Wczesna lub opóźniona dojrzewanie
Epidemiologia

Zaburzenia dojrzewania płciowego, obejmujące zarówno przedwczesne, jak i opóźnione dojrzewanie, dotyczą ponad 4% populacji młodzieży i mają istotne implikacje zdrowotne oraz psychospołeczne. Przedwczesne dojrzewanie definiuje się jako pojawienie się cech dojrzewania przed 8. rokiem życia u dziewcząt i 9. rokiem życia u chłopców, z częstością występowania u dziewcząt wynoszącą około 0,2% (w porównaniu do <0,05% u chłopców). Wczesne dojrzewanie wiąże się z podwyższonym ryzykiem chorób sercowo-naczyniowych (około 50% wzrost ryzyka), cukrzycy typu 2, nowotworów (np. wzrost ryzyka raka piersi o 20% przy menarche przed 12. rokiem życia), astmy, otyłości oraz wcześniejszej menopauzy. Opóźnione dojrzewanie, definiowane jako brak cech dojrzewania u dziewcząt do 13. roku życia i chłopców do 14. roku życia, dotyka około 2% młodzieży i jest częstsze u chłopców. Przyczyny opóźnionego dojrzewania obejmują konstytucjonalne opóźnienie wzrostu i dojrzewania (53% przypadków), hipogonadyzm hipogonadotropowy (około 31%) oraz pierwotną niewydolność gonad (13%).

Epidemiologia wczesnej lub opóźnionej dojrzewania

Zaburzenia dojrzewania, obejmujące zarówno wczesne jak i opóźnione dojrzewanie płciowe, stanowią istotną grupę patologii w dziedzinie endokrynologii dziecięcej, dotykając ponad 4% młodzieży. Nieprawidłowy czas rozpoczęcia dojrzewania wiąże się z niekorzystnymi skutkami zdrowotnymi i psychospołecznymi, co ma znaczenie nie tylko dla jednostki, ale również potencjalnie duży wpływ na zdrowie publiczne, szczególnie w kontekście obserwowanej tendencji do wcześniejszego rozpoczynania dojrzewania płciowego w populacji ogólnej1.

Epidemiologia wczesnego dojrzewania

Przedwczesne dojrzewanie płciowe (precocious puberty) definiuje się jako wystąpienie oznak dojrzewania przed 8. rokiem życia u dziewcząt i przed 9. rokiem życia u chłopców2. Istnieją ograniczone badania opisujące trendy i częstość występowania przedwczesnego dojrzewania. Pierwsze badanie epidemiologiczne z duńskiego rejestru narodowego oszacowało, że 0,2% dziewcząt miało jakąś formę przedwczesnego dojrzewania, podczas gdy u chłopców odsetek ten wynosił mniej niż 0,05%3. Ten sam wskaźnik został potwierdzony w innym duńskim badaniu obejmującym okres 1993-20014.

Badanie obserwacyjne przeprowadzone w Hiszpanii oszacowało roczną zapadalność na centralne przedwczesne dojrzewanie płciowe na poziomie od 0,02 do 1,07 przypadków na 100 000 osób5. Z kolei w populacji koreańskiej częstość występowania centralnego przedwczesnego dojrzewania płciowego oszacowano na 55,9 na 100 000 dziewcząt i 1,7 na 100 000 chłopców, a ogólna zapadalność wynosiła 15,3 na 100 000 dziewcząt i 0,6 na 100 000 chłopców6.

Inne źródła podają, że częstość występowania przedwczesnego dojrzewania wynosi około 1 na 5000-10000 dzieci78. Warto zauważyć, że przedwczesne dojrzewanie występuje 10-20 razy częściej u dziewcząt niż u chłopców9. Obecnie około 4 na 10 dziewcząt przechodzi przez przedwczesne dojrzewanie, podczas gdy u chłopców dotyczy to około 1 na 1010.

Amerykańskie dane obserwacyjne pokazują, że w wieku 7 lat 10% białych dziewcząt i 23% czarnych dziewcząt zaczęło już dojrzewanie11. Dane europejskie wskazują, że około 5% dziewcząt zaczyna rozwój piersi przed 8. rokiem życia12.

W 1997 roku Herman-Giddens i współpracownicy oszacowali, że około 8% białych i 25% czarnych dziewcząt w Stanach Zjednoczonych wykazywało oznaki przedwczesnego dojrzewania płciowego13. Zjawisko to może być częściowo związane z rosnącym wskaźnikiem otyłości dziecięcej14.

Interesującym i nadal niewyjaśnionym zjawiskiem jest wysoka częstość występowania przedwczesnego dojrzewania u dziewcząt adoptowanych do Europy Zachodniej z różnych krajów rozwijających się. Zostało to dokładnie zbadane w Danii, gdzie średni wiek wystąpienia thelarche (rozwoju piersi) i menarche (pierwszej miesiączki) u dziewcząt adoptowanych z zagranicy był znacznie niższy niż w grupie referencyjnej dziewcząt urodzonych w Danii15.

Epidemiologia opóźnionego dojrzewania

Opóźnione dojrzewanie definiuje się jako brak oznak dojrzewania płciowego w wieku, który jest o 2 do 2,5 odchylenia standardowego późniejszy niż średnia populacyjna1617. W praktyce oznacza to brak rozwoju piersi u dziewcząt do 13. roku życia lub brak miesiączki do 16. roku życia, oraz brak powiększenia jąder u chłopców do 14. roku życia1819.

Opóźnione dojrzewanie dotyka około 2% młodzieży202122. Warto zauważyć, że opóźnione dojrzewanie jest częstsze u chłopców niż u dziewcząt232425.

Dokładna częstość występowania opóźnionego dojrzewania nie jest znana2627. Szacuje się, że zachorowalność na opóźnione dojrzewanie (hipogonadyzm hipogonadotropowy) wynosi około 1-10 przypadków na 100 000 osób na całym świecie28. Częstość występowania zaburzeń dojrzewania wynosi około 3000 przypadków na 100 000 osób na całym świecie29.

Wahania w normalnym dojrzewaniu występują u około 3% dzieci30. Opóźnione konstytucjonalne dojrzewanie i wzrastanie (CDGP) jest częstsze u chłopców niż u dziewcząt31. Istnieje silna korelacja w rodzinach i społecznościach etnicznych co do wieku dojrzewania. U 50-75% osób z CDGP występuje rodzinny wywiad opóźnionego dojrzewania32.

Przyczyny zaburzeń dojrzewania

W dużym retrospektywnym badaniu z 232 uczestnikami w amerykańskim ośrodku akademickim określono częstość opóźnionego dojrzewania z podziałem na różne przyczyny3334:

  • Najczęstszą przyczyną opóźnionego dojrzewania było konstytucjonalne opóźnienie wzrostu i dojrzewania (CDPG), dotykające 53% młodzieży do 18. roku życia. CDPG było częstsze u chłopców (63%) niż u dziewcząt (30%)3536.
  • Czynnościowy hipogonadyzm hipogonadotropowy występował u 19% pacjentów3738.
  • Trwały hipogonadyzm hipogonadotropowy dotyczył 12% pacjentów3940.
  • Pierwotna niewydolność gonad występowała u 13% pacjentów4142.
  • Pacjenci bez wyraźnie sklasyfikowanego zaburzenia stanowili 3% badanych4344.

Idiopatyczny hipogonadyzm hipogonadotropowy (IHH) ma częstość występowania 1-10 przypadków na 100 000 urodzeń. Odpowiada za około 10% przypadków opóźnionego dojrzewania u chłopców45.

Opóźnione dojrzewanie u około 5-10% chłopców jest spowodowane hipergonadotropowym hipogonadyzmem, najczęściej z powodu zespołu Klinefeltera46.

Wzorce wzrostu zgodne z konstytucjonalnym opóźnieniem dojrzewania występują u niemowląt już w wieku 3-6 miesięcy. Jednak osoby często nie szukają pomocy medycznej aż do okresu dojrzewania, gdy brak rozwoju seksualnego staje się problemem, a różnica wzrostu w porównaniu z rówieśnikami jest powiększona przez opóźnienie skoku wzrostowego w okresie dojrzewania47.

Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje

Istnieje kilka czynników ryzyka związanych zarówno z wczesnym, jak i opóźnionym dojrzewaniem:

  • Predyspozycje genetyczne – czas rozpoczęcia dojrzewania jest w dużej mierze kontrolowany genetycznie i ma silny komponent rodzinny4849.
  • Pochodzenie etniczne – dzieci rasy czarnej rozwijają się około rok wcześniej niż ich rówieśnicy50.
  • Otyłość – zwiększa ryzyko wczesnego dojrzewania u dziewcząt, ale może powodować opóźnione dojrzewanie u chłopców51.
  • Niedożywienie – jest czynnikiem ryzyka opóźnionego dojrzewania5253.
  • Choroby przewlekłe – takie jak cukrzyca, choroby zapalne jelit, astma, choroby serca czy niewydolność nerek mogą opóźniać dojrzewanie5455.
  • Nadmierny wysiłek fizyczny – może przyczyniać się do opóźnionego dojrzewania56.
  • Stres – wysoki poziom stresu może wpływać na czas rozpoczęcia dojrzewania57.
  • Ekspozycja na związki zaburzające działanie układu endokrynnego – mogą one odgrywać rolę w indukowaniu wczesnego dojrzewania58.

Badania wykazały również, że nieobecność biologicznego ojca w domu przewiduje wcześniejszy rozwój piersi i owłosienia łonowego, ale tylko u dziewcząt z gospodarstw domowych o wyższych dochodach59.

Trendy w czasie dojrzewania

Na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad obserwuje się trend do wcześniejszego rozpoczynania dojrzewania, szczególnie u dziewcząt. Średni wiek wystąpienia pierwszej miesiączki jest obecnie o około 6 miesięcy wcześniejszy niż w latach 50. i 60. XX wieku60. Ten trend jest bardziej zauważalny wśród dziewcząt z mniejszości rasowych i etnicznych oraz tych o niższych dochodach61.

Średni wiek dojrzewania obecnie wynosi około 10,5 lat dla dziewcząt i 11,5 lat dla chłopców, według Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego62. Jest to wyraźny spadek w porównaniu z poprzednimi dekadami.

W przypadku chłopców, badanie z Danii wykazało, że średni wiek powiększenia jąder zmniejszył się z 11,92 lat do 11,66 lat między okresami 1991-1993 a 2006-2008, co sugeruje, że więcej chłopców może rozpoczynać dojrzewanie przed 9. rokiem życia63.

Przegląd trendów w zakresie czasu dojrzewania na całym świecie z 2003 roku nie wykazał wyraźnej progresji w kierunku wcześniejszego dojrzewania w Europie Północnej. Jednakże wcześniejszy średni wiek menarche został odnotowany w niektórych krajach Europy Południowej i innych cieplejszych częściach świata64.

Implikacje zdrowotne zaburzeń dojrzewania

Zarówno wczesne, jak i opóźnione dojrzewanie wiążą się z szeregiem konsekwencji zdrowotnych, które mogą utrzymywać się w dorosłym życiu. Zrozumienie tych implikacji ma kluczowe znaczenie dla planowania interwencji i strategii profilaktycznych.

Konsekwencje wczesnego dojrzewania

Wczesne dojrzewanie wiąże się z podwyższonym ryzykiem wielu chorób w późniejszym życiu65:

  • Choroby sercowo-naczyniowe – zarówno mężczyźni, jak i kobiety, którzy przeszli przez dojrzewanie stosunkowo wcześnie, mieli około 50% wyższe względne ryzyko chorób serca6667.
  • Cukrzyca typu 2 – wczesne dojrzewanie wiąże się z 50% wyższym ryzykiem rozwoju cukrzycy typu 26869.
  • Nowotwory – w tym rak piersi, rak szyjki macicy i rak endometrium u kobiet oraz rak prostaty u mężczyzn7071. U osób, które przechodzą pierwszą miesiączkę przed 12. rokiem życia, ryzyko raka piersi wzrasta o 20%72.
  • Astma – późniejsze dojrzewanie wiązało się z wyższym względnym ryzykiem rozwoju astmy73.
  • Otyłość – dzieci z przedwczesnym dojrzewaniem mają zwiększone ryzyko otyłości w dorosłym życiu74.
  • Wcześniejsza menopauza – zarówno wczesna, jak i późna pierwsza miesiączka były związane z wyższym ryzykiem wczesnej naturalnej menopauzy u kobiet75.

