Materiały źródłowe

• #1 TMJ disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tmj/symptoms-causes/syc-20350941

  TMJ disorders affect the temporomandibular joint, located on each side of your head in front of your ears. […] The exact cause of TMJ disorder is often hard to determine. The pain may be due to a mix of factors, including habits such as teeth clenching, gum chewing and nail biting; stress; and painful conditions that occur along with TMJ disorder such as fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis or jaw injury. […] Many times, the cause of TMJ disorder has a variety of causes and is hard to identify. […] Painful TMJ disorders can happen if: The disk erodes or moves out of its proper relationship between the ball and socket of the joint. Sprain or strain occurs in the ligaments or soft tissues associated with TMJ disorders. Arthritis damages the joint’s cartilage. A blow or another impact damages the joint. Jaw muscles are associated with TMJ spasms.

• #2 TMJ Disorders: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15066-temporomandibular-disorders-tmd-overview

  TMJ dysfunction (TMD) causes pain and tenderness in your jaw joints and surrounding muscles and ligaments. Causes include teeth grinding, jaw injuries, arthritis and everyday wear and tear. […] TMJ causes may include: Jaw injury (like a broken or dislocated jaw). Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism). Arthritis in your jaw joint. Malocclusion (when your teeth dont fit together exactly as they should). Stress. […] Theres no singular cause of TMD. Rather, it can be a result of many different factors or a combination of factors.

• #3 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  This review aims at presenting a current view on the most frequent factors involved in the mechanisms causing temporomandibular disorders (TMD). […] The etiology of TMD is multidimensional: biomechanical, neuromuscular, bio-psychosocial and biological factors may contribute to the disorder. Occlusal overloading and parafunctions (bruxism) are frequently involved as biomechanical factors; increased levels of estrogen hormones are considered biological factors affecting the temporo-mandibular-joint. Among bio-psychosocial factors, stress, anxiety or depression, were frequently encountered. […] The etiopathogenesis of this condition is poorly understood, therefore TMDs are difficult to diagnose and manage. Early and correct identification of the possible etiologic factors will enable the appropriate treatment scheme application in order to reduce or eliminate TMDs debilitating signs and symptoms.

• #4 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  The etiology of TMD is complex and multifactorial. There are numerous factors that can contribute to this disorder, which are grouped into three categories. Predisposing factors increase the risk of developing TMD, initiating factors cause the onset of the disease and perpetuating factors interfere with the healing process or enhance the progression of TMD. […] Etiological factors include occlusal abnormalities, orthodontic treatment, bruxism and orthopedic instability, macrotrauma and microtrauma, joint laxity and exogenous estrogen. Psychological factors such as stress, mental tension, anxiety or depression can cause TMD. […] The role of stress and personality in the etiology of the temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome has undergone extensive scrutiny. […] Nowadays the association between depression and stress and different physical symptoms of TMD is widely acknowledged.

• #5 Etiological factors of temporomandibular joint disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3343405/

  Initiating factors lead to the onset of the symptoms and are related primarily to trauma or adverse loading of the masticatory system. […] Predisposing factors are pathophysiologic, psychological or structural processes that alter the masticatory system sufficiently to increase the risk of development of temporomandibular disorders. […] Pullinger, Seligman and Gornbein applied multiple factor analysis, which indicated the low correlation of occlusion to temporomandibular disorders. […] Decreased disk: eminence ratio (antero-posterior length of the disk in relation to the length of the articular eminence) is associated with advanced stages of temporomandibular joint internal derangement. […] Iatrogenic injuries can act as both initiating as well as predisposing factors. […] Temporomandibular joint disorders do not constitute one particular or single abnormal condition; rather they are multifactorial, and include stressful activities, emotional diseases, structural mal-relationships, trauma, malocclusion and various types of arthritis or viral diseases.

• #6 Causation of Temporomandibular Disorders – TMJ Oregon

  https://tmjoregon.com/causation-of-temporomandibular-disorders/

  One of the major difficulties in identifying a cause or causes of TMD in any individual patient is that neither the contributing factors nor the factors that constitute a persons adaptability are quantifiable. […] Therefore, in an individual with a robust adaptability, in spite of the presence of one or more significant potential contributing factors, the individual may not develop a TMD. […] In a patient in whom a triggering mechanism appears to have been present, it would be easy to attribute the development of the TMD to the triggering mechanism, alone. […] However, it is also possible that the patient had been predisposed to the onset. […] A triggering mechanism may have simply pushed the patient beyond their individual adaptability threshold and may have been no more than the straw that broke the camels back.

• #7 Causation of Temporomandibular Disorders – TMJ Oregon

  https://tmjoregon.com/causation-of-temporomandibular-disorders/

  If determining the causes of TMJ Disorders was a relatively straight forward process, the myriad of scientific studies that have been done would have long ago spelled them out. […] Dr. Jeffery Okeson has proposed a model that considers all of the potential contributing factors to the development of TMDs: Dental Occlusal Factors, Trauma (Macro and Micro), Emotional Stress, Deep Pain Input, Parafunction. […] It is common for a patient with a TMD to display more than one of these potential contributing factors, referred to as a multi-factorial causation. […] There are also possible factors that may weigh against the development of disorders and diseases, including TMDs. These are related to the individuals adaptability or physiologic tolerance and may include: Genetic factors, Biologic factors, Hormonal factors, Generally robust health and immune system, Possibly others?

• #8 Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0315/p378.html

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions involving the temporomandibular joint complex, and surrounding musculature and osseous components. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial and includes biologic, environmental, social, emotional, and cognitive triggers. Factors consistently associated with TMD include other pain conditions (e.g., chronic headaches), fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders, sleep apnea, and psychiatric illness. […] A prospective cohort study with more than 6,000 participants showed a twofold increase in TMD in persons with depression (rate ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 3; P.001) and a 1.8-fold increase in myofascial pain in persons with anxiety (rate ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.6; P.001).

