Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mouth ulcers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/mouth-ulcers

  A mouth ulcer is the loss or erosion of part of the delicate tissue that lines the inside of the mouth (mucous membrane). […] There are many things that cause mouth ulcers. The most common cause is injury (such as accidentally biting the inside of your cheek). Other causes include aphthous ulceration, certain medications, skin rashes in the mouth, viral, bacterial and fungal infections, chemicals and some medical conditions. […] Aphthous ulcers are recurring ulcers which affect around 20 per cent of the population. Although in most people there is no known cause for aphthous ulcers, in a small number of people these ulcers may be due to an underlying Vitamin B, folate or iron deficiency. […] Mouth ulcers can be caused by a wide range of factors including: Accidentally biting the inside of your cheek. Injury from a toothbrush (such as slipping while brushing). Constant rubbing against misaligned or sharp/broken teeth. Constant rubbing against dentures or braces. Burns from eating hot food. Irritation from strong antiseptics, such as a mouthwash. Aphthous ulcers. Viral infections such as the herpes simplex viral infection (cold sore virus). Reaction to certain medications. Skin rashes in the mouth (for example, lichen planus). Autoimmune diseases. Underlying Vitamin B2, folate or iron deficiency. Underlying gastrointestinal disease such as Crohns disease or coeliac disease. Mouth cancer. Ulcers may become worse during periods of stress, illness or extreme fatigue.

• #2 Mouth ulcers: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317984

  Mouth ulcers are painful areas in the mouth and gums. […] While mostly harmless, mouth ulcers can be extremely uncomfortable and make it difficult for some people to eat, drink, and brush their teeth. […] Most mouth ulcers are recurring nuisances that are benign. […] Smoking and acidic foods can aggravate mouth ulcers. […] Experts do not fully understand why aphthous ulcers occur. However, some things may trigger a mouth ulcer, including: injury, such as biting the inner cheek or irritation from braces or dentures, stress, smoking, deficiencies in folic acid, iron, or vitamin B12, a weakened immune system, chemotherapy. […] Aphthous ulcers can be a symptom of systemic conditions, such as: Celiac disease, Crohns disease, Behcets disease, a rare autoimmune disorder, HIV and AIDS. […] While the exact cause is unknown, triggers can include stress, minor injuries, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes, or certain medical conditions like celiac disease or Crohns disease.

• #3 Mouth Ulcers: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21766-mouth-ulcer

  Mouth ulcers may occur for a number of reasons, including: […] Causes include minor trauma (like biting your cheek), acidic foods and even stress. […] Certain health conditions, including many autoimmune diseases, can also cause mouth ulcers. These conditions may include: […] Mouth ulcers are usually harmless and go away on their own in a week or two. But some types of mouth sores could point to underlying health conditions like viruses, autoimmune diseases or gastrointestinal issues. […] A mouth ulcer that doesn’t go away could be a sign of oral cancer.

• #4 Mouth Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers, which include canker sores, are small sores that develop within the mouth. There are no definite causes of mouth ulcers, but some injuries, allergies, or sensitivities may trigger them. […] Theres no definite cause behind mouth ulcers, but certain risk factors and triggers have been identified. […] Triggers include: minor mouth injury from dental work, hard brushing, sports injury, or an accidental bite, dental braces, toothpaste or mouthwash that contains sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), an allergic response to oral bacteria, bacterial, viral, or fungal infections in the mouth, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, sensitivities to acidic foods and beverages like strawberries, citrus fruits, pineapple, chocolate, and coffee, certain nutrient deficiencies, especially vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin B12, zinc, and iron, hormonal changes, such as those that occur during menstruation or pregnancy, emotional stress, lack of sleep.

• #5 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1071433/

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma, such as from ill-fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] Some cases have a familial and genetic basis; a minority involve etiologic factors that can be identified, including stress, trauma, stopping smoking, menstruation, and food allergy. […] Aphthae are seen in patients with hematinic deficiency (iron, folate, or vitamin B12); celiac disease; Crohn’s disease; HIV infection, neutropenia, and other immunodeficiencies; Neumann’s bipolar aphthosis, where genital ulcers may also be present; and Behet’s syndrome, where there may be genital, cutaneous, ocular, and other lesions. […] Among the drugs that may be responsible for mouth ulcers are cytotoxic agents, antithyroid drugs, and nicorandil. […] Ulcers may be manifestations of disorders of the skin, connective tissue, blood, or gastrointestinal tract.

• #6 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1118165/

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma such as from ill fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] Patients with a mouth ulcer lasting over three weeks should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions. […] Some cases have a familial and genetic basis, but most patients seem to be otherwise well. However, a minority have aetiological factors that can be identified, including stress, trauma, stopping smoking, menstruation, and food allergy. […] Aphthae are also seen in haematinic deficiency (iron, folate, or vitamin B-12); coeliac disease; Crohn’s disease; HIV infection, neutropenia, and other immunodeficiencies; Neumann’s bipolar aphthosis, where genital ulcers may also be present; and Behcet’s syndrome, where there may be genital, cutaneous, ocular, and other lesions. […] Among the drugs that may be responsible for mouth ulcers are cytotoxic agents, antithyroid drugs, and nicorandil.

• #7 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/321/7254/162

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma such as from ill fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] However, patients with an ulcer of over three weeks’ duration should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions such as chronic infections. […] Patients with a mouth ulcer lasting over three weeks should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions. […] Recurrent aphthous stomatitis typically starts in childhood or adolescence with recurrent small, round, or ovoid ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow or grey floors. […] It affects at least 20% of the population, and its natural course is one of eventual remission.

• #8 Mouth ulcers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/mouth-ulcers

  A mouth ulcer is the loss or erosion of part of the delicate tissue that lines the inside of the mouth (mucous membrane). […] There are many things that cause mouth ulcers. The most common cause is injury (such as accidentally biting the inside of your cheek). Other causes include aphthous ulceration, certain medications, skin rashes in the mouth, viral, bacterial and fungal infections, chemicals and some medical conditions. […] Aphthous ulcers are recurring ulcers which affect around 20 per cent of the population. Although in most people there is no known cause for aphthous ulcers, in a small number of people these ulcers may be due to an underlying Vitamin B, folate or iron deficiency. […] Mouth ulcers can be caused by a wide range of factors including: Accidentally biting the inside of your cheek. Injury from a toothbrush (such as slipping while brushing). Constant rubbing against misaligned or sharp/broken teeth. Constant rubbing against dentures or braces. Burns from eating hot food. Irritation from strong antiseptics, such as a mouthwash. Aphthous ulcers. Viral infections such as the herpes simplex viral infection (cold sore virus). Reaction to certain medications. Skin rashes in the mouth (for example, lichen planus). Autoimmune diseases. Underlying Vitamin B2, folate or iron deficiency. Underlying gastrointestinal disease such as Crohns disease or coeliac disease. Mouth cancer. Ulcers may become worse during periods of stress, illness or extreme fatigue.

• #9 Canker sore – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615

  Canker sores occur singly or in clusters on the inside surfaces of your cheeks or lips, on or under your tongue, at the base of your gums, or on your soft palate. […] The precise cause of canker sores remains unclear, though researchers suspect that a combination of factors contributes to outbreaks, even in the same person. […] Possible triggers for canker sores include: A minor injury to your mouth from dental work, overzealous brushing, sports mishaps or an accidental cheek bite; Toothpastes and mouth rinses containing sodium lauryl sulfate; Food sensitivities, particularly to chocolate, coffee, strawberries, eggs, nuts, cheese, and spicy or acidic foods; A diet lacking in vitamin B-12, zinc, folate (folic acid) or iron; An allergic response to certain bacteria in your mouth; Helicobacter pylori, the same bacteria that cause peptic ulcers; Hormonal shifts during menstruation; Emotional stress.

• #10 Mouth ulcers

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/mouth-ulcers/

  Mouth ulcers are common and should clear up on their own within a week or 2. […] They may prevent your child from eating and drinking. […] A traumatic ulcer can happen after an injury. Sometimes the cause is biting the inside of your cheek or a rough tooth rubbing against your cheek. […] The causes of single mouth ulcers are usually things you can try to avoid, such as: biting the inside of your cheek, badly fitting dentures, braces, rough fillings or a sharp tooth, cuts or burns while eating or drinking for example, hard food or hot drinks, damaging your gums with a toothbrush or irritating toothpaste, feeling tired, stressed or anxious. […] Sometimes the cause is something you cannot always control, such as: hormonal changes such as during pregnancy, your genes some families get mouth ulcers more often, a long-term condition such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), coeliac disease or Behet’s disease, a vitamin B12 deficiency or an iron deficiency, medications including some anti-inflammatories or beta-blockers.

• #11 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  The most common cause of oral mucosal ulceration. It is most often caused by dentures, braces or sharp/broken teeth. It can also be due to tongue or cheek biting, scratching with fingernails, or eating rough foods. […] These are also known as 'canker sores’. The condition is characterised by clearly defined, painful, shallow round or ovoid ulcers not associated with systemic disease. They are not infective. […] In predisposed people, the following may precipitate ulceration: Local trauma. Stress. Food sensitivity (eg, chocolate, coffee, peanuts, almonds, strawberries, cheese and tomatoes). Hormonal change (they tend to subside during pregnancy). Cessation of smoking. […] Primary herpetic ulceration can occur (herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2)). Secondary nonspecific bacterial infection of chronic ulcers can delay the healing process.

• #12 Mouth ulcer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcer

  Mouth ulcers may be caused by physical means (for example accidental biting of the cheek), certain medical conditions (such as some vitamin deficiencies), as an adverse effect of some medications, or SLS. […] The two most common causes of oral ulceration are local trauma (e.g. rubbing from a sharp edge on a broken filling or braces, biting one’s lip, etc.) and aphthous stomatitis („canker sores”), a condition characterized by the recurrent formation of oral ulcers for largely unknown reasons. […] The exact cause of aphthous stomatitis is unknown, but there may be a genetic predisposition in some people. Other possible causes include hematinic deficiency (folate, vitamin B, iron), stopping smoking, stress, menstruation, trauma, food allergies or hypersensitivity to sodium lauryl sulphate (found in many brands of toothpaste).

