Materiały źródłowe

• #1 CDC – DPDx – Pthiriasis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/pthiriasis/index.html

  Pthirus pubis, the pubic or crab louse, is an insect of the order Psocodea and is an ectoparasite whose only host are humans. […] Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis) have three stages: egg, nymph and adult. […] Adults are found only on the human host and require human blood to survive. […] Pubic lice are transmitted from person to person most-commonly via sexual contact, although fomites (bedding, clothing) may play a minor role in their transmission. […] The main mode of transmission is person to person by sexual contact with someone who is already infested. […] Adults and nymphs require human blood and are found only on the human host; although they are most-commonly found in the pubic and perianal regions, they may also be found on armpit, mustache, and chest hairs. […] The diagnosis of pthiriasis is best made by finding a live nymph, adult louse, or a nit on the hair of a person, usually in the pubic or perianal area, although they may also be found on armpit, moustache and chest hairs.

• #1 About Pubic

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/pubic-lice.html

  Pubic lice are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. They are short and crab-like and look very different from head and body lice. Pubic lice typically attach to hair in the pubic area. Adult pubic lice are 1.1-1.8 mm in length (size of a pencil tip). […] Adult pubic lice are found only on humans and require blood to survive. They will die within 24-48 hours without a blood meal. Female adult pubic lice lay about 30 eggs during their 3-4-week life span. Eggs hatch after about a week. Nymphs (newly hatched lice) mature into adults over 6 to 9 days. […] Pubic lice infestation is diagnosed by finding a „crab” louse or nits on hair in the pubic region or, less commonly, elsewhere on the body. These areas include the eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, mustache, armpit, groin, torso, scalp, or anus. Pubic lice are short and crab-like; they appear very different from head and body lice (I.e., they are broader and flatter than other lice).

• #1 Crab Lice | Department of Entomology | Washington State University

  https://entomology.wsu.edu/outreach/bug-info/crab-lice/

  Pubic lice (Pediculosis pubis), also known as crab lice or crabs, are parasitic insects found primarily in the genital area of humans. […] Lice are 100% dependent on their host. They feed exclusively on blood and if a louse falls off the person they were attached to, it will die within 1-2 days. […] Pubic lice are spread by close personal contact (most frequently by sexual contact) or by contact with articles such as clothing, bed linens, or towels that were recently used by a person with pubic lice.

• #1 Crab louse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_louse

  The crab louse or pubic louse (Pthirus pubis) is an insect that is an obligate ectoparasite of humans, feeding exclusively on blood. The crab louse usually is found in the person’s pubic hair. […] Crab lice feed exclusively on blood, and take a blood meal 45 times daily. […] Crab louse infestations (pthiriasis) are usually spread through sexual contact and are most common in adults. […] While crab lice are not known to transmit disease, the possibility has been raised they may be a vector for Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp which might require further study. […] Symptoms of crab louse infestation in the pubic area include itching, redness and inflammation. Crab lice are not known to transmit disease; however, secondary bacterial infection can occur from scratching of the skin. […] Crab louse infestation can be diagnosed by identifying the presence of active stages of the louse, as well as of eggs (nits) on the pubic hair and other hairs of the body.

• #1 Pubic Lice (Crabs): Bites, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4522-pubic-lice-crabs

  Pubic lice are tiny insects that live on your pubic hair (the hair around your genitals). Pubic lice are also called crabs. Lice are a type of parasite because they feed off of human blood to survive. […] Crabs spread from person to person through physical contact. You can get pubic lice anytime your hair comes in contact with another persons infested hair. Most commonly, this happens during sexual intercourse. In rare instances, you can get it by sharing personal items like towels or sheets with someone who has pubic lice. […] The lice feed on your blood. They make small bites on your skin. An allergic reaction to the bites causes the itchiness. […] You get genital crabs by coming into close physical contact with a person who has them. The lice crawl from the pubic hair of one person to another. The most common way people catch crabs is by having sex with a person who has them. However, any type of close body contact is enough to spread crabs, even if theres no penetration or intercourse.

• #1 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Lice are ectoparasites that live on the body. Lice feed on human blood after piercing the skin and injecting saliva, which may cause pruritus due to an allergic reaction. […] The 3 types of human lice include the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis), the body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis), and the crab louse (Pthirus pubis). Body lice infest clothing, laying their eggs on fibers in the fabric seams. Head and pubic lice infest hair, laying their eggs at the base of hair fibers. […] Lice are blood-sucking insects. Human lice have small anterior mouthparts with 6 hooklets that aid their attachment to human skin during feeding. The sucking mouthparts retract into the head when the lice are not feeding. In general, lice feed approximately 5 times per day. […] The pubic louse gets the nickname of „crab” from its short, broad body (0.8-1.2 mm) and large front claws, which give it a crab-like appearance.