Ponadto dzieci z wczesnym dojrzewaniem mogą doświadczyć szybkiego wzrostu, ale jednym z powikłań jest nagłe i wczesne zakończenie tego wzrostu, prowadzące do niskiego wzrostu w dorosłości76.

Przedwczesne dojrzewanie może również mieć poważne konsekwencje psychospołeczne, zwłaszcza u dziewcząt, włączając w to depresję, zaburzenia lękowe, zaburzenia odżywiania i używanie substancji psychoaktywnych7778. Wczesne dojrzewanie czyni również dzieci bardziej podatnymi na nadużycia seksualne i molestowanie79.

Konsekwencje opóźnionego dojrzewania

Opóźnione dojrzewanie również wiąże się z konsekwencjami zdrowotnymi:

  • Zdrowie kości – opóźnione dojrzewanie może wpłynąć na masę kostną i przyczyniać się do późniejszego rozwoju osteopenii i osteoporozy8081. Dzieci z opóźnionym dojrzewaniem mogą czasami doświadczać utraty masy kostnej, co powoduje, że kości są kruche i bardziej podatne na złamania82.
  • Choroby sercowo-naczyniowe i metaboliczne – opóźnione dojrzewanie koreluje z wyższym ryzykiem zaburzeń sercowo-naczyniowych i metabolicznych u kobiet83.
  • Ochronne działanie przeciwnowotworowe – opóźnione dojrzewanie wydaje się mieć działanie ochronne przeciwko rakowi piersi i endometrium u kobiet oraz rakowi jąder u mężczyzn84.
  • Implikacje psychologiczne – opóźnione dojrzewanie może powodować znaczny stres psychologiczny i niską samoocenę85. Dzieci z opóźnionym dojrzewaniem wykazują również gorsze wyniki w nauce w okresie dojrzewania, chociaż zmiany w osiągnięciach akademickich w dorosłości nie zostały określone86.

Warto zauważyć, że badanie przeprowadzone przez Norweska Institute of Public Health wykazało, że osiągnięcie dojrzałości płciowej wcześniej ma pozytywny wpływ na wyniki w szkole, a późne dojrzewanie wydaje się być niekorzystne8788. To odkrycie stoi w sprzeczności z niektórymi wcześniejszymi badaniami i podkreśla złożoność relacji między dojrzewaniem a osiągnięciami akademickimi.

Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego

Biorąc pod uwagę szeroki zakres potencjalnych konsekwencji zdrowotnych związanych z zaburzeniami dojrzewania, istnieją istotne implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego:

  • Monitorowanie trendów – zrozumienie zmieniających się trendów w dojrzewaniu jest ważne, ponieważ miesiączkowanie jest istotnym wskaźnikiem zdrowia89.
  • Identyfikacja grup ryzyka – możliwość przewidywania, kto jest narażony na wysokie ryzyko wczesnego dojrzewania, mogłaby umożliwić rodzinom i lekarzom podjęcie działań w celu zmniejszenia tego ryzyka90.
  • Interwencje – w przypadku dziewcząt, które wykazują bardzo wczesne dojrzewanie, można zaoferować blokery dojrzewania, aby opóźnić jego początek91. Potrzebne są również inne interwencje, czy to leki doustne, czy podejście behawioralne, aby pomóc92.
  • Edukacja – zwiększenie świadomości na temat potencjalnych konsekwencji zdrowotnych wczesnego lub opóźnionego dojrzewania wśród rodziców, nauczycieli i pracowników służby zdrowia93.
  • Badania przesiewowe – regularne badania przesiewowe dzieci pod kątem oznak wczesnego lub opóźnionego dojrzewania mogą pomóc w szybkim wykryciu i interwencji94.

Zrozumienie czynników wpływających na czas dojrzewania ma istotne znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego, ponieważ może pomóc w opracowaniu strategii zapobiegawczych i interwencyjnych mających na celu optymalizację zdrowia w dorosłym życiu9596.

Nowe kierunki badań i wyzwania

Badania nad epidemiologią wczesnego i opóźnionego dojrzewania nadal ewoluują, a naukowcy zgłębiają złożone mechanizmy i czynniki wpływające na czas dojrzewania. Oto kilka ważnych obszarów badań i wyzwań:

Badania genetyczne

Ostatnie badania genetyczne dostarczyły nowych informacji na temat czynników wpływających na czas dojrzewania:

  • W największym tego typu badaniu naukowcy z Uniwersytetu w Cambridge zidentyfikowali ponad 380 wariantów genetycznych związanych z czasem dojrzewania u mężczyzn i kobiet97.
  • Badanie opublikowane w Nature Genetics zidentyfikowało ponad 1000 wariantów – małych zmian w DNA, które wpływają na wiek pierwszej miesiączki98.
  • Znaleziono sześć genów, które „głęboko” wpływają na czas dojrzewania99.
  • Warianty w dwóch genach, MKRN3 i DLK1, miały większy wpływ na dojrzewanie u dziewcząt, gdy były dziedziczone od ojca, co sugeruje, że matki i ojcowie mogą odnosić różne korzyści z dojrzewania występującego wcześniej lub później u swoich dzieci100.

Badacze opracowali „wynik genetyczny”, który może przewidzieć, czy dziewczynka prawdopodobnie osiągnie dojrzewanie bardzo wcześnie czy bardzo późno. Dziewczęta z najwyższym 1% tego wyniku genetycznego były 11 razy bardziej narażone na osiągnięcie dojrzewania po 15. roku życia, co naukowcy opisali jako ekstremalnie opóźnione dojrzewanie. Podobnie, dziewczęta z najniższym 1% wyniku genetycznego były 14 razy bardziej narażone na ekstremalnie wczesne dojrzewanie przed 10. rokiem życia101102.

Badania nad czynnikami środowiskowymi

Naukowcy badają również różne czynniki środowiskowe, które mogą wpływać na czas dojrzewania:

  • Hipoteza higieniczna – niektórzy badacze badają, czy zmniejszona ekspozycja na patogeny w dzieciństwie może przyczyniać się do wcześniejszego dojrzewania, szczególnie u dziewcząt. Zgodnie z tą teorią, infekcje aktywują układ odpornościowy dziecka. Gdy układ odpornościowy dziewczynki przystosuje się do patogennych wyzwań w jej środowisku, zasoby mogą być skierowane na energochłonny proces dojrzewania103104.
  • Związki zaburzające działanie układu hormonalnego – badacze badają rolę powszechnie występujących w środowisku związków chemicznych zaburzających działanie układu hormonalnego we wcześniejszym dojrzewaniu105.
  • Antybiotyki – naukowcy badają, czy stosowanie antybiotyków może odgrywać rolę we wcześniejszym dojrzewaniu106.
  • Masa ciała matki i hiperglikemia – badania wykazały, że otyłość matki (BMI 30 lub więcej) i nadwaga (BMI między 25 a 30) były związane odpowiednio z 40% i 20% większą szansą na wcześniejszy rozwój piersi u dziewcząt107. Badanie wykazało również istotny związek między hiperglikemią (podwyższonym poziomem cukru we krwi w czasie ciąży) u matek a wcześniejszym początkiem rozwoju piersi, ale nie u matek z cukrzycą ciążową108.

Wyzwania w badaniach epidemiologicznych

Mimo postępów w badaniach nad wczesnym i opóźnionym dojrzewaniem, wciąż istnieje kilka wyzwań:

  • Różnice w definicjach – definicje wczesnego i opóźnionego dojrzewania mogą się różnić w zależności od badania, co utrudnia porównywanie wyników109.
  • Różnice populacyjne – częstość występowania i zapadalność znacznie różnią się w różnych populacjach, co utrudnia określenie ostatecznych liczb110.
  • Przyczynowość a korelacja – chociaż badania przekrojowe mogą wskazywać na związek między czasem dojrzewania a niektórymi chorobami, trudno jest ustalić bezpośredni związek przyczynowy111.
  • Długoterminowe badania – potrzebne są bardziej długoterminowe badania, aby w pełni zrozumieć implikacje zdrowotne wczesnego lub opóźnionego dojrzewania w późniejszym życiu112.

Pomimo tych wyzwań, wciąż prowadzone są badania nad mechanizmami wpływającymi na czas dojrzewania i potencjalnymi sposobami zapobiegania niekorzystnym skutkom zdrowotnym związanym z zaburzeniami dojrzewania.

Implikacje dla badań i praktyki klinicznej

Postępy w zrozumieniu epidemiologii zaburzeń dojrzewania mają istotne implikacje dla badań i praktyki klinicznej:

  • Opracowywanie biomarkerów – istnieje potrzeba opracowania lepszych biomarkerów do przewidywania czasu dojrzewania i identyfikacji osób z grup ryzyka113.
  • Interwencje profilaktyczne – zrozumienie czynników wpływających na czas dojrzewania może pomóc w opracowaniu strategii profilaktycznych dla osób z grup ryzyka114.
  • Personalizacja opieki – rosnąca świadomość różnych czynników wpływających na czas dojrzewania może pomóc w dostosowaniu opieki do indywidualnych potrzeb pacjentów115.
  • Edukacja klinicystów – ważne jest, aby klinicyści byli świadomi najnowszych badań i zaleceń dotyczących diagnozowania i leczenia zaburzeń dojrzewania116.