• #13 Mouth ulcers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/mouth-ulcers

  A mouth ulcer is the loss or erosion of part of the delicate tissue that lines the inside of the mouth (mucous membrane). […] There are many things that cause mouth ulcers. The most common cause is injury (such as accidentally biting the inside of your cheek). Other causes include aphthous ulceration, certain medications, skin rashes in the mouth, viral, bacterial and fungal infections, chemicals and some medical conditions. […] Aphthous ulcers are recurring ulcers which affect around 20 per cent of the population. Although in most people there is no known cause for aphthous ulcers, in a small number of people these ulcers may be due to an underlying Vitamin B, folate or iron deficiency. […] Mouth ulcers can be caused by a wide range of factors including: Accidentally biting the inside of your cheek. Injury from a toothbrush (such as slipping while brushing). Constant rubbing against misaligned or sharp/broken teeth. Constant rubbing against dentures or braces. Burns from eating hot food. Irritation from strong antiseptics, such as a mouthwash. Aphthous ulcers. Viral infections such as the herpes simplex viral infection (cold sore virus). Reaction to certain medications. Skin rashes in the mouth (for example, lichen planus). Autoimmune diseases. Underlying Vitamin B2, folate or iron deficiency. Underlying gastrointestinal disease such as Crohns disease or coeliac disease. Mouth cancer. Ulcers may become worse during periods of stress, illness or extreme fatigue.

• #14 Canker Sore (Aphthous Ulcer): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10945-canker-sores

  Canker sore causes include stress, acidic foods and minor injuries to the inside of your mouth. […] Experts arent exactly sure why some people are more likely to get canker sores. But theyve discovered many factors that can trigger the development of these ulcers, including: […] Canker sores may also be linked to nutritional deficiencies in vitamin B-12, zinc, folic acid or iron. […] No. Canker sores arent contagious because theyre not caused by an infection.

• #15 Mouth Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers, which include canker sores, are small sores that develop within the mouth. There are no definite causes of mouth ulcers, but some injuries, allergies, or sensitivities may trigger them. […] Theres no definite cause behind mouth ulcers, but certain risk factors and triggers have been identified. […] Triggers include: minor mouth injury from dental work, hard brushing, sports injury, or an accidental bite, dental braces, toothpaste or mouthwash that contains sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), an allergic response to oral bacteria, bacterial, viral, or fungal infections in the mouth, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, sensitivities to acidic foods and beverages like strawberries, citrus fruits, pineapple, chocolate, and coffee, certain nutrient deficiencies, especially vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin B12, zinc, and iron, hormonal changes, such as those that occur during menstruation or pregnancy, emotional stress, lack of sleep.

• #16 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  In several studies, hematinic deficiencies (ie, deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B6 or B12) were twice as common in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers as in control subjects. […] Although no unifying theory of the immunopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulcer has been established, immune dysregulation appears to play a significant role. […] Researchers have disagreed about the role of microbes in the development of recurrent aphthous ulcers. The emphasis has been on a microbial agent as a primary pathogen or an antigenic stimulus. Numerous studies have failed to provide strong evidence to support the role of HSV, human herpesvirus (HHV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), or cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the development of aphthous ulcers. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer formation may be a T-cell-mediated response to antigens of Streptococcus sanguis that cross-react with the mitochondrial heat-shock proteins and induce damage to oral mucosa.

• #17 Mouth sores and ulcers (canker sores) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mouth-sores-and-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers are a type of sore which appears on the inside of your mouth. […] No one knows what causes mouth ulcers, but there are a few factors that can make you more likely to get one such as stress, hormonal changes and mouth injuries. […] Mouth ulcers may be caused by: stress, anxiety or hormonal changes, any injury or damage to your mouth, such as from sharp teeth, dentures, or braces, a reaction to certain foods, including chocolate, peanuts, coffee, and gluten, toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate (the foaming part of toothpaste), some infections and diseases, like coeliac disease, certain medicines and medical treatments, vitamin deficiencies. […] About 1 in 3 people who get mouth ulcers have family members who also get them.

• #18 Canker sore – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615

  Canker sores occur singly or in clusters on the inside surfaces of your cheeks or lips, on or under your tongue, at the base of your gums, or on your soft palate. […] The precise cause of canker sores remains unclear, though researchers suspect that a combination of factors contributes to outbreaks, even in the same person. […] Possible triggers for canker sores include: A minor injury to your mouth from dental work, overzealous brushing, sports mishaps or an accidental cheek bite; Toothpastes and mouth rinses containing sodium lauryl sulfate; Food sensitivities, particularly to chocolate, coffee, strawberries, eggs, nuts, cheese, and spicy or acidic foods; A diet lacking in vitamin B-12, zinc, folate (folic acid) or iron; An allergic response to certain bacteria in your mouth; Helicobacter pylori, the same bacteria that cause peptic ulcers; Hormonal shifts during menstruation; Emotional stress.

• #19 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/symptoms-of-oral-and-dental-disorders/recurrent-aphthous-stomatitis

  Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is very common. The cause is unclear but probably involves multiple factors, including disorders or abnormal function of the immune system, exposure to preservatives and toothpaste ingredients, and a genetic predisposition. […] Many factors seem to predispose to or trigger attacks, but allergic reactions do not seem to be involved. Such factors include injury to the mouth, stress (for example, a college student may get canker sores during final exam week), and certain foods (particularly chocolate, coffee, peanuts, eggs, cereals, almonds, strawberries, cheese, and tomatoes).

• #20 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  The most common cause of oral mucosal ulceration. It is most often caused by dentures, braces or sharp/broken teeth. It can also be due to tongue or cheek biting, scratching with fingernails, or eating rough foods. […] These are also known as 'canker sores’. The condition is characterised by clearly defined, painful, shallow round or ovoid ulcers not associated with systemic disease. They are not infective. […] In predisposed people, the following may precipitate ulceration: Local trauma. Stress. Food sensitivity (eg, chocolate, coffee, peanuts, almonds, strawberries, cheese and tomatoes). Hormonal change (they tend to subside during pregnancy). Cessation of smoking. […] Primary herpetic ulceration can occur (herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2)). Secondary nonspecific bacterial infection of chronic ulcers can delay the healing process.

• #21 Oral ulceration: causes and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/oral-ulceration-causes-and-management

  Patients often present in community pharmacy with mouth ulcers. This article describes the aetiology, presentation and treatment options for six lesion types. […] Aphthous stomatitis (oral ulceration), which represents a full-thickness breach in the epithelium lining the soft tissues of the mouth, affects a high proportion of the population and can be the result of a wide range of conditions. […] A range of aetiological factors have been implicated in RAS, including haematinic deficiency, hypersensitivity reactions and psychological stress. […] Food preservatives, specifically benzoic acid and benzoates (E210–E219), chocolate and tomatoes have also been implicated in the causation of RAS, as well as toothpastes containing the foaming agent, sodium lauryl sulphate. […] It is generally accepted that RAS can develop during periods of psychological stress, and it is worth discussing this with patients.

• #22 Canker Sores: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Remedies

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/canker-sores

  Canker sores may appear on your gums, tongue, mouth roof, or cheek. […] Doctors dont know what exactly causes most canker sores. […] Things that might cause minor sores include: Stress, Tissue injury, like from a sharp tooth or a dental appliance, Certain foods, including citrus or acidic fruits and vegetables (such as lemons, oranges, pineapples, apples, figs, tomatoes, and strawberries), Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen, An allergy to something in your food, toothpaste, or mouthwash, Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers. […] Things that might cause complex canker sores include: A health condition like a weakened immune system, HIV, AIDS, lupus, or Behcets disease, Nutritional problems like too little vitamin B12, zinc, folic acid, or iron, Gut diseases like celiac or Crohns.

• #23 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1071433/

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma, such as from ill-fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] Some cases have a familial and genetic basis; a minority involve etiologic factors that can be identified, including stress, trauma, stopping smoking, menstruation, and food allergy. […] Aphthae are seen in patients with hematinic deficiency (iron, folate, or vitamin B12); celiac disease; Crohn’s disease; HIV infection, neutropenia, and other immunodeficiencies; Neumann’s bipolar aphthosis, where genital ulcers may also be present; and Behet’s syndrome, where there may be genital, cutaneous, ocular, and other lesions. […] Among the drugs that may be responsible for mouth ulcers are cytotoxic agents, antithyroid drugs, and nicorandil. […] Ulcers may be manifestations of disorders of the skin, connective tissue, blood, or gastrointestinal tract.

• #24 Aphthous Ulcers: Causes, Types, and Treatments

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/aphthous-ulcers-causes-types-treatments/

  Aphthous ulcers do not have a known cause, and an injury, stress, smoking, or deficiencies in folic acid, iron, or vitamin B12 may trigger this type of oral lesion. […] Stressful life events are significantly associated with the onset of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) episodes, nearly tripling the odds of occurrence, highlighting the profound impact of psychosocial factors (psychological and social factors) or social determinants that affect health. […] Within underserved populations contending with socioeconomic hardships such as poverty, food insecurity, and strenuous working conditions, RAS prevalence might be markedly higher.

• #25 Why do I Keep Getting Canker Sores in My Mouth?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_do_i_keep_getting_canker_sores_in_my_mouth/article.htm

  Canker sores are small open ulcers that usually appear on the inside of your mouth. Causes include stress, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, foods and other more. […] Several different things can lead to a canker sore. Some of the most common include: […] The connection between stress and canker sores isnt well-understood, but studies do suggest that increased levels of stress can cause the ulcers to develop. […] Fluctuations in hormones may cause canker sores. Women who are prone to them may notice that the ulcers appear a few days before their period and go away after its done. […] You might develop canker sores if your body is lacking certain nutrients. Some studies show that low levels of B vitamins can increase the risk of these painful ulcers. Other studies show that low iron levels may contribute to canker sores.

• #26 Mouth ulcers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/mouth-ulcers

  A mouth ulcer is the loss or erosion of part of the delicate tissue that lines the inside of the mouth (mucous membrane). […] There are many things that cause mouth ulcers. The most common cause is injury (such as accidentally biting the inside of your cheek). Other causes include aphthous ulceration, certain medications, skin rashes in the mouth, viral, bacterial and fungal infections, chemicals and some medical conditions. […] Aphthous ulcers are recurring ulcers which affect around 20 per cent of the population. Although in most people there is no known cause for aphthous ulcers, in a small number of people these ulcers may be due to an underlying Vitamin B, folate or iron deficiency. […] Mouth ulcers can be caused by a wide range of factors including: Accidentally biting the inside of your cheek. Injury from a toothbrush (such as slipping while brushing). Constant rubbing against misaligned or sharp/broken teeth. Constant rubbing against dentures or braces. Burns from eating hot food. Irritation from strong antiseptics, such as a mouthwash. Aphthous ulcers. Viral infections such as the herpes simplex viral infection (cold sore virus). Reaction to certain medications. Skin rashes in the mouth (for example, lichen planus). Autoimmune diseases. Underlying Vitamin B2, folate or iron deficiency. Underlying gastrointestinal disease such as Crohns disease or coeliac disease. Mouth cancer. Ulcers may become worse during periods of stress, illness or extreme fatigue.