• #1 Pubic lice

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pubic-lice/

  Pubic lice are tiny insects that can live on body hair, especially the pubic hair around the penis or vagina. They’re spread through close body contact, most commonly through sexual contact. […] Pubic lice are mainly spread by close body contact, most commonly sexual contact. The lice cannot jump or fly, but can climb from one person to another. […] The main treatments for pubic lice are medicated creams or shampoos that kill the lice.

• #1 Lice: Medical Conditions: Health Answers: Student Health Center: Indiana University Bloomington

  https://healthcenter.indiana.edu/health-answers/medical-conditions/lice.html

  Crabs (Pubic) lice are most frequently spread by sexual contact; however, transmission through infested materials, such as bedding, and towels, is possible yet infrequent. […] Although more commonly found in the pubic hair, these lice may also be located in the underarm area, on the chest, eyelashes, even in mustaches and beards. […] A common misconception is that pubic lice can be easily spread by sitting on toilet seats. Lice can only crawl and cannot hang onto smooth surfaces like a toilet seat. […] Adult lice will die after 24 hours without human contact. Any eggs left by the female lice will hatch within two weeks and die within a few hours without food.

• #1 Pubic Lice (Pthirus pubis): History, Biology and Treatment vs. Knowledge and Beliefs of US College Students

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/6/2/592

  Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis) maintain a worldwide parasitic population infesting two to over 10 percent of human populations, continuing a presence that has been constant since early evidence 10,000 years ago. […] Pubic lice are adapted to a sedentary life style on pubic hair, and sometimes on eyelashes and body hair, not often leaving the infested body. They are usually transmitted during sexual contact, and have been associated with other sexually transmitted diseases. […] All lice infestations are diagnosed by identification of live adult lice, and viable eggs (nits) on the hair shafts in the specific body regions giving them their names. […] As noted in Table 1, resistance to the pesticides in pediculocide treatments is increasing. Only pyrethrins+PBO pesticide formulations are available in the US.

• #1 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Their large claws enable pubic lice to grasp the coarser pubic hairs in the groin, perianal, and axillary areas. Heavy infestation with P pubis can also involve the eyelashes, eyebrows, facial hair, axillary hair, and, occasionally, the periphery of the scalp. […] Pubic lice are less mobile than P humanus and P corporis, mainly resting while attached to human hairs. They can crawl up to 10 cm/day. […] The average nit (ie, ovum) of the 3 types of lice is 0.8 mm long. The nit attaches to the base of the hair shaft (in the case of head or pubic lice) or to fibers of clothing (in the case of body lice) with a strong, highly insoluble cement; thus, nits are difficult to remove. […] The ova require optimum conditions of 30C and 70% humidity to hatch within the average time frame of 8-10 days; the incubation period is longer at lower temperatures.

• #1 Pediculosis pubis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculosis_pubis

  Pediculosis pubis (also known as „crabs” and „pubic lice”) is an infestation by the pubic louse, Pthirus pubis, a wingless insect which feeds on blood and lays its eggs (nits) on mainly pubic hair. Less commonly, hair near the anus, armpit, beard, eyebrows, moustache, and eyelashes may be involved. It is usually acquired during sex, but can be spread via bedding, clothing and towels, and is more common in crowded conditions where there is close contact between people. […] The onset of symptoms is typically three weeks after the first infestation of lice and is mainly an intense itch in the pubic area and groin, particularly at night, resulting from an allergic reaction to the saliva of feeding lice. In some infestations, a characteristic grey-blue or slate coloration macule appears (maculae caeruleae) at the feeding site, which may last for days. Nits or live lice may be seen crawling on the skin.

• #1 Pubic lice (crabs) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pubic-lice-crabs

  Pubic lice (crabs) are usually sexually transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. […] Pubic lice infestation causes no serious harm. […] Pubic lice infection is also called pediculosis pubis and the lice are called phthirus pubis. […] Pubic lice are small, flat, light-brown parasites that cling to pubic hair and suck blood for nourishment. […] Lice infestation causes no serious harm, but can be irritating. […] Pubic lice are diagnosed by careful inspection of the affected area. […] Topical creams or lotions are used to treat the pubic lice. […] Symptoms may take a few days to settle. If you still have symptoms one week after treatment, see your doctor for review. […] Any sexual partners you have had over the past month need to be examined and treated.