Podsumowując, epidemiologia wczesnego i opóźnionego dojrzewania obejmuje złożony zestaw czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i społecznych. Kontynuowanie badań w tej dziedzinie jest niezbędne, aby lepiej zrozumieć mechanizmy leżące u podstaw tych zaburzeń i opracować skuteczne strategie interwencji w celu optymalizacji zdrowia w okresie dojrzewania i w dorosłym życiu.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Timing of puberty: why is it changing and why does it matter? | Society for Endocrinology
    https://www.endocrinology.org/endocrinologist/134-winter19/features/timing-of-puberty-why-is-it-changing-and-why-does-it-matter/
    Puberty is the key developmental stage of transition from childhood to adult life, with the achievement of adult height and body proportions, the development of external sexual characteristics and the capacity to reproduce. […] In some children, puberty may take place prematurely to produce precocious puberty, whilst, in others, it fails to be switched on at the appropriate time, leading to delayed puberty. The mechanisms behind these pubertal timing abnormalities are varied, and many remain incompletely understood. […] Disturbances of puberty encompass an important group of pathologies within the field of paediatric endocrinology, affecting over 4% of adolescents. In addition, abnormal timing of pubertal development is associated with adverse health and psychosocial outcomes. This is not only important to the individual, but also has a potential major impact on public health, especially in view of the secular trend towards an earlier age of puberty onset.
  • #2 Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p590.html
    Patient information: See related handout on early and delayed puberty. […] Disorders of puberty can profoundly impact physical and psychosocial well-being. […] Precocious puberty is pubertal onset before eight years of age in girls and before nine years of age in boys. […] Delayed puberty is the absence of breast development in girls by 13 years of age and absence of testicular growth to at least 4 mL in volume or 2.5 cm in length in boys by 14 years of age. […] Constitutional delay of growth and puberty is a common cause of delayed puberty; however, functional or persistent hypogonadism should be excluded. […] Abnormal pubertal timing can adversely affect a child’s physical and psychosocial well-being and may be caused by a range of generally benign or pathologic etiologies. […] Girls with signs of puberty before eight years of age and boys with signs of puberty before nine years of age should be evaluated for precocious puberty.
  • #3 Precocious Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544313/
    Precocious puberty is classified into two major categories based on the etiology […] There are very limited studies describing the trends and prevalence of precocious puberty. The first epidemiologic study from a Danish national registry estimated that 0.2 % of females had some form of precocious puberty (CPP, PPP or benign variants) while it was less than 0.05% in males. […] Another observational study in Spain estimated the annual incidence of central precocious puberty to be between 0.02 and 1.07 cases per 100000 persons. […] A study looking into the Korean population estimated the prevalence of CPP to be 55.9 per 100000 girls and 1.7 per 100000 boys. The reported overall incidence of CPP in Koreans was 15.3 per 100000 girls, and 0.6 per 100000 boys. […] The prevalence and incidence vary significantly among different populations making it difficult to estimate definitive numbers.
  • #4 Precocious Puberty: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924002-overview
    The frequency of findings suggestive of precocious puberty in girls and boys depends on whether one is looking at genital hair or breast development, as well as the age at which the condition is considered precocious. The prevalence also depends on whether one is doing population-based screening or assessing the number of patients who are referred to specialists for evaluation. One of the very few studies looking at the prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty based on a national patient register was a Danish report covering the period 1993-2001. The investigators estimated the prevalence at about 0.2% of girls (0.8% for girls ages 5-9 years) and less than 0.05% of boys. […] In 1969, Marshall and Tanner published the results of their study of 192 White British girls, stating that the average age of thelarche was 11 years and defining precocious puberty in girls as commencing before age 8 years.
  • #5 Precocious Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544313/
    Precocious puberty is classified into two major categories based on the etiology […] There are very limited studies describing the trends and prevalence of precocious puberty. The first epidemiologic study from a Danish national registry estimated that 0.2 % of females had some form of precocious puberty (CPP, PPP or benign variants) while it was less than 0.05% in males. […] Another observational study in Spain estimated the annual incidence of central precocious puberty to be between 0.02 and 1.07 cases per 100000 persons. […] A study looking into the Korean population estimated the prevalence of CPP to be 55.9 per 100000 girls and 1.7 per 100000 boys. The reported overall incidence of CPP in Koreans was 15.3 per 100000 girls, and 0.6 per 100000 boys. […] The prevalence and incidence vary significantly among different populations making it difficult to estimate definitive numbers.
  • #6 Precocious Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544313/
    Precocious puberty is classified into two major categories based on the etiology […] There are very limited studies describing the trends and prevalence of precocious puberty. The first epidemiologic study from a Danish national registry estimated that 0.2 % of females had some form of precocious puberty (CPP, PPP or benign variants) while it was less than 0.05% in males. […] Another observational study in Spain estimated the annual incidence of central precocious puberty to be between 0.02 and 1.07 cases per 100000 persons. […] A study looking into the Korean population estimated the prevalence of CPP to be 55.9 per 100000 girls and 1.7 per 100000 boys. The reported overall incidence of CPP in Koreans was 15.3 per 100000 girls, and 0.6 per 100000 boys. […] The prevalence and incidence vary significantly among different populations making it difficult to estimate definitive numbers.
  • #7
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pediatrics/422914/precocious-puberty
    precocious puberty is the appearance of pubertal development in children at a younger age than is considered normal (around 8 years for girls and 9 years for boys) […] Incidence: 1 in 5,000-10,000 children […] Demographics: 10:1 female-to-male ratio.
  • #8 Puberty Blockers: What You Should Know | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/puberty-blockers-for-precocious-puberty.html
    The average age of puberty has been falling for decades. Its now around 10.5 years old for girls and 11.5 years old for boys, according to the Endocrine Society. […] About 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 children are affected by precocious puberty, the National Organization for Rare Disorders says. […] Genetics can often predict if a child will be an early or late bloomer, Dr. Schweiger says. Ethnic backgrounds play a role too, with Black children developing about a year earlier than their counterparts. […] Most kids with precocious puberty dont have an underlying health problem. […] Pediatricians monitor their patients growth alongside overall health, wellbeing and lifestyle. […] Dr. Schweiger has seen an uptick in signs of puberty in young patients. Scientists are still trying to figure out whats behind the recent jump.
  • #9 Precocious Puberty and Why it Matters | Columbia University Irving Medical Center
    https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/precocious-puberty-and-why-it-matters
    Puberty that starts earlier than these age ranges is called precocious puberty. Puberty that starts after these age ranges is called delayed puberty. […] Precocious puberty occurs 10 to 20 times more frequently among girls than boys. Currently, about four in 10 girls and people assigned female at birth undergo precocious puberty. […] Its easier to detect precocious puberty in girls, but about one in 10 boys and people assigned male at birth undergo precocious puberty, too. […] Earlier puberty has been associated with deleterious long-term health outcomes. […] Several studies show an increase in new diagnoses of precocious puberty in Italy following lockdown and months at home. […] If you think your child may be starting puberty too early or have questions about puberty, talk to your pediatrician and ask if its appropriate to see a pediatric endocrinologist.
  • #10 Precocious Puberty and Why it Matters | Columbia University Irving Medical Center
    https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/precocious-puberty-and-why-it-matters
    Puberty that starts earlier than these age ranges is called precocious puberty. Puberty that starts after these age ranges is called delayed puberty. […] Precocious puberty occurs 10 to 20 times more frequently among girls than boys. Currently, about four in 10 girls and people assigned female at birth undergo precocious puberty. […] Its easier to detect precocious puberty in girls, but about one in 10 boys and people assigned male at birth undergo precocious puberty, too. […] Earlier puberty has been associated with deleterious long-term health outcomes. […] Several studies show an increase in new diagnoses of precocious puberty in Italy following lockdown and months at home. […] If you think your child may be starting puberty too early or have questions about puberty, talk to your pediatrician and ask if its appropriate to see a pediatric endocrinologist.
  • #11 Epidemiology of precocious puberty – GPnotebook
    https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/diabetes-and-endocrinology/precocious-puberty-pseudo/epidemiology-of-precocious-puberty
    US observational data shows that at age 7, 10% of white girls and 23% of black girls have started puberty. […] European data approximately 5% of girls are thought to begin breast development before age 8. […] a registry based Danish study using ICD-10 diagnoses estimated prevalence of precocious puberty at 0.2% for girls and 0.05% of boys.
  • #12 Epidemiology of precocious puberty – GPnotebook
    https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/diabetes-and-endocrinology/precocious-puberty-pseudo/epidemiology-of-precocious-puberty
    US observational data shows that at age 7, 10% of white girls and 23% of black girls have started puberty. […] European data approximately 5% of girls are thought to begin breast development before age 8. […] a registry based Danish study using ICD-10 diagnoses estimated prevalence of precocious puberty at 0.2% for girls and 0.05% of boys.
  • #13 Precocious Puberty: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924002-overview
    No data were available to confirm this impression until 1997, when Herman-Giddens et al reported on the incidence of breast and pubic hair development by age and race in 17,000 US girls aged 3-12 years. They used the established definition that breast or pubic development in girls was precocious before age 8 years and estimated that approximately 8% of White and 25% of Black girls in the United States exhibited evidence of sexual precocity. […] Reliable estimates of the frequency of precocious puberty in boys have not been published. However, several centers have reported that they evaluate between one fifth and one tenth as many boys as girls for sexual precocity. Whether early puberty in boys is becoming more common over time, as is the case in girls, is unclear. However, a study from Denmark found that the mean age of testicular enlargement in boys declined from age 11.92 years to 11.66 years between 1991-1993 and 2006-2008, suggesting that more boys may be starting puberty before age 9 years.
  • #14 Why are girls hitting puberty early? : Shots – Health News : NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/05/31/nx-s1-4985074/girls-are-getting-their-first-periods-earlier-heres-what-parents-should-know
    „If someone reaches their first period before the age of 12, they are at a 20% increased risk for breast cancer,” Houghton says. […] Biro points to other research that has found that around the world, girls have been developing breast buds usually the earliest sign of puberty six to 12 months earlier than they used to. Coupled with the dropping age of first menstruation, he says, „in the next decade or two, one would anticipate that there could be a rise in new cases of breast cancer.” […] For example, obesity is known to raise the risk of early puberty in girls, and childhood obesity rates have been rising. But Houghton notes that stress is also a known factor, and the two could be intertwined. […] Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are widespread in the environment also likely play a role.
  • #15 Precocious Puberty: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924002-overview
    A 2003 review of trends in timing of puberty around the world showed no clear progression toward earlier puberty in northern Europe. However, earlier mean age of menarche has been reported in some southern European countries and other warmer parts of the world. […] An interesting and still unexplained finding is the high incidence of precocious puberty in girls adopted into Western Europe from various underdeveloped countries. This has been studied extensively in Denmark, where the mean age at thelarche and at menarche in internationally adopted girls was significantly lower than that observed in a reference group of Danish-born girls.
  • #16 Delayed puberty – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1126
    Delayed puberty is defined as the lack of pubertal signs at an age that is 2 to 2.5 standard deviations later than the population mean, typically by the age of 13 years in girls and 14 years in boys. It is more common in boys. […] Delayed puberty may be functional (constitutional delay, underlying chronic disease, malnutrition, excessive exercise) or organic, due to either a lack of serum gonadotrophin production or action (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism), or gonadal insufficiency with elevated gonadotrophins (hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism). […] Careful assessment of height and pubertal stage is crucial for evaluation of the underlying cause. […] The distinction between organic gonadotrophin deficiency and constitutional (self-limited) delay of puberty is not easy and is often resolved only with the passage of time. […] Patients with an organic cause for delay are given sex-steroid therapy (or gonadotrophins in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism) to induce puberty and are most likely to require lifelong hormone replacement therapy after puberty is complete.
  • #17 Pubertal Delay | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14137/all/Pubertal_Delay?q=Delayed+Puberty
    Pubertal delay is the absence of secondary sexual characteristics (testicular enlargement in boys or breast development in girls) by an age that is 2 to 2.5 standard deviations (SD) beyond the population mean. […] Approximately 2.5% of healthy teens will meet criteria for pubertal delay. […] CDGP explains 5370% of pubertal delay. […] In contrast to boys, in girls, pubertal delay more frequently represents underlying pathology. […] Malnutrition is a risk factor for delayed puberty.
  • #18 Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p590.html
    Girls without breast development by 13 years of age should be evaluated for delayed puberty, and girls without menarche by 15 years of age should be evaluated for primary amenorrhea. […] Boys who do not have testicular growth to at least 4 mL in volume or 2.5 cm in length by 14 years of age should be evaluated for delayed puberty. […] In patients with precocious puberty, brain magnetic resonance imaging should be performed in girls younger than six years, all boys, and children with neurologic symptoms to evaluate for a central nervous system lesion. […] Boys older than 14 years and girls older than 13 years with possible constitutional delay of growth and puberty may benefit from a short course of sex steroids to jump-start puberty. […] Puberty is considered delayed when there are no signs of breast development by 13 years of age in girls or testicular enlargement by 14 years of age in boys.
  • #19 Early or delayed puberty | nidirect
    https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/early-or-delayed-puberty