• #27 Increased Risk of Mouth Ulcers Linked to Poor Mental Health

  https://southdakota.deltadental.com/blog/why-mouth-ulcers-develop/

  Research shows a strong connection between oral health and mental well-being. Stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness can contribute to poor oral health, including the development of painful mouth ulcers. […] This study from the National Library of Medicine highlights a causal link between psychological traits and an increased risk of mouth ulcers. […] Mouth ulcers can develop from various factors, including oral tissue injuries, accidental bites to the tongue or cheek, vitamin deficiencies, frequent consumption of acidic foods, infections, and abrasive toothpaste. […] In addition to physical causes, these painful sores can also be triggered by stress, hormonal changes, sleep deprivation, and anxiety. […] Stress and anxiety have been linked to a higher likelihood of developing mouth ulcers. […] This imbalance is often associated with the development of mouth ulcers. […] Poor mental health has been linked to an increased risk of poor oral health habits.

• #28 Aphthous Ulcers: Causes, Types, and Treatments

  https://ostrowonline.usc.edu/aphthous-ulcers-causes-types-treatments/

  Aphthous ulcers do not have a known cause, and an injury, stress, smoking, or deficiencies in folic acid, iron, or vitamin B12 may trigger this type of oral lesion. […] Stressful life events are significantly associated with the onset of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) episodes, nearly tripling the odds of occurrence, highlighting the profound impact of psychosocial factors (psychological and social factors) or social determinants that affect health. […] Within underserved populations contending with socioeconomic hardships such as poverty, food insecurity, and strenuous working conditions, RAS prevalence might be markedly higher.

• #29 Mouth Ulcers (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/oral-dental-care/mouth-ulcers-leaflet

  There are a number of causes and types of mouth ulcers. […] The cause is not known. They are not infectious and you cannot 'catch’ aphthous mouth ulcers. In most cases, the ulcers develop for no apparent reason in people who are healthy. […] In some cases the ulcers are related to other factors or diseases. These include: Injury – such as badly fitting dentures, a graze from a harsh toothbrush, etc. […] Changes in hormone levels. Some women find that mouth ulcers occur just before their period. In some women, the ulcers only develop after the menopause. […] Stopping smoking – some people find they develop ulcers only after stopping smoking. […] A lack of iron, or a lack of certain vitamins (such as vitamin B12 and folic acid) may be a factor in some cases. […] Rarely, a food allergy may be the cause.

• #30 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  Oral ulcers are characterised by a loss of the mucosal layer within the mouth. This loss may be acute or chronic, localised or diffuse. This is one of the most common oral problems presenting in primary care and can arise as a result of a number of disorders. Some of these relate to problems around the oropharynx but there is a wide variety of systemic disorders that can also give rise to these lesions. […] Possible causes of aphthous ulceration include the following: Smoking cessation. Positive family history. Deficiency of iron, zinc, folic acid or vitamins B and D. Hormonal factors – ulceration can be an issue in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Local trauma to the mucosa in the mouth. Exposure to foods such as chocolate and peanuts. Anxiety. […] These lesions can arise as a result of a vast number of (sometimes overlapping) disorders detailed in the two sections below. The most common causes are local trauma and recurrent aphthous ulceration.

• #31 Mouth Ulcers (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/oral-dental-care/mouth-ulcers-leaflet

  There are a number of causes and types of mouth ulcers. […] The cause is not known. They are not infectious and you cannot 'catch’ aphthous mouth ulcers. In most cases, the ulcers develop for no apparent reason in people who are healthy. […] In some cases the ulcers are related to other factors or diseases. These include: Injury – such as badly fitting dentures, a graze from a harsh toothbrush, etc. […] Changes in hormone levels. Some women find that mouth ulcers occur just before their period. In some women, the ulcers only develop after the menopause. […] Stopping smoking – some people find they develop ulcers only after stopping smoking. […] A lack of iron, or a lack of certain vitamins (such as vitamin B12 and folic acid) may be a factor in some cases. […] Rarely, a food allergy may be the cause.

• #32 Mouth Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers, which include canker sores, are small sores that develop within the mouth. There are no definite causes of mouth ulcers, but some injuries, allergies, or sensitivities may trigger them. […] Theres no definite cause behind mouth ulcers, but certain risk factors and triggers have been identified. […] Triggers include: minor mouth injury from dental work, hard brushing, sports injury, or an accidental bite, dental braces, toothpaste or mouthwash that contains sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), an allergic response to oral bacteria, bacterial, viral, or fungal infections in the mouth, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, sensitivities to acidic foods and beverages like strawberries, citrus fruits, pineapple, chocolate, and coffee, certain nutrient deficiencies, especially vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin B12, zinc, and iron, hormonal changes, such as those that occur during menstruation or pregnancy, emotional stress, lack of sleep.

• #33 Mouth Ulcers or Canker Sores – Causes, Types & Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/mouth-ulcers-or-canker-sores-causes-types-treatment

  Mouth ulcers, also widely called canker sores, are small painful lesions or sores that develop within the mouth or at the base of your gums. […] The exact cause of mouth ulcers is unknown and its reasons and symptoms vary from one person to another. Here are some common causes of mouth ulcers or canker sores: Minor mouth injury incurred due to dental work-up like cavity filling, Injury while hard brushing, Sharp teeth, Accidental tongue bite while talking or eating, Allergic response to oral bacteria, Using abrasive or harsh toothpaste containing SLS, Wearing orthodontic braces and retainers that are poor-fitting, Emotional stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep, Any bacterial, fungal, or viral infection in the mouth like HFM (hand, foot mouth disease, Herpes infection), Sensitive response to certain acidic foods and beverages like strawberry, pineapple, chocolate, coffee, and citrus fruits (every person affected by mouth ulcers have distinct food triggers), Nutritional deficiencies like vitamin B12, B9, zinc, iron, and more, Lack of sleep or disturbed sleep pattern, Hormonal changes during menstruation, menopause, puberty, and pregnancy, Response to certain medications like beta-blockers and painkillers, Genetic reasons.

• #34 Mouth Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers, which include canker sores, are small sores that develop within the mouth. There are no definite causes of mouth ulcers, but some injuries, allergies, or sensitivities may trigger them. […] Theres no definite cause behind mouth ulcers, but certain risk factors and triggers have been identified. […] Triggers include: minor mouth injury from dental work, hard brushing, sports injury, or an accidental bite, dental braces, toothpaste or mouthwash that contains sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), an allergic response to oral bacteria, bacterial, viral, or fungal infections in the mouth, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, sensitivities to acidic foods and beverages like strawberries, citrus fruits, pineapple, chocolate, and coffee, certain nutrient deficiencies, especially vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin B12, zinc, and iron, hormonal changes, such as those that occur during menstruation or pregnancy, emotional stress, lack of sleep.

• #35 Aphthous ulceration (aphthae, ulcers)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/aphthous-ulcer

  Aphthous ulcers can be an early manifestation of a systemic disease such as Behet disease, or gastrointestinal disorders including coeliac disease, Crohn disease, and ulcerative colitis. […] The exact reason why aphthous ulcer develops is not yet clearly defined. Approximately 40% of people who get aphthous ulcers have a family history of aphthous ulcers. Current thinking is that the immune system is disturbed by some external factor and reacts abnormally against a protein in mucosal tissue. […] Factors that seem to trigger outbreaks of ulcers include: Emotional stress and lack of sleep, Mechanical trauma, for example, self-inflicted bite, Nutritional deficiency, particularly of vitamin B, iron, and folic acid, Certain foods, including chocolate, Certain toothpastes; this may relate to sodium laureth sulphate (the foaming component of toothpaste), Menstruation, Certain medications, including nicorandil, given for angina, Viral infections.

• #36 Why do I Keep Getting Canker Sores in My Mouth?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_do_i_keep_getting_canker_sores_in_my_mouth/article.htm

  Acidic foods, such as lemons, limes, oranges, tomatoes, strawberries, and more, can sometimes cause a canker sore to develop. You may also develop canker sores if you are sensitive to certain types of foods, such as chocolate, coffee, eggs, or anything spicy. […] Sodium lauryl sulfate, a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash, can cause canker sores. Studies show people who use oral care products with this ingredient are more likely to have them. […] Injuries to the soft tissues inside of your mouth such as brushing too hard, biting your cheek, rubbing from braces, or ill-fitting dentures can sometimes cause a canker sore to form. […] Canker sores may develop as a side effect of an autoimmune disease. The ulcers are linked to many conditions, such as: […] Canker sores are an autoimmune response of the body that damages the skin inside the mouth after a local injury. […] They might be triggered by poor diet, local injury, food allergies, spicy food and vitamin deficiencies. Rarely, a virus may cause canker sores.

• #37 Canker sore Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/canker-sore

  Canker sores are a common form of mouth ulcer. They may occur with viral infections. In some cases, the cause is unknown. […] Canker sores may also be linked to problems with the body’s immune system. The sores may also be brought on by: Mouth injury from dental work, Cleaning the teeth too roughly, Biting the tongue or cheek. […] Other things that can trigger canker sores include: Emotional stress, Lack of certain vitamins and minerals in the diet (especially iron, folic acid, or vitamin B-12), Hormonal changes, Food allergies. […] Canker sores are not cancer and do not cause cancer. There are types of cancer, however, that may first appear as a mouth ulcer that does not heal.

• #38 Canker sore – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615

  Canker sores occur singly or in clusters on the inside surfaces of your cheeks or lips, on or under your tongue, at the base of your gums, or on your soft palate. […] The precise cause of canker sores remains unclear, though researchers suspect that a combination of factors contributes to outbreaks, even in the same person. […] Possible triggers for canker sores include: A minor injury to your mouth from dental work, overzealous brushing, sports mishaps or an accidental cheek bite; Toothpastes and mouth rinses containing sodium lauryl sulfate; Food sensitivities, particularly to chocolate, coffee, strawberries, eggs, nuts, cheese, and spicy or acidic foods; A diet lacking in vitamin B-12, zinc, folate (folic acid) or iron; An allergic response to certain bacteria in your mouth; Helicobacter pylori, the same bacteria that cause peptic ulcers; Hormonal shifts during menstruation; Emotional stress.