• #9 What are Common Causes of TMJ? – Oak Street Family Dental Brentwood California

  https://oakstreetfamilydental.com/blog/what-are-common-causes-of-tmj/

  TMJ refers to the temporomandibular joint, which often dysfunctions, resulting in serious pain. Individuals that suffer from TMJ disorder often turn to their general dentist to learn more about treatment options, as well as the root cause of the disorder. Each person varies, meaning the cause of their TMJ may differ, however, there are a few relatively common factors. […] According to MedicineNet.com, temporomandibular joint syndrome is a disorder of the jaw muscles and nerves caused by injury or inflammation to the joint. The list below includes three of the most common causes of TMJ disorder. […] When individuals participate in the act of clenching or grinding their teeth, it is possible for them to eventually develop a problem with their jaw joints, leading to a TMJ disorder diagnosis. […] When an individual’s jaw and/or teeth are not in their proper alignment, they are likely to experience jaw joint problems. […] Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are two of the more common types of arthritis that can lead to someone being diagnosed with a TMJ-related disorder.

• #10 Causes of TMD – TMJ Sleep Apnea

  https://drtmjsleepapnea.com/causes-of-tmd/

  Some TMJ disorders are a direct result of obvious trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, or physical altercations. In these cases, patients can typically pinpoint the specific event that triggered TMJ symptoms, including joint inflammation, muscle pain, and clicking sounds. […] Research indicates that automobile accidents involving acceleration and deceleration forces can contribute to an increased incidence of TMD symptoms, particularly when compared to control groups, even one year after the accident has occurred.

• #11

  https://myoms.org/what-we-do/tmj-and-facial-pain/tmj-disorders-causes/

  What Causes TMJ Disorders? […] Diagnosing a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder involves a thorough history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. A TMJ disorder can occur when: […] An injury occurs to the lower jaw or facial region. […] […] TMJ cartilage is damaged through arthritis, dislocation or erosion. […] […] Connective tissue diseases affect bony or soft tissues. […] […] Chronic grinding or clenching of teeth leads to disk damage. […] […] There is misalignment of the teeth or jaw. […] […] Inflammation of the muscles surrounding the TMJ.

• #12 Top 6 Causes of TMJ Disorders | Elk Grove, CA

  https://www.emergencydentist.io/blog/top-6-causes-of-tmj-disorders/

  Teeth misalignment, also known as malocclusion, occurs when the teeth do not fit together correctly. This misalignment can place undue stress on the TMJ as the jaw tries to compensate for the irregular bite. Over time, this stress can lead to pain, discomfort, and TMJ disorders. […] Trauma or injury to the jaw can result in TMJ disorders. Accidents, falls, or direct blows to the jaw can damage the joint, leading to inflammation, pain, and impaired function. […] Stress and anxiety can significantly impact TMJ health. High stress levels often lead to behaviors such as teeth clenching and grinding, which can strain the TMJ. Additionally, stress can cause muscle tension in the jaw, neck, and shoulders, exacerbating TMJ disorder symptoms.

• #13 TMJ Basics – The TMJ Association

  https://tmj.org/living-with-tmj/basics/

  TMJ disorders, also commonly referred to as TMJ or TMD, are a complex, under-researched, and poorly understood set of conditions characterized by pain in the jaw joint and surrounding tissues frequently associated with limitation in jaw movements. Recent findings show that TMJ is a complex multi-systems condition involving the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, exocrine, immune, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and the skeletal system. TMJ is no longer seen as a condition confined solely to the areas of the jaws and teeth. […] Adding to the complexity of TMJ disorders is that there are multiple causes, including cases where no obvious cause can be found. Some known causes are the following: autoimmune diseases (in which the body’s immune cells attack healthy tissue), infections, injuries to the jaw area, dental procedures (even prolonged mouth opening during dental treatment), overextending the jaw when inserting a breathing tube before surgery, medication side effects that increase bruxism, exacerbate jaw pain, or cause severe jaw damage (e.g. SSRIs used to treat anxiety, OCD, depression and panic disorders, Antipsychotics, ADHD and Parkinson’s Disease medications, and osteoporosis/bisphosphonate drugs), various forms of arthritis.

• #14 Etiology (Causes) of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)

  https://www.oralmedicinespecialist.com/post/etiology-causes-of-temporomandibular-disorders-tmds

  Microtrauma refers to low-grade forces that lead to physical damage over a prolonged period. […] Oral parafunctional habits include: Teeth clenching, grinding, bracing, and tapping. […] Studies have shown that some genes may be associated with the development of TMDs, especially when combined with other physical, environmental, and psychosocial factors. […] Patients with generalized joint hypermobility disorders are more likely to experience TMJ disc displacement and open locks than the general population. […] Individuals with fibromyalgia who experience widespread musculoskeletal pain are more likely than the general population to develop myofascial pain in the muscles of mastication as a component of their underlying condition. […] There is evidence that orofacial pain, including TMDs, may be one of the somatic (physical) symptoms of emotional distress. […] Not everyone with the etiological factors listed above will experience TMD. However, individuals with chronic TMD symptoms are more likely to have multiple risk factors that act together over a prolonged period, leading to the development and persistence of TMD-related signs and symptoms.

• #15 Temporomandibular joint dysfunction – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction

  The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects your jaw to your skull. […] There are many possible causes of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. […] TMJ dysfunction can be caused by several different things, including: an injury to your jaw, head or neck; orthodontic treatment; jaw clenching and teeth grinding, which may be linked to stress and anxiety; wear and tear of the joint, usually caused by osteoarthritis; other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia or gout; dental (tooth) issues for example, if you have new fillings or dentures causing an uneven bite. […] You might have TMJ dysfunction without any obvious cause.

• #16 Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction-tmd

  The temporomandibular (TMJ) joint is what allows people to talk and chew comfortably; over-exertion of this joint can lead to a variety of disorders referred to as temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). […] Minor problems can be caused by teeth clenching and grinding that often occur as a result of emotional stress or anxiety. […] This can trigger joint symptoms, as well as spasm of the chewing muscles, headaches, and neck pain. […] TMD can arise because of over-exertion of your child’s TMJ. Some examples of conditions that can cause this over-exertion are high levels of stress or anxiety, grinding or clenching of the teeth, or trauma to the jaw. […] TMD can be caused by several factors: […] Teeth clenching or grinding […] Stress or anxiety […] Trauma to the jaw or the joint […] Muscle spasms […] Misalignment of the jaw (malocclusion) […] Arthritis.