    Puberty is when a child’s body begins to develop and change as they become an adult. There’s not usually any need to worry if puberty doesn’t start around the average age. Speak to your GP if it starts before eight years old or hasn’t started by around 14 years old. […] In some cases, early puberty or delayed puberty could be a sign of an underlying condition that may need to be treated. […] Early puberty, also called precocious puberty, is when: girls have signs of puberty before eight years of age; boys have signs of puberty before nine years of age. […] Early puberty mostly affects girls and often has no obvious cause. It’s less common in boys and may be more likely to be associated with an underlying problem. […] Delayed puberty is when: boys have no signs of testicular development by 14 years of age; girls have not started to develop breasts by 13 years of age, or they have developed breasts, but their periods haven’t started, by 15 years of age. […] It’s not always clear what causes delayed puberty. It may just be a tendency that runs in your family, and is generally more common in boys.
  • #20 Delayed puberty – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_puberty
    Delayed puberty affects about 2% of adolescents. […] Delayed puberty is considered when the child has not begun puberty when two standard deviations or about 95% of children from similar backgrounds have. […] In North American girls, puberty is considered delayed when breast development has not begun by age 13, when they have not started menstruating by age 15, and when there is no increased growth rate. […] Delayed puberty is more common in males. […] Timely medical assessment is a necessity since as many as half of girls with delayed puberty have an underlying pathology. […] Pediatric endocrinologists are the physicians with the most training and experience in evaluating delayed puberty. […] The goals of short-term hormone therapy are to induce the beginning of sexual development and induce a growth spurt, but it should be limited to children with severe distress or anxiety secondary to their delayed puberty.
  • #21 Addressing Disorders of Puberty in Girls – Advances in Pediatric Endocrinology | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/advances-pediatrics/addressing-disorders-of-puberty-in-girls
    Puberty represents a phase of extraordinary development in a young girls life. Disorders of puberty can significantly impact a childs physical and emotional well-being. In females, disorders of puberty are classified as either precocious puberty prior to 8 years old, or delayed lack of breast development by 13 years old or menarche by 16 years old. Earlier puberty may be associated with increased risk for breast and endometrial cancer due to longer estrogen exposure and delayed puberty is associated with increased risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis. To help prevent the long-term health effects associated with both early and delayed puberty, the authors recommend ongoing monitoring of children diagnosed with precocious or delayed puberty. […] Delayed puberty affects some 2 percent of girls and may be categorized as constitutional, hypogonadotropic, or hypergonadotropic. […] The pediatric endocrinologists at NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Childrens Hospital note that precocious and delayed puberty are wide-ranging classifications that describe deviations from normally timed puberty and are associated with a range of medical and psychosocial issues.
  • #22 Growth and Puberty (Remedy BNSSG ICB)
    https://remedy.bnssg.icb.nhs.uk/children-young-people/endocrinology/growth-and-puberty/
    Delayed puberty is defined as the lack of any pubertal signs by the age of 13 years in girls and 14 years in boys. It affects approximately 2% of adolescents and is more common in boys. […] Premature Puberty is defined as any signs of puberty in girls 8 years and boys 9 years.
  • #23 Delayed puberty – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_puberty
    Delayed puberty affects about 2% of adolescents. […] Delayed puberty is considered when the child has not begun puberty when two standard deviations or about 95% of children from similar backgrounds have. […] In North American girls, puberty is considered delayed when breast development has not begun by age 13, when they have not started menstruating by age 15, and when there is no increased growth rate. […] Delayed puberty is more common in males. […] Timely medical assessment is a necessity since as many as half of girls with delayed puberty have an underlying pathology. […] Pediatric endocrinologists are the physicians with the most training and experience in evaluating delayed puberty. […] The goals of short-term hormone therapy are to induce the beginning of sexual development and induce a growth spurt, but it should be limited to children with severe distress or anxiety secondary to their delayed puberty.
  • #24 Delayed puberty in girls: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007694.htm
    Delayed puberty in girls occurs when breasts don’t develop by age 13 or menstrual periods do not begin by age 16. […] Delayed puberty is more common in boys than in girls. […] Your child’s health care provider will take a family history to know if delayed puberty runs in the family. […] Contact your provider if: Your child shows a slow growth rate, Puberty does not begin by 13 years of age, Puberty begins, but does not progress normally. […] A referral to a pediatric endocrinologist may be recommended for girls with delayed puberty.
  • #25 Early or delayed puberty
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/early-or-delayed-puberty/
    Puberty is when a child’s body begins to develop and change as they become an adult. […] The average age for girls to start puberty is 11, while for boys the average age is 12. […] In some cases, early puberty or delayed puberty could be a sign of an underlying condition that may need to be treated. […] Early puberty, also called precocious puberty, is when: girls have signs of puberty before 8 years of age; boys have signs of puberty before 9 years of age. […] Early puberty mostly affects girls and often has no obvious cause. It’s less common in boys and may be more likely to be associated with an underlying problem. […] Delayed puberty is when: boys have no signs of testicular development by 14 years of age; girls have not started to develop breasts by 13 years of age, or they have developed breasts but their periods have not started by 15. […] Delayed puberty is generally more common in boys.
  • #26 Delayed puberty epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Delayed_puberty_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The incidence of delayed puberty (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) is approximately 1-10 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of delayed puberty is unknown. […] Delayed puberty is commonly seen in children under 15 years of age. […] Delayed puberty usually affects individuals of all races. […] A definite diagnosis of the mean age of puberty onset in any specific society can help to reduce the effects of ethnicity on delayed puberty epidemiology. […] Boys are more commonly affected by delayed puberty (constitutional delay of puberty) than girls. […] Although there is a difference between the age of puberty onset in developed and developing countries, epidemiology of delayed puberty is same.
  • #27 Delayed Puberty – Pediatric Endocrinology
    https://pediatricendocrinologynj.com/delayed-puberty/
    The incidence of delayed puberty (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) is approximately 1-10 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of delayed puberty is not known. Prevalence of puberty disorders is about 3,000 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Delayed puberty usually occurs in individuals of all races, equally. […] Definite diagnosis upon the mean age of puberty onset in any specific societies can help to reduce the effects of ethnicity on delayed puberty epidemiology. […] Boys are more commonly affected by delayed puberty (constitutional delay of puberty) than girls.
  • #28 Delayed Puberty – Pediatric Endocrinology
    https://pediatricendocrinologynj.com/delayed-puberty/
    The incidence of delayed puberty (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) is approximately 1-10 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of delayed puberty is not known. Prevalence of puberty disorders is about 3,000 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Delayed puberty usually occurs in individuals of all races, equally. […] Definite diagnosis upon the mean age of puberty onset in any specific societies can help to reduce the effects of ethnicity on delayed puberty epidemiology. […] Boys are more commonly affected by delayed puberty (constitutional delay of puberty) than girls.
  • #29 Delayed Puberty – Pediatric Endocrinology
    https://pediatricendocrinologynj.com/delayed-puberty/
    The incidence of delayed puberty (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) is approximately 1-10 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of delayed puberty is not known. Prevalence of puberty disorders is about 3,000 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Delayed puberty usually occurs in individuals of all races, equally. […] Definite diagnosis upon the mean age of puberty onset in any specific societies can help to reduce the effects of ethnicity on delayed puberty epidemiology. […] Boys are more commonly affected by delayed puberty (constitutional delay of puberty) than girls.
  • #30 Delayed Puberty: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/delayed-puberty
    Normal puberty occurs across an age range, and diagnosis of pathology requires familiarity with the normal range. […] Exact prevalence of delayed puberty is not known. Variations in normal puberty occur in approximately 3% of children. […] CDGP, also called simple delay, is more common in boys than in girls. […] There is a strong correlation within families and ethnic communities for age at puberty. 50-75% of those with CDGP have a family history of delayed puberty. […] Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has an incidence of 1-10 cases per 100,000 births. It accounts for around 10% of cases of delayed puberty in boys. […] Delayed puberty in around 5-10% of boys is caused by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, most often due to Klinefelter’s syndrome.
  • #31 Delayed Puberty: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/delayed-puberty
    Normal puberty occurs across an age range, and diagnosis of pathology requires familiarity with the normal range. […] Exact prevalence of delayed puberty is not known. Variations in normal puberty occur in approximately 3% of children. […] CDGP, also called simple delay, is more common in boys than in girls. […] There is a strong correlation within families and ethnic communities for age at puberty. 50-75% of those with CDGP have a family history of delayed puberty. […] Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has an incidence of 1-10 cases per 100,000 births. It accounts for around 10% of cases of delayed puberty in boys. […] Delayed puberty in around 5-10% of boys is caused by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, most often due to Klinefelter’s syndrome.
  • #32 Delayed Puberty: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/delayed-puberty
    Normal puberty occurs across an age range, and diagnosis of pathology requires familiarity with the normal range. […] Exact prevalence of delayed puberty is not known. Variations in normal puberty occur in approximately 3% of children. […] CDGP, also called simple delay, is more common in boys than in girls. […] There is a strong correlation within families and ethnic communities for age at puberty. 50-75% of those with CDGP have a family history of delayed puberty. […] Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has an incidence of 1-10 cases per 100,000 births. It accounts for around 10% of cases of delayed puberty in boys. […] Delayed puberty in around 5-10% of boys is caused by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, most often due to Klinefelter’s syndrome.
  • #33 Delayed Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544322/
    Delayed puberty not infrequently occurs in the pediatric population and a common reason for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of pubertal delay and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care to patients with this condition. […] In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #34 Delayed Puberty | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20323
    In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #35 Delayed Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544322/
    Delayed puberty not infrequently occurs in the pediatric population and a common reason for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of pubertal delay and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care to patients with this condition. […] In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #36 Delayed Puberty | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20323
    In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #37 Delayed Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544322/
    Delayed puberty not infrequently occurs in the pediatric population and a common reason for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of pubertal delay and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care to patients with this condition. […] In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #38 Delayed Puberty | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20323
    In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #39 Delayed Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544322/
    Delayed puberty not infrequently occurs in the pediatric population and a common reason for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of pubertal delay and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care to patients with this condition. […] In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #40 Delayed Puberty | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20323
    In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #41 Delayed Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544322/
    Delayed puberty not infrequently occurs in the pediatric population and a common reason for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of pubertal delay and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care to patients with this condition. […] In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #42 Delayed Puberty | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20323
    In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #43 Delayed Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544322/
    Delayed puberty not infrequently occurs in the pediatric population and a common reason for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of pubertal delay and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care to patients with this condition. […] In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #44 Delayed Puberty | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20323
    In a large retrospective study, with 232 subjects at an academic center in the United States, the frequency of delayed puberty was divided by its different causes. […] The most common cause of delayed puberty was CDPG, affecting 53% of adolescents 18 years or younger. CDPG was more common in males (63%) than in females (30%). […] Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred in 19% of patients. […] Permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism comprised 12% of patients. […] Primary gonadal failure occurred in 13% of patients. […] Patients without a clearly classified disorder occurred in 3% of subjects.
  • #45 Delayed Puberty: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/delayed-puberty
    Normal puberty occurs across an age range, and diagnosis of pathology requires familiarity with the normal range. […] Exact prevalence of delayed puberty is not known. Variations in normal puberty occur in approximately 3% of children. […] CDGP, also called simple delay, is more common in boys than in girls. […] There is a strong correlation within families and ethnic communities for age at puberty. 50-75% of those with CDGP have a family history of delayed puberty. […] Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has an incidence of 1-10 cases per 100,000 births. It accounts for around 10% of cases of delayed puberty in boys. […] Delayed puberty in around 5-10% of boys is caused by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, most often due to Klinefelter’s syndrome.
  • #46 Delayed Puberty: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/delayed-puberty
    Normal puberty occurs across an age range, and diagnosis of pathology requires familiarity with the normal range. […] Exact prevalence of delayed puberty is not known. Variations in normal puberty occur in approximately 3% of children. […] CDGP, also called simple delay, is more common in boys than in girls. […] There is a strong correlation within families and ethnic communities for age at puberty. 50-75% of those with CDGP have a family history of delayed puberty. […] Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has an incidence of 1-10 cases per 100,000 births. It accounts for around 10% of cases of delayed puberty in boys. […] Delayed puberty in around 5-10% of boys is caused by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, most often due to Klinefelter’s syndrome.