• #39 Mouth ulcers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/mouth-ulcers

  A mouth ulcer is the loss or erosion of part of the delicate tissue that lines the inside of the mouth (mucous membrane). […] There are many things that cause mouth ulcers. The most common cause is injury (such as accidentally biting the inside of your cheek). Other causes include aphthous ulceration, certain medications, skin rashes in the mouth, viral, bacterial and fungal infections, chemicals and some medical conditions. […] Aphthous ulcers are recurring ulcers which affect around 20 per cent of the population. Although in most people there is no known cause for aphthous ulcers, in a small number of people these ulcers may be due to an underlying Vitamin B, folate or iron deficiency. […] Mouth ulcers can be caused by a wide range of factors including: Accidentally biting the inside of your cheek. Injury from a toothbrush (such as slipping while brushing). Constant rubbing against misaligned or sharp/broken teeth. Constant rubbing against dentures or braces. Burns from eating hot food. Irritation from strong antiseptics, such as a mouthwash. Aphthous ulcers. Viral infections such as the herpes simplex viral infection (cold sore virus). Reaction to certain medications. Skin rashes in the mouth (for example, lichen planus). Autoimmune diseases. Underlying Vitamin B2, folate or iron deficiency. Underlying gastrointestinal disease such as Crohns disease or coeliac disease. Mouth cancer. Ulcers may become worse during periods of stress, illness or extreme fatigue.

• #40 Mouth Sores and Inflammation – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/symptoms-of-oral-and-dental-disorders/mouth-sores-and-inflammation

  There are many types and causes of mouth sores. Mouth sores may be caused by an infection, a bodywide (systemic) disease, a physical or chemical irritant, or an allergic reaction. Often the cause is unknown. In general, because the normal flow of saliva helps protect the lining of the mouth, any condition that decreases saliva production makes mouth sores more likely. […] The most common causes of mouth sores are recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sores), viral infections (particularly herpes simplex and herpes zoster), other infections (caused by fungi or bacteria), injury or irritating food or chemicals, tobacco use, medications (particularly chemotherapy medications) and radiation therapy, and systemic disorders. […] Viruses are the most common infectious causes of mouth sores. Cold sores of the lip and, less commonly, ulcers on the palate caused by the herpes simplex virus are perhaps the most well known. However, many other viruses can cause mouth sores.

• #41 Mouth Sores and Inflammation – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/symptoms-of-oral-and-dental-disorders/mouth-sores-and-inflammation

  There are many types and causes of mouth sores. Mouth sores may be caused by an infection, a bodywide (systemic) disease, a physical or chemical irritant, or an allergic reaction. Often the cause is unknown. In general, because the normal flow of saliva helps protect the lining of the mouth, any condition that decreases saliva production makes mouth sores more likely. […] The most common causes of mouth sores are recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sores), viral infections (particularly herpes simplex and herpes zoster), other infections (caused by fungi or bacteria), injury or irritating food or chemicals, tobacco use, medications (particularly chemotherapy medications) and radiation therapy, and systemic disorders. […] Viruses are the most common infectious causes of mouth sores. Cold sores of the lip and, less commonly, ulcers on the palate caused by the herpes simplex virus are perhaps the most well known. However, many other viruses can cause mouth sores.

• #42 Mouth ulcer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcer

  Rarely, a persistent, non-healing mouth ulcer may be a cancerous lesion. Malignancies in the mouth are usually carcinomas, but lymphomas, sarcomas and others may also be possible. […] Common causes of oral ulceration include rubbing on sharp edges of teeth, fillings, crowns, false teeth (dentures), or braces (orthodontic appliances), or accidental biting caused by a lack of awareness of painful stimuli in the mouth. […] Many infections can cause oral ulceration. The most common are herpes simplex virus (herpes labialis, primary herpetic gingivostomatitis), varicella zoster (chicken pox, shingles), and coxsackie A virus (hand, foot and mouth disease). […] Cytotoxic drugs administered during chemotherapy target cells with fast turnovers such as malignant cells. However, the epithelia of the mouth also has a high turnover rate and makes oral ulceration (mucositis) a common side effect of chemotherapy.

• #43 Mouth Ulcers in Children | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/symptoms/mouth-ulcers/

  Causes of Mouth Ulcers or Sores […] Canker Sores. The main cause of 1 or 2 mouth ulcers after age 5. […] Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease. The most common cause of multiple ulcers in the mouth. These ulcers are mainly on the tongue and sides of the mouth. Most children also have small deep blisters on the palms and soles. Due to the Coxsackie virus. It is common between ages 1 to 5 years. […] Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. The first infection with the herpes cold sore virus can be severe. It can cause 10 or more ulcers on the gums, tongue and lips. Key findings are additional ulcers on the outer lips or skin around the mouth. Also causes fever, pain and trouble swallowing. Usually occurs age 1 to 3. It usually follows contact with an adult who has active cold sores (fever blisters). Often they have kissed the child. […] Recurrent Cold Sores (Fever Blisters). Sores are only found outside the mouth on the outer lip. They may recur 2 or 3 times a year in the same place. There are no ulcers inside the mouth. Adult cold sores are the cause of Herpes Simplex infections in young children. Occurs in 20percnt; of teens and adults. […] Mouth Injury. Common mouth injuries are biting the tongue or inside of the cheek. Others can be caused by a toothbrush. The lining of the mouth always looks white when it heals. So forgotten injuries can look like a canker sore. […] Mouth Burns. Hot foods (such as pizza) can cause mouth sores. They also turn white as they heal. […] Canker sores have many causes. […] Minor injuries to the mouth can trigger a canker sore. Examples are from a rough food or a hard toothbrush. Biting oneself while chewing can start one. […] Food allergies or irritants may also be a trigger. […] Vitamin deficiencies can also be a cause. A vitamin deficiency can occur if your child is a picky eater. […] Canker sores can run in families (genetic). […] Often, the cause is unknown.

• #44 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  In several studies, hematinic deficiencies (ie, deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B6 or B12) were twice as common in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers as in control subjects. […] Although no unifying theory of the immunopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulcer has been established, immune dysregulation appears to play a significant role. […] Researchers have disagreed about the role of microbes in the development of recurrent aphthous ulcers. The emphasis has been on a microbial agent as a primary pathogen or an antigenic stimulus. Numerous studies have failed to provide strong evidence to support the role of HSV, human herpesvirus (HHV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), or cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the development of aphthous ulcers. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer formation may be a T-cell-mediated response to antigens of Streptococcus sanguis that cross-react with the mitochondrial heat-shock proteins and induce damage to oral mucosa.

• #45 Canker sore – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615

  Canker sores occur singly or in clusters on the inside surfaces of your cheeks or lips, on or under your tongue, at the base of your gums, or on your soft palate. […] The precise cause of canker sores remains unclear, though researchers suspect that a combination of factors contributes to outbreaks, even in the same person. […] Possible triggers for canker sores include: A minor injury to your mouth from dental work, overzealous brushing, sports mishaps or an accidental cheek bite; Toothpastes and mouth rinses containing sodium lauryl sulfate; Food sensitivities, particularly to chocolate, coffee, strawberries, eggs, nuts, cheese, and spicy or acidic foods; A diet lacking in vitamin B-12, zinc, folate (folic acid) or iron; An allergic response to certain bacteria in your mouth; Helicobacter pylori, the same bacteria that cause peptic ulcers; Hormonal shifts during menstruation; Emotional stress.

• #46 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  In several studies, hematinic deficiencies (ie, deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B6 or B12) were twice as common in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers as in control subjects. […] Although no unifying theory of the immunopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulcer has been established, immune dysregulation appears to play a significant role. […] Researchers have disagreed about the role of microbes in the development of recurrent aphthous ulcers. The emphasis has been on a microbial agent as a primary pathogen or an antigenic stimulus. Numerous studies have failed to provide strong evidence to support the role of HSV, human herpesvirus (HHV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), or cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the development of aphthous ulcers. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer formation may be a T-cell-mediated response to antigens of Streptococcus sanguis that cross-react with the mitochondrial heat-shock proteins and induce damage to oral mucosa.

• #47 Mouth Sores and Inflammation – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/symptoms-of-oral-and-dental-disorders/mouth-sores-and-inflammation

  A bacterial infection can lead to sores and swelling in the mouth. Infections may be caused by an overgrowth of organisms normally present in the mouth or by newly introduced organisms, such as the bacteria that cause syphilis or gonorrhea. […] Many diseases affect the mouth along with other parts of the body. Behet disease, an inflammatory disease affecting many organs, including the eyes, genitals, skin, joints, blood vessels, brain, and gastrointestinal tract, can cause recurring, painful mouth sores. […] Nutritional deficiencies of iron, niacin (vitamin B3), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and vitamin C may also cause mouth sores.

• #48 Canker sore – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615

  Canker sores may also occur because of certain conditions and diseases, such as: Celiac disease, a serious intestinal disorder caused by a sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in most grains; Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis; Behcet’s disease, a rare disorder that causes inflammation throughout the body, including the mouth; A faulty immune system that attacks healthy cells in your mouth instead of pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria; HIV/AIDS, which suppresses the immune system. […] Unlike cold sores, canker sores are not associated with herpes virus infections.

• #49 Canker Sores Causes, Treatment, Remedies, Symptoms & Signs

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/canker_sores/article_em.htm

  Behet’s disease is a condition characterized by canker sores, genital sores that resemble canker sores, and inflammation of the eye. […] Infection with the AIDS virus also has been associated with canker sores. […] It is a common misconception that canker sores are a form of herpes infection. This is not the case.

• #50 Mouth sores and ulcers (canker sores) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mouth-sores-and-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers are a type of sore which appears on the inside of your mouth. […] No one knows what causes mouth ulcers, but there are a few factors that can make you more likely to get one such as stress, hormonal changes and mouth injuries. […] Mouth ulcers may be caused by: stress, anxiety or hormonal changes, any injury or damage to your mouth, such as from sharp teeth, dentures, or braces, a reaction to certain foods, including chocolate, peanuts, coffee, and gluten, toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate (the foaming part of toothpaste), some infections and diseases, like coeliac disease, certain medicines and medical treatments, vitamin deficiencies. […] About 1 in 3 people who get mouth ulcers have family members who also get them.