• #17 6 COMMON CAUSES OF TMJ FLARE-UPS

  https://www.columbiatmjandpain.com/6-common-causes-of-tmj-flare-ups

  You might have temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder if you answered yes to any of these questions (TMD). TMD is more frequent than you might imagine. According to the Academy of General Dentistry, more than 10 million Americans have TMD. […] The temporomandibular joint experiences persistent stress as a result of TMD, often known as TMJ. Misaligned teeth or an unbalanced set of jaw muscles are the usual culprits in this increased tension. […] There are some causes, including: Improper development or creation of joints, Choices of the way of life, Injury to the jaw or nearby area, Difficulties with arthritis, Routinely clenching and grinding ones teeth. […] Acute TMD is made worse by the increased stress and pressure on the TMJ and face muscles. […] According to hormone research, TMJ discomfort may result from low levels of natural estrogen.

• #18 Causes of TMD – TMJ Sleep Apnea

  https://drtmjsleepapnea.com/causes-of-tmd/

  The causes of TMJ disorders are numerous and can be challenging to pinpoint. These disorders can arise from various factors, often with multiple stressors accumulating over time, leading to mechanical breakdowns in the muscles, ligaments, and joint apparatus. […] Normal jaw usage, combined with several factors, can contribute to these disorders, including: Oral habits: Such as ice chewing, pencil biting, leaning on the jaw, chronic use of tight headbands or excessive gum chewing. Malocclusion: Bite disorders like overbite, underbite, or crossbite. Trauma: Including accidents, injuries, or falls. Abnormal anatomy: Variations in the temporomandibular joint structure. Musical instruments: Prolonged usage of certain instruments. Sleep posture: Sleeping positions that place stress on the jaw. Systemic diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or connective tissue diseases. Whiplash: Often associated with automobile accidents.

• #19 Etiology (Causes) of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)

  https://www.oralmedicinespecialist.com/post/etiology-causes-of-temporomandibular-disorders-tmds

  Todays focus is on the etiology/causes of temporomandibular disorders. […] The etiology (cause) of temporomandibular disorders is multifactorial, meaning that there are multiple reasons why different people experience TMD symptoms. […] Some factors can initiate TMD symptoms, such as direct trauma to the jaw. […] Some other factors can predispose susceptible individuals to experience TMD symptoms, for example, joint hypermobility. […] Some factors can perpetuate TMD symptoms and prevent healing and restoration, such as teeth clenching and grinding. […] Patients with TMDs are more likely to report a history of trauma to their jaw than individuals who do not have signs and symptoms of TMDs. […] Direct trauma to the mandible or TMJ can result from physical impact or injury to the jaw.

• #20 Temporomandibular joint dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction

  Trauma, both micro and macrotrauma, is sometimes identified as a possible cause of TMD; however, the evidence for this is not strong. […] Occlusal factors as an etiologic factor in TMD is a controversial topic. […] Abnormalities of occlusion (problems with the bite) are often blamed for TMD but there is no evidence that these factors are involved. […] TMD does not obviously run in families like a genetic disease. […] It has been suggested that a genetic predisposition for developing TMD (and chronic pain syndromes generally) could exist. […] Since females are more often affected by TMD than males, the female sex hormone estrogen has been suggested to be involved. […] TMD has been suggested to be associated with other conditions or factors, with varying degrees of evidence and some more commonly than others.

• #21 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  There is the hypothesis that the presence of estrogen receptors in women’s TMJ changes metabolic functions increasing ligament laxity. […] Macrotrauma is a predisposing and initiating factor for TMD. […] Parafunctions are defined as impaired or altered functions of TMJ. Of these, excessive gum chewing, teeth clenching and bruxism have been extensively studied as possible risk factors for TMD. […] The relationship between hypermobility and TMD has also been studied. […] Michalowicz et al. evaluated the hypothesis that signs and symptoms of TMD may be hereditary. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial, as evidenced by the combination of psychological, physiological, structural, postural and genetic factors, altering the functional balance between the fundamental elements of the stomatognathic system: dental occlusion, jaw muscles and TMJ.

• #22 TMJ Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/temporomandibular-disorders-tmd

  We don’t know what causes TMDs. Dentists believe symptoms arise from problems with the muscles of your jaw or with the parts of the joint itself. […] Injury to your jaw, the joint, or the muscles of your head and neck like from a heavy blow or whiplash can lead to TMDs. Other causes include: Grinding or clenching your teeth, which puts a lot of pressure on the joint, Movement of the soft cushion or disc between the ball and socket of the joint, Arthritis in the joint, Stress, which can cause you to tighten facial and jaw muscles or clench your teeth. […] Research shows that a bad bite or braces to straighten your teeth don’t cause TMDs. Women and people assigned female at birth are twice as likely to have TMDs than men and people assigned male at birth. Researchers are now looking into the role of differences in TMJ structure and mechanics between the sexes.

• #23 What Really Causes TMJ Disorders, and How Can You Treat Them? – Silverado Family Dental

  https://silveradofamilydental.com/really-causes-tmj-disorders-can-treat/

  What youre feeling may come from a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. But just how did this problem happen? […] Other common culprits that attack temporomandibular function include fibromyalgia, rheumatic diseases, chronic fatigue, and stress-related conditions. […] If you began noticing TMJ disorder symptoms after getting braces or a new crown, mention this during your TMJ exam. Dental work doesnt cause TMJ disorder, but it can aggravate symptoms if your bite feels odd after the work and you overcompensate by clenching your jaw muscles. […] Because so many factors play a role in these disorders, too much therapy-particularly if its irreversible or surgical-can backfire and cause further trouble. […] Your dentist will likely only consider surgery if the jaw is malformed or bone fragments need to be removed.