  • #47 Constitutional Growth Delay: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/919677-overview
    Approximately 15% of patients with short stature referred for endocrinologic evaluation have constitutional growth delay. Individuals with constitutional growth delay and familial short stature represent another 23%. The frequency of constitutional growth delay may be underestimated because individuals with milder delays and those who are not psychologically stressed may not be seen by subspecialists. […] Patterns of growth consistent with constitutional growth delay occur in infants as young as 3-6 months. However, individuals often do not seek medical attention until puberty, when lack of sexual development becomes a concern and discrepancy in height from peers is magnified by the delay in pubertal growth spurt.
  • #48 Familial early puberty: presentation and inheritance pattern in 139 families | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text
    https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-016-0130-x
    The mechanism that initiates the onset of puberty is largely unknown but the age of onset is mainly under genetic control and influenced by environmental factors including nutrition. […] The data confirm the high incidence of affected girls with familial early puberty. The mode of inheritance of the phenotype is predominantly maternal. More than half of the families included both precocious and advanced puberty suggesting similar genetic factors. […] Central precocious puberty (PP) is defined as the development of sexual characteristics before the age of 8 years in girls and 910 years in boys and this is due to the premature activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. […] Understanding the causes of PP is important since it is reported to be linked with increased risk of other diseases including polycystic ovaries, metabolic diseases and cancer.
  • #49 Puberty Blockers: What You Should Know | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/puberty-blockers-for-precocious-puberty.html
    The average age of puberty has been falling for decades. Its now around 10.5 years old for girls and 11.5 years old for boys, according to the Endocrine Society. […] About 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 children are affected by precocious puberty, the National Organization for Rare Disorders says. […] Genetics can often predict if a child will be an early or late bloomer, Dr. Schweiger says. Ethnic backgrounds play a role too, with Black children developing about a year earlier than their counterparts. […] Most kids with precocious puberty dont have an underlying health problem. […] Pediatricians monitor their patients growth alongside overall health, wellbeing and lifestyle. […] Dr. Schweiger has seen an uptick in signs of puberty in young patients. Scientists are still trying to figure out whats behind the recent jump.
  • #50 Puberty Blockers: What You Should Know | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/puberty-blockers-for-precocious-puberty.html
    The average age of puberty has been falling for decades. Its now around 10.5 years old for girls and 11.5 years old for boys, according to the Endocrine Society. […] About 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 children are affected by precocious puberty, the National Organization for Rare Disorders says. […] Genetics can often predict if a child will be an early or late bloomer, Dr. Schweiger says. Ethnic backgrounds play a role too, with Black children developing about a year earlier than their counterparts. […] Most kids with precocious puberty dont have an underlying health problem. […] Pediatricians monitor their patients growth alongside overall health, wellbeing and lifestyle. […] Dr. Schweiger has seen an uptick in signs of puberty in young patients. Scientists are still trying to figure out whats behind the recent jump.
  • #51 Diagnosing Disorders of Puberty | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/disorders-of-puberty/diagnosis
    Puberty typically starts between ages 8 and 14 in girls and ages 9 and 14 in boys. […] Problems with the production of these hormones can lead to disorders of puberty, including precocious, or early, puberty and delayed puberty. […] The causes of puberty disorders are mostly unknown, but can include malnutrition, noncancerous or cancerous brain tumors, diabetes, excessive exercise, eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia, chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer, trauma to the head, and genetic conditions that cause missing or additional chromosomes. Obesity may cause early puberty in girls and delayed puberty in boys. […] Children with delayed puberty can sometimes experience bone loss, causing bones to be brittle and more likely to fracture.
  • #52 Pubertal Delay | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14137/all/Pubertal_Delay?q=Delayed+Puberty
    Pubertal delay is the absence of secondary sexual characteristics (testicular enlargement in boys or breast development in girls) by an age that is 2 to 2.5 standard deviations (SD) beyond the population mean. […] Approximately 2.5% of healthy teens will meet criteria for pubertal delay. […] CDGP explains 5370% of pubertal delay. […] In contrast to boys, in girls, pubertal delay more frequently represents underlying pathology. […] Malnutrition is a risk factor for delayed puberty.
  • #53 Early puberty & late puberty | Raising Children Network
    https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/puberty-early-or-late
    Late puberty can also be caused by lifestyle and social issues like poor nutrition, eating disorders or severe stress. […] Teenagers who experience late puberty usually catch up to their peers they just start developing later. […] You might hear late puberty called pubertal delay or constitutional delay by health professionals.
  • #54
    https://www.nuh.com.sg/health-resources/diseases-and-conditions/pubertal-disorders-in-children
    Pubertal disorders can manifest as either precocious (early) or delayed puberty. […] Early puberty is characterised by the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age nine in boys and before age eight in girls. Delayed puberty is characterised by the absence of testicular enlargement in boys by age 14 and the absence of breast development in girls by age 13. […] More frequently seen in boys, delayed puberty often reflects familial growth patterns. However, chronic illnesses like diabetes, heart disease or kidney disease can also delay puberty. Appropriate management of these conditions may mitigate delayed puberty risks.
  • #55 Early puberty & late puberty | Raising Children Network
    https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/development/puberty-sexual-development/puberty-early-or-late
    Late puberty can also be caused by lifestyle and social issues like poor nutrition, eating disorders or severe stress. […] Teenagers who experience late puberty usually catch up to their peers they just start developing later. […] You might hear late puberty called pubertal delay or constitutional delay by health professionals.
  • #56
    https://step2.medbullets.com/endocrine/422930/delayed-puberty
    in girls the absence of breast development by 12 years of age […] in boys the absence of testicular enlargment by 14 years of age […] Risk factors family history of delayed puberty […] poor nutrition […] excessive exercises […] chronic illness (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease) […] the most common cause of delayed puberty […] believed to be secondary to a functional defect in the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) […] patients may have a family history of „late bloomers” […] Treatment should directed at the underlying cause […] Lower self-esteem due to teasing in school […] Increased risk of fracture secondary to decreased bone mineral density […] the height of boys or girls with constitutional delay of puberty may be slightly lower than their genetic potential.
  • #57 Why are girls hitting puberty early? : Shots – Health News : NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/05/31/nx-s1-4985074/girls-are-getting-their-first-periods-earlier-heres-what-parents-should-know
    „If someone reaches their first period before the age of 12, they are at a 20% increased risk for breast cancer,” Houghton says. […] Biro points to other research that has found that around the world, girls have been developing breast buds usually the earliest sign of puberty six to 12 months earlier than they used to. Coupled with the dropping age of first menstruation, he says, „in the next decade or two, one would anticipate that there could be a rise in new cases of breast cancer.” […] For example, obesity is known to raise the risk of early puberty in girls, and childhood obesity rates have been rising. But Houghton notes that stress is also a known factor, and the two could be intertwined. […] Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are widespread in the environment also likely play a role.
  • #58 Why are girls hitting puberty early? : Shots – Health News : NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/05/31/nx-s1-4985074/girls-are-getting-their-first-periods-earlier-heres-what-parents-should-know
    „If someone reaches their first period before the age of 12, they are at a 20% increased risk for breast cancer,” Houghton says. […] Biro points to other research that has found that around the world, girls have been developing breast buds usually the earliest sign of puberty six to 12 months earlier than they used to. Coupled with the dropping age of first menstruation, he says, „in the next decade or two, one would anticipate that there could be a rise in new cases of breast cancer.” […] For example, obesity is known to raise the risk of early puberty in girls, and childhood obesity rates have been rising. But Houghton notes that stress is also a known factor, and the two could be intertwined. […] Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are widespread in the environment also likely play a role.
  • #59 Father absence linked to earlier puberty among certain girls – Berkeley News
    https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/09/17/puberty/
    Girls in homes without a biological father are more likely to hit puberty at an earlier age, according to a new study led by researchers at UC Berkeley’s School of Public Health. The findings held only for girls in higher income households, and even after the girls’ weight was taken into account. […] The findings, to be published Sept. 17 in the Journal of Adolescent Health, found that the absence of a biologically related father in the home predicted earlier breast and pubic hair development, but only for girls in higher income households. […] Early puberty has been linked to greater risk for breast and other reproductive cancers later in life, among other health impacts. […] These findings demonstrate that such factors may play important roles in the onset of puberty in girls. […] The link between father absence and earlier puberty in girls has been found in previous research, but most of those studies relied upon recall of the girls’ first periods, and few examined the contributions of body mass index, ethnicity and income.
  • #60 Why are girls hitting puberty early? : Shots – Health News : NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/05/31/nx-s1-4985074/girls-are-getting-their-first-periods-earlier-heres-what-parents-should-know
    Researchers say multiple factors are likely impacting early puberty, including obesity, stress and endocrine-disrupting hormones which are widespread in the environment. […] Girls in the U.S. are getting their first menstrual period about 6 months earlier on average than they did in the 1950s and ’60s. And more girls are beginning menstruation before the age of 9, which is considered a very early age. […] The study found this trend toward earlier periods across all demographics, but it was much more pronounced among girls from racial and ethnic minorities and those from lower incomes. […] Researchers say understanding changing trends in menstruation is important, because menstruation is a vital sign for health. […] The study also found more girls are taking longer to reach regular menstrual cycles. Irregular menstrual cycles are associated with several health conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS. And an earlier age of first menstruation is linked to several adverse health outcomes, including a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, miscarriage and early death. It’s also linked to several cancers, including ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer.
  • #61 Why are girls hitting puberty early? : Shots – Health News : NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/05/31/nx-s1-4985074/girls-are-getting-their-first-periods-earlier-heres-what-parents-should-know
    Researchers say multiple factors are likely impacting early puberty, including obesity, stress and endocrine-disrupting hormones which are widespread in the environment. […] Girls in the U.S. are getting their first menstrual period about 6 months earlier on average than they did in the 1950s and ’60s. And more girls are beginning menstruation before the age of 9, which is considered a very early age. […] The study found this trend toward earlier periods across all demographics, but it was much more pronounced among girls from racial and ethnic minorities and those from lower incomes. […] Researchers say understanding changing trends in menstruation is important, because menstruation is a vital sign for health. […] The study also found more girls are taking longer to reach regular menstrual cycles. Irregular menstrual cycles are associated with several health conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS. And an earlier age of first menstruation is linked to several adverse health outcomes, including a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, miscarriage and early death. It’s also linked to several cancers, including ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer.
  • #62 Puberty Blockers: What You Should Know | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/puberty-blockers-for-precocious-puberty.html
    The average age of puberty has been falling for decades. Its now around 10.5 years old for girls and 11.5 years old for boys, according to the Endocrine Society. […] About 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 children are affected by precocious puberty, the National Organization for Rare Disorders says. […] Genetics can often predict if a child will be an early or late bloomer, Dr. Schweiger says. Ethnic backgrounds play a role too, with Black children developing about a year earlier than their counterparts. […] Most kids with precocious puberty dont have an underlying health problem. […] Pediatricians monitor their patients growth alongside overall health, wellbeing and lifestyle. […] Dr. Schweiger has seen an uptick in signs of puberty in young patients. Scientists are still trying to figure out whats behind the recent jump.
  • #63 Precocious Puberty: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924002-overview
    No data were available to confirm this impression until 1997, when Herman-Giddens et al reported on the incidence of breast and pubic hair development by age and race in 17,000 US girls aged 3-12 years. They used the established definition that breast or pubic development in girls was precocious before age 8 years and estimated that approximately 8% of White and 25% of Black girls in the United States exhibited evidence of sexual precocity. […] Reliable estimates of the frequency of precocious puberty in boys have not been published. However, several centers have reported that they evaluate between one fifth and one tenth as many boys as girls for sexual precocity. Whether early puberty in boys is becoming more common over time, as is the case in girls, is unclear. However, a study from Denmark found that the mean age of testicular enlargement in boys declined from age 11.92 years to 11.66 years between 1991-1993 and 2006-2008, suggesting that more boys may be starting puberty before age 9 years.
  • #64 Precocious Puberty: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924002-overview
    A 2003 review of trends in timing of puberty around the world showed no clear progression toward earlier puberty in northern Europe. However, earlier mean age of menarche has been reported in some southern European countries and other warmer parts of the world. […] An interesting and still unexplained finding is the high incidence of precocious puberty in girls adopted into Western Europe from various underdeveloped countries. This has been studied extensively in Denmark, where the mean age at thelarche and at menarche in internationally adopted girls was significantly lower than that observed in a reference group of Danish-born girls.