• #51 Aphthous Ulcers (Canker Sore): Sing and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/aphthous-ulcers/

  Aphthous mouth ulcers (aphthae) are a common variety of ulcer that form on the mucous membranes, typically in the oral cavity (mouth). […] The cause of the condition is unclear, and there is no cure, but treatment options are available to treat the pain the ulcers can cause. […] The precise cause or causes of aphthous ulcers (canker sores) are unknown, however, it is thought that ulceration is brought about by one or a combination of external triggers. […] It may also be partly genetic, with 40 percent of people who experience ulcers having a family history of the condition. […] Possible triggers of aphthous ulcers include emotional stress, minor injury to the inside of the mouth, familial tendency, sodium lauryl sulfate, certain food and drinks, a deficiency of certain vitamins and/or minerals, an allergic reaction to oral bacteria, using tobacco products, hormonal changes associated with pregnancy, and having a weakened immune system.

• #52 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Aphthous stomatitis (also known as recurrent aphthous ulcers or canker sores) is among the most common oral mucosal lesions observed by physicians and dentists. It is a disorder of unknown etiology that may cause significant morbidity. […] Although the clinical characteristics of recurrent aphthous ulcer have been well defined, the precise etiology and the pathogenesis remain unclear. Many possibilities have been investigated. Recurrent aphthous ulcer is a multifactorial condition, and it is likely that immune-mediated destruction of the epithelium is the common factor in its pathogenesis. Host risk factors associated with recurrent aphthous ulcer are described below. […] A family history of recurrent aphthous ulcers is evident in some patients. A familial connection includes a young age of onset and symptoms of increased severity. Recurrent aphthous ulcer is highly correlated in identical twins.

• #53 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Aphthous stomatitis (also known as recurrent aphthous ulcers or canker sores) is among the most common oral mucosal lesions observed by physicians and dentists. It is a disorder of unknown etiology that may cause significant morbidity. […] Although the clinical characteristics of recurrent aphthous ulcer have been well defined, the precise etiology and the pathogenesis remain unclear. Many possibilities have been investigated. Recurrent aphthous ulcer is a multifactorial condition, and it is likely that immune-mediated destruction of the epithelium is the common factor in its pathogenesis. Host risk factors associated with recurrent aphthous ulcer are described below. […] A family history of recurrent aphthous ulcers is evident in some patients. A familial connection includes a young age of onset and symptoms of increased severity. Recurrent aphthous ulcer is highly correlated in identical twins.

• #54 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  In several studies, hematinic deficiencies (ie, deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B6 or B12) were twice as common in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers as in control subjects. […] Although no unifying theory of the immunopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulcer has been established, immune dysregulation appears to play a significant role. […] Researchers have disagreed about the role of microbes in the development of recurrent aphthous ulcers. The emphasis has been on a microbial agent as a primary pathogen or an antigenic stimulus. Numerous studies have failed to provide strong evidence to support the role of HSV, human herpesvirus (HHV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), or cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the development of aphthous ulcers. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer formation may be a T-cell-mediated response to antigens of Streptococcus sanguis that cross-react with the mitochondrial heat-shock proteins and induce damage to oral mucosa.

• #55 Aphthous ulceration (aphthae, ulcers)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/aphthous-ulcer

  Aphthous ulcers can be an early manifestation of a systemic disease such as Behet disease, or gastrointestinal disorders including coeliac disease, Crohn disease, and ulcerative colitis. […] The exact reason why aphthous ulcer develops is not yet clearly defined. Approximately 40% of people who get aphthous ulcers have a family history of aphthous ulcers. Current thinking is that the immune system is disturbed by some external factor and reacts abnormally against a protein in mucosal tissue. […] Factors that seem to trigger outbreaks of ulcers include: Emotional stress and lack of sleep, Mechanical trauma, for example, self-inflicted bite, Nutritional deficiency, particularly of vitamin B, iron, and folic acid, Certain foods, including chocolate, Certain toothpastes; this may relate to sodium laureth sulphate (the foaming component of toothpaste), Menstruation, Certain medications, including nicorandil, given for angina, Viral infections.

• #56 Mouth Sores: Pictures, Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-sores

  Both folate deficiency and anemia can cause mouth sores. […] Gingivostomatitis is often caused by viral infections, such as HSV-1 and coxsackievirus, and bacterial infections, such as Streptococcus. […] Celiac disease is an atypical immune system response to gluten that can damage the lining of the small intestine. […] Vitamin deficiency can lead to conditions like anemia. This may increase your risk of developing mouth ulcers. […] Mouth cancer, or oral cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the mouth or oral cavity. […] Oral cancer may look like ulcers, white patches, or red patches that appear inside the mouth or on the lips and do not heal. […] Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disease. […] Having an autoimmune disease means that your bodys immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in your body.

• #57 Canker Sores: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Remedies

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/canker-sores

  Canker sores may appear on your gums, tongue, mouth roof, or cheek. […] Doctors dont know what exactly causes most canker sores. […] Things that might cause minor sores include: Stress, Tissue injury, like from a sharp tooth or a dental appliance, Certain foods, including citrus or acidic fruits and vegetables (such as lemons, oranges, pineapples, apples, figs, tomatoes, and strawberries), Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen, An allergy to something in your food, toothpaste, or mouthwash, Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers. […] Things that might cause complex canker sores include: A health condition like a weakened immune system, HIV, AIDS, lupus, or Behcets disease, Nutritional problems like too little vitamin B12, zinc, folic acid, or iron, Gut diseases like celiac or Crohns.

• #58 Mouth Ulcers: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21766-mouth-ulcer

  Mouth ulcers may occur for a number of reasons, including: […] Causes include minor trauma (like biting your cheek), acidic foods and even stress. […] Certain health conditions, including many autoimmune diseases, can also cause mouth ulcers. These conditions may include: […] Mouth ulcers are usually harmless and go away on their own in a week or two. But some types of mouth sores could point to underlying health conditions like viruses, autoimmune diseases or gastrointestinal issues. […] A mouth ulcer that doesn’t go away could be a sign of oral cancer.

• #59 Mouth Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers can also be a sign of conditions that are more serious and require medical treatment, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis, diabetes, HIV, some autoimmune diseases, including lupus, oral lichen planus, Behets disease, a rare condition that causes inflammation throughout the blood vessels.

• #60 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1071433/

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma, such as from ill-fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] Some cases have a familial and genetic basis; a minority involve etiologic factors that can be identified, including stress, trauma, stopping smoking, menstruation, and food allergy. […] Aphthae are seen in patients with hematinic deficiency (iron, folate, or vitamin B12); celiac disease; Crohn’s disease; HIV infection, neutropenia, and other immunodeficiencies; Neumann’s bipolar aphthosis, where genital ulcers may also be present; and Behet’s syndrome, where there may be genital, cutaneous, ocular, and other lesions. […] Among the drugs that may be responsible for mouth ulcers are cytotoxic agents, antithyroid drugs, and nicorandil. […] Ulcers may be manifestations of disorders of the skin, connective tissue, blood, or gastrointestinal tract.

• #61 Canker Sores: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Remedies

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/canker-sores

  Canker sores may appear on your gums, tongue, mouth roof, or cheek. […] Doctors dont know what exactly causes most canker sores. […] Things that might cause minor sores include: Stress, Tissue injury, like from a sharp tooth or a dental appliance, Certain foods, including citrus or acidic fruits and vegetables (such as lemons, oranges, pineapples, apples, figs, tomatoes, and strawberries), Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen, An allergy to something in your food, toothpaste, or mouthwash, Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers. […] Things that might cause complex canker sores include: A health condition like a weakened immune system, HIV, AIDS, lupus, or Behcets disease, Nutritional problems like too little vitamin B12, zinc, folic acid, or iron, Gut diseases like celiac or Crohns.

• #62 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  Although aphthous ulcers are not associated with systemic disease, mouth ulceration can occur with systemic disease. In these conditions, medication for symptom control may be required and there may be need for concurrent antimicrobial treatment for secondary infections. However, ultimately, the underlying cause needs to be addressed. […] The following are systemic causes of oral ulcers: Autoimmune conditions: Behcet’s disease. Kawasaki disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. […] Various miscellaneous conditions: Haematological disease, notably vitamin B12, folate and iron deficiencies. Coeliac disease. Chronic kidney disease. Strachan’s syndrome. Sweet’s disease.

• #63

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/mouth-ulcers

  Deficiencies of certain vitamins (e.g., vitamin B12) and minerals (e.g iron, folate) can also predispose a person to recurrent ulcers. […] Certain medications can cause ulcers as a side effect. These include drugs such as bisphosphonates (used for osteoporosis), NSAIDs (a class of pain-killer), beta-blockers and certain cytotoxic drugs. […] Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, especially those with Crohns disease, may also develop recurrent mouth ulcers. […] Behets disease is a poorly understood disease that causes inflammation of the blood vessels throughout the body. Patients may develop recurrent mouth ulcers, eye inflammation, skin rashes as well as genital sores. […] Patients with connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), reactive arthritis and Sweets syndrome (rare skin disease, characterised by fever and appearance of tender solid red lumps).

• #64 Oral ulceration: causes and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/oral-ulceration-causes-and-management

  The aetiology of mouth cancer remains unknown, but presently, the two most important factors are believed to be tobacco use and the consumption of alcohol. […] The human papillomavirus can also infect the mouth and throat, and there is increasing evidence to support its role in oropharyngeal cancer. […] The condition (also known as benign migratory glossitis or erythema migrans) is extremely prevalent and can affect any age group, including young children. The aetiology of geographic tongue is unknown; however, histopathologically, it resembles psoriasis. […] This mucocutaneous, immune-mediated disorder has been reported to affect around 2% of the Western population, including the UK. […] However, drawing a clear division between subtypes is often difficult. Many patients may show evidence of different subtypes of lichen planus, not only at different sites within the mouth, but also at different times in the duration of the condition.