• #24 What Causes TMJ? | Koala® Center For Sleep & TMJ Disorders

  https://www.koalasleepcenters.com/what-causes-tmj

  Tens of millions of Americans suffer from TMJ problems. […] There are many conditions and traumas that could contribute to a TMJ disorder. Some of the common culprits we see at our clinic include: A blow to the jaw or cheek The misalignment or loss of teeth The misalignment or dislocation of the TMJ The effects of whiplash on a patient The effects of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis in the TMJ. […] Sometimes a condition or micro-trauma can be a result of underlying factors like bad habits and other risk factors. For example: Teeth grinding or teeth clenching, which puts excessive pressure on the TMJ Excessive gum chewing or nail-biting causes inflammation of the TMJ Poor posture that leads to neck strain and abnormal jaw muscle function Stress can cause muscle tension and jaw clenching A genetic predisposition to pain sensitivity and increased stress responses can make patients more susceptible Age in women (ages 18-44 are at increased risk). […] To understand, prevent, and treat TMJ disorders, first its important to understand the conditions, traumas, and other factors contributing to the disorders.

• #25 What Is The Main Cause Of TMJ? | Dallas, TX | TMJ Plus

  https://www.tmjplus.com/what-is-the-main-cause-of-tmj/

  TMJ disorder is caused by dysfunction in the temporomandibular joints, which connect the lower jaw to the skull. What causes these joints to stop functioning properly? Answering this question is a bit more complicated because there are a number of factors at play. If you have TMJ disorder, heres what might be causing your pain. […] Many people believe that stress is the main cause of TMJ disorder, but this is only partially correct. Stress itself doesnt cause pain in the temporomandibular joints, but for many people, stress causes muscle tension throughout the body, which in turn causes them to clench their jaws or grind their teeth at night. Clenching and grinding place a great deal of stress on the joints and teeth, which can lead to TMJ disorder over time. […] Another common cause of TMJ disorder is an injury to the joint or jaw. Even an injury to the muscles surrounding the temporomandibular joints can lead to pain. A blow to the head or accident can dislocate the disc between the ball and socket of the joint or the jaw can be moved out of proper alignment, setting the stage for chronic pain.

• #26 TMD / TMJ Disorder & Bruxism – Neurology Solutions

  https://www.neurologysolutions.com/movement-disorders/tmd-tmj-disorder-bruxism/

  While there is a strong relationship between bruxism and TMD in patients, a causal link between the two has never been proven. For many patients, the two conditions co-exist. […] The bad habits such as nail-biting common with awake bruxism are thought to be related to psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression. […] In some people, sleep bruxism has a genetic component and can run in families. Other researchers believe its caused by changes in sleep patterns or episodes called microarousals during sleep. […] Many other factors have been associated with sleep bruxism, including caffeine and alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and certain medications. There is also some proof that an imbalance in brain neurotransmitters causes some cases of sleep bruxism.

• #27 Etiological factors of temporomandibular joint disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3343405/

  The causes of temporomandibular disorders are complex and multifactorial. There are numerous factors that can contribute to temporomandibular disorders. […] The successful management of temporomandibular disorders is dependent on identifying and controlling the contributing factors which include occlusal abnormalities, orthodontic treatment, bruxism and orthopedic instability, macrotrauma and microtrauma, factors like poor health and nutrition, joint laxity and exogenous estrogen. […] Psychosocial factors like stress, tension, anxiety and depression may lead to temporomandibular joint disorders. […] Occlusion is the first and probably the most discussed etiologic factor of temporomandibular disorders. […] The role of occlusion in the development of temporomandibular joint disorders is controversial.

• #28 What Causes TMJ Pain? | Cape May Court House, NJ

  https://www.mysunshinedentistry.com/what-can-cause-tmj-pain/

  Do you have pain in your jaw or the temple region of your head, and are you wondering about what causes TMJ pain? This type of pain is most likely due to a disorder of the TMJ, the temporomandibular joint, which is the location on each side of your head where your lower jaw connects to your skull. […] TMJ disorder can be caused by a variety of things from injuries to chronic diseases. […] TMJ pain is sometimes caused by how you use your jaw rather than how frequently. […] A blow to the face in the area of your jaw can cause TMJ pain. […] Bite misalignment that occurs naturally, such as cross bite, overbite, underbite, or open bite can cause TMJ pain. […] Arthritis is a disease that affects the joints. […] An autoimmune disorder is a condition that causes your immune system to attack your body by mistake.

• #29 Causes of TMJ Disorders | Dr. Charles Schumacher in Farmington

  https://www.deserthillsdental.com/services/tmj-disorder/causes/

  Dental conditions such as misaligned teeth, overbites, and underbites can stress the jaw joint and lead to TMJ disorders. […] Over time, the cartilage in the jaw joint can degenerate, leading to TMJ disorders. […] Dysfunction or imbalance of the muscles responsible for jaw movement and control can contribute to TMD. This may include overuse or strain of these muscles. […] Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption may be associated with an increased risk of TMD. […] Women are more likely to develop TMJ disorders than men, possibly due to hormonal differences and increased prevalence of conditions such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. […] Conditions like sleep apnea and snoring can disrupt sleep patterns and lead to jaw clenching or bruxism during sleep, increasing the risk of TMJ disorders.

• #30 Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/809598-overview

  Pain and functional disturbances related to the TMJ are common, and are collectively termed TMJ syndrome or temporomandibular disorders (TMD). […] The pathophysiology of TMJ syndrome is not entirely understood. The etiology is thought to be likely multifactorial, with contributing factors including the following: Abnormal dental occlusion, Bruxism, Joint capsule inflammation, Muscle spasm, Abnormalities in the intra-articular disk, Psychological stress, anxiety. […] Both local insults and systemic disorders may be involved. Local problems frequently arise from articular disc displacement and hereditary conditions affecting the structures of the joint itself, such as hypoplastic mandibular condyles. […] The TMJs can also be affected by conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, osteoarthritis, and diseases of the articular disks. In addition, hypermobile TMJs, nocturnal jaw clenching, nocturnal bruxism, jaw clenching due to psychosocial stresses, and local trauma also play a significant role.

