Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Aphthous stomatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis

  Aphthous stomatitis affects between 5% and 66% of people, with about 20% of individuals in most populations having the condition to some degree. […] This makes it the most common disease of the oral mucosa. […] Aphthous stomatitis occurs worldwide, but is more common in developed countries. […] Within nations, it is more common in higher socioeconomic groups. […] Males and females are affected in an equal ratio, and the peak age of onset between 10 and 19 years. […] About 80% of people with aphthous stomatitis first developed the condition before the age of 30. […] There have been reports of ethnic variation. For example, in the United States, aphthous stomatitis may be three times more common in white-skinned people than black-skinned people.

• #2 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/

  Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a relatively common condition, affecting up to 25% of the worldwide population. […] It usually first appears in childhood or adolescence. […] It may develop as an individual entity or as part of a systemic condition, like Behet disease. […] Out of the 3 subtypes, minor aphthous ulcers are the most prevalent (70% of cases), whereas major (10%) and herpetiform (10%) types are less common.

• #3 Aphthous Ulcers: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867080-overview

  RAS affects 5-66% of the population. Approximately 1% of children from higher socioeconomic groups in developed countries have RAS; however, 40% of selected groups of children can have a history of RAS, with ulceration beginning before age 5 years and with the frequency of affected patients increasing with age. Multiple factors such as the specific population evaluated, diagnostic criteria, and environmental factors affect the prevalence of RAS. […] Most patients with RAS are otherwise healthy. However, a study by Wiriyakijja et al of 120 patients with RAS indicated that the condition is associated with psychological distress. Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the investigators reported the prevalence of anxiety, depression, distress, and moderate-to-high perceived stress in the cohort to be 42.5%, 18.33%, 28.33%, and 71.67%, respectively. The study found the psychological symptoms to be linked to ethnicity, alcohol consumption, disease comorbidities, clinical type of RAS, ulcer size, pain, and RAS disease activity.

• #4 (PDF) CLASSIFICATION, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND AETIOLOGY OF ORAL RECURRENT APHTHOUS ULCERATION/STOMATITIS

  https://www.academia.edu/1359698/CLASSIFICATION_EPIDEMIOLOGY_AND_AETIOLOGY_OF_ORAL_RECURRENT_APHTHOUS_ULCERATION_STOMATITIS

  Aphthous ulcerations, commonly known as canker sores, are prevalent oral mucosal lesions characterized by painful, well-demarcated ulcers that typically heal in 10-14 days. […] Variations in prevalence studies highlight the need for standardized approaches in assessing ORAS, with current evidence indicating that immunologically mediated mechanisms play a crucial role in ulcer development. […] While the classification of ORAS had been widely accepted since 1978, the cause for ORAS is still unknown and its aetiology in general remains unclear. […] In summary, the prevalence of ORAS is dependent on whether it is that of current ulcers or selfreported life or 2-years prevalence. […] Current evidence suggested that immunologically mediated cytotoxicity of the oral epithelium is important in the development of ulcers in ORAS.

• #5 Canker Sore

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/CnkrSr.htm

  Prevalence: 5-21% in United States. […] Most common ulcerative condition of the oropharynx. […] Family History in 40% of patients. […] Peaks ages 10 to 20 years old. […] Prevalence decreases after age 50 years.

• #6 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Lifetime prevalence in the adult population in the United States and Canada: 46.4-69.4% […] Europe lifetime prevalence: 36-37% […] Sweden point prevalence: 0.5-2% […] Turkey point prevalence: 1.2-2.3% […] Jordan lifetime prevalence: 78% […] Iran lifetime prevalence: 25.2% […] Sulaimani City, Iraq lifetime prevalence: 28.2% […] India point prevalence: 1.5% in Northern India […] India lifetime prevalence: 50.3% […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer minor is the most common form of childhood recurrent aphthous ulcer. Approximately 1% of American children may have recurrent aphthous ulcers, with onset before age 5 years. The percentage of patients who are affected decreases after the third decade. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer major has a typical onset after puberty and can persist for the remainder of an individual’s life, although after late adulthood episodes become much less common.

• #7 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Lifetime prevalence in the adult population in the United States and Canada: 46.4-69.4% […] Europe lifetime prevalence: 36-37% […] Sweden point prevalence: 0.5-2% […] Turkey point prevalence: 1.2-2.3% […] Jordan lifetime prevalence: 78% […] Iran lifetime prevalence: 25.2% […] Sulaimani City, Iraq lifetime prevalence: 28.2% […] India point prevalence: 1.5% in Northern India […] India lifetime prevalence: 50.3% […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer minor is the most common form of childhood recurrent aphthous ulcer. Approximately 1% of American children may have recurrent aphthous ulcers, with onset before age 5 years. The percentage of patients who are affected decreases after the third decade. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer major has a typical onset after puberty and can persist for the remainder of an individual’s life, although after late adulthood episodes become much less common.

• #8 Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aphthous_ulcer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Aphthous ulcer is a very common oral lesion. The frequency of canker sores varies from fewer than 4 episodes per year (85% of all cases) to more than one episode per month (10% of all cases) including people suffering from continuous RAS. […] The prevalence of aphthous ulcer is estimated to range from 1,000 to 60,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually among adult, and 1,000 to 60,000 cases per 100,000 individuals among children. […] In Sweden, the prevalence of aphthous ulcer is range from 5,000 to 30,000 per 100,000 individuals. […] In the United States, the overall prevalence of recurrent aphthous ulcers was 1000 per 100,000 persons. […] In the United States, the prevalence of recurrent aphthous ulcer among children was estimated 1500 per 100,000 individuals, and the the prevalence among adults was estimated 850 per 100,000 individuals.

• #9 Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aphthous_ulcer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Aphthous ulcer is a very common oral lesion. The frequency of canker sores varies from fewer than 4 episodes per year (85% of all cases) to more than one episode per month (10% of all cases) including people suffering from continuous RAS. […] The prevalence of aphthous ulcer is estimated to range from 1,000 to 60,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually among adult, and 1,000 to 60,000 cases per 100,000 individuals among children. […] In Sweden, the prevalence of aphthous ulcer is range from 5,000 to 30,000 per 100,000 individuals. […] In the United States, the overall prevalence of recurrent aphthous ulcers was 1000 per 100,000 persons. […] In the United States, the prevalence of recurrent aphthous ulcer among children was estimated 1500 per 100,000 individuals, and the the prevalence among adults was estimated 850 per 100,000 individuals.