• #65 Mouth Sores: Pictures, Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-sores

  Both folate deficiency and anemia can cause mouth sores. […] Gingivostomatitis is often caused by viral infections, such as HSV-1 and coxsackievirus, and bacterial infections, such as Streptococcus. […] Celiac disease is an atypical immune system response to gluten that can damage the lining of the small intestine. […] Vitamin deficiency can lead to conditions like anemia. This may increase your risk of developing mouth ulcers. […] Mouth cancer, or oral cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the mouth or oral cavity. […] Oral cancer may look like ulcers, white patches, or red patches that appear inside the mouth or on the lips and do not heal. […] Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disease. […] Having an autoimmune disease means that your bodys immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in your body.

• #66 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  Although aphthous ulcers are not associated with systemic disease, mouth ulceration can occur with systemic disease. In these conditions, medication for symptom control may be required and there may be need for concurrent antimicrobial treatment for secondary infections. However, ultimately, the underlying cause needs to be addressed. […] The following are systemic causes of oral ulcers: Autoimmune conditions: Behcet’s disease. Kawasaki disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. […] Various miscellaneous conditions: Haematological disease, notably vitamin B12, folate and iron deficiencies. Coeliac disease. Chronic kidney disease. Strachan’s syndrome. Sweet’s disease.

• #67 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  Although aphthous ulcers are not associated with systemic disease, mouth ulceration can occur with systemic disease. In these conditions, medication for symptom control may be required and there may be need for concurrent antimicrobial treatment for secondary infections. However, ultimately, the underlying cause needs to be addressed. […] The following are systemic causes of oral ulcers: Autoimmune conditions: Behcet’s disease. Kawasaki disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. […] Various miscellaneous conditions: Haematological disease, notably vitamin B12, folate and iron deficiencies. Coeliac disease. Chronic kidney disease. Strachan’s syndrome. Sweet’s disease.

• #68 A Complete Guide to Mouth Ulcers: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.greatlakesfamilydentalgroup.com/resources/articles/mouth-ulcer

  Autoimmune conditions like lupus or pemphigus can cause mouth ulcers to develop more easily. […] Genetics may play a role in the formation of mouth ulcers, according to research. […] Blood disorders including Behcet’s disease, leukemia, and anemia may trigger the formation of mouth ulcers. […] Dental work such as a filling or crown procedure may result in accidental tissue injury that can lead to the development of a mouth sore.

• #69 Canker sore – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615

  Canker sores may also occur because of certain conditions and diseases, such as: Celiac disease, a serious intestinal disorder caused by a sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in most grains; Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis; Behcet’s disease, a rare disorder that causes inflammation throughout the body, including the mouth; A faulty immune system that attacks healthy cells in your mouth instead of pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria; HIV/AIDS, which suppresses the immune system. […] Unlike cold sores, canker sores are not associated with herpes virus infections.

• #70 Canker sore – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615

  Canker sores may also occur because of certain conditions and diseases, such as: Celiac disease, a serious intestinal disorder caused by a sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in most grains; Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis; Behcet’s disease, a rare disorder that causes inflammation throughout the body, including the mouth; A faulty immune system that attacks healthy cells in your mouth instead of pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria; HIV/AIDS, which suppresses the immune system. […] Unlike cold sores, canker sores are not associated with herpes virus infections.

• #71 Mouth Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers can also be a sign of conditions that are more serious and require medical treatment, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis, diabetes, HIV, some autoimmune diseases, including lupus, oral lichen planus, Behets disease, a rare condition that causes inflammation throughout the blood vessels.

• #72 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1118165/

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma such as from ill fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] Patients with a mouth ulcer lasting over three weeks should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions. […] Some cases have a familial and genetic basis, but most patients seem to be otherwise well. However, a minority have aetiological factors that can be identified, including stress, trauma, stopping smoking, menstruation, and food allergy. […] Aphthae are also seen in haematinic deficiency (iron, folate, or vitamin B-12); coeliac disease; Crohn’s disease; HIV infection, neutropenia, and other immunodeficiencies; Neumann’s bipolar aphthosis, where genital ulcers may also be present; and Behcet’s syndrome, where there may be genital, cutaneous, ocular, and other lesions. […] Among the drugs that may be responsible for mouth ulcers are cytotoxic agents, antithyroid drugs, and nicorandil.

• #73

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/mouth-ulcers

  Deficiencies of certain vitamins (e.g., vitamin B12) and minerals (e.g iron, folate) can also predispose a person to recurrent ulcers. […] Certain medications can cause ulcers as a side effect. These include drugs such as bisphosphonates (used for osteoporosis), NSAIDs (a class of pain-killer), beta-blockers and certain cytotoxic drugs. […] Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, especially those with Crohns disease, may also develop recurrent mouth ulcers. […] Behets disease is a poorly understood disease that causes inflammation of the blood vessels throughout the body. Patients may develop recurrent mouth ulcers, eye inflammation, skin rashes as well as genital sores. […] Patients with connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), reactive arthritis and Sweets syndrome (rare skin disease, characterised by fever and appearance of tender solid red lumps).

• #74 Mouth ulcer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcer

  Rarely, a persistent, non-healing mouth ulcer may be a cancerous lesion. Malignancies in the mouth are usually carcinomas, but lymphomas, sarcomas and others may also be possible. […] Common causes of oral ulceration include rubbing on sharp edges of teeth, fillings, crowns, false teeth (dentures), or braces (orthodontic appliances), or accidental biting caused by a lack of awareness of painful stimuli in the mouth. […] Many infections can cause oral ulceration. The most common are herpes simplex virus (herpes labialis, primary herpetic gingivostomatitis), varicella zoster (chicken pox, shingles), and coxsackie A virus (hand, foot and mouth disease). […] Cytotoxic drugs administered during chemotherapy target cells with fast turnovers such as malignant cells. However, the epithelia of the mouth also has a high turnover rate and makes oral ulceration (mucositis) a common side effect of chemotherapy.

• #75 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1071433/

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma, such as from ill-fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] Some cases have a familial and genetic basis; a minority involve etiologic factors that can be identified, including stress, trauma, stopping smoking, menstruation, and food allergy. […] Aphthae are seen in patients with hematinic deficiency (iron, folate, or vitamin B12); celiac disease; Crohn’s disease; HIV infection, neutropenia, and other immunodeficiencies; Neumann’s bipolar aphthosis, where genital ulcers may also be present; and Behet’s syndrome, where there may be genital, cutaneous, ocular, and other lesions. […] Among the drugs that may be responsible for mouth ulcers are cytotoxic agents, antithyroid drugs, and nicorandil. […] Ulcers may be manifestations of disorders of the skin, connective tissue, blood, or gastrointestinal tract.

• #76 Mouth Ulcers (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/oral-dental-care/mouth-ulcers-leaflet

  Mouth ulcers run in some families. So, a genetic factor may play a part in some cases. […] Stress or anxiety is said to trigger aphthous mouth ulcers in some people. […] Some medications can cause mouth ulcers. Medication can cause mouth ulcers in various ways and may not necessarily cause the aphthous type of ulcer. Examples of medicines that can cause mouth ulcers are: Nicorandil. […] Anti-inflammatory medicines (for example, ibuprofen). […] Oral nicotine replacement therapy. […] Certain tablets which are left to dissolve in the mouth, when they are supposed to be swallowed whole. […] Some street drugs such as cocaine. […] Mouth ulcers are more common in people with certain conditions – for example, Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease, HIV infection and Behet’s disease. However, these ulcers are not the aphthous type.

• #77 Canker Sores: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Remedies

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/canker-sores

  Canker sores may appear on your gums, tongue, mouth roof, or cheek. […] Doctors dont know what exactly causes most canker sores. […] Things that might cause minor sores include: Stress, Tissue injury, like from a sharp tooth or a dental appliance, Certain foods, including citrus or acidic fruits and vegetables (such as lemons, oranges, pineapples, apples, figs, tomatoes, and strawberries), Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen, An allergy to something in your food, toothpaste, or mouthwash, Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers. […] Things that might cause complex canker sores include: A health condition like a weakened immune system, HIV, AIDS, lupus, or Behcets disease, Nutritional problems like too little vitamin B12, zinc, folic acid, or iron, Gut diseases like celiac or Crohns.

• #78 Mouth ulcers

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/mouth-ulcers/

  Mouth ulcers are common and should clear up on their own within a week or 2. […] They may prevent your child from eating and drinking. […] A traumatic ulcer can happen after an injury. Sometimes the cause is biting the inside of your cheek or a rough tooth rubbing against your cheek. […] The causes of single mouth ulcers are usually things you can try to avoid, such as: biting the inside of your cheek, badly fitting dentures, braces, rough fillings or a sharp tooth, cuts or burns while eating or drinking for example, hard food or hot drinks, damaging your gums with a toothbrush or irritating toothpaste, feeling tired, stressed or anxious. […] Sometimes the cause is something you cannot always control, such as: hormonal changes such as during pregnancy, your genes some families get mouth ulcers more often, a long-term condition such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), coeliac disease or Behet’s disease, a vitamin B12 deficiency or an iron deficiency, medications including some anti-inflammatories or beta-blockers.

• #79 Mouth Ulcers – What Is A Canker Sore, Causes And Treatment – Clínica Pardiñas

  https://www.clinicapardinas.com/en/mouth-ulcers-canker-sores

  Mouth sores are one of the most common oral problems. In this post we explain why canker sores occur and how we can treat them. […] The sores could be the symptom of a systemic illness such as a bacterial, viral or fungal infection or as a result of irritation caused by braces, dentures or the sharp edge of a broken tooth or filling. Depending on its origin, there are different types of canker sores: […] They are wounds caused by trauma (bites, accidental hits, etc.), by the use of prostheses that are not well adapted, by friction with a broken tooth, by irritation caused by orthodontics, by burns, etc. […] It is a frequent side effect that occurs in patients under cancer treatment. Drugs such as Methotrexate, 5-Fluoracil, Doxorubicin can cause this type of injury in the mouth. Head and neck radiotherapy can also cause mucositis and the appearance of ulcers on the mucosa and tongue.

• #80 Mouth Ulcers (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/oral-dental-care/mouth-ulcers-leaflet

  Mouth ulcers run in some families. So, a genetic factor may play a part in some cases. […] Stress or anxiety is said to trigger aphthous mouth ulcers in some people. […] Some medications can cause mouth ulcers. Medication can cause mouth ulcers in various ways and may not necessarily cause the aphthous type of ulcer. Examples of medicines that can cause mouth ulcers are: Nicorandil. […] Anti-inflammatory medicines (for example, ibuprofen). […] Oral nicotine replacement therapy. […] Certain tablets which are left to dissolve in the mouth, when they are supposed to be swallowed whole. […] Some street drugs such as cocaine. […] Mouth ulcers are more common in people with certain conditions – for example, Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease, HIV infection and Behet’s disease. However, these ulcers are not the aphthous type.