• #1 Pubic lice (crabs): Symptoms, risk factors, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173681

  Pubic lice, or crabs, are tiny, parasitic insects that feed on blood. […] Lice usually pass from person to person during sex, and healthcare professionals consider them a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] They can also spread from one part of the body to another on the hands, for example, if a person touches their pubic hair and then their eyelashes. […] Barrier protection does not prevent lice from spreading. It is the proximity of body hair that enables their transmission. […] Without treatment, complications can arise. Pubic lice do not pass on diseases, but scratching the affected area of skin can lead to sores or a skin infection. […] If lice are present in the eyelashes, there is a risk of inflammation and infection, such as conjunctivitis. […] The presence of eggs does not necessarily mean that there is an infestation, as some empty eggshells may remain after successful treatment.

• #1 A clinical review and history of pubic lice – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33811771/

  The ectoparasite Pthirus pubis (PtP), commonly known as the crab or pubic louse, has plagued primates from prehistoric apes to Homo sapiens. […] Reports suggest the possibility of PtP as a vector for Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp., which require further study. […] Transmission of PtP is via close contact, so sexual abuse and concomitant sexually transmitted infections should be considered. […] Traditional treatments include hand-picking and combing, but in modern times pediculicidal products may generate faster resolution. […] Resistance to pediculicides is common with head lice and is presumed likely with PtP, although data are lacking. […] In true resistance, a different pediculicide class should be used, e.g. second-line agents such as phenothrin, malathion or ivermectin. […] Lice have existed long before humans and given their adaptability, despite habitat challenges from fashion trends in body hair removal, are likely to continue to survive.

• #1 Pubic lice and scabies | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/pubic-lice-and-scabies

  Pubic lice (also called crabs) and scabies are parasites, easily passed on through close body or sexual contact. […] Pubic lice are spread through close body contact, usually during sex, but other intimate or close bodily contact can pass them on. […] Scabies is passed on through prolonged skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact. […] It takes about three to six weeks for symptoms to appear after infection (the incubation period). […] Although they feed on blood, pubic lice and scabies mites cannot pass on HIV. […] There is a more severe form of scabies called crusted scabies (also known as Norwegian scabies). People with a weakened immune system (with a low CD4 cell count) may be more at risk of this complication, as your immune system may not be able to limit the mites reproducing. […] Crusted scabies can be treated with an insecticide taken orally (as a tablet), called ivermectin, alongside a cream.

• #1 Pubic Lice (Crabs): Bites, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4522-pubic-lice-crabs

  You treat pubic lice using a special shampoo or cream in the infested area. Using regular soap and hot water isnt effective in killing pubic lice. […] Special lice shampoos or creams are the only treatments that will work. They kill pubic lice. Shaving or taking hot baths wont destroy the lice. […] Pubic lice treatments that you can buy without a prescription include: Permethrin cream. You apply the cream to the affected area and wash it off after about 10 minutes. […] If over-the-counter approaches dont work, you may need a prescription for stronger treatments. Your healthcare provider may prescribe a topical cream, shampoo or oral medication. […] The most common oral medication is ivermectin, which you take in two doses. […] You should make sure everyone in your household and any sexual partners from the last two months receive treatment for pubic lice.

• #1 Pubic lice. Pediculosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pubic-lice

  Pubic lice (crab lice) are properly known as Phthirus pubis. […] Pubic lice have become very uncommon in developed countries since shaving of pubic hair has become popular. […] The large claws of pubic lice allow them to grasp onto coarser pubic hairs in the groin, perianal, and axillary areas. Like other human lice, they use their mouthparts to suck blood for nutrition and at the same time inject saliva that causes itching. […] Pubic lice are killed by insecticides. The insecticides usually contain maldison/malathion, permethrin, or pyrethrin. Topical ivermectin has been used effectively off-label.

• #1 Pubic Lice (Pthirus pubis): History, Biology and Treatment vs. Knowledge and Beliefs of US College Students

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2672365/

  Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis) maintain a worldwide parasitic population infesting two to over 10 percent of human populations, continuing a presence that has been constant since early evidence 10,000 years ago. […] Pubic lice infestations are not a reportable condition in the US, but are considered an STD. […] The biological evolution of pubic lice and head or body lice shows divergence morphologically into two distinct species of ectoparasites. […] Pubic lice are adapted to a sedentary life style on pubic hair, and sometimes on eyelashes and body hair, not often leaving the infested body. They are usually transmitted during sexual contact, and have been associated with other sexually transmitted diseases. […] All lice infestations are diagnosed by identification of live adult lice, and viable eggs (nits) on the hair shafts in the specific body regions giving them their names. […] Resistance to the pesticides in pediculocide treatments is increasing. […] Pubic lice especially warrant attention and continued inclusion in health education for young adults because of their relation to STD infection, and their classification as a sexually transmitted disease.

