function, such as in the prefrontal lobe (a part of the brain that regulates thought processing, decision-making, and mood). […] Research indicates that about two-thirds of people with STPD have at least one other personality disorder, most notably borderline personality disorder (BPD).

• #93 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Moreover, we have found that comorbidity of SPD in patients with BPD was associated with accentuated or additional gray matter loss of the posterior cingulate, compared to BPD patients without SPD. […] SPD is significant both as a clinical syndrome and, from a research perspective, as an intermediate schizophrenia-spectrum phenotype. […] SPD can be challenging to identify, as diagnostic phenomena may be a) difficult to elicit, b) attributed to more familiar diagnoses, or c) go unrecognized. […] Recognition of SPD may be aided by appreciation of its multidimensional nature, typically represented in terms of Cognitive-Perceptual, Oddness/Disorganized, and Interpersonal/Negative domains. […] There are factors that contribute to the development of SPD itself, as well as its component domains (e.g., Cognitive-Perceptual). […] In terms of the neurobiology of SPD, there are shared and divergent elements with respect to schizophrenia.

• #94 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/schizotypal-personality-disorder-5225595

  Research suggests that a history of chronic stress or traumatic life events, especially during childhood, may increase the risk of STPD. […] Studies suggest that anywhere from 5% to 50% of people with STPD also have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is thought that high levels of social anxiety from STPD (a personality disorder) may „bleed over” and trigger symptoms of OCD (an anxiety disorder).

• #95 Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4182925/

  Moreover, we have found that comorbidity of SPD in patients with BPD was associated with accentuated or additional gray matter loss of the posterior cingulate, compared to BPD patients without SPD. […] SPD is significant both as a clinical syndrome and, from a research perspective, as an intermediate schizophrenia-spectrum phenotype. […] SPD can be challenging to identify, as diagnostic phenomena may be a) difficult to elicit, b) attributed to more familiar diagnoses, or c) go unrecognized. […] Recognition of SPD may be aided by appreciation of its multidimensional nature, typically represented in terms of Cognitive-Perceptual, Oddness/Disorganized, and Interpersonal/Negative domains. […] There are factors that contribute to the development of SPD itself, as well as its component domains (e.g., Cognitive-Perceptual). […] In terms of the neurobiology of SPD, there are shared and divergent elements with respect to schizophrenia.

• #96 Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-018-0062-8

  The main objective of this review was to evaluate studies on the diagnosis, treatment, and course of schizotypal personality disorder and to provide a clinical guidance on the basis of that evaluation. […] We identified several suitable and reliable questionnaires for screening (PDQ-4+ and SPQ) and diagnosing (SIDP, SIDP-R, and SCID-II) schizotypal personality disorder. […] Second-generation antipsychotics (mainly risperidone) were the most often studied drug class and were described as beneficial. […] Because of the heterogeneity of the studies and the small sample sizes, it is not yet possible to make evidence-based recommendations for treatment. […] This review focuses on the diagnosis of and therapeutic approaches in patients with a disease severity that fulfills the criteria of STPD not only as a premorbid condition or risk state but also as a separate diagnostic entity.

• #97 Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-018-0062-8

  Nearly all the diagnostic instruments discussed for STPD have adequate inter-rater and testretest reliability. […] Our review confirms that the SIDP for DSM-III, SIDP-R for DSM-III-R, and SCID-II for DSM-IV are suitable for diagnosing STPD, but we found that the diagnostic tool PDQ-4+ is more suitable for screening. […] The articles on treatment clearly showed that antipsychotics are the most frequently used drugs. […] When we considered only studies that were of acceptable methodological quality, risperidone had the best, but still limited, evidence for reducing clinical symptoms in patients with STPD. […] The literature on psychotherapy is sparse and does not allow us to make any recommendations, although social skills training seems to be effective and should be offered to patients with STPD.

• #98 Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-018-0062-8

  The main objective of this review was to evaluate studies on the diagnosis, treatment, and course of schizotypal personality disorder and to provide a clinical guidance on the basis of that evaluation. […] We identified several suitable and reliable questionnaires for screening (PDQ-4+ and SPQ) and diagnosing (SIDP, SIDP-R, and SCID-II) schizotypal personality disorder. […] Second-generation antipsychotics (mainly risperidone) were the most often studied drug class and were described as beneficial. […] Because of the heterogeneity of the studies and the small sample sizes, it is not yet possible to make evidence-based recommendations for treatment. […] This review focuses on the diagnosis of and therapeutic approaches in patients with a disease severity that fulfills the criteria of STPD not only as a premorbid condition or risk state but also as a separate diagnostic entity.