  • #65 Timing of puberty: why is it changing and why does it matter? | Society for Endocrinology
    https://www.endocrinology.org/endocrinologist/134-winter19/features/timing-of-puberty-why-is-it-changing-and-why-does-it-matter/
    Early puberty, in particular, is associated with adverse health outcomes, including breast and endometrial cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, short stature and even increased mortality. Until recently, it had not been clearly shown that late pubertal timing is also associated with adverse health outcomes, but data from the UK Biobank study from both genders have demonstrated that delayed puberty also has profound impacts on health in later life.
  • #66 UK Biobank study finds timing of puberty has wide-ranging impacts on health in later life – MRC Epidemiology Unit
    https://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/blog/2015/06/18/timing-puberty-impacts-health/
    UK Biobank study finds timing of puberty has wide-ranging impacts on health in later life. Researchers from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge found that the age at which both men and women begin puberty is associated with 48 different health conditions. The study, published today in Scientific Reports, confirms previous findings that early puberty in women is a risk factor for heart disease and type 2 diabetes, and showed, for the first time, that early puberty in men also influences these same conditions. […] Those in the earliest or latest 20% to go through puberty had higher risks for late life disease when compared to those in the middle 20%. For example both men and women who went through puberty relatively early had around 50% higher relative risks for type 2 diabetes and heart disease, while both women and men who went through puberty relatively late had a higher relative risk of developing asthma.
  • #67 Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11208
    Early puberty timing is associated with higher risks for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease in women and therefore represents a potential target for early preventive interventions. […] We characterised the range of diseases and other adverse health outcomes associated with early or late puberty timing in men and women in the very large UK Biobank study. […] In models adjusted for socioeconomic position and adiposity/body composition variables, both in women and men separately, earlier puberty timing was associated with higher risks for angina, hypertension and T2D. […] Furthermore, compared to the median/average group, earlier or later puberty timing in women or men was associated with higher risks for 48 adverse outcomes, across a range of cancers, cardio-metabolic, gynaecological/obstetric, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and neuro-cognitive categories.
  • #68 Age of puberty predicts diseases in later life, find researchers | Health | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/18/puberty-age-predicts-diseases-later-life
    The age that children hit puberty has been found to be a significant predictor of their health in later life, researchers say. […] The University of Cambridge study confirms previous findings of a link between early puberty in women and heart disease and type 2 diabetes, and has shown for the first time that early puberty in men is also associated with these conditions. […] Those who went through puberty relatively early had around 50% higher relative risks for type 2 diabetes and heart disease. However, women and men who went through puberty relatively late had a higher relative risk of developing asthma. […] Researchers from the Medical Research Council (MRC) epidemiology unit at the University of Cambridge found that the age at which both men and women begin puberty is associated with a total of 48 different health conditions including irritable bowel syndrome, arthritis, glaucoma, psoriasis and depression along with early menopause in women.
  • #69 Early or late puberty raises risk of 48 health problems Search IconSearch IconLogin iconFacebook iconInstagram iconX iconSnapchat iconLinkedIn iconYouTube iconTwitter IconFacebook IconWhatsApp IconEmail IconComment speech bubbleTwitter IconFacebook IconWh
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/11683367/Early-or-late-puberty-raises-risk-of-48-health-problems.html
    Men and women who go through puberty earlier or later than normal are 50 per cent more likely to develop diabetes, heart disease and have bad health, scientist have shown. […] The new research has found that the timing of puberty has wide-ranging impacts in later life, […] Researchers from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge found that the age at which both men and women begin puberty is associated was associated with 48 different health conditions. […] The study confirms previous findings that early puberty in women is a risk factor for heart disease and type 2 diabetes, and showed, for the first time, that early puberty in men also influences these same conditions. […] In addition, new links were found between the timing of puberty and a wider range of health conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome, arthritis, glaucoma, psoriasis and depression in men and women, and also early menopause in women.
  • #70 Genomic analysis of male puberty timing highlights shared genetic basis with hair colour and lifespan | Nature Communications
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14451-5
    The timing of puberty is highly variable and is associated with long-term health outcomes. […] Here, we report a multi-trait genome-wide association study for male puberty timing with an effective sample size of 205,354 men. […] Earlier male puberty timing is genetically correlated with several adverse health outcomes and Mendelian randomization analyses show a genetic association between male puberty timing and shorter lifespan. […] Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying such variation is an important step towards understanding why earlier puberty timing is consistently associated with higher risks for a range of later life diseases, including several cancers, cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. […] We sought collective confirmation of the 76 independent signals for male puberty timing in up to 2394 boys with longitudinally assessed pubertal sexual characteristics in The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).
  • #71 New genetic variants found to influence puberty timing and cancer risk – 23andMe Blog
    https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-genetic-variants-found-to-influence-puberty-timing-and-cancer-risk
    In the largest study of its kind researchers at the University of Cambridge have identified more than 380 genetic variants associated with the timing of puberty in men and women. […] The study adds a new layer of data to our knowledge of the risks around certain adult diseases as well, because early puberty is associated with such things as an increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. […] Our current study identifies direct causal links between earlier puberty timing itself and increased cancer risk, said John Perry, the lead author of the study and a senior investigator scientist at MRC. […] Studying how they inter-relate could also help in the study of why early puberty is also associated with certain diseases and conditions later in life. […] About 327 of the 389 genetic variants found to be associated with puberty in women were also found to have an impact on puberty in men. […] Variants in two genes in particular, MKRN3 and DLK1, had larger effects on puberty in girls when inherited paternally. […] This is intriguing as it suggests that mothers and fathers might benefit differently from puberty occurring at earlier or later ages in their children.
  • #72 Why are girls hitting puberty early? : Shots – Health News : NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/05/31/nx-s1-4985074/girls-are-getting-their-first-periods-earlier-heres-what-parents-should-know
    „If someone reaches their first period before the age of 12, they are at a 20% increased risk for breast cancer,” Houghton says. […] Biro points to other research that has found that around the world, girls have been developing breast buds usually the earliest sign of puberty six to 12 months earlier than they used to. Coupled with the dropping age of first menstruation, he says, „in the next decade or two, one would anticipate that there could be a rise in new cases of breast cancer.” […] For example, obesity is known to raise the risk of early puberty in girls, and childhood obesity rates have been rising. But Houghton notes that stress is also a known factor, and the two could be intertwined. […] Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are widespread in the environment also likely play a role.
  • #73 UK Biobank study finds timing of puberty has wide-ranging impacts on health in later life – MRC Epidemiology Unit
    https://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/blog/2015/06/18/timing-puberty-impacts-health/
    UK Biobank study finds timing of puberty has wide-ranging impacts on health in later life. Researchers from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge found that the age at which both men and women begin puberty is associated with 48 different health conditions. The study, published today in Scientific Reports, confirms previous findings that early puberty in women is a risk factor for heart disease and type 2 diabetes, and showed, for the first time, that early puberty in men also influences these same conditions. […] Those in the earliest or latest 20% to go through puberty had higher risks for late life disease when compared to those in the middle 20%. For example both men and women who went through puberty relatively early had around 50% higher relative risks for type 2 diabetes and heart disease, while both women and men who went through puberty relatively late had a higher relative risk of developing asthma.
  • #74 Timing of puberty: why is it changing and why does it matter? | Society for Endocrinology
    https://www.endocrinology.org/endocrinologist/134-winter19/features/timing-of-puberty-why-is-it-changing-and-why-does-it-matter/
    Early puberty, in particular, is associated with adverse health outcomes, including breast and endometrial cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, short stature and even increased mortality. Until recently, it had not been clearly shown that late pubertal timing is also associated with adverse health outcomes, but data from the UK Biobank study from both genders have demonstrated that delayed puberty also has profound impacts on health in later life.
  • #75 Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11208
    Notably, both early and late menarche were associated with higher risks for early natural menopause in women. […] Puberty timing in both men and women appears to have a profound impact on later health. […] In adjusted models, both in women and men separately, earlier puberty timing was associated with higher risks for angina, hypertension and T2D, while later puberty was associated with higher risks for asthma and self-rated poor overall health. […] Our findings do not indicate that avoidance or treatment of abnormal puberty timing will invariably have widespread beneficial consequences, but rather further work is needed to understand the possible psychosocial, adiposity-related and adiposity-independent mechanisms that link puberty timing to later life health outcomes.
  • #76 When Is Puberty too Early? | Duke Health
    https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/when-puberty-too-early
    Early puberty in boys is more likely to be caused by an underlying disease. […] Your child may have a noticeable growth spurt because of their early puberty, but one of its complications is an abrupt and early end of that growth, leading to short stature as an adult. […] Children with early puberty are more at risk for low self-esteem, depression, and substance abuse. […] Your doctor will perform a physical exam to assess how your childs body is maturing. […] In some cases, medication may be prescribed to stop or slow puberty. […] Most of the time puberty starts because of genetic factors and cant be altered by what we do as parents, Benjamin said.
  • #77 Puberty Blockers: What You Should Know | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/puberty-blockers-for-precocious-puberty.html
    An early transitionsometimes occurring in kids as young as 6 years oldoften hurts self-esteem if left unchecked. […] Early puberty is tied to depression, anxiety, eating disorders and substance use, especially in girls, and also leaves kids more vulnerable to sexual abuse and harassment. […] These psychosocial effects could exacerbate the ongoing youth mental health crisis brought on by COVID-19 trauma, Dr. Schweiger cautions. […] Precocious puberty can have physical consequences as well, raising long-term heart disease and breast cancer risk and prematurely aging bones. […] A pediatrician can run blood tests, X-rays, ultrasounds and MRIs to detect any tumors and determine bone age and hormone health. […] Endocrinologists mainly treat precocious puberty with GnRH analogues. […] While puberty blockers have been scrutinized by some due to their use in caring for transgender children, these drugs have been in use since the 1980s and are overwhelmingly safe if used appropriately. […] A pediatrician can use these medications to slow down physical maturity to a healthier pace, protect bone growth and help young patients adjust as needed.
  • #78 When Is Puberty too Early? | Duke Health
    https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/when-puberty-too-early
    Early puberty in boys is more likely to be caused by an underlying disease. […] Your child may have a noticeable growth spurt because of their early puberty, but one of its complications is an abrupt and early end of that growth, leading to short stature as an adult. […] Children with early puberty are more at risk for low self-esteem, depression, and substance abuse. […] Your doctor will perform a physical exam to assess how your childs body is maturing. […] In some cases, medication may be prescribed to stop or slow puberty. […] Most of the time puberty starts because of genetic factors and cant be altered by what we do as parents, Benjamin said.
  • #79 Puberty Blockers: What You Should Know | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/puberty-blockers-for-precocious-puberty.html
    An early transitionsometimes occurring in kids as young as 6 years oldoften hurts self-esteem if left unchecked. […] Early puberty is tied to depression, anxiety, eating disorders and substance use, especially in girls, and also leaves kids more vulnerable to sexual abuse and harassment. […] These psychosocial effects could exacerbate the ongoing youth mental health crisis brought on by COVID-19 trauma, Dr. Schweiger cautions. […] Precocious puberty can have physical consequences as well, raising long-term heart disease and breast cancer risk and prematurely aging bones. […] A pediatrician can run blood tests, X-rays, ultrasounds and MRIs to detect any tumors and determine bone age and hormone health. […] Endocrinologists mainly treat precocious puberty with GnRH analogues. […] While puberty blockers have been scrutinized by some due to their use in caring for transgender children, these drugs have been in use since the 1980s and are overwhelmingly safe if used appropriately. […] A pediatrician can use these medications to slow down physical maturity to a healthier pace, protect bone growth and help young patients adjust as needed.
  • #80 Delayed puberty – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_puberty
    Overall, studies have shown no significant difference in final adult height between adolescents treated with sex steroids and those who were only observed with no treatment. […] Children with delayed puberty also display decreased academic performance in their adolescent education, but changes in academic achievement in adulthood have not been determined. […] Pubertal delay can also affect bone mass and subsequent development of osteoporosis. […] Furthermore, delayed puberty is correlated with a higher risk in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in women only, but also appears to be protective for breast and endometrial in women and testicular cancer in men.
  • #81 Addressing Disorders of Puberty in Girls – Advances in Pediatric Endocrinology | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/advances-pediatrics/addressing-disorders-of-puberty-in-girls