• #2 About Pubic

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/pubic-lice.html

  Pubic lice are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. They are short and crab-like and look very different from head and body lice. Pubic lice typically attach to hair in the pubic area. Adult pubic lice are 1.1-1.8 mm in length (size of a pencil tip). […] Adult pubic lice are found only on humans and require blood to survive. They will die within 24-48 hours without a blood meal. Female adult pubic lice lay about 30 eggs during their 3-4-week life span. Eggs hatch after about a week. Nymphs (newly hatched lice) mature into adults over 6 to 9 days. […] Pubic lice infestation is diagnosed by finding a „crab” louse or nits on hair in the pubic region or, less commonly, elsewhere on the body. These areas include the eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, mustache, armpit, groin, torso, scalp, or anus. Pubic lice are short and crab-like; they appear very different from head and body lice (I.e., they are broader and flatter than other lice).

• #2 Pubic lice | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/pubic-lice.html

  Female pubic lice live on the human body for around 3 to 4 weeks, and lay about 30 eggs during that time. Lice eggs are also called nits. Pubic lice lay them in the hair, normally close to the hairline. After 6 to 10 days the nits hatch into immature pubic lice, called nymphs. They are sexually mature after ten days and then reproduce. […] Pubic lice cannot fly or jump. So, close body contact is needed for them to be passed on from one person to another. They are mainly passed on during sex, and in rare cases through bedding or shared towels. […] The risk of getting pubic lice increases the more different sexual partners you have. That also increases the risk of other sexually transmitted infections. Nearly one third of people who are diagnosed with pubic lice are also diagnosed with another sexually transmitted infection.

• #2 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Lice are ectoparasites that live on the body. Lice feed on human blood after piercing the skin and injecting saliva, which may cause pruritus due to an allergic reaction. […] The 3 types of human lice include the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis), the body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis), and the crab louse (Pthirus pubis). Body lice infest clothing, laying their eggs on fibers in the fabric seams. Head and pubic lice infest hair, laying their eggs at the base of hair fibers. […] Lice are blood-sucking insects. Human lice have small anterior mouthparts with 6 hooklets that aid their attachment to human skin during feeding. The sucking mouthparts retract into the head when the lice are not feeding. In general, lice feed approximately 5 times per day. […] The pubic louse gets the nickname of „crab” from its short, broad body (0.8-1.2 mm) and large front claws, which give it a crab-like appearance.

• #2 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Their large claws enable pubic lice to grasp the coarser pubic hairs in the groin, perianal, and axillary areas. Heavy infestation with P pubis can also involve the eyelashes, eyebrows, facial hair, axillary hair, and, occasionally, the periphery of the scalp. […] Pubic lice are less mobile than P humanus and P corporis, mainly resting while attached to human hairs. They can crawl up to 10 cm/day. […] The average nit (ie, ovum) of the 3 types of lice is 0.8 mm long. The nit attaches to the base of the hair shaft (in the case of head or pubic lice) or to fibers of clothing (in the case of body lice) with a strong, highly insoluble cement; thus, nits are difficult to remove. […] The ova require optimum conditions of 30C and 70% humidity to hatch within the average time frame of 8-10 days; the incubation period is longer at lower temperatures.

• #2 Pubic lice (crabs) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350300

  Pubic lice, commonly called crabs, are tiny insects found in your genital area. They are a different type of louse from head lice and body lice. Measuring 1/16 inch (1.6 millimeters) or less, pubic lice received their nickname because their bodies resemble tiny crabs. […] The most common way to get pubic lice is through sexual activity. In children, pubic lice may be found in the eyebrows or eyelashes and can be a sign of sexual abuse. However, it may be possible to catch pubic lice after sharing clothing, bedsheets or towels with an infected person. […] Pubic lice feed on your blood, and their bites can cause severe itching. Treatment includes applying over-the-counter creams and lotions that kill the parasites and their eggs. […] Pubic lice are most commonly spread during sexual activity. You may also get pubic lice from infested sheets, blankets, towels or clothes.

• #2 STIs: Pubic lice | IPPF

  https://www.ippf.org/blogs/stis-pubic-lice

  Pubic lice are very small, crab-like parasitic insects which live on the pubic hair and survive on human blood. […] Pubic lice are not necessarily sexually transmitted but live on pubic hair and are passed on through close body contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. […] Pubic lice cannot jump like fleas or fly, and they cannot transmit HIV or other STIs. […] If you suspect you or a sexual partner may have pubic lice, see your healthcare provider for a medical examination. […] Pubic lice will not go away without treatment and are likely to be passed to someone else. […] If left untreated, the lice may spread to other parts of the body. […] You should return to your healthcare provider if the treatment doesnt work sometimes pubic lice can develop a resistance to the treatment. […] Unfortunately, condoms will not protect you from pubic lice. The best way to prevent pubic lice infestation is to avoid sexual contact or sharing bedding or clothing with anyone who has an infestation.