• #10 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  In North America, recurrent aphthous ulcers are the most common oral mucosal disease. The incidence is approximately 20% overall, rising to more than 50% in certain groups of students in professional schools. Children from higher socioeconomic groups may be affected more than those from lower socioeconomic groups. A 2004 study cited the following point prevalence and lifetime prevalence rates: […] Point prevalence in the pediatric population in the United States: 1.2-1.5% […] Lifetime prevalence in the pediatric population in the United States: 40.18% […] Internationally, recurrent aphthous ulcers have been reported on every populated continent, with frequencies ranging from 2% to 66%. Epidemiologic studies have been conducted in various subpopulations and have provided data on both point prevalence and lifetime prevalence, as follows:

• #11 (PDF) Classification, Epidemiology And Aetiology Of Oral Recurrent Aphtous Ulceration / Stomatitis

  https://www.academia.edu/91504441/Classification_Epidemiology_And_Aetiology_Of_Oral_Recurrent_Aphtous_Ulceration_Stomatitis

  The most prevalent oral mucosal lesions are aphthous ulcerations commonly referred to as canker sores. […] While the classification of ORAS had been widely accepted since 1978, the cause for ORAS is still unknown and its aetiology in general remains unclear. […] The SRLP of ORAS in professionals/professional school student groups varies from 43.1 % in 10,531 Health Sciences students in 21 countries to 66.2% in 343 medical/dental students in the United States. […] In summary, the prevalence of ORAS is dependent on whether it is that of current ulcers or self-reported life or 2-years prevalence. […] Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases seen by dental professionals, and yet its etiology remains unclear, and its management based on less than robust evidence.

• #12 Genome wide analysis for mouth ulcers identifies associations at immune regulatory loci | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08923-6

  Mouth ulcers are the most common ulcerative condition and encompass several clinical diagnoses, including recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). […] In this genome-wide association study (n=461,106) heritability is estimated at 8.2% (95% CI: 6.4%, 9.9%). […] This study finds 97 variants which alter the odds of developing non-specific mouth ulcers and replicate these in an independent cohort (n=355,744) (lead variant after meta-analysis: rs76830965, near IL12A, OR 0.72 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.73); P=4.4e483). […] The primary genome-wide analysis was undertaken in UK Biobank. At an aggregate, genome-wide level there was evidence for a genetic contribution to mouth ulcers, with heritability estimated at 8.2% (95% CI: 6.4%, 9.9%) under an infinitesimal model implemented in linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSR). […] After final quality control (QC), 9,851,866 genetic variants were included in GWAS. Evidence for genome-wide association (P5e8) with mouth ulcers was seen at 7127 single variants. […] These results provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of a common, important condition.

• #13 QIMR Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory Home Page

  https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/general/publicationsfulllisting.cgi?pmid=30837455

  Mouth ulcers are the most common ulcerative condition and encompass several clinical diagnoses, including recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). […] In this genome-wide association study (n=461,106) heritability is estimated at 8.2% (95% CI: 6.4%, 9.9%). […] This study finds 97 variants which alter the odds of developing non-specific mouth ulcers and replicate these in an independent cohort (n=355,744) (lead variant after meta-analysis: rs76830965, near IL12A, OR 0.72 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.73); P=4.4e-483). […] Additional effect estimates from three independent cohorts with more specific phenotyping and specific study characteristics support many of these findings. […] In silico functional analyses provide evidence for a role of T cell regulation in the aetiology of mouth ulcers. […] These results provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of a common, important condition.

• #14 QIMR Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory Home Page

  https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/general/publicationsfulllisting.cgi?pmid=30837455

  Mouth ulcers are the most common ulcerative condition and encompass several clinical diagnoses, including recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). […] In this genome-wide association study (n=461,106) heritability is estimated at 8.2% (95% CI: 6.4%, 9.9%). […] This study finds 97 variants which alter the odds of developing non-specific mouth ulcers and replicate these in an independent cohort (n=355,744) (lead variant after meta-analysis: rs76830965, near IL12A, OR 0.72 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.73); P=4.4e-483). […] Additional effect estimates from three independent cohorts with more specific phenotyping and specific study characteristics support many of these findings. […] In silico functional analyses provide evidence for a role of T cell regulation in the aetiology of mouth ulcers. […] These results provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of a common, important condition.

• #15 Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aphthous_ulcer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Minor RAS is the most common form, being 80% of all the cases of RAS. […] Gender is associated with an increased risk of developing aphthous ulcers. Women are more often affected by the disease than men. […] About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers report a family history of the disease.

• #16 Aphthous Ulcers: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867080-overview

  RAS has been reported in all races […] A slight female predominance exists. […] RAS normally first arises in childhood or adolescence, predominantly between the ages of 10 and 19 years, with the frequency decreasing in subsequent years. The chance of children with RAS-positive parents presenting with RAS is high, up to 90%, while the chance of presentation in children with RAS-negative parents is just 20%. It is interesting to note that the prevalence of presentation has been found to be five times greater in children with high socioeconomic status.

• #17 QIMR Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory Home Page

  https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/general/publicationsfulllisting.cgi?pmid=30837455

  Mouth ulcers are the most common ulcerative condition and encompass several clinical diagnoses, including recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). […] In this genome-wide association study (n=461,106) heritability is estimated at 8.2% (95% CI: 6.4%, 9.9%). […] This study finds 97 variants which alter the odds of developing non-specific mouth ulcers and replicate these in an independent cohort (n=355,744) (lead variant after meta-analysis: rs76830965, near IL12A, OR 0.72 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.73); P=4.4e-483). […] Additional effect estimates from three independent cohorts with more specific phenotyping and specific study characteristics support many of these findings. […] In silico functional analyses provide evidence for a role of T cell regulation in the aetiology of mouth ulcers. […] These results provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of a common, important condition.