    Puberty represents a phase of extraordinary development in a young girls life. Disorders of puberty can significantly impact a childs physical and emotional well-being. In females, disorders of puberty are classified as either precocious puberty prior to 8 years old, or delayed lack of breast development by 13 years old or menarche by 16 years old. Earlier puberty may be associated with increased risk for breast and endometrial cancer due to longer estrogen exposure and delayed puberty is associated with increased risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis. To help prevent the long-term health effects associated with both early and delayed puberty, the authors recommend ongoing monitoring of children diagnosed with precocious or delayed puberty. […] Delayed puberty affects some 2 percent of girls and may be categorized as constitutional, hypogonadotropic, or hypergonadotropic. […] The pediatric endocrinologists at NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Childrens Hospital note that precocious and delayed puberty are wide-ranging classifications that describe deviations from normally timed puberty and are associated with a range of medical and psychosocial issues.
  • #82 Diagnosing Disorders of Puberty | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/disorders-of-puberty/diagnosis
    Puberty typically starts between ages 8 and 14 in girls and ages 9 and 14 in boys. […] Problems with the production of these hormones can lead to disorders of puberty, including precocious, or early, puberty and delayed puberty. […] The causes of puberty disorders are mostly unknown, but can include malnutrition, noncancerous or cancerous brain tumors, diabetes, excessive exercise, eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia, chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer, trauma to the head, and genetic conditions that cause missing or additional chromosomes. Obesity may cause early puberty in girls and delayed puberty in boys. […] Children with delayed puberty can sometimes experience bone loss, causing bones to be brittle and more likely to fracture.
  • #83 Delayed puberty – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_puberty
    Overall, studies have shown no significant difference in final adult height between adolescents treated with sex steroids and those who were only observed with no treatment. […] Children with delayed puberty also display decreased academic performance in their adolescent education, but changes in academic achievement in adulthood have not been determined. […] Pubertal delay can also affect bone mass and subsequent development of osteoporosis. […] Furthermore, delayed puberty is correlated with a higher risk in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in women only, but also appears to be protective for breast and endometrial in women and testicular cancer in men.
  • #84 Delayed puberty – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_puberty
    Overall, studies have shown no significant difference in final adult height between adolescents treated with sex steroids and those who were only observed with no treatment. […] Children with delayed puberty also display decreased academic performance in their adolescent education, but changes in academic achievement in adulthood have not been determined. […] Pubertal delay can also affect bone mass and subsequent development of osteoporosis. […] Furthermore, delayed puberty is correlated with a higher risk in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in women only, but also appears to be protective for breast and endometrial in women and testicular cancer in men.
  • #85 Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1101/p590.html
    Clinicians should suspect pubertal delay if there is halting or regression of pubertal development. […] For delayed puberty, a history suggestive of underlying chronic disease (e.g., fatigue, pain, abnormal stools), nutrition and exercise patterns, poor psychosocial functioning, cryptorchidism, anosmia [i.e., in Kallmann syndrome]) is important. […] Initial workup should include measurements of serum FSH, LH, testosterone in boys or estradiol in girls, and bone age radiography. […] Delayed puberty can cause significant psychological distress and low self-esteem. […] Girls older than 13 years and boys older than 14 years with possible constitutional delay of growth and puberty or gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency may be offered jump-start therapy to induce puberty.
  • #86 Delayed puberty – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_puberty
    Overall, studies have shown no significant difference in final adult height between adolescents treated with sex steroids and those who were only observed with no treatment. […] Children with delayed puberty also display decreased academic performance in their adolescent education, but changes in academic achievement in adulthood have not been determined. […] Pubertal delay can also affect bone mass and subsequent development of osteoporosis. […] Furthermore, delayed puberty is correlated with a higher risk in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in women only, but also appears to be protective for breast and endometrial in women and testicular cancer in men.
  • #87 Pupils who reach puberty early do better at school – NIPH
    https://www.fhi.no/en/news/2021/pupils-who-reach-puberty-early-do-better-at-school/
    Whether you reach puberty earlier or later can affect the grades you get at secondary school, according to a new study. […] Evidence from a new study now suggests that reaching sexual maturity earlier has a positive impact on performance at school. […] We have found that both girls and boys who reach puberty early do better at school. Late puberty appears to be a disadvantage, says researcher Fartein Ask Torvik at the Centre for Fertility and Health at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. […] The gender differences are present throughout all school years, but are most evident during puberty. […] Previous studies that have linked puberty and school performance have used the timing of the first menstruation experienced by girls as the sole indicator of puberty. […] However, a new research method could now turn these results on their head.
  • #88 Pupils who reach puberty early do better at school – NIPH
    https://www.fhi.no/en/news/2021/pupils-who-reach-puberty-early-do-better-at-school/
    This method shows that those who reach puberty early do well at school, says Torvik. […] Pupils who reach puberty earlier perform better. This applies to both boys and girls. […] The results also showed that early menstruation in isolation is associated with poorer performance at school. […] Biological factors which determine the timing of puberty can have social consequences.
  • #89 Why are girls hitting puberty early? : Shots – Health News : NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/05/31/nx-s1-4985074/girls-are-getting-their-first-periods-earlier-heres-what-parents-should-know
    Researchers say multiple factors are likely impacting early puberty, including obesity, stress and endocrine-disrupting hormones which are widespread in the environment. […] Girls in the U.S. are getting their first menstrual period about 6 months earlier on average than they did in the 1950s and ’60s. And more girls are beginning menstruation before the age of 9, which is considered a very early age. […] The study found this trend toward earlier periods across all demographics, but it was much more pronounced among girls from racial and ethnic minorities and those from lower incomes. […] Researchers say understanding changing trends in menstruation is important, because menstruation is a vital sign for health. […] The study also found more girls are taking longer to reach regular menstrual cycles. Irregular menstrual cycles are associated with several health conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS. And an earlier age of first menstruation is linked to several adverse health outcomes, including a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, miscarriage and early death. It’s also linked to several cancers, including ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer.
  • #90 Study looks at why later puberty is connected to living longer | The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/early-puberty-study-girls-weight-b2571839.html
    Later puberty has been linked to improved health in adulthood and living longer. […] Being able to predict who is at high risk of early puberty could enable families and doctors to take action in order to reduce this risk, which is associated with increased risk of a number of diseases in later life, including type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. […] Cambridges Professor Ken Ong, one of the researchers involved in the study, said the links with higher risks of serious disease later in life highlight the public health importance of avoiding earlier puberty timing. […] Prediction of young children at high risk of early puberty might enable lifestyle, behavioural or simple medical approaches to reduce this risk. […] The new mechanisms we describe could form the basis of interventions for individuals at risk of early puberty and obesity. […] In the future, we may be able to use these genetic scores in the clinic to identify those girls whose puberty will come very early or very late.
  • #91 Some Genes Might Send Girls Into Puberty EarlierCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon
    https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2024-07-02/some-genes-might-send-girls-into-puberty-earlier
    Girls who present with very early puberty can be offered puberty blockers to delay its onset. […] But age of puberty is a continuum, and if they miss this threshold, there’s currently nothing we have to offer. […] We need other interventions, whether that’s oral medication or a behavioral approach, to help.
  • #92 Some Genes Might Send Girls Into Puberty EarlierCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon
    https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2024-07-02/some-genes-might-send-girls-into-puberty-earlier
    Girls who present with very early puberty can be offered puberty blockers to delay its onset. […] But age of puberty is a continuum, and if they miss this threshold, there’s currently nothing we have to offer. […] We need other interventions, whether that’s oral medication or a behavioral approach, to help.
  • #93 When Is Puberty too Early? | Duke Health
    https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/when-puberty-too-early
    Understanding the signs of early puberty will help you to know when to seek help. […] Parents may wonder whether their child is moving into puberty too early. […] According to the National Institutes of Health, puberty usually begins in girls between 8 and 13 years of age, and in boys between 9 and 14 years of age. Puberty is considered to be early in boys before age 8 and girls before 9 years old. This is sometimes called precocious puberty. […] Most instances of early puberty dont present a health risk to children, but its worth contacting your pediatrician in case your family doctor feels its important to run any tests, Dr. Benjamin said. […] Some causes of early puberty in girls include thyroid disorders, abnormal brain structure, exposure to radiation therapy, or ovarian cysts.
  • #94 Growth & Puberty – Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy
    https://www.parentprojectmd.org/care/care-guidelines/by-area/growth-and-puberty/
    Chronic daily steroids can cause delays in vertical growth (height) and puberty. […] Puberty should be evaluated each year after age 9 years old. […] If there are no signs of puberty by age 14, a referral to an endocrinologist is needed. […] Steroids can alter levels of the hormone testosterone, that can lead to delayed pubertal development. […] If puberty has not started by age 14 years, your primary care provider or neuromuscular team may recommend that you see a pediatric endocrinologist. […] Short stature and delayed puberty may be distressing and should be discussed. […] Pubertal status should be checked every 6 months starting at 9 years of age, and you should be referred to an endocrinologist if there is no sign of pubertal development by age 14. […] An endocrinology evaluation is warranted for males who have not started puberty by age 14. […] Testosterone is the male hormone that messages the body to begin pubertal changes.
  • #95 New work examines importance of early life factors in pubertal development | HPHCI: Department of Population Medicine
    https://www.populationmedicine.org/press/ArisJNO222
    In a nationwide multi-cohort study, new work led by the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute examined the importance of early life factors in pubertal development. […] Prior research indicates that early pubertal onset concerningly, on the rise in the United States and other countries- may increase risk of long-term chronic disease later in life. […] A better understanding of the early life factors related to puberty is important to develop intervention strategies to prevent earlier pubertal onset. […] Results showed that male children who gained weight or grew faster than their peers in the first five years of life were associated with entering puberty at a younger age. […] The researchers found similar results in female children but only among those with faster weight gains during early childhood (two to five years of age).
  • #96 The role of diet in the timing of puberty | WCRF International
    https://www.wcrf.org/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/the-role-of-diet-in-the-timing-of-puberty/
    Early puberty onset is a risk factor for hormone-related cancers, all-cause mortality, and has been linked to adiposity, insulin resistance, and other hormonal changes associated with cancer risk. […] Overall, this project identified different growth and dietary factors that may influence risk of beginning puberty early. […] Given the long-term health consequences of early puberty onset, these findings have important public health implications. […] Overall, this project successfully identified modifiable growth and dietary factors that may increase (or decrease) a child’s risk of beginning puberty early.
  • #97 New genetic variants found to influence puberty timing and cancer risk – 23andMe Blog
    https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-genetic-variants-found-to-influence-puberty-timing-and-cancer-risk
    In the largest study of its kind researchers at the University of Cambridge have identified more than 380 genetic variants associated with the timing of puberty in men and women. […] The study adds a new layer of data to our knowledge of the risks around certain adult diseases as well, because early puberty is associated with such things as an increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. […] Our current study identifies direct causal links between earlier puberty timing itself and increased cancer risk, said John Perry, the lead author of the study and a senior investigator scientist at MRC. […] Studying how they inter-relate could also help in the study of why early puberty is also associated with certain diseases and conditions later in life. […] About 327 of the 389 genetic variants found to be associated with puberty in women were also found to have an impact on puberty in men. […] Variants in two genes in particular, MKRN3 and DLK1, had larger effects on puberty in girls when inherited paternally. […] This is intriguing as it suggests that mothers and fathers might benefit differently from puberty occurring at earlier or later ages in their children.
  • #98 Genes which affect start of puberty found by Cambridge scientists
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm52zx291d7o
    Scientists have identified six genes which they say „profoundly” affect the timing of puberty. […] The study had been published in the scientific journal Nature Genetics. […] „The researchers found more than 1,000 variants small changes in DNA that influence the age of first menstrual period,” said the university in a statement. […] „Many of the genes we’ve found influence early puberty by first accelerating weight gain in infants and young children,” said Prof John Perry. […] „Early puberty is linked with increased risk of a number of diseases in later life, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers.” […] „Later puberty on the other hand, has been linked to improved health in adulthood and a longer lifespan.” […] Researchers had generated a „genetic score” which predicted whether a girl was likely to hit puberty very early or very late, the university said.
  • #99 Genes which affect start of puberty found by Cambridge scientists
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm52zx291d7o
    Scientists have identified six genes which they say „profoundly” affect the timing of puberty. […] The study had been published in the scientific journal Nature Genetics. […] „The researchers found more than 1,000 variants small changes in DNA that influence the age of first menstrual period,” said the university in a statement. […] „Many of the genes we’ve found influence early puberty by first accelerating weight gain in infants and young children,” said Prof John Perry. […] „Early puberty is linked with increased risk of a number of diseases in later life, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers.” […] „Later puberty on the other hand, has been linked to improved health in adulthood and a longer lifespan.” […] Researchers had generated a „genetic score” which predicted whether a girl was likely to hit puberty very early or very late, the university said.