• #31 Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0315/p378.html

  Smoking is associated with an increased risk of TMD in females younger than 30 years. […] TMD is categorized as intra-articular (within the joint) or extra-articular (involving the surrounding musculature). Musculoskeletal conditions are the most common cause of TMD, accounting for at least 50% of cases. […] Articular disk displacement involving the condyle-disk relationship is the most common intra-articular cause of TMD.

• #32 Temporomandibular Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143410-overview

  Temporomandibular disorder(s) (TMD), or temporomandibular joint syndrome, represent an array of pathologies affecting the TMJ and its surrounding structures. These disorders are linked in that they all can cause pain and limit the function of the TMJ. TMD is the most common cause of facial pain after toothache. […] Myogenous TMD is more common. In its pure form, it lacks apparent destructive changes of the TMJ on radiograph and can be caused by multiple etiologies such as bruxism and daytime jaw clenching. […] Arthrogenous TMD can be further specified as disk displacement disorder, chronic recurrent dislocations, degenerative joint disorders, systemic arthritic conditions, ankylosis, infections, and neoplasia. The most common is displacement disorder, which has two subtypes: anterior displacement with reduction and anterior displacement without reduction.

• #33 Top 6 Causes of TMJ Disorders | Elk Grove, CA

  https://www.emergencydentist.io/blog/top-6-causes-of-tmj-disorders/

  Bruxism, or teeth grinding, is one of the leading causes of TMJ disorders. This condition involves the involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, often during sleep. The excessive pressure exerted on the TMJ can lead to inflammation, pain, and even damage to the joint. […] Arthritis, particularly osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, can affect the TMJ. Osteoarthritis leads to the degeneration of the joint cartilage, causing pain and limited movement. Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease, can cause inflammation and damage to the TMJ. Both forms of arthritis can contribute to the development of TMJ disorders, making it essential to manage these underlying conditions effectively. […] Tendonitis refers to the inflammation of the tendons, the fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones. In the case of TMJ disorders, the tendons around the jaw can become inflamed due to overuse or injury. Tendonitis can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the jaw, contributing to TMJ disorder symptoms.

• #34 Health Conditions That Can Cause TMJ Pain | Restore TMJ Therapy

  https://www.tmjtexas.com/health-conditions-that-can-cause-tmj-pain

  The causes of internal derangement often include direct trauma or blows to the jaw or chronic activities that put undue pressure on the joint, such as teeth grinding. Bruxism, in particular, can lead to wear and tear on the disc and joint, causing displacement. Genetics may also play a role, with some individuals more predisposed to jaw misalignment or disc displacement because of inherited conditions. […] Degenerative joint diseases or connective tissue diseases, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis, can affect the TMJ just like any other joint in the body. These conditions result in the breakdown of the joint’s cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased movement. […] These health conditions could contribute to the onset, development, and/or persistence of TMJ or myofascial pain, and could affect treatment outcomes if not properly diagnosed.

• #35 TMJ Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Pain Relief

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/temporomandibular_joint_tmj_syndrome/article_em.htm

  Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome is a pain in the jaw joint that can be caused by a variety of medical problems. […] TMJ syndrome can be caused by trauma, disease, wear and tear due to aging, or oral habits. […] Trauma is divided into macrotrauma and microtrauma. Microtrauma is internal, such as grinding the teeth (bruxism) and clenching (jaw tightening). […] Osteoarthritis: Like other joints in the body, the jaw joint is prone to arthritic changes. […] Rheumatoid arthritis causes inflammation in joints and can affect the TMJ. […] Other causes of TMJ syndrome include infection of the joint, cancer, and bone deformity that occurs at birth.

• #36 Causes of TMJ Disorders | Headache TMJ – Los Angeles Pain Clinic

  https://www.headachetmj.com/blog/tmj/tmjd-causes/

  Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD) are complex conditions that affect the jaws connection to the skull and often result in pain and discomfort during everyday activities like eating or speaking. These disorders can stem from a variety of factors which make their exact origins challenging to pinpoint in many cases. The causes of TMJ disorders range from genetic predisposition and arthritis to jaw injuries and habitual behaviors like teeth grinding and jaw clenching. […] Its important to note that TMJD often results from a combination of these factors rather than a single cause. […] Arthritis can be a significant contributor to temporomandibular joint disorders, particularly as it affects the cartilage within the joint. […] Teeth grinding, also known as bruxism, is a common habit that can significantly contribute to the development of TMJ disorders.

• #37 The Hidden Causes of TMJ Disorders – Spot Pal

  https://spotpal.com/blogs/news/the-hidden-causes-of-tmj-disorders?srsltid=AfmBOooUYVGHVRjjlhJ7XIQsjVne4RP-Z39us_g2lUFYjhAES5TUR5fn

  Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) disorders are often misunderstood, with many attributing them solely to stress. However, the roots of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can be much deeper, some hidden underlying causes are airway issues, sleep disorders, and even improper jaw growth. […] Airway issues, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or chronic nasal congestion, can lead to improper jaw positioning. When the airway is compromised, the body often compensates by altering tongue posture and jaw alignment, which can strain the temporomandibular joint. […] Poor sleep quality due to sleep disorders like OSA, (Obstructive Sleep Apnea is a sleep disorder that causes the upper airway to partially or completely collapse during sleep, which can lead to reduced or absent breathing.) can lead to muscle tension and jaw clenching, both of which exacerbate TMD symptoms.

• #38 TMD / TMJ Disorder & Bruxism – Neurology Solutions

  https://www.neurologysolutions.com/movement-disorders/tmd-tmj-disorder-bruxism/

  Temporomandibular disorder also known as TMD can happen when one or both of the temporomandibular joints becomes injured or inflamed, leading to various symptoms including popping of the jaw, nerve inflammation, headaches, lockjaw, and teeth grinding (which is also called bruxism). […] Doctors are still working to understand what causes TMD, and to date, there is no consensus in the medical community on the exact cause. However, several known risk factors may increase your chances of developing TMD. Some of these factors are physical in nature, including a previous jaw injury, misaligned teeth, or an inflammatory disease such as arthritis. […] Stress is a common risk factor for TMD, often because stress often causes destructive habits such as jaw-clenching and teeth-grinding. Another common risk factor for TMD is poor posture. People with particularly poor posture whose head, neck, and body are not properly aligned can suffer from neck strain. Over time, this can cause stress to the muscles and ligaments around your jaw, influencing the possible development of TMJ disorder.