• #18 Canker Sore Genetics | Cancer Sore Hereditary | Genomelink

  https://genomelink.io/traits/mouth-ulcers

  Mouth ulcers are common oral sores that can cause pain, redness, and swelling on the inner lips, gums, tongue, or roof of your mouth. Although nearly of people will have a mouth ulcer, or other oral health issue, at some point in their life, the likelihood of experiencing these issues may be in your genetics. […] Understanding how genetics can contribute to mouth ulcers and other oral inflammatory diseases (OIDs) is necessary to understanding your risk of developing them and provide you with helpful information on treatment and prevention techniques. […] In the last decade, twin, family, candidate gene, and genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have suggested the involvement of many loci, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or genes in OIDs. […] Growing evidence has suggested that genetic factors that regulate immune and inflammatory conditions may play an important role in the occurrence and susceptibility of oral inflammatory diseases like mouth ulcers.

• #19 Aphthous Ulcers: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867080-overview

  RAS has been reported in all races […] A slight female predominance exists. […] RAS normally first arises in childhood or adolescence, predominantly between the ages of 10 and 19 years, with the frequency decreasing in subsequent years. The chance of children with RAS-positive parents presenting with RAS is high, up to 90%, while the chance of presentation in children with RAS-negative parents is just 20%. It is interesting to note that the prevalence of presentation has been found to be five times greater in children with high socioeconomic status.

• #20 Aphthous stomatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis

  Aphthous stomatitis affects between 5% and 66% of people, with about 20% of individuals in most populations having the condition to some degree. […] This makes it the most common disease of the oral mucosa. […] Aphthous stomatitis occurs worldwide, but is more common in developed countries. […] Within nations, it is more common in higher socioeconomic groups. […] Males and females are affected in an equal ratio, and the peak age of onset between 10 and 19 years. […] About 80% of people with aphthous stomatitis first developed the condition before the age of 30. […] There have been reports of ethnic variation. For example, in the United States, aphthous stomatitis may be three times more common in white-skinned people than black-skinned people.

• #21 Aphthous stomatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis

  Aphthous stomatitis affects between 5% and 66% of people, with about 20% of individuals in most populations having the condition to some degree. […] This makes it the most common disease of the oral mucosa. […] Aphthous stomatitis occurs worldwide, but is more common in developed countries. […] Within nations, it is more common in higher socioeconomic groups. […] Males and females are affected in an equal ratio, and the peak age of onset between 10 and 19 years. […] About 80% of people with aphthous stomatitis first developed the condition before the age of 30. […] There have been reports of ethnic variation. For example, in the United States, aphthous stomatitis may be three times more common in white-skinned people than black-skinned people.

• #22 Canker Sore

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/CnkrSr.htm

  Prevalence: 5-21% in United States. […] Most common ulcerative condition of the oropharynx. […] Family History in 40% of patients. […] Peaks ages 10 to 20 years old. […] Prevalence decreases after age 50 years.

• #23 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis in Rheumatology | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-recurrent-aphthous-stomatitis-in-rheumatology-articulo-S2173574311000153

  Recurrent oral aphthosis (ROA) is one of the most common oral disorders with a prevalence that varies across the studied populations, but approximately 20% of the general population suffers at some point in their lives. […] There is a familial aggregation and it is more common in women. […] It usually starts in childhood, adolescence, or young adults under 30, tending to decrease over time, both in severity and frequency.

• #24 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Lifetime prevalence in the adult population in the United States and Canada: 46.4-69.4% […] Europe lifetime prevalence: 36-37% […] Sweden point prevalence: 0.5-2% […] Turkey point prevalence: 1.2-2.3% […] Jordan lifetime prevalence: 78% […] Iran lifetime prevalence: 25.2% […] Sulaimani City, Iraq lifetime prevalence: 28.2% […] India point prevalence: 1.5% in Northern India […] India lifetime prevalence: 50.3% […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer minor is the most common form of childhood recurrent aphthous ulcer. Approximately 1% of American children may have recurrent aphthous ulcers, with onset before age 5 years. The percentage of patients who are affected decreases after the third decade. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer major has a typical onset after puberty and can persist for the remainder of an individual’s life, although after late adulthood episodes become much less common.

• #25 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Lifetime prevalence in the adult population in the United States and Canada: 46.4-69.4% […] Europe lifetime prevalence: 36-37% […] Sweden point prevalence: 0.5-2% […] Turkey point prevalence: 1.2-2.3% […] Jordan lifetime prevalence: 78% […] Iran lifetime prevalence: 25.2% […] Sulaimani City, Iraq lifetime prevalence: 28.2% […] India point prevalence: 1.5% in Northern India […] India lifetime prevalence: 50.3% […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer minor is the most common form of childhood recurrent aphthous ulcer. Approximately 1% of American children may have recurrent aphthous ulcers, with onset before age 5 years. The percentage of patients who are affected decreases after the third decade. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer major has a typical onset after puberty and can persist for the remainder of an individual’s life, although after late adulthood episodes become much less common.

• #26 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Herpetiform recurrent aphthous ulcer typically occurs first in the second decade of life; in the majority of cases, onset comes before age 30 years. The frequency and the severity of episodes may increase during the third and fourth decades and then decrease with advancing age. […] In children and in some adult communities who are affected, the incidence of recurrent aphthous ulcer is higher in women and girls than in men or boys.

• #27 Aphthous Ulcers: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867080-overview

  RAS has been reported in all races […] A slight female predominance exists. […] RAS normally first arises in childhood or adolescence, predominantly between the ages of 10 and 19 years, with the frequency decreasing in subsequent years. The chance of children with RAS-positive parents presenting with RAS is high, up to 90%, while the chance of presentation in children with RAS-negative parents is just 20%. It is interesting to note that the prevalence of presentation has been found to be five times greater in children with high socioeconomic status.

• #28 Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aphthous_ulcer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Minor RAS is the most common form, being 80% of all the cases of RAS. […] Gender is associated with an increased risk of developing aphthous ulcers. Women are more often affected by the disease than men. […] About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers report a family history of the disease.