• #2 Pubic Lice (Crabs): Bites, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4522-pubic-lice-crabs

  Pubic lice are tiny insects that live on your pubic hair (the hair around your genitals). Pubic lice are also called crabs. Lice are a type of parasite because they feed off of human blood to survive. […] Crabs spread from person to person through physical contact. You can get pubic lice anytime your hair comes in contact with another persons infested hair. Most commonly, this happens during sexual intercourse. In rare instances, you can get it by sharing personal items like towels or sheets with someone who has pubic lice. […] The lice feed on your blood. They make small bites on your skin. An allergic reaction to the bites causes the itchiness. […] You get genital crabs by coming into close physical contact with a person who has them. The lice crawl from the pubic hair of one person to another. The most common way people catch crabs is by having sex with a person who has them. However, any type of close body contact is enough to spread crabs, even if theres no penetration or intercourse.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-crabs-(pubic-lice).aspx

  Pubic lice called Pthiris pubis are different from head louse. Adults are yellowish grey or tan and appear like crabs. […] The adult louse is around 2mm in length. Females are usually larger than males. The lice live for one to three months. The female louse in their lifetime may lay up to 300 eggs. […] The female lays the eggs and attaches them with specially secreted glue or cementing material to the base of the hairs. The eggs appear whitish grey and are smaller than a pin head. The eggs hatch after 6 to 10 days. […] The pubic louse feeds on human blood. When not on a human body, pubic lice can live for up to 24 hours. They rarely leave the human body except for moving onto another person. These lice live on thick coarse hairs like the pubic hair. […] Pubic lice are most commonly passed on through close contact with an infected person. This may be sexual contact as well. Unprotected vaginal, oral or anal sex may transmit the infection from an affected person.

• #2 Pubic lice | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/p/pubic-lice

  Pubic lice or 'crabs’ are tiny insects (parasites) that live in coarse body hair, such as pubic hair. […] Pubic lice infestations are found worldwide. The lice use tiny claws to hang onto hair stands and survive on human blood. They live in pubic hair most commonly but can also live in other coarse human body hair, such as armpit hair, beard hair, chest hair, thigh hair or eyelashes. […] Pubic lice can’t survive for 24 hours without feeding off their human host. […] Pubic lice are spread by direct skin-to-skin contact, which most commonly occurs during sexual contact such as if you: have vaginal, oral or anal sex with someone who is infected with pubic lice. […] You can also get pubic lice when you are in contact with towels, bedding or clothing of someone who is infected with pubic lice, but that is much less common.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-crabs-(pubic-lice).aspx

  Pubic lice (called crabs in common parlance) are caused by very tiny insects called Phthirus pubis. These are parasitic insects that live in coarse human body hair such as hair around the groin. […] Pubic lice are sometimes called crab lice because they appear like crabs under the microscope. Their second and third pairs of legs have crab-like claws. These claws are used to hold tightly on to hairs. […] The lice (Phthirus pubis) as an adult are around 2mm long and are yellow-grey or dusky red in colour. They lay eggs and attach them to the base of hairs. These are called nits. […] The eggs hatch into lice after 6-10 days. Female lice can lay up to 300 eggs in their lifetime of 1 to 3 months. These lice can crawl from hair to hair but cannot jump. […] Pubic lice can live for up to 24 hours off the body, but because they depend on human blood for survival.

• #2 Pubic Lice Infestation (Crabs): Symptoms, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/pubic-lice

  You might need stronger medicine if the lice survive these efforts. […] For pubic lice in eyelashes, you may be able to pluck the nits and lice with tweezers or a nitcomb. […] Itching may persist for a week or two as your body works through its allergic reaction to the bites. […] To prevent a pubic lice infestation, you should avoid sharing clothes, bedding, or towels with anyone who has pubic lice.

• #2 Pubic lice (crabs): Symptoms, risk factors, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173681

  Pubic lice, or crabs, are tiny, parasitic insects that feed on blood. […] Lice usually pass from person to person during sex, and healthcare professionals consider them a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] They can also spread from one part of the body to another on the hands, for example, if a person touches their pubic hair and then their eyelashes. […] Barrier protection does not prevent lice from spreading. It is the proximity of body hair that enables their transmission. […] Without treatment, complications can arise. Pubic lice do not pass on diseases, but scratching the affected area of skin can lead to sores or a skin infection. […] If lice are present in the eyelashes, there is a risk of inflammation and infection, such as conjunctivitis. […] The presence of eggs does not necessarily mean that there is an infestation, as some empty eggshells may remain after successful treatment.

• #2 Pubic lice (crabs) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350300

  Pubic lice infestations can usually be treated with a louse-killing lotion or gel. However, a pubic lice infestation sometimes leads to complications such as: […] To prevent pubic lice infestation, avoid having sexual contact or sharing bedding or clothing with anyone who has an infestation. If you are being treated for pubic lice, all sexual partners also must be treated.