• #39 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ): Symptoms and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-tmj-disorder-1192014

  A TMJ disorder may occur when there is a problem with the actual TMJ or with the muscles surrounding it. […] It was originally thought that TMJ disorders were due to misalignment of the upper and lower teeth. While this structural factor still plays a role, experts believe that other factors (e.g., emotional and environmental) are involved. […] It’s the combination of multiple factors that trigger the manifestation of TMJ disorder. […] Some of these factors include: Trauma to the jaw or joint (e.g., from a whiplash injury, teeth grinding/clenching, or excessive gum chewing), Psychological factors like anxiety, stress, or depression, Poor head and neck posture, Increased pain awareness and/or sensitivity. […] Certain people are more prone to developing a TMJ disorder. For instance, TMJ disorders are more common in women and in Caucasians than in African-Americans.

• #40 TMJ Basics – The TMJ Association

  https://tmj.org/living-with-tmj/basics/

  Additionally, there are genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that can increase the risk for TMJ. Studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to TMJ and are leading to the discovery of new ways of treating TMJ. […] The observation that jaw problems are commonly found in women in the childbearing years has also led to research to determine the role of female sex hormones, particularly estrogen, in TMJ.

• #41 TMJ disorders: Causes, symptoms, and relief

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317706

  TMJ disorders are a broad category, and the term includes many possible causes. As such, there are a variety of treatment options available. […] There are many possible causes of TMJ disorders. Some known causes include: physical injury, arthritis, grinding or clenching the teeth during sleep, autoimmune diseases, dental surgery, infections. […] Other causes may be genetic, hormonal, or environmental. For instance, violinists have been noted to experience TMJ disorders at a higher rate than the general population, since their work involves holding an instrument under the jaw. This can cause strain, which leads to TMJ disorders. […] It has been observed that women experience TMJ disorders at a higher rate than men, so researchers are currently looking into hormonal causes for TMJ. […] While the cause is not precisely understood, researchers hope that investigating the link between the female hormone estrogen and TMJ disorders will prove useful.

• #42 Temporomandibular Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143410-overview

  In myogenous temporomandibular disorder, the most common cause of the symptomatology (ie, pain, tenderness, and spasm of the mastication muscles) is muscular hyperactivity and dysfunction due to either parafunctional activities, or malocclusion of variable degree and duration. […] In TMD of articular origin, disk displacement is the most common cause. Abnormal anterior displacement and interposition of the posterior band between the condyle and the eminence cause pain, pops, and crepitus. […] The other causes of arthrogenous TMD are diseases such as degenerative joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosis, dislocations, infections, and neoplasia, the pathophysiology of which are self-explanatory. […] An important development may connect some of the psychosocial aspects of the disease to underlying neurobiology. This is the discovery that the likelihood of a patient being diagnosed with TMD is related to genetic variations in the gene coding for catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a gene that relates in to some aspects of pain sensitivity.

• #43 Related Conditions – The TMJ Association

  https://tmj.org/living-with-tmj/diagnosis-and-related-conditions/related-conditions/

  Recent research results have demonstrated that temporomandibular disorders (TMJ) are complex medical conditions that involve multiple body systems, rather than just a localized jaw condition. […] Research indicates that TMJ disorders are a set of complex diseases like hypertension or diabetes involving genetic, environmental, behavioral, and sex-related factors. […] Most of these conditions are diagnoses of exclusion, meaning that they are diagnosed after any known causes are ruled out.

• #44 Temporomandibular joint dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction

  TMDs have a range of causes and often co-occur with a number of overlapping medical conditions, including headaches, fibromyalgia, back pain, and irritable bowel. […] However, these factors are poorly understood, and there is disagreement as to their relative importance. […] TMD is a symptom complex (i.e. a group of symptoms occurring together and characterizing a particular disease), which is thought to be caused by multiple, poorly understood factors, but the exact etiology is unknown. […] There are factors which appear to predispose to TMD (genetic, hormonal, anatomical), factors which may precipitate it (trauma, occlusal changes, parafunction), and also factors which may prolong it (stress and again parafunction). […] Overall, two hypotheses have dominated research into the causes of TMD, namely a psychosocial model and a theory of occlusal dysharmony.

• #45 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ): Symptoms and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-tmj-disorder-1192014

  There are also disorders or conditions that have been associated with TMJ, including: Autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, Fibromyalgia, Sleep apnea, Degenerative joint diseases, Anxiety or other psychiatric disorders that lead to chronic jaw clenching or teeth grinding, Dental malocclusion, Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia), Structural problems at birth.

• #46 Causes of TMJ Disorders | Headache TMJ – Los Angeles Pain Clinic

  https://www.headachetmj.com/blog/tmj/tmjd-causes/

  Teeth clenching is another habit associated with stress or concentration that can be a significant contributor to TMJ disorders. […] Jaw injuries can be a significant trigger for TMJ disorders that often results from sudden impacts or traumas to the face and head. […] Stress plays a significant role in the development and exacerbation of TMJ disorders as it often manifests through unconscious physical behaviors. […] Misaligned teeth, also known as malocclusion, can contribute to the development of TMJ disorders by altering the natural balance of the jaw. […] Hormonal changes, particularly in women, have been linked to an increased risk of developing TMJ disorders. […] Joint hypermobility, a condition characterized by an excessive range of motion in the joints, can contribute to the development of TMJ disorders.