• #29 Compounding: Treating Mouth Ulcers

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/2005-11-5018

  Aphthous stomatitis, or mouth ulcer, is a very common, often painful problem most people experience. Approximately 20% of the population may experience recurrent mouth ulcers. […] Mouth ulcers generally are not caused by infection and therefore are not contagious. […] Factors affecting RAS outbreaks include the following: Low levels of certain nutrients: iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin C; Hormonal changes many women report mouth ulcers around the time of their menstrual periods; Stress; Food sensitivities foods with high acid content or certain preservatives may affect mouth ulcers; Mouth trauma, such as a sharp tooth or dental appliance; Bechet’s disease, an autoimmune condition caused by the body attacking the cells lining the mouth; Bowel diseases; Skin diseases, such as lichen planus or herpes simplex.

• #30 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Herpetiform recurrent aphthous ulcer typically occurs first in the second decade of life; in the majority of cases, onset comes before age 30 years. The frequency and the severity of episodes may increase during the third and fourth decades and then decrease with advancing age. […] In children and in some adult communities who are affected, the incidence of recurrent aphthous ulcer is higher in women and girls than in men or boys.

• #31 (PDF) CLASSIFICATION, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND AETIOLOGY OF ORAL RECURRENT APHTHOUS ULCERATION/STOMATITIS

  https://www.academia.edu/1359698/CLASSIFICATION_EPIDEMIOLOGY_AND_AETIOLOGY_OF_ORAL_RECURRENT_APHTHOUS_ULCERATION_STOMATITIS

  The prevalence ranges from 2% to 66% in different populations. […] The study revealed an overall prevalence of 7.2% of recurrent aphthous ulcers with higher occurrence among males. […] The most common subtype of recurrent aphthous ulcer was the minor type. […] The present study shed the light on the prevalence of recurrent aphthous ulcers and also pointed to the importance of a thorough history taking to identify the main risk factors of the ulceration and then to get the needed preventive measures.

• #32 Aphthous stomatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis

  Aphthous stomatitis affects between 5% and 66% of people, with about 20% of individuals in most populations having the condition to some degree. […] This makes it the most common disease of the oral mucosa. […] Aphthous stomatitis occurs worldwide, but is more common in developed countries. […] Within nations, it is more common in higher socioeconomic groups. […] Males and females are affected in an equal ratio, and the peak age of onset between 10 and 19 years. […] About 80% of people with aphthous stomatitis first developed the condition before the age of 30. […] There have been reports of ethnic variation. For example, in the United States, aphthous stomatitis may be three times more common in white-skinned people than black-skinned people.

• #33 Aphthous stomatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis

  Aphthous stomatitis affects between 5% and 66% of people, with about 20% of individuals in most populations having the condition to some degree. […] This makes it the most common disease of the oral mucosa. […] Aphthous stomatitis occurs worldwide, but is more common in developed countries. […] Within nations, it is more common in higher socioeconomic groups. […] Males and females are affected in an equal ratio, and the peak age of onset between 10 and 19 years. […] About 80% of people with aphthous stomatitis first developed the condition before the age of 30. […] There have been reports of ethnic variation. For example, in the United States, aphthous stomatitis may be three times more common in white-skinned people than black-skinned people.

• #34 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  In North America, recurrent aphthous ulcers are the most common oral mucosal disease. The incidence is approximately 20% overall, rising to more than 50% in certain groups of students in professional schools. Children from higher socioeconomic groups may be affected more than those from lower socioeconomic groups. A 2004 study cited the following point prevalence and lifetime prevalence rates: […] Point prevalence in the pediatric population in the United States: 1.2-1.5% […] Lifetime prevalence in the pediatric population in the United States: 40.18% […] Internationally, recurrent aphthous ulcers have been reported on every populated continent, with frequencies ranging from 2% to 66%. Epidemiologic studies have been conducted in various subpopulations and have provided data on both point prevalence and lifetime prevalence, as follows:

• #35 Aphthous Ulcers: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867080-overview

  RAS has been reported in all races […] A slight female predominance exists. […] RAS normally first arises in childhood or adolescence, predominantly between the ages of 10 and 19 years, with the frequency decreasing in subsequent years. The chance of children with RAS-positive parents presenting with RAS is high, up to 90%, while the chance of presentation in children with RAS-negative parents is just 20%. It is interesting to note that the prevalence of presentation has been found to be five times greater in children with high socioeconomic status.

• #36 Aphthous stomatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis

  Aphthous stomatitis affects between 5% and 66% of people, with about 20% of individuals in most populations having the condition to some degree. […] This makes it the most common disease of the oral mucosa. […] Aphthous stomatitis occurs worldwide, but is more common in developed countries. […] Within nations, it is more common in higher socioeconomic groups. […] Males and females are affected in an equal ratio, and the peak age of onset between 10 and 19 years. […] About 80% of people with aphthous stomatitis first developed the condition before the age of 30. […] There have been reports of ethnic variation. For example, in the United States, aphthous stomatitis may be three times more common in white-skinned people than black-skinned people.

• #37 Aphthous Ulcers: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867080-overview

  RAS has been reported in all races […] A slight female predominance exists. […] RAS normally first arises in childhood or adolescence, predominantly between the ages of 10 and 19 years, with the frequency decreasing in subsequent years. The chance of children with RAS-positive parents presenting with RAS is high, up to 90%, while the chance of presentation in children with RAS-negative parents is just 20%. It is interesting to note that the prevalence of presentation has been found to be five times greater in children with high socioeconomic status.

• #38 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/

  Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a relatively common condition, affecting up to 25% of the worldwide population. […] It usually first appears in childhood or adolescence. […] It may develop as an individual entity or as part of a systemic condition, like Behet disease. […] Out of the 3 subtypes, minor aphthous ulcers are the most prevalent (70% of cases), whereas major (10%) and herpetiform (10%) types are less common.

• #39 Overview: Canker sores (mouth ulcers) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546250/

  Canker sores are among the most common medical conditions that affect the mucous membranes lining the mouth. Some experts estimate that about 1 out of every 10 people are affected. But its difficult to say exactly how many people keep getting canker sores. […] Most people get them for the first time when they are a teenager or young adult. They are more common in women than in men. […] The minor form is by far the most common, affecting 85% of all people who have canker sores. Only 10% have major canker sores, and 5% have herpetiform canker sores.