• #81 Mouth Ulcers (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/oral-dental-care/mouth-ulcers-leaflet

  Mouth ulcers run in some families. So, a genetic factor may play a part in some cases. […] Stress or anxiety is said to trigger aphthous mouth ulcers in some people. […] Some medications can cause mouth ulcers. Medication can cause mouth ulcers in various ways and may not necessarily cause the aphthous type of ulcer. Examples of medicines that can cause mouth ulcers are: Nicorandil. […] Anti-inflammatory medicines (for example, ibuprofen). […] Oral nicotine replacement therapy. […] Certain tablets which are left to dissolve in the mouth, when they are supposed to be swallowed whole. […] Some street drugs such as cocaine. […] Mouth ulcers are more common in people with certain conditions – for example, Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease, HIV infection and Behet’s disease. However, these ulcers are not the aphthous type.

• #82 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  Oral ulcers are characterised by a loss of the mucosal layer within the mouth. This loss may be acute or chronic, localised or diffuse. This is one of the most common oral problems presenting in primary care and can arise as a result of a number of disorders. Some of these relate to problems around the oropharynx but there is a wide variety of systemic disorders that can also give rise to these lesions. […] Possible causes of aphthous ulceration include the following: Smoking cessation. Positive family history. Deficiency of iron, zinc, folic acid or vitamins B and D. Hormonal factors – ulceration can be an issue in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Local trauma to the mucosa in the mouth. Exposure to foods such as chocolate and peanuts. Anxiety. […] These lesions can arise as a result of a vast number of (sometimes overlapping) disorders detailed in the two sections below. The most common causes are local trauma and recurrent aphthous ulceration.

• #83 Mouth Ulcers (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/oral-dental-care/mouth-ulcers-leaflet

  There are a number of causes and types of mouth ulcers. […] The cause is not known. They are not infectious and you cannot 'catch’ aphthous mouth ulcers. In most cases, the ulcers develop for no apparent reason in people who are healthy. […] In some cases the ulcers are related to other factors or diseases. These include: Injury – such as badly fitting dentures, a graze from a harsh toothbrush, etc. […] Changes in hormone levels. Some women find that mouth ulcers occur just before their period. In some women, the ulcers only develop after the menopause. […] Stopping smoking – some people find they develop ulcers only after stopping smoking. […] A lack of iron, or a lack of certain vitamins (such as vitamin B12 and folic acid) may be a factor in some cases. […] Rarely, a food allergy may be the cause.

• #84 Mouth Ulcers – What Is A Canker Sore, Causes And Treatment – Clínica Pardiñas

  https://www.clinicapardinas.com/en/mouth-ulcers-canker-sores

  The exact cause is unknown, although it is thought to be multifactorial, such as predisposing genetic factors, alterations in the bodys defenses, or related to systemic diseases (such as Crohns syndrome, celiac disease, etc.). […] Iron deficiencies or vitamins such as B1, B2 and B6 can influence the immune system, favoring the appearance of sores. Similarly, hormonal changes such as those present in the menstrual cycle are related to the appearance of canker sores. […] Finally, quitting smoking can also lead to sores. In smoking patients, the thickness of the keratin layer that covers the mucous membranes is wider, which would be a protection against canker sores. […] The most common is the Herpes virus (HSV-1), which produces ulcers on the mucosa or lips, colloquially known as cold sores, and which are highly contagious.

• #85 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1071433/

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma, such as from ill-fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] Some cases have a familial and genetic basis; a minority involve etiologic factors that can be identified, including stress, trauma, stopping smoking, menstruation, and food allergy. […] Aphthae are seen in patients with hematinic deficiency (iron, folate, or vitamin B12); celiac disease; Crohn’s disease; HIV infection, neutropenia, and other immunodeficiencies; Neumann’s bipolar aphthosis, where genital ulcers may also be present; and Behet’s syndrome, where there may be genital, cutaneous, ocular, and other lesions. […] Among the drugs that may be responsible for mouth ulcers are cytotoxic agents, antithyroid drugs, and nicorandil. […] Ulcers may be manifestations of disorders of the skin, connective tissue, blood, or gastrointestinal tract.

• #86 Mouth Ulcers: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21766-mouth-ulcer

  Mouth ulcers may occur for a number of reasons, including: […] Causes include minor trauma (like biting your cheek), acidic foods and even stress. […] Certain health conditions, including many autoimmune diseases, can also cause mouth ulcers. These conditions may include: […] Mouth ulcers are usually harmless and go away on their own in a week or two. But some types of mouth sores could point to underlying health conditions like viruses, autoimmune diseases or gastrointestinal issues. […] A mouth ulcer that doesn’t go away could be a sign of oral cancer.

• #87 Mouth ulcer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcer

  Rarely, a persistent, non-healing mouth ulcer may be a cancerous lesion. Malignancies in the mouth are usually carcinomas, but lymphomas, sarcomas and others may also be possible. […] Common causes of oral ulceration include rubbing on sharp edges of teeth, fillings, crowns, false teeth (dentures), or braces (orthodontic appliances), or accidental biting caused by a lack of awareness of painful stimuli in the mouth. […] Many infections can cause oral ulceration. The most common are herpes simplex virus (herpes labialis, primary herpetic gingivostomatitis), varicella zoster (chicken pox, shingles), and coxsackie A virus (hand, foot and mouth disease). […] Cytotoxic drugs administered during chemotherapy target cells with fast turnovers such as malignant cells. However, the epithelia of the mouth also has a high turnover rate and makes oral ulceration (mucositis) a common side effect of chemotherapy.

• #88 Stay connected

  https://www.dentalhealth.org/mouth-ulcers

  Ulcers are painful sores that appear inside the mouth. They are usually red or yellow. […] Usually, a single mouth ulcer is due to damage caused by biting the cheek or tongue, or by sharp teeth, brushing or poorly fitting dentures. […] If you have a number of mouth ulcers, and they keep coming back, this is called recurrent aphthous stomatitis. […] The cause is not known, but it is not infectious and is unlikely to be inherited. […] Infections can cause mouth ulcers. Herpes simplex often causes mouth ulcers in children and some adults. Other less common viral and bacterial infections may cause mouth ulcers, but this is rare. Mouth ulcers can be caused by anaemia and occasionally by other blood disorders, and some skin or gastrointestinal diseases. Sometimes the mouth ulcers are the only sign of an underlying disease. […] Cancer of the mouth can first appear as a mouth ulcer. The ulcers caused by mouth cancer are usually single and last a long time without any obvious nearby cause (for example a sharp tooth). […] Any ulcer that lasts longer than three weeks should be looked at by your dentist.

• #89 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/321/7254/162

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma such as from ill fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] However, patients with an ulcer of over three weeks’ duration should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions such as chronic infections. […] Patients with a mouth ulcer lasting over three weeks should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions. […] Recurrent aphthous stomatitis typically starts in childhood or adolescence with recurrent small, round, or ovoid ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow or grey floors. […] It affects at least 20% of the population, and its natural course is one of eventual remission.

• #90 Oral ulceration: causes and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/oral-ulceration-causes-and-management

  The aetiology of mouth cancer remains unknown, but presently, the two most important factors are believed to be tobacco use and the consumption of alcohol. […] The human papillomavirus can also infect the mouth and throat, and there is increasing evidence to support its role in oropharyngeal cancer. […] The condition (also known as benign migratory glossitis or erythema migrans) is extremely prevalent and can affect any age group, including young children. The aetiology of geographic tongue is unknown; however, histopathologically, it resembles psoriasis. […] This mucocutaneous, immune-mediated disorder has been reported to affect around 2% of the Western population, including the UK. […] However, drawing a clear division between subtypes is often difficult. Many patients may show evidence of different subtypes of lichen planus, not only at different sites within the mouth, but also at different times in the duration of the condition.

• #91

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers can be caused by the following: […] Most single mouth ulcers are the result of minor trauma (e.g., accidentally biting yourself while eating) and will heal within a week or two. […] Some people develop ulcers in the mouth that keep coming back. Although in many cases the cause is not clear, certain underlying medical conditions can predispose a person to having recurrent ulcers. […] If an ulcer fails to heal within 2-3 weeks, it is important to have it evaluated by a doctor. In some instances, these ulcers can turn out to be cancerous. […] If you smoke, drink alcohol or chew betel nuts, you are at a higher risk of developing mouth or tongue cancers. However, even if you do not smoke, drink alcohol or chew betel nut, it is still important to see a doctor if your ulcer fails to heal after 2-3 weeks as it may still be a cancerous ulcer.

• #92 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/321/7254/162

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma such as from ill fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] However, patients with an ulcer of over three weeks’ duration should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions such as chronic infections. […] Patients with a mouth ulcer lasting over three weeks should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions. […] Recurrent aphthous stomatitis typically starts in childhood or adolescence with recurrent small, round, or ovoid ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow or grey floors. […] It affects at least 20% of the population, and its natural course is one of eventual remission.

• #93 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/321/7254/162

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma such as from ill fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] However, patients with an ulcer of over three weeks’ duration should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions such as chronic infections. […] Patients with a mouth ulcer lasting over three weeks should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions. […] Recurrent aphthous stomatitis typically starts in childhood or adolescence with recurrent small, round, or ovoid ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow or grey floors. […] It affects at least 20% of the population, and its natural course is one of eventual remission.

• #94 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  The most common cause of oral mucosal ulceration. It is most often caused by dentures, braces or sharp/broken teeth. It can also be due to tongue or cheek biting, scratching with fingernails, or eating rough foods. […] These are also known as 'canker sores’. The condition is characterised by clearly defined, painful, shallow round or ovoid ulcers not associated with systemic disease. They are not infective. […] In predisposed people, the following may precipitate ulceration: Local trauma. Stress. Food sensitivity (eg, chocolate, coffee, peanuts, almonds, strawberries, cheese and tomatoes). Hormonal change (they tend to subside during pregnancy). Cessation of smoking. […] Primary herpetic ulceration can occur (herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2)). Secondary nonspecific bacterial infection of chronic ulcers can delay the healing process.