• #2 Crab louse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_louse

  The crab louse or pubic louse (Pthirus pubis) is an insect that is an obligate ectoparasite of humans, feeding exclusively on blood. The crab louse usually is found in the person’s pubic hair. […] Crab lice feed exclusively on blood, and take a blood meal 45 times daily. […] Crab louse infestations (pthiriasis) are usually spread through sexual contact and are most common in adults. […] While crab lice are not known to transmit disease, the possibility has been raised they may be a vector for Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp which might require further study. […] Symptoms of crab louse infestation in the pubic area include itching, redness and inflammation. Crab lice are not known to transmit disease; however, secondary bacterial infection can occur from scratching of the skin. […] Crab louse infestation can be diagnosed by identifying the presence of active stages of the louse, as well as of eggs (nits) on the pubic hair and other hairs of the body.

• #2 Pubic lice (crabs) – treatment, symptom and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pubic-lice-crabs

  Pubic lice (also known as crabs or pthirus pubis) are tiny insects that live in coarse body hair, including: […] Adult pubic lice are grey-coloured and smaller than head lice. They are a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Pubic lice are most commonly spread through skin-to-skin sexual contact. […] Pubic lice feed on human blood. Their saliva often irritates the skin, causing intense itching. […] Your doctor can diagnose pubic lice by carefully inspecting affected areas and finding lice, eggs or empty sacs. […] If you are diagnosed with pubic lice, it’s a good idea to also be tested for other STIs. […] Pubic lice can be treated with a cream or lotions prescribed by your doctor. […] Treatment does not kill unhatched eggs, so you will need to repeat the treatment again 1-2 weeks later to treat any newly-hatched lice. […] It is important to remember that condoms do not provide protection against pubic lice. […] Pubic lice are not known to transmit any infectious diseases, but persistent scratching can cause a secondary skin infection.

• #2 Pubic lice | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/pubic-lice.html

  Topical lotions are a common and easy-to-use option. They contain the active ingredients permethrin or pyrethrin. You soak the affected areas, leave the lotion to take effect for ten minutes, and then rinse it off with water. The dead pubic lice are then washed away. […] To make sure that all pubic lice have been dealt with, you can repeat the treatment after 7 to 10 days. Ivermectin is an option if the pubic lice do not go away. It is available as a lotion or in tablet form.

• #2 Pubic Lice (Pthirus pubis): History, Biology and Treatment vs. Knowledge and Beliefs of US College Students

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/6/2/592

  Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis) maintain a worldwide parasitic population infesting two to over 10 percent of human populations, continuing a presence that has been constant since early evidence 10,000 years ago. […] Pubic lice are adapted to a sedentary life style on pubic hair, and sometimes on eyelashes and body hair, not often leaving the infested body. They are usually transmitted during sexual contact, and have been associated with other sexually transmitted diseases. […] All lice infestations are diagnosed by identification of live adult lice, and viable eggs (nits) on the hair shafts in the specific body regions giving them their names. […] As noted in Table 1, resistance to the pesticides in pediculocide treatments is increasing. Only pyrethrins+PBO pesticide formulations are available in the US.

• #3 Crab louse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_louse

  The crab louse or pubic louse (Pthirus pubis) is an insect that is an obligate ectoparasite of humans, feeding exclusively on blood. The crab louse usually is found in the person’s pubic hair. […] Crab lice feed exclusively on blood, and take a blood meal 45 times daily. […] Crab louse infestations (pthiriasis) are usually spread through sexual contact and are most common in adults. […] While crab lice are not known to transmit disease, the possibility has been raised they may be a vector for Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp which might require further study. […] Symptoms of crab louse infestation in the pubic area include itching, redness and inflammation. Crab lice are not known to transmit disease; however, secondary bacterial infection can occur from scratching of the skin. […] Crab louse infestation can be diagnosed by identifying the presence of active stages of the louse, as well as of eggs (nits) on the pubic hair and other hairs of the body.

• #3 Pediculosis pubis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculosis_pubis

  Pubic lice are usually transmitted from one person to another during vaginal, oral, anal or manual sex, whether a condom is used or not. One sexual encounter with an infected person carries a high risk of catching pubic lice. In some circumstances transmission can occur through kissing and hugging, and less likely via bedding, clothing and towels. The lice spread more easily in crowded conditions where the distance between people is close, allowing the lice to crawl from one person to another. […] Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis) have three stages: the egg (also called a nit), the nymph, and the adult. They can be hard to see and are found firmly attached to the hair shaft. They are oval and usually yellow to white. Pubic lice nits take about 6-10 days to hatch. The nymph is an immature louse that hatches from the nit (egg). A nymph looks like an adult pubic louse but it is smaller. Pubic lice nymphs take about 2-3 weeks after hatching to mature into adults capable of reproducing. To live, a nymph must feed on blood. The adult pubic louse resembles a miniature crab when viewed through a strong magnifying glass. […] Pubic lice are transmitted from person to person most-commonly via sexual contact, although fomites (bedding, clothing) may play a minor role in their transmission.