• #40 Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aphthous_ulcer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Minor RAS is the most common form, being 80% of all the cases of RAS. […] Gender is associated with an increased risk of developing aphthous ulcers. Women are more often affected by the disease than men. […] About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers report a family history of the disease.

• #41 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Lifetime prevalence in the adult population in the United States and Canada: 46.4-69.4% […] Europe lifetime prevalence: 36-37% […] Sweden point prevalence: 0.5-2% […] Turkey point prevalence: 1.2-2.3% […] Jordan lifetime prevalence: 78% […] Iran lifetime prevalence: 25.2% […] Sulaimani City, Iraq lifetime prevalence: 28.2% […] India point prevalence: 1.5% in Northern India […] India lifetime prevalence: 50.3% […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer minor is the most common form of childhood recurrent aphthous ulcer. Approximately 1% of American children may have recurrent aphthous ulcers, with onset before age 5 years. The percentage of patients who are affected decreases after the third decade. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer major has a typical onset after puberty and can persist for the remainder of an individual’s life, although after late adulthood episodes become much less common.

• #42 (PDF) CLASSIFICATION, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND AETIOLOGY OF ORAL RECURRENT APHTHOUS ULCERATION/STOMATITIS

  https://www.academia.edu/1359698/CLASSIFICATION_EPIDEMIOLOGY_AND_AETIOLOGY_OF_ORAL_RECURRENT_APHTHOUS_ULCERATION_STOMATITIS

  Aphthous ulcerations, commonly known as canker sores, are prevalent oral mucosal lesions characterized by painful, well-demarcated ulcers that typically heal in 10-14 days. […] Variations in prevalence studies highlight the need for standardized approaches in assessing ORAS, with current evidence indicating that immunologically mediated mechanisms play a crucial role in ulcer development. […] While the classification of ORAS had been widely accepted since 1978, the cause for ORAS is still unknown and its aetiology in general remains unclear. […] In summary, the prevalence of ORAS is dependent on whether it is that of current ulcers or selfreported life or 2-years prevalence. […] Current evidence suggested that immunologically mediated cytotoxicity of the oral epithelium is important in the development of ulcers in ORAS.

• #43 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/

  Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a relatively common condition, affecting up to 25% of the worldwide population. […] It usually first appears in childhood or adolescence. […] It may develop as an individual entity or as part of a systemic condition, like Behet disease. […] Out of the 3 subtypes, minor aphthous ulcers are the most prevalent (70% of cases), whereas major (10%) and herpetiform (10%) types are less common.

• #44 Overview: Canker sores (mouth ulcers) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546250/

  Canker sores are among the most common medical conditions that affect the mucous membranes lining the mouth. Some experts estimate that about 1 out of every 10 people are affected. But its difficult to say exactly how many people keep getting canker sores. […] Most people get them for the first time when they are a teenager or young adult. They are more common in women than in men. […] The minor form is by far the most common, affecting 85% of all people who have canker sores. Only 10% have major canker sores, and 5% have herpetiform canker sores.

• #45 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Lifetime prevalence in the adult population in the United States and Canada: 46.4-69.4% […] Europe lifetime prevalence: 36-37% […] Sweden point prevalence: 0.5-2% […] Turkey point prevalence: 1.2-2.3% […] Jordan lifetime prevalence: 78% […] Iran lifetime prevalence: 25.2% […] Sulaimani City, Iraq lifetime prevalence: 28.2% […] India point prevalence: 1.5% in Northern India […] India lifetime prevalence: 50.3% […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer minor is the most common form of childhood recurrent aphthous ulcer. Approximately 1% of American children may have recurrent aphthous ulcers, with onset before age 5 years. The percentage of patients who are affected decreases after the third decade. […] Recurrent aphthous ulcer major has a typical onset after puberty and can persist for the remainder of an individual’s life, although after late adulthood episodes become much less common.

• #46 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/

  Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a relatively common condition, affecting up to 25% of the worldwide population. […] It usually first appears in childhood or adolescence. […] It may develop as an individual entity or as part of a systemic condition, like Behet disease. […] Out of the 3 subtypes, minor aphthous ulcers are the most prevalent (70% of cases), whereas major (10%) and herpetiform (10%) types are less common.

• #47 Overview: Canker sores (mouth ulcers) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546250/

  Canker sores are among the most common medical conditions that affect the mucous membranes lining the mouth. Some experts estimate that about 1 out of every 10 people are affected. But its difficult to say exactly how many people keep getting canker sores. […] Most people get them for the first time when they are a teenager or young adult. They are more common in women than in men. […] The minor form is by far the most common, affecting 85% of all people who have canker sores. Only 10% have major canker sores, and 5% have herpetiform canker sores.

• #48 Aphthous Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview

  Herpetiform recurrent aphthous ulcer typically occurs first in the second decade of life; in the majority of cases, onset comes before age 30 years. The frequency and the severity of episodes may increase during the third and fourth decades and then decrease with advancing age. […] In children and in some adult communities who are affected, the incidence of recurrent aphthous ulcer is higher in women and girls than in men or boys.

• #49 Behcet Disease – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Behcet_Disease

  BD is famously known to be prevalent along the Silk Road, which extends from eastern Asia to the Mediterranean. It is most commonly noted in Turkey, but has high prevalence also in Japan, Korea, China, Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. In North America and Northern European countries, the prevalence is much lower. Onset is typically in the second to fourth decades of life. BD is most commonly sporadic. […] The most common clinical feature, affecting 98-99% of patients, are oral aphthous ulcers. The second most common finding is genital ulcer, which occur in 80-87% of patients. Skin disease is another common finding occurring in up to 69-90%. An asymmetric, non deforming, large-joint polyarthritis can be seen in 44-59% of patients.

• #50 Red Whale | Behçet’s syndrome

  https://www.redwhale.co.uk/content/behcets-syndrome

  Peak incidence of Behçet’s is between 20 and 40 years of age, and presentation in childhood or past the age of 50 is rare (Lancet 2024;403:1093). […] Worldwide prevalence is estimated at around 10/100 000 people (Lancet 2024;403:1093), but there is high geographic variability. […] Oral ulcers affect 98% of people. […] Genital ulcers affect 60–65% of people. […] GI tract (40–60% of people in the UK will have GI involvement (Lancet 2024;403:1093). Worldwide rates are generally lower (NEJM 2024;390:640)): Ulcers commonly found in terminal ileo-caecal or rectal bowel, but can affect any part of the GI tract.