• #99 Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-018-0062-8

  Nearly all the diagnostic instruments discussed for STPD have adequate inter-rater and testretest reliability. […] Our review confirms that the SIDP for DSM-III, SIDP-R for DSM-III-R, and SCID-II for DSM-IV are suitable for diagnosing STPD, but we found that the diagnostic tool PDQ-4+ is more suitable for screening. […] The articles on treatment clearly showed that antipsychotics are the most frequently used drugs. […] When we considered only studies that were of acceptable methodological quality, risperidone had the best, but still limited, evidence for reducing clinical symptoms in patients with STPD. […] The literature on psychotherapy is sparse and does not allow us to make any recommendations, although social skills training seems to be effective and should be offered to patients with STPD.

• #100 Schizotypal Personality Disorder – Mental Health Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/personality-disorders/schizotypal-personality-disorder

  Genes are thought to have an important role in the development of schizotypal personality disorder. It is more common among first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of people who have schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder. […] The main treatment for schizotypal personality disorder is medications. Antipsychotic medications (used to treat schizophrenia) lessen anxiety and other symptoms. Newer (second-generation) antidepressants may also help lessen anxiety in people with schizotypal personality disorder.

• #101 Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-018-0062-8

  Nearly all the diagnostic instruments discussed for STPD have adequate inter-rater and testretest reliability. […] Our review confirms that the SIDP for DSM-III, SIDP-R for DSM-III-R, and SCID-II for DSM-IV are suitable for diagnosing STPD, but we found that the diagnostic tool PDQ-4+ is more suitable for screening. […] The articles on treatment clearly showed that antipsychotics are the most frequently used drugs. […] When we considered only studies that were of acceptable methodological quality, risperidone had the best, but still limited, evidence for reducing clinical symptoms in patients with STPD. […] The literature on psychotherapy is sparse and does not allow us to make any recommendations, although social skills training seems to be effective and should be offered to patients with STPD.

• #102

  https://www.ewadirect.com/proceedings/lnep/article/view/5146

  The article summarizes and analyzes some of the previous studies on schizotypal personality disorder to explain the etiology, genetic aspect such as Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT which is situated on chromosome 22q11) and calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNA1C rs1006737); environmental aspect such as risky factors affecting an unnormal brain development like and psychological trauma, and chronic stress, and the treatment (Metacognitive treatment; RuminationFocused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Medication treatment) of schizotypal personality disorder are also discussed. […] Both methods, Metacognitive treatment, and RuminationFocused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, in their respective cases, improved symptoms in schizotypal personality disorder patients. […] However, although research on medication treatment shows that although some medicines, like Risperidone and Haloperidol, can also improve schizotypal personality disorder symptoms, they are also accompanied by the side effects. […] Moreover, the analysis shows that the present research on managing schizotypal personality disorder encounters issues such as insufficient sample size and absence of repeated experiments. […] These results of prior studies still need further verification before they can be used in practice.

• #103 Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review | Schizophrenia

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-018-0062-8

  The main objective of this review was to evaluate studies on the diagnosis, treatment, and course of schizotypal personality disorder and to provide a clinical guidance on the basis of that evaluation. […] We identified several suitable and reliable questionnaires for screening (PDQ-4+ and SPQ) and diagnosing (SIDP, SIDP-R, and SCID-II) schizotypal personality disorder. […] Second-generation antipsychotics (mainly risperidone) were the most often studied drug class and were described as beneficial. […] Because of the heterogeneity of the studies and the small sample sizes, it is not yet possible to make evidence-based recommendations for treatment. […] This review focuses on the diagnosis of and therapeutic approaches in patients with a disease severity that fulfills the criteria of STPD not only as a premorbid condition or risk state but also as a separate diagnostic entity.

• #104

  https://www.ewadirect.com/proceedings/lnep/article/view/5146

  The article summarizes and analyzes some of the previous studies on schizotypal personality disorder to explain the etiology, genetic aspect such as Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT which is situated on chromosome 22q11) and calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNA1C rs1006737); environmental aspect such as risky factors affecting an unnormal brain development like and psychological trauma, and chronic stress, and the treatment (Metacognitive treatment; RuminationFocused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Medication treatment) of schizotypal personality disorder are also discussed. […] Both methods, Metacognitive treatment, and RuminationFocused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, in their respective cases, improved symptoms in schizotypal personality disorder patients. […] However, although research on medication treatment shows that although some medicines, like Risperidone and Haloperidol, can also improve schizotypal personality disorder symptoms, they are also accompanied by the side effects. […] Moreover, the analysis shows that the present research on managing schizotypal personality disorder encounters issues such as insufficient sample size and absence of repeated experiments. […] These results of prior studies still need further verification before they can be used in practice.

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