• #3 Pubic lice. Pediculosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pubic-lice

  Pubic lice (crab lice) are properly known as Phthirus pubis. […] Pubic lice have become very uncommon in developed countries since shaving of pubic hair has become popular. […] The large claws of pubic lice allow them to grasp onto coarser pubic hairs in the groin, perianal, and axillary areas. Like other human lice, they use their mouthparts to suck blood for nutrition and at the same time inject saliva that causes itching. […] Pubic lice are killed by insecticides. The insecticides usually contain maldison/malathion, permethrin, or pyrethrin. Topical ivermectin has been used effectively off-label.

• #3 Crab Lice | Department of Entomology | Washington State University

  https://entomology.wsu.edu/outreach/bug-info/crab-lice/

  Pubic lice (Pediculosis pubis), also known as crab lice or crabs, are parasitic insects found primarily in the genital area of humans. […] Lice are 100% dependent on their host. They feed exclusively on blood and if a louse falls off the person they were attached to, it will die within 1-2 days. […] Pubic lice are spread by close personal contact (most frequently by sexual contact) or by contact with articles such as clothing, bed linens, or towels that were recently used by a person with pubic lice.

• #3 Itchy Down There? Get the Facts About Crabs

  https://dallasbackclinics.com/blog/pubic-lice-itchy-down-there-not-necessarily-sti/

  While often associated with vaginal infections, pubic lice (scientifically named Pthirus pubis) are actually parasitic insects that live on coarse hair near the genitals, pubic area, eyebrows, and occasionally eyelashes. […] Treatment for crabs is straightforward and involves the use of over-the-counter or prescription medications. These medications come in various forms like lotions, creams, or shampoos and work by killing both adult lice and their eggs. […] The best way to avoid crabs is through safe sex practices.

• #3 What are Pubic Lice and Genital Scabies? | Information | Sexual Health Victoria – Sexual Health Victoria

  https://shvic.org.au/stis-and-bbvs/pubic-lice-scabies

  Pubic lice (also sometimes called crabs) are parasite insects that infest the pubic hair. Genital scabies are mites that infest the genital skin. They are both a type of sexually transmissible infection (STI). […] Pubic lice and genital scabies are mainly passed on during sexual skin-to-skin contact with someone who has pubic lice or genital scabies. Sexual skin-to-skin contact may be during genital-to-genital contact, vaginal, anal or oral sex or sharing sex toys. […] If untreated, pubic lice (crabs) and genital scabies can cause a persistent itch, which can lead to sores and bacterial skin infection. […] Breaks in skin due to scratching or infection can increase the risk of getting other sexually transmissible infections. […] Pubic lice and genital scabies are cured by effective treatment, but you do not develop any immunity. It is possible to get another infection. […] The symptoms of genital scabies may persist for 2 3 weeks after treatment as your immune system responds to the scabies. […] Safer sex, including regular STI (and BBV) testing is the best way to lower your risk of getting pubic lice (crabs) and genital scabies.

• #3 Pubic Lice: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention – Skinsight

  https://skinsight.com/skin-conditions/pediculosis-pubis-pubic-lice/

  Pubic lice, also known as crab lice or crabs, are wingless, bloodsucking insects that can live and multiply on coarse hair, especially pubic hair. […] Pubic lice infestation (pediculosis pubis) usually causes itching. […] Pubic lice infestations may occur with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Pubic lice is most frequent in people aged of 15-40 years who are sexually active. […] Lice and their eggs (nits) can be seen attached to the hair in the pubic region and other areas where there is coarse hair. […] The affected areas can be extremely itchy. […] Your medical professional should prescribe treatment for all infested hair-bearing areas to prevent the infestation from coming back. […] Note that you should avoid sexual contact until you and your partner(s) have been treated and reevaluated to ensure the infestation is no longer present. […] Your medical professional can suggest the ideal treatment for your situation and advise testing for other STIs.

• #3 Pubic lice | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/pubic-lice.html

  Female pubic lice live on the human body for around 3 to 4 weeks, and lay about 30 eggs during that time. Lice eggs are also called nits. Pubic lice lay them in the hair, normally close to the hairline. After 6 to 10 days the nits hatch into immature pubic lice, called nymphs. They are sexually mature after ten days and then reproduce. […] Pubic lice cannot fly or jump. So, close body contact is needed for them to be passed on from one person to another. They are mainly passed on during sex, and in rare cases through bedding or shared towels. […] The risk of getting pubic lice increases the more different sexual partners you have. That also increases the risk of other sexually transmitted infections. Nearly one third of people who are diagnosed with pubic lice are also diagnosed with another sexually transmitted infection.