• #47 Understanding TMJ and TMD: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options – TMJ Spa

  https://www.tmjspa.com/understanding-tmj-and-tmd/

  The exact cause of TMJ/TMD is often challenging to determine due to its multifactorial nature. However, several factors can contribute to its development: […] Jaw Injuries: Trauma to the jaw, such as from a sports-related injury or accident, can lead to TMJ problems. […] Teeth Clenching and Grinding: Habitual clenching or grinding of teeth, known as bruxism, can strain the TMJ and surrounding muscles. […] Misalignment of the Jaw: Malocclusion, where the upper and lower teeth do not fit together correctly, can put stress on the TMJ. […] Arthritis: Various forms of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, can affect the TMJ. […] Stress and Anxiety: Emotional stress and anxiety may cause individuals to clench their jaws, putting additional pressure on the TMJ. […] Connective Tissue Disorders: Certain connective tissue disorders, like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, can increase the risk of TMJ/TMD.

• #48 Unraveling the Mystery: 12 Causes of TMJ Disorder Explained

  https://deldardental.com/12-causes-of-tmj-disorder-explained-noblesville/

  Certain dental procedures, such as wisdom tooth extraction or orthodontic adjustments, can inadvertently impact the temporomandibular joint. This is particularly true if the procedures involve prolonged jaw opening or manipulation. […] Non-dental medical procedures, like surgeries involving the head, neck, or jaw, can sometimes lead to TMJ disorder. The trauma from these procedures can disrupt the joints natural function. […] Engaging in repetitive actions that involve the jaw, such as chewing gum excessively or biting nails, can strain the temporomandibular joint over time, potentially leading to TMJ disorder. […] Poor posture doesn’t just affect your back; it can also impact your jaw health. Incorrect posture can lead to misalignment of the temporomandibular joint and contribute to TMJ disorder.

• #49 TMJ disorders Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/tmj-disorders

  Temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders (TMJ disorders) are problems that affect the chewing muscles and joints that connect your lower jaw to your skull. […] Many TMJ-related symptoms are caused by the effects of physical stress on the structures around the joint. […] For many people with temporomandibular joint disorders, the cause is unknown. Some causes given for this condition are not well-proven. They include: A bad bite or orthodontic braces. […] Stress and tooth grinding. Many people with TMJ problems do not grind their teeth, and many who have been grinding their teeth for a long time do not have problems with their temporomandibular joint. […] Poor posture can also be an important factor in TMJ symptoms. […] Other possible causes of TMJ-related symptoms include arthritis, fractures, dislocations, and structural problems present since birth.

• #50 Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome (TMJ) Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/temporomandibular_joint_syndrome_tmj/article.htm

  Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome is a disorder of the jaw muscles and nerves caused by injury or inflammation of the temporomandibular joint. […] Medical professionals do not completely understand the causes of TMD. Multiple factors contribute to the muscle tightness and dysfunction that characterize this condition. It is not clear whether some of these causes directly lead to TMJ syndrome or if they are a result of the disorder. […] Causes of TMJ syndrome may include: Misalignment (malocclusion) of or trauma to the teeth or jaw, Teeth grinding (bruxism), Poor posture, Stress or anxiety, Arthritis and other inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders, Orthodontic braces, Excessive gum chewing. […] There are several risk factors for TMD, such as: Poor posture in the neck and upper back muscles may lead to neck strain and abnormalities of jaw muscle function. Stress may increase muscle tension and jaw clenching. Women 18-44 years of age have increased risk. Patients with other chronic inflammatory arthritis have increased risk. People with jaw trauma or poorly positioned teeth have increased risk. People who have a genetic predisposition to pain sensitivity and increased stress responses may be more susceptible. […] The prognosis for TMJ syndrome is generally good. There are numerous causes for TMJ syndrome, so the outlook depends on the cause if known. Most people can manage discomfort with self-care and home remedies.

• #51 Causes of TMJ Disorders | Dr. Charles Schumacher in Farmington

  https://www.deserthillsdental.com/services/tmj-disorder/causes/

  TMJ disorders are most common in individuals between the ages of 20 and 40, although they can develop at any age. […] There may be a genetic component to TMJ disorders, as some individuals may inherit a predisposition to this condition. […] Poor posture can strain the muscles of the neck and jaw, leading to TMJ disorders.

• #52 Causes Of TMJ Disorder: Common Triggers And Risk Factors

  https://www.matthewsanddai.com/causes-of-tmj-disorder-common-triggers-and-risk-factors/

  While the exact cause of TMJ disorders remains unclear, several factors are believed to contribute to them. […] Chronic stress can lead to muscle tension in the jaw, which can trigger TMD symptoms. […] Grinding or clenching teeth, especially at night, can put excessive strain on the TMJ. […] A blow to the face or jaw can damage the joint and surrounding structures, increasing the risk of TMD. […] Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis can affect the TMJ joint. […] Improper bite (malocclusion) can put stress on the TMJ. […] TMD is most common between the ages of 18 and 44. […] Women are more likely than men to develop TMD. […] A family history of TMD increases your risk. […] Arthritis, fibromyalgia, and sleep disorders can contribute to TMD.

• #53 TMJ Disorder in Adults: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Guide

  https://www.advanceddentaltmj.com/temporomandibular-disorder-adult-age/

  The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints in the human body as it connects the lower jaw bone, the pit of the temporal bone, and the skull. […] While there is no particular age to develop temporomandibular joint symptoms, anyone can suffer from TMD. […] Developing TMJ disorder in adult age could have many causes. […] In adults, the muscle which binds the jaw bone and skull get deteriorate due to a gradual decline in muscle strength. […] Arthritis is one of the reasons that are associated with TMD. […] The primary cause of TMJ is a change in the teeth and jaws in the result of adaptation of modern lifestyle. […] In adults, who have healthy bones and jaws could be different but the many sources of TMD in adults are stress and trauma. […] The reason for TMJ syndrome in adults is trauma. […] As our gums become weak and tooth fall it develops a TMJ disorder. […] Many times it is because of the restoration process of the tooth-like dental crown or any other dental surgery which can cause TMD in older people.