• #51 Red Whale | Behçet’s syndrome

  https://www.redwhale.co.uk/content/behcets-syndrome

  Peak incidence of Behçet’s is between 20 and 40 years of age, and presentation in childhood or past the age of 50 is rare (Lancet 2024;403:1093). […] Worldwide prevalence is estimated at around 10/100 000 people (Lancet 2024;403:1093), but there is high geographic variability. […] Oral ulcers affect 98% of people. […] Genital ulcers affect 60–65% of people. […] GI tract (40–60% of people in the UK will have GI involvement (Lancet 2024;403:1093). Worldwide rates are generally lower (NEJM 2024;390:640)): Ulcers commonly found in terminal ileo-caecal or rectal bowel, but can affect any part of the GI tract.

• #52 Behcet Disease – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Behcet_Disease

  BD is famously known to be prevalent along the Silk Road, which extends from eastern Asia to the Mediterranean. It is most commonly noted in Turkey, but has high prevalence also in Japan, Korea, China, Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. In North America and Northern European countries, the prevalence is much lower. Onset is typically in the second to fourth decades of life. BD is most commonly sporadic. […] The most common clinical feature, affecting 98-99% of patients, are oral aphthous ulcers. The second most common finding is genital ulcer, which occur in 80-87% of patients. Skin disease is another common finding occurring in up to 69-90%. An asymmetric, non deforming, large-joint polyarthritis can be seen in 44-59% of patients.

• #53 Red Whale | Behçet’s syndrome

  https://www.redwhale.co.uk/content/behcets-syndrome

  Peak incidence of Behçet’s is between 20 and 40 years of age, and presentation in childhood or past the age of 50 is rare (Lancet 2024;403:1093). […] Worldwide prevalence is estimated at around 10/100 000 people (Lancet 2024;403:1093), but there is high geographic variability. […] Oral ulcers affect 98% of people. […] Genital ulcers affect 60–65% of people. […] GI tract (40–60% of people in the UK will have GI involvement (Lancet 2024;403:1093). Worldwide rates are generally lower (NEJM 2024;390:640)): Ulcers commonly found in terminal ileo-caecal or rectal bowel, but can affect any part of the GI tract.

• #54 Red Whale | These mouth ulcers won’t clear up…

  https://www.redwhale.co.uk/pearls/behcets-syndrome

  Peak incidence of Behçet’s is between 20 and 40 years of age, and presentation in childhood or past the age of 50 is rare (Lancet 2024;403:1093). […] It is more common in men than women. […] Worldwide prevalence is estimated at around 10/100 000 people (Lancet 2024;403:1093), but there is high geographic variability. There are around 1000 people in the UK living with the condition (BAD Patient Hub – Behçets). […] Oral ulcers affect 98% of people. […] Genital ulcers affect 60–65% of people. […] Skin lesions affect around 75% of people. […] GI tract (40–60% of people in the UK will have GI involvement (Lancet 2024;403:1093). Worldwide rates are generally lower (NEJM 2024;390:640)): Ulcers commonly found in terminal ileo-caecal or rectal bowel, but can affect any part of the GI tract.

• #55 Red Whale | These mouth ulcers won’t clear up…

  https://www.redwhale.co.uk/pearls/behcets-syndrome

  Peak incidence of Behçet’s is between 20 and 40 years of age, and presentation in childhood or past the age of 50 is rare (Lancet 2024;403:1093). […] It is more common in men than women. […] Worldwide prevalence is estimated at around 10/100 000 people (Lancet 2024;403:1093), but there is high geographic variability. There are around 1000 people in the UK living with the condition (BAD Patient Hub – Behçets). […] Oral ulcers affect 98% of people. […] Genital ulcers affect 60–65% of people. […] Skin lesions affect around 75% of people. […] GI tract (40–60% of people in the UK will have GI involvement (Lancet 2024;403:1093). Worldwide rates are generally lower (NEJM 2024;390:640)): Ulcers commonly found in terminal ileo-caecal or rectal bowel, but can affect any part of the GI tract.

• #56 Frontiers | Exploring the causal relationships between rheumatoid arthritis and oral phenotypes: a genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization study

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2024.1383696/full

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) frequently presents with oral manifestations, including gingival inflammation, loose teeth, and mouth ulcers; however, the causal connections between these conditions remain unclear. […] A significant negative genetic correlation was detected between RA and denture usage (rg = −0.192, p = 4.88 × 10−8). Meanwhile, a heterogenous causal relationship between RA and mouth ulcers was observed (OR = 1.027 [1.005–1.05], p = 0.016, Pheterogeneity = 4.69 × 10−8), which remained robust across sensitivity analyses. […] Genetically predicted RA increases the risk of mouth ulcers, and a negative genetic correlation is identified between RA and denture use. […] Our study offers epidemiological evidence for the association between RA and mouth ulcers from a genetic perspective.

• #57 Frontiers | Exploring the causal relationships between rheumatoid arthritis and oral phenotypes: a genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization study

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2024.1383696/full

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) frequently presents with oral manifestations, including gingival inflammation, loose teeth, and mouth ulcers; however, the causal connections between these conditions remain unclear. […] A significant negative genetic correlation was detected between RA and denture usage (rg = −0.192, p = 4.88 × 10−8). Meanwhile, a heterogenous causal relationship between RA and mouth ulcers was observed (OR = 1.027 [1.005–1.05], p = 0.016, Pheterogeneity = 4.69 × 10−8), which remained robust across sensitivity analyses. […] Genetically predicted RA increases the risk of mouth ulcers, and a negative genetic correlation is identified between RA and denture use. […] Our study offers epidemiological evidence for the association between RA and mouth ulcers from a genetic perspective.