• #95 Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (episodic mouth ulcers) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/564

  Clinically, three forms of recurrent aphthous ulceration exist: major, minor, and herpetiform. […] Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is distinguished from aphthous-like ulceration by exclusion of underlying systemic conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, Behcet syndrome, HIV/AIDS, or cyclic neutropenia). […] Other causes of oral ulceration include trauma, inflammatory conditions such as oral lichen planus or graft versus host disease, medications (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], nicorandil), infections (herpes simplex virus infection, syphilis), and malignancy (i.e. oral squamous cell carcinoma).

• #96 Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (episodic mouth ulcers) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/564

  Clinically, three forms of recurrent aphthous ulceration exist: major, minor, and herpetiform. […] Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is distinguished from aphthous-like ulceration by exclusion of underlying systemic conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, Behcet syndrome, HIV/AIDS, or cyclic neutropenia). […] Other causes of oral ulceration include trauma, inflammatory conditions such as oral lichen planus or graft versus host disease, medications (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], nicorandil), infections (herpes simplex virus infection, syphilis), and malignancy (i.e. oral squamous cell carcinoma).

• #97 Mouth Ulcers: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21766-mouth-ulcer

  Mouth ulcers may occur for a number of reasons, including: […] Causes include minor trauma (like biting your cheek), acidic foods and even stress. […] Certain health conditions, including many autoimmune diseases, can also cause mouth ulcers. These conditions may include: […] Mouth ulcers are usually harmless and go away on their own in a week or two. But some types of mouth sores could point to underlying health conditions like viruses, autoimmune diseases or gastrointestinal issues. […] A mouth ulcer that doesn’t go away could be a sign of oral cancer.

• #98

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers can be caused by the following: […] Most single mouth ulcers are the result of minor trauma (e.g., accidentally biting yourself while eating) and will heal within a week or two. […] Some people develop ulcers in the mouth that keep coming back. Although in many cases the cause is not clear, certain underlying medical conditions can predispose a person to having recurrent ulcers. […] If an ulcer fails to heal within 2-3 weeks, it is important to have it evaluated by a doctor. In some instances, these ulcers can turn out to be cancerous. […] If you smoke, drink alcohol or chew betel nuts, you are at a higher risk of developing mouth or tongue cancers. However, even if you do not smoke, drink alcohol or chew betel nut, it is still important to see a doctor if your ulcer fails to heal after 2-3 weeks as it may still be a cancerous ulcer.

• #99 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/321/7254/162

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma such as from ill fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] However, patients with an ulcer of over three weeks’ duration should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions such as chronic infections. […] Patients with a mouth ulcer lasting over three weeks should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions. […] Recurrent aphthous stomatitis typically starts in childhood or adolescence with recurrent small, round, or ovoid ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow or grey floors. […] It affects at least 20% of the population, and its natural course is one of eventual remission.

• #100 Management of Aphthous Ulcers | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p149.html

  Aphthous ulcers that occur in conjunction with symptoms of uveitis, genital ulcerations, conjunctivitis, arthritis, fever or adenopathy should prompt a search for a serious etiology. […] The lack of clarity regarding the etiology of aphthous ulcers has resulted in treatments that are largely empiric. […] Other etiologic factors such as stress, physical or chemical trauma, food sensitivity and infection have been proposed. […] Infectious agents such as Helicobacter pylori and herpes simplex virus have been investigated but have not been consistently found in aphthous ulcers. […] The lack of clarity regarding etiology has resulted in treatments that are largely empiric and aimed at symptom reduction. […] Several autoimmune diseases may mimic benign aphthous ulcers. […] Hematologic etiologies should be considered when evaluating recurrent or slow-healing mouth ulcers. […] A neoplasm such as squamous cell carcinoma must be ruled out when evaluating patients with persistent, nonhealing mouth ulceration.

• #101 Management of Aphthous Ulcers | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p149.html

  Aphthous ulcers that occur in conjunction with symptoms of uveitis, genital ulcerations, conjunctivitis, arthritis, fever or adenopathy should prompt a search for a serious etiology. […] The lack of clarity regarding the etiology of aphthous ulcers has resulted in treatments that are largely empiric. […] Other etiologic factors such as stress, physical or chemical trauma, food sensitivity and infection have been proposed. […] Infectious agents such as Helicobacter pylori and herpes simplex virus have been investigated but have not been consistently found in aphthous ulcers. […] The lack of clarity regarding etiology has resulted in treatments that are largely empiric and aimed at symptom reduction. […] Several autoimmune diseases may mimic benign aphthous ulcers. […] Hematologic etiologies should be considered when evaluating recurrent or slow-healing mouth ulcers. […] A neoplasm such as squamous cell carcinoma must be ruled out when evaluating patients with persistent, nonhealing mouth ulceration.

• #102 Management of Aphthous Ulcers | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p149.html

  Aphthous ulcers that occur in conjunction with symptoms of uveitis, genital ulcerations, conjunctivitis, arthritis, fever or adenopathy should prompt a search for a serious etiology. […] The lack of clarity regarding the etiology of aphthous ulcers has resulted in treatments that are largely empiric. […] Other etiologic factors such as stress, physical or chemical trauma, food sensitivity and infection have been proposed. […] Infectious agents such as Helicobacter pylori and herpes simplex virus have been investigated but have not been consistently found in aphthous ulcers. […] The lack of clarity regarding etiology has resulted in treatments that are largely empiric and aimed at symptom reduction. […] Several autoimmune diseases may mimic benign aphthous ulcers. […] Hematologic etiologies should be considered when evaluating recurrent or slow-healing mouth ulcers. […] A neoplasm such as squamous cell carcinoma must be ruled out when evaluating patients with persistent, nonhealing mouth ulceration.

• #103 Mouth Sores: Pictures, Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mouth-sores

  Several things can lead to mouth sores, ranging from minor everyday causes to serious illnesses. […] Occasionally, mouth sores are the result of or a reaction to over-the-counter or prescription medications, such as antibiotics or corticosteroids, gingivostomatitis, infectious mononucleosis, oral thrush, hand, foot, and mouth disease, radiation or chemotherapy, autoimmune disorders, bleeding disorders, cancer, celiac disease, bacterial, viral, or fungal infection, a weakened immune system due to AIDS or a recent organ transplant.

• #104 WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT OF MOUTH ULCERS? | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/what-are-the-causes-and-management-of-mouth-ulcers

  People affected with Herpes virus (e.g., Herpes simplex, Varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus) infections, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, coxsackievirus, and rubeola develop multiple oral ulcers. […] Bacteria causing gum infections or some sexually transmitted diseases develop multiple ulcers on the gums and oral cavity. […] This condition is mostly seen in people with poor nourishment or a weak immune system. […] Among sexually transmitted diseases, syphilis and gonorrhea reported the presence of multiple oral ulcers. […] Several systemic disorders such as cyclic neutropenia, leukemia, HIV infection, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome, Behcet’s disease, chronic ulcerative stomatitis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lichen planus, erythema multiforme, pemphigoid), gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., Crohns disease), and Oro-facial granulomatosis reported the presence several oral ulcers. […] Any isolated ulcer which enlarges or is present for more than 3 weeks may be associated with cancer. […] The deficiency of iron, folic acid, zinc, and vitamin B12 is associated with the development of oral ulcers.

• #105 Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1118165/

  Mouth ulcers are common and are usually due to trauma such as from ill fitting dentures, fractured teeth, or fillings. […] Patients with a mouth ulcer lasting over three weeks should be referred for biopsy or other investigations to exclude malignancy or other serious conditions. […] Some cases have a familial and genetic basis, but most patients seem to be otherwise well. However, a minority have aetiological factors that can be identified, including stress, trauma, stopping smoking, menstruation, and food allergy. […] Aphthae are also seen in haematinic deficiency (iron, folate, or vitamin B-12); coeliac disease; Crohn’s disease; HIV infection, neutropenia, and other immunodeficiencies; Neumann’s bipolar aphthosis, where genital ulcers may also be present; and Behcet’s syndrome, where there may be genital, cutaneous, ocular, and other lesions. […] Among the drugs that may be responsible for mouth ulcers are cytotoxic agents, antithyroid drugs, and nicorandil.

• #106 Recurrent Oral Ulceration

  https://www.baoms.org.uk/patients/conditions/3/recurrent_oral_ulceration

  Recurrent oral ulceration is a term used to describe small mouth ulcers which typically last a few days but come back every few weeks or months. […] Although the cause of the most common type of recurrent oral ulceration is unknown there are lots of reasons why people can get other types of ulcers in their mouths. Some ulcers can be related to low levels of iron or vitamins in the blood. Rarely ulcers can be associated with skin or stomach problems. […] If you have mouth ulcers blood tests are usually taken to check if they are the result of another medical condition. However the majority of people with mouth ulcers have completely normal blood tests.

• #107 Aphthous stomatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis

  The cause is not completely understood but involves a T cell-mediated immune response triggered by a variety of factors which may include nutritional deficiencies, local trauma, stress, hormonal influences, allergies, genetic predisposition, certain foods, dehydration, some food additives, or some hygienic chemical additives like SDS (common in toothpaste). […] The cause is not entirely clear, but is thought to be multifactorial. […] It has been suggested that aphthous stomatitis is not a single entity, but rather a group of conditions with different causes. […] Evidence for the T cell-mediated mechanism of mucosal destruction is strong, but the exact triggers for this process are unknown and are thought to be multiple and varied from one person to the next. […] Risk factors in aphthous stomatitis are also sometimes considered as either host-related or environmental.

• #108 Aphthous Ulcers (Canker Sore): Sing and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/aphthous-ulcers/

  Aphthous mouth ulcers (aphthae) are a common variety of ulcer that form on the mucous membranes, typically in the oral cavity (mouth). […] The cause of the condition is unclear, and there is no cure, but treatment options are available to treat the pain the ulcers can cause. […] The precise cause or causes of aphthous ulcers (canker sores) are unknown, however, it is thought that ulceration is brought about by one or a combination of external triggers. […] It may also be partly genetic, with 40 percent of people who experience ulcers having a family history of the condition. […] Possible triggers of aphthous ulcers include emotional stress, minor injury to the inside of the mouth, familial tendency, sodium lauryl sulfate, certain food and drinks, a deficiency of certain vitamins and/or minerals, an allergic reaction to oral bacteria, using tobacco products, hormonal changes associated with pregnancy, and having a weakened immune system.

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