• #3

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/crabs.html

  Crabs are parasites. Crabs are often referred to as pubic lice and are not to be confused with body lice. The scientific name for crabs is Pediculus pubis. Crabs need blood to survive, but they can live up to 24 hours off a human body. Crabs have three very distinct phases; egg, nit (egg or young louse), and adult louse. The louse is the stage of the parasite that causes itching. […] The adult pubic louse resembles a miniature crab which has six legs, but their two front legs are very large and look like the pincher claws of a crab; this is how they got the nickname crabs. […] A lice-killing lotion containing 1 percent permethrin or a mousse containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide can be used to treat pubic („crab”) lice. […] Lindane shampoo is a prescription medication that can kill lice and lice eggs. However, lindane is not recommended as a first-line therapy.

• #3 A clinical review and history of pubic lice – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33811771/

  The ectoparasite Pthirus pubis (PtP), commonly known as the crab or pubic louse, has plagued primates from prehistoric apes to Homo sapiens. […] Reports suggest the possibility of PtP as a vector for Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp., which require further study. […] Transmission of PtP is via close contact, so sexual abuse and concomitant sexually transmitted infections should be considered. […] Traditional treatments include hand-picking and combing, but in modern times pediculicidal products may generate faster resolution. […] Resistance to pediculicides is common with head lice and is presumed likely with PtP, although data are lacking. […] In true resistance, a different pediculicide class should be used, e.g. second-line agents such as phenothrin, malathion or ivermectin. […] Lice have existed long before humans and given their adaptability, despite habitat challenges from fashion trends in body hair removal, are likely to continue to survive.

• #4 Pubic Lice Infestation (Crabs): Symptoms, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/pubic-lice

  Pubic lice, also known as crabs, are very small insects that infest your genital area. […] Lice feed on human blood and cause intense itching in affected areas. Pubic lice usually live on pubic hair and are spread through sexual contact. […] Adult lice lay their eggs on the hair shaft, near the skin. These eggs are called nits. Seven to 10 days later, the nits hatch into nymphs and start feeding on your blood. […] Lice are usually pale gray, but they can darken in color after drinking your blood. […] Lice eggs are another indicator of infestation. The eggs are tiny and white, and are usually found around the roots of pubic hair or other body hair. […] Treatment for pubic lice consists of decontaminating yourself, your clothes, and your bedding. […] Topical, over-the-counter lotions and shampoos can be used to remove pubic lice from your body.

• #4 Pubic lice

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pubic-lice/

  Pubic lice are tiny insects that can live on body hair, especially the pubic hair around the penis or vagina. They’re spread through close body contact, most commonly through sexual contact. […] Pubic lice are mainly spread by close body contact, most commonly sexual contact. The lice cannot jump or fly, but can climb from one person to another. […] The main treatments for pubic lice are medicated creams or shampoos that kill the lice.

• #4 Pubic lice (crabs) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs?content_id=CON-20154559

  Pubic lice (crabs) are tiny insects found in your genital area. They are a different type of louse from head lice and body lice. Measuring 1/16 inch (1.6 millimeters) or less, pubic lice received their nickname because their bodies resemble tiny crabs. […] Pubic lice feed on your blood, and their bites can cause severe itching. Treatment includes applying over-the-counter creams and lotions that kill the parasites and their eggs. […] Pubic lice are most commonly spread during sexual activity. You may also get pubic lice from infested sheets, blankets, towels or clothes. […] Pubic lice infestations can usually be treated with a louse-killing lotion or gel. However, a pubic lice infestation sometimes leads to complications such as discolored skin. […] If over-the-counter lotions or shampoos that have 1% permethrin (Nix) or pyrethrin don’t kill your pubic lice, your doctor may prescribe stronger treatments. […] All hairy areas of the body should be thoroughly checked and treated because lice can move away from treated areas to other hairy parts of the body. Shaving won’t get rid of pubic lice.

• #4

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/crabs.html

  Malathion* lotion 0.5 percent (Ovide*) is a prescription medication that can kill lice and some lice eggs; however, malathion lotion (Ovide*) currently has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of pubic („crab”) lice. […] Ivermectin has been used successfully to treat lice; however, ivermectin currently has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of lice. […] Pubic („crab”) lice most commonly are spread directly from person to person by sexual contact. Pubic lice very rarely may be spread by clothing, bedding or a toilet seat. […] Prompt, qualified, and appropriate medical intervention and treatment and follow-up are important steps in breaking the disease cycle.

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