• #58 Frontiers | Exploring the causal relationships between rheumatoid arthritis and oral phenotypes: a genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization study

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2024.1383696/full

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) frequently presents with oral manifestations, including gingival inflammation, loose teeth, and mouth ulcers; however, the causal connections between these conditions remain unclear. […] A significant negative genetic correlation was detected between RA and denture usage (rg = −0.192, p = 4.88 × 10−8). Meanwhile, a heterogenous causal relationship between RA and mouth ulcers was observed (OR = 1.027 [1.005–1.05], p = 0.016, Pheterogeneity = 4.69 × 10−8), which remained robust across sensitivity analyses. […] Genetically predicted RA increases the risk of mouth ulcers, and a negative genetic correlation is identified between RA and denture use. […] Our study offers epidemiological evidence for the association between RA and mouth ulcers from a genetic perspective.

• #59 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease was first described after an outbreak in Canada in the 1950s. It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. Currently, hand-foot-and-mouth disease is not listed as a notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, it has been a reportable illness in the Western Pacific region, where there are more severe outbreaks. […] Spring to fall seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease are typical in North America and temperate zones. Years can pass between cyclical epidemics, during which time the pool of unexposed children increases. […] Outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease are possible during the winter, and some are associated with coxsackievirus A6. Year-round outbreaks are common in tropical zones.

• #60 Hand, foot, and mouth disease | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/hand–foot-and-mouth-disease

  HFMD is a common childhood viral illness that is mild and self-limiting. Majority of infections occur at the pre-school age, although infection can also occur in adults. […] Infection leads to a specific immunity against the particular virus that caused the current infection; however, reinfection can occur through a different virus from the enterovirus group. […] HFMD is typically diagnosed based on its clinical presentation. […] In cases with atypical presentation or for public health investigations, laboratory tests through detection of viruses of the Enteroviruses group in throat or vesicles swab through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or virus isolation may be considered. […] HFMD is not a legally notifiable disease in Singapore.

• #61 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Health care professionals working with children are at risk of contracting hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and males and females are equally affected. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #62 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease was first described after an outbreak in Canada in the 1950s. It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. Currently, hand-foot-and-mouth disease is not listed as a notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, it has been a reportable illness in the Western Pacific region, where there are more severe outbreaks. […] Spring to fall seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease are typical in North America and temperate zones. Years can pass between cyclical epidemics, during which time the pool of unexposed children increases. […] Outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease are possible during the winter, and some are associated with coxsackievirus A6. Year-round outbreaks are common in tropical zones.

• #63 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease was first described after an outbreak in Canada in the 1950s. It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. Currently, hand-foot-and-mouth disease is not listed as a notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, it has been a reportable illness in the Western Pacific region, where there are more severe outbreaks. […] Spring to fall seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease are typical in North America and temperate zones. Years can pass between cyclical epidemics, during which time the pool of unexposed children increases. […] Outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease are possible during the winter, and some are associated with coxsackievirus A6. Year-round outbreaks are common in tropical zones.

• #64 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Health care professionals working with children are at risk of contracting hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and males and females are equally affected. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #65

  https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-Conditions/Pages/Hand-Foot-and-Mouth-Disease.aspx

  Infection leads to specific immunity against the particular virus but can be reinfected by a different virus from the enterovirus group. […] After an epidemic of HFMD in Sarawak in 1997 and Taiwan in 1998, a system of surveillance for the disease, based on notifications from child-care centres was implemented in April 1998. […] Singapore experienced an epidemic of HFMD in September-October 2000 during which 3790 cases were reported. […] Reporting the disease was made legally mandatory on October 1, 2000. […] MOH monitors the regional EV 71-associated HFMD situation and tracks the types of enteroviruses circulating in the community through a sentinel surveillance system. […] MOH, together with MCYS and MOE, closely monitors the local disease incidence and trends and provides guidance to childcare centres and kindergartens to ensure that these institutions exercise a high level of vigilance in their management of HFMD.

• #66

  https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-Conditions/Pages/Hand-Foot-and-Mouth-Disease.aspx

  Infection leads to specific immunity against the particular virus but can be reinfected by a different virus from the enterovirus group. […] After an epidemic of HFMD in Sarawak in 1997 and Taiwan in 1998, a system of surveillance for the disease, based on notifications from child-care centres was implemented in April 1998. […] Singapore experienced an epidemic of HFMD in September-October 2000 during which 3790 cases were reported. […] Reporting the disease was made legally mandatory on October 1, 2000. […] MOH monitors the regional EV 71-associated HFMD situation and tracks the types of enteroviruses circulating in the community through a sentinel surveillance system. […] MOH, together with MCYS and MOE, closely monitors the local disease incidence and trends and provides guidance to childcare centres and kindergartens to ensure that these institutions exercise a high level of vigilance in their management of HFMD.

• #67 Ambulatory Pediatric Surveillance of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease as Signal of an Outbreak of Coxsackievirus A6 Infections, France, 2014–2015 – Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/11/16-0590_article

  The clinical impact of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is unknown outside Asia, and the prevalence of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) in particular might be underestimated. […] Monitoring enterovirus infections and providing laboratory confirmation of the serotypes associated with different clinical presentations are of value for the early detection and awareness of emerging enterovirus infections. […] Surveillance of HFMD could lead to better detection of the upsurge of EV-A71 or another serotype associated with severe or distinct clinical features. In Western countries, surveillance of enterovirus infections is undertaken by virology laboratories and is thus restricted to enterovirus-infected persons admitted to hospitals. […] We set up a local surveillance system run by pediatricians in ambulatory care settings that was effective in detecting HFMD outbreaks and the associated enterovirus serotypes.

• #68 Oral Ulceration (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration

  Oral ulceration is a common condition. 25% of the global population are thought to be affected by recurrent aphthous ulcers, one of the most common causes of oral ulcers; and the prevalence of oral ulcers in children has been reported as 9%. […] The incidence of oral cavity cancers is rising in the UK, with Cancer Research UK statistics showing 12,422 new cases on average per year from 2016-2018, an increase of 37% since the early 1990s. […] Incidence varies significantly geographically – in the UK oral cancers account for 3% of all cancers and are the 8th most common cancer. The largest number of cases globally is in India, which has one third of the global number of cancers and one quarter of the total global number of deaths. This is likely to be due partly to tobacco consumption, including the chewing of betel.