• #54 Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/temporomandibular-joint-disorders-tmd

  Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are problems involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The TMJ is the most frequently used joint in the body; it allows the jaw movement involved in chewing, talking, smiling and yawning. […] TMD is often caused by over-exertion of the TMJ. This can be caused by muscle tension or spasm, trauma, teeth clenching or grinding, and stress or anxiety. […] TMD can arise because of over-exertion of your child’s TMJ. Some examples of conditions that can cause this over-exertion are high levels of stress or anxiety, grinding or clenching of the teeth, or trauma to the jaw. […] TMD can be caused by several factors: teeth clenching or grinding, stress or anxiety, trauma to the jaw or the joint, muscle spasms, misalignment of the jaw (malocclusion), arthritis. […] Children and adolescents are more likely to develop TMD as a result of stress or trauma to the jaw. In younger children, congenital jaw deformities can lead to TMD.

• #55 TMJ Syndrome Causes: Malocclusion, Mouth Breathing, Teeth Overcrowding

  https://www.drbrianhale.com/dental-services/tmj-tmd/causes-of-tmd/

  Since the temporomandibular joint combines a swinging action with sliding motions, it is one of the most intricate joints in the human body. […] A temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ/TMD) can occur if: […] Malocclusion is often caused by the disproportion between the size of your jaw and your teeth or a disproportion between the size of your lower and upper and jawbone. […] Aside from trauma and arthritis, a bad bite or “malocclusion” is believed to be one of the main causes of TMJ. […] Breathing through your mouth also plays a role in the development of a bad bite.

• #56 6 COMMON CAUSES OF TMJ FLARE-UPS

  https://www.columbiatmjandpain.com/6-common-causes-of-tmj-flare-ups

  Dehydration makes joint lubrication less effective, which causes an outbreak. […] Poor posture can cause your lower jaw to protrude forward and cause your spine to be out of alignment, putting too much strain on specific face muscles and the tissues that support them, including the TMJ. […] TMJ/TMD discomfort is brought on by the recruitment of other muscles by strained and fatigued neck muscles, which creates an imbalance. […] Some drugs may cause you to clench and grind your teeth. […] Muscle soreness may be brought on by vitamin D deficiency.

• #57 Causes of TMJ

  https://precident.com/tmj/causes-of-tmj

  Understanding what causes TMJ disorders is crucial in determining the best treatment plan. […] The cause of TMJ pain is not always easy to determine. However, understanding the anatomy of the jaw joint along with a thorough examination of your joint can help us determine the root of your pain. […] There are also several risk factors that make you more likely to experience jaw joint pain. […] Poor posture is a common risk factor. Many patients are surprised to find out that their posture is the cause of their TMJ pain. […] Eating hard or chewy food can also increase your chances of developing problems in your jaw joint. […] Because the TMJ is like your knees and hips, it can be affected by arthritis. […] Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis are the most common types of arthritis that cause TMJ pain. […] A lot of people associate TMJ pain with stress. Stress can both cause and be caused by TMJ pain. […] A thorough diagnosis is crucial to determining the cause of TMJ disorders. […] Knowing the potential causes of TMJ disorders can help you learn how to prevent and even treat your own.

• #58 Causation of Temporomandibular Disorders – TMJ Oregon

  https://tmjoregon.com/causation-of-temporomandibular-disorders/

  In considering treatment of such an individual, it is important to be aware of possible predisposing factors that may have contributed to the onset. […] The causation of TMDs is clearly seldom the result of a single factor but a complex and dynamic process that is almost certainly different in each patient.

• #59 The Portland TMJ Clinic – Causes of TMJ Disorders

  https://www.portlandtmjclinic.com/for-doctors/causes-of-tmj-disorders

  While TMJ disorders are ultimately caused by a strained facial growth pattern, the search for their cause has jumped around between a number of anatomic and physiologic conditions. […] The latest fad is to blame a tight lingual frenum or „tethered oral tissues” and to treat it by myofunctional therapy. […] They used the name temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in order to change the focus away from the TMJs themselves, and they promoted a biopsychosocial model of TMD to de-emphasize the role of mechanical factors such as the bite and the TMJs, and instead address a whole spectrum of other causal factors such as stress, coping strategies, and social influences. […] Now it’s understood that those supposed causal factors are actually just triggering events, functioning like the straw that broke the camel’s back; because the jaw system was under progressive mechanical strain due to its growth pattern until a triggering event pushed the system beyond the point where its adaptive mechanisms could prevent tissue damage.

• #60 Causes of TMJD (Temporo Mandibular Joint Disorders) – General and Cosmetic Dentist

  https://www.southwestpainmanagement.com/causes-of-tmjd-temporo-mandibular-joint-disorders

  Part of the reason that there is still no agreement among healthcare professionals about the exact causes of TMJD is that TMJ disorders are complex and are likely the result of several circumstances and conditions. Typically a patient will report multiple symptoms as part of the condition and may have experienced more than one of the above listed co-factors.

• #61 Temporomandibular dysfunction

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/april/temporomandibular-dysfunction

  Orofacial pain is a common presentation in the primary healthcare setting and temporomandibular dysfunction represents one of the major causes. Its aetiology is multifactorial, caused by both masticatory muscle dysfunction and derangement within the temporomandibular joint. […] The aetiology of TMD is poorly understood but is likely to be multifactorial and includes anatomical, pathophysiological and psychosocial factors. Successful management of the disorder involves identifying and managing these predisposing and contributing factors. […] Where possible, it is important to distinguish between myofascial causes of TMD and intra-articular disorders of the joint itself. Myofascial disorders are the result of tension, fatigue or spasm of the masticatory muscles, whereas intra-articular disorder stems from mechanical or inflammatory disruption of the joint itself. Musculoskeletal dysfunction is the most common cause of TMD.

• #62 Causes of Orofacial Pain and TMJ Disorders

  https://www.medcentertmj.com/about-tmj/causes/

  It’s difficult to pinpoint exactly what was the ultimate factor in causing your jaw to act up. Each of us continually adapts to changes in our environment. Each adaptation requires energy and restorative capacity. At some point, your body will reach its limit. The disorder appears when your individual capacity is overreached, and your jaw starts to act up. This is why many stressors to our jaw go unnoticed. We take great care in understanding each patient’s in the specific contributing factors that have led to their jaw dysfunction. Understanding this framework is critical to successful treatment and we can help you understand your specific causes during your initial consultation.

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