• #69 Aphthous Ulcers: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867080-overview

  RAS affects 5-66% of the population. Approximately 1% of children from higher socioeconomic groups in developed countries have RAS; however, 40% of selected groups of children can have a history of RAS, with ulceration beginning before age 5 years and with the frequency of affected patients increasing with age. Multiple factors such as the specific population evaluated, diagnostic criteria, and environmental factors affect the prevalence of RAS. […] Most patients with RAS are otherwise healthy. However, a study by Wiriyakijja et al of 120 patients with RAS indicated that the condition is associated with psychological distress. Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the investigators reported the prevalence of anxiety, depression, distress, and moderate-to-high perceived stress in the cohort to be 42.5%, 18.33%, 28.33%, and 71.67%, respectively. The study found the psychological symptoms to be linked to ethnicity, alcohol consumption, disease comorbidities, clinical type of RAS, ulcer size, pain, and RAS disease activity.

• #70 Mouth Ulcers Treatment Market – Global Market Size, Share, and Trends Analysis Report – Industry Overview and Forecast to 2032 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-mouth-ulcers-treatment-market?srsltid=AfmBOoqECsKIrm42_vyMhcDmuysZQzIVT0PqaDpqMLDptFUdpHK2csjs

  The mouth ulcers treatment market is growing due to the increasing prevalence of oral conditions such as aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus. […] The global mouth ulcers treatment market size was valued at USD 1.64 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 2.24 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 3.95% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2032. […] The increasing prevalence of conditions such as aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus, along with lifestyle factors such as high levels of stress, poor oral hygiene, and an unhealthy diet, is significantly contributing to the rising demand for mouth ulcer treatments. […] North America leads the mouth ulcers treatment market, driven by the presence of major industry players and a high prevalence of mouth ulcers. […] The Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to experience significant growth from 2025 to 2032, driven by increasing awareness about oral hygiene and health.

• #71 Mouth Ulcers Treatment Market – Global Market Size, Share, and Trends Analysis Report – Industry Overview and Forecast to 2032 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-mouth-ulcers-treatment-market?srsltid=AfmBOoqECsKIrm42_vyMhcDmuysZQzIVT0PqaDpqMLDptFUdpHK2csjs

  The mouth ulcers treatment market is growing due to the increasing prevalence of oral conditions such as aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus. […] The global mouth ulcers treatment market size was valued at USD 1.64 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 2.24 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 3.95% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2032. […] The increasing prevalence of conditions such as aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus, along with lifestyle factors such as high levels of stress, poor oral hygiene, and an unhealthy diet, is significantly contributing to the rising demand for mouth ulcer treatments. […] North America leads the mouth ulcers treatment market, driven by the presence of major industry players and a high prevalence of mouth ulcers. […] The Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to experience significant growth from 2025 to 2032, driven by increasing awareness about oral hygiene and health.

• #72 Aphthous Ulcers: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867080-overview

  RAS affects 5-66% of the population. Approximately 1% of children from higher socioeconomic groups in developed countries have RAS; however, 40% of selected groups of children can have a history of RAS, with ulceration beginning before age 5 years and with the frequency of affected patients increasing with age. Multiple factors such as the specific population evaluated, diagnostic criteria, and environmental factors affect the prevalence of RAS. […] Most patients with RAS are otherwise healthy. However, a study by Wiriyakijja et al of 120 patients with RAS indicated that the condition is associated with psychological distress. Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the investigators reported the prevalence of anxiety, depression, distress, and moderate-to-high perceived stress in the cohort to be 42.5%, 18.33%, 28.33%, and 71.67%, respectively. The study found the psychological symptoms to be linked to ethnicity, alcohol consumption, disease comorbidities, clinical type of RAS, ulcer size, pain, and RAS disease activity.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10096-018-3206-x

  For a long time, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) was seen as a mild viral infection characterized by typical clinical manifestations that spontaneously resolved in a few days without complications. […] In the past two decades, HFMD has received new attention because of evidence that this disease could have clinical, epidemiological and aetiological characteristics quite different from those initially thought. […] Moreover, it was found that if some viruses were more common in some geographic areas, frequent modification of the molecular epidemiology of the infecting strains could lead to outbreaks caused by infectious agents significantly different from those previously circulating. […] However, simultaneous circulation of more than one causative virus and modification of the molecular epidemiology of infectious agents make preparations based on a single agent relatively inadequate. […] Vaccines with multiple components are a possible solution.

• #74 Ambulatory Pediatric Surveillance of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease as Signal of an Outbreak of Coxsackievirus A6 Infections, France, 2014–2015 – Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/11/16-0590_article

  The clinical impact of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is unknown outside Asia, and the prevalence of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) in particular might be underestimated. […] Monitoring enterovirus infections and providing laboratory confirmation of the serotypes associated with different clinical presentations are of value for the early detection and awareness of emerging enterovirus infections. […] Surveillance of HFMD could lead to better detection of the upsurge of EV-A71 or another serotype associated with severe or distinct clinical features. In Western countries, surveillance of enterovirus infections is undertaken by virology laboratories and is thus restricted to enterovirus-infected persons admitted to hospitals. […] We set up a local surveillance system run by pediatricians in ambulatory care settings that was effective in detecting HFMD outbreaks and the associated enterovirus serotypes.

• #75 Ambulatory Pediatric Surveillance of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease as Signal of an Outbreak of Coxsackievirus A6 Infections, France, 2014–2015 – Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/11/16-0590_article

  The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiology of enterovirus serotypes associated with HFMD and herpangina in France and to compare the clinical characteristics of HFMD and herpangina according to enterovirus serotypes. […] This study contributes to a more comprehensive view of the epidemiology of HFMD/herpangina in France and the clinical spectrum of HFMD/herpangina associated with enterovirus, in particular with CV-A6. […] Syndromic surveillance of HFMD/herpangina by pediatricians in ambulatory setting with prospective and standardized collection of clinical data in combination with enterovirus testing and genotyping are useful for monitoring the epidemiology of enterovirus infections, for the timely detection of peaks of highest activity, and for determining the enterovirus serotypes involved, leading to better detection of outbreaks associated with EV-A71 or any other serotype associated with severe or distinct clinical features.

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