  • #100 New genetic variants found to influence puberty timing and cancer risk – 23andMe Blog
    https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-genetic-variants-found-to-influence-puberty-timing-and-cancer-risk
    In the largest study of its kind researchers at the University of Cambridge have identified more than 380 genetic variants associated with the timing of puberty in men and women. […] The study adds a new layer of data to our knowledge of the risks around certain adult diseases as well, because early puberty is associated with such things as an increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. […] Our current study identifies direct causal links between earlier puberty timing itself and increased cancer risk, said John Perry, the lead author of the study and a senior investigator scientist at MRC. […] Studying how they inter-relate could also help in the study of why early puberty is also associated with certain diseases and conditions later in life. […] About 327 of the 389 genetic variants found to be associated with puberty in women were also found to have an impact on puberty in men. […] Variants in two genes in particular, MKRN3 and DLK1, had larger effects on puberty in girls when inherited paternally. […] This is intriguing as it suggests that mothers and fathers might benefit differently from puberty occurring at earlier or later ages in their children.
  • #101 Some Genes Might Send Girls Into Puberty EarlierCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon
    https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2024-07-02/some-genes-might-send-girls-into-puberty-earlier
    In the study, researchers found that 45% of the gene variants that affect puberty do so indirectly by increasing weight gain in youngsters. […] Many of the genes we’ve found influence early puberty by first accelerating weight gain in infants and young children. […] The team also created a genetic score that could predict whether a girl was likely to hit puberty very early or very late. […] Girls with the highest 1% of this genetic score were 11 times more likely to reach puberty after age 15, which researchers described as extremely delayed. […] Likewise, girls with the lowest 1% genetic score were 14 times more likely to have extremely early puberty before age 10. […] In the future, we may be able to use these genetic scores in the clinic to identify those girls whose puberty will come very early or very late.
  • #102 Genes which affect start of puberty found by Cambridge scientists
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm52zx291d7o
    Scientists have identified six genes which they say „profoundly” affect the timing of puberty. […] The study had been published in the scientific journal Nature Genetics. […] „The researchers found more than 1,000 variants small changes in DNA that influence the age of first menstrual period,” said the university in a statement. […] „Many of the genes we’ve found influence early puberty by first accelerating weight gain in infants and young children,” said Prof John Perry. […] „Early puberty is linked with increased risk of a number of diseases in later life, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers.” […] „Later puberty on the other hand, has been linked to improved health in adulthood and a longer lifespan.” […] Researchers had generated a „genetic score” which predicted whether a girl was likely to hit puberty very early or very late, the university said.
  • #103 What the Hygiene Hypothesis Is Telling Us About Early Puberty | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
    https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/what-hygiene-hypothesis-telling-us-about-early-puberty
    Taking the hypothesis a step further, Jasmine McDonald, assistant professor of Epidemiology, is studying whether a similar phenomenon is responsible for the increasing number of girls who are experiencing an earlier age of puberty. […] Over the last 50 years, the median age of puberty for girls in the United States and other wealthy countries has dropped where breast development is up to a year earlier, and some girls show signs of breast development as early as age 5. […] There is also growing evidence that the immune system may play a role. […] According to this theory, these infections activate a childs immune system. Once a girls immune system becomes adapted to the pathogenic challenges in her environment, resources can now be directed to the energy-intensive process of puberty.
  • #104 What the Hygiene Hypothesis Is Telling Us About Early Puberty | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
    https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/what-hygiene-hypothesis-telling-us-about-early-puberty
    In her new study, funded through a Columbia University Junior Faculty Diversity Grant, McDonald is looking behind the curtain at the biological underpinnings of this process using the New York site of the LEGACY Girls Cohort. […] The study will also look for evidence of how and when the immune system signals to the endocrine system to open the hormonal floodgates for puberty. […] Because puberty involves changes on the cellular level, girls bodies may be more vulnerable during this time to genetic mutationsa likely reason why earlier age at puberty increases a girls risk for later developing breast cancer. […] One possible explanation, says McDonald, is that our society hold girls to a higher standard for cleanliness than boys, giving the former fewer opportunities for microbial exposures. […] As part of her ongoing study, McDonald is looking at evidence for another hygiene-related factor in early puberty: antibiotics. […] Even so, McDonald says she hopes parents will be less fearful of letting their daughters get dirty or weather a cold.
  • #105 Why are girls hitting puberty early? : Shots – Health News : NPR
    https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/05/31/nx-s1-4985074/girls-are-getting-their-first-periods-earlier-heres-what-parents-should-know
    „If someone reaches their first period before the age of 12, they are at a 20% increased risk for breast cancer,” Houghton says. […] Biro points to other research that has found that around the world, girls have been developing breast buds usually the earliest sign of puberty six to 12 months earlier than they used to. Coupled with the dropping age of first menstruation, he says, „in the next decade or two, one would anticipate that there could be a rise in new cases of breast cancer.” […] For example, obesity is known to raise the risk of early puberty in girls, and childhood obesity rates have been rising. But Houghton notes that stress is also a known factor, and the two could be intertwined. […] Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are widespread in the environment also likely play a role.
  • #106 What the Hygiene Hypothesis Is Telling Us About Early Puberty | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
    https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/what-hygiene-hypothesis-telling-us-about-early-puberty
    In her new study, funded through a Columbia University Junior Faculty Diversity Grant, McDonald is looking behind the curtain at the biological underpinnings of this process using the New York site of the LEGACY Girls Cohort. […] The study will also look for evidence of how and when the immune system signals to the endocrine system to open the hormonal floodgates for puberty. […] Because puberty involves changes on the cellular level, girls bodies may be more vulnerable during this time to genetic mutationsa likely reason why earlier age at puberty increases a girls risk for later developing breast cancer. […] One possible explanation, says McDonald, is that our society hold girls to a higher standard for cleanliness than boys, giving the former fewer opportunities for microbial exposures. […] As part of her ongoing study, McDonald is looking at evidence for another hygiene-related factor in early puberty: antibiotics. […] Even so, McDonald says she hopes parents will be less fearful of letting their daughters get dirty or weather a cold.
  • #107 Maternal weight and hyperglycemia linked to early puberty onset in girls – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research
    https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/maternal-weight-and-hyperglycemia-linked-to-early-puberty-onset-in-girls/
    Researchers found that maternal obesity (body mass index of 30 or more) and overweight (body mass index between 25 and 30) in mothers was associated with 40 percent and 20 percent greater chance of earlier breast development in girls, respectively. […] The study also found a significant relationship between hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar during pregnancy) in mothers and the earlier onset of breast development, but not in mothers with gestational diabetes. […] Understanding the intergenerational effects of in utero exposures is helping health care systems such as Kaiser Permanente to develop new strategies for assisting women to manage weight and hyperglycemia before and during pregnancy, not only for their own health, but also for that of their children.
  • #108 Maternal weight and hyperglycemia linked to early puberty onset in girls – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research
    https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/maternal-weight-and-hyperglycemia-linked-to-early-puberty-onset-in-girls/
    Researchers found that maternal obesity (body mass index of 30 or more) and overweight (body mass index between 25 and 30) in mothers was associated with 40 percent and 20 percent greater chance of earlier breast development in girls, respectively. […] The study also found a significant relationship between hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar during pregnancy) in mothers and the earlier onset of breast development, but not in mothers with gestational diabetes. […] Understanding the intergenerational effects of in utero exposures is helping health care systems such as Kaiser Permanente to develop new strategies for assisting women to manage weight and hyperglycemia before and during pregnancy, not only for their own health, but also for that of their children.
  • #109 Precocious Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544313/
    Precocious puberty is classified into two major categories based on the etiology […] There are very limited studies describing the trends and prevalence of precocious puberty. The first epidemiologic study from a Danish national registry estimated that 0.2 % of females had some form of precocious puberty (CPP, PPP or benign variants) while it was less than 0.05% in males. […] Another observational study in Spain estimated the annual incidence of central precocious puberty to be between 0.02 and 1.07 cases per 100000 persons. […] A study looking into the Korean population estimated the prevalence of CPP to be 55.9 per 100000 girls and 1.7 per 100000 boys. The reported overall incidence of CPP in Koreans was 15.3 per 100000 girls, and 0.6 per 100000 boys. […] The prevalence and incidence vary significantly among different populations making it difficult to estimate definitive numbers.
  • #110 Precocious Puberty – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544313/
    Precocious puberty is classified into two major categories based on the etiology […] There are very limited studies describing the trends and prevalence of precocious puberty. The first epidemiologic study from a Danish national registry estimated that 0.2 % of females had some form of precocious puberty (CPP, PPP or benign variants) while it was less than 0.05% in males. […] Another observational study in Spain estimated the annual incidence of central precocious puberty to be between 0.02 and 1.07 cases per 100000 persons. […] A study looking into the Korean population estimated the prevalence of CPP to be 55.9 per 100000 girls and 1.7 per 100000 boys. The reported overall incidence of CPP in Koreans was 15.3 per 100000 girls, and 0.6 per 100000 boys. […] The prevalence and incidence vary significantly among different populations making it difficult to estimate definitive numbers.
  • #111 Age of puberty predicts diseases in later life, find researchers | Health | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/18/puberty-age-predicts-diseases-later-life
    Though a cross-sectional study of this kind cannot distinguish between cause and effect, evidence from other studies using different methods does point to a causal link between puberty and certain diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. […] Dr John Perry, senior investigator scientist at the MRC Epidemiology Unit, said: We are continuing to work to understand how puberty timing impacts later health and how this information may be used alongside efforts to support healthy lifestyle changes and prevent disease. […] It is important to note that the increase in disease risk attributable to puberty timing is still relatively modest and represents one of many factors that contribute to the overall risk of developing disease.
  • #112
    http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1954969
    Puberty is initiated by a series of complex mechanisms determining the age at pubertal onset. The aim of this thesis was to increase our knowledge of the role of ghrelin and kisspeptin in puberty, to describe the clinical management of delayed puberty and to study the long-term socioeconomic consequences of delayed male puberty. […] Study III was an observational study based on a review of the medical records of 91 boys with delayed puberty in central Sweden showing that puberty nomograms are useful diagnostic instruments, and that underlying pathology is rare but psychosocial distress is common. […] Study IV was a longitudinal, retrospective national cohort study, which included 1,250 men previously diagnosed with delayed puberty and 12,500 unexposed men. There was a lower likelihood of marriage or cohabitation, but no negative effects on educational achievements or labour market outcomes through early adulthood among those having had delayed puberty. […] Increased knowledge of the physiology and long-term consequences alterations in pubertal timing may improve the management of pubertal.
  • #113 Genomic analysis of male puberty timing highlights shared genetic basis with hair colour and lifespan | Nature Communications
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14451-5
    The timing of puberty is highly variable and is associated with long-term health outcomes. […] Here, we report a multi-trait genome-wide association study for male puberty timing with an effective sample size of 205,354 men. […] Earlier male puberty timing is genetically correlated with several adverse health outcomes and Mendelian randomization analyses show a genetic association between male puberty timing and shorter lifespan. […] Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying such variation is an important step towards understanding why earlier puberty timing is consistently associated with higher risks for a range of later life diseases, including several cancers, cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. […] We sought collective confirmation of the 76 independent signals for male puberty timing in up to 2394 boys with longitudinally assessed pubertal sexual characteristics in The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).
  • #114 New work examines importance of early life factors in pubertal development | HPHCI: Department of Population Medicine
    https://www.populationmedicine.org/press/ArisJNO222
    Female children with faster weight gains during infancy (six months to two years of age) and early childhood started their periods earlier and had more advanced pubic hair development. […] Our findings suggest that there are sex-specific associations of faster growth in early life with earlier pubertal onset, said lead author Izzuddin Aris, PhD, Assistant Professor in the Department of Population Medicine at the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School. […] Study results may also inform future studies that aim to develop or test interventions to help prevent earlier onset of puberty, such as good nutrition, environmental exposures, physical activity, and other behaviors related to growth during the first five years of life.
  • #115
    http://hospitals.aku.edu/pakistan/diseases-and-conditions/Pages/early-or-delayed-puberty.aspx
    To diagnose delayed puberty, your doctor at The Aga Khan University Hospital may prescribe the following tests: Blood tests to measure hormone levels, Blood tests to measure if the pituitary gland can correctly respond to GnRH, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain and pituitary gland to check for abnormal development. […] Not all children with early puberty need medical treatment, especially if the onset of puberty is only slightly early. If early puberty is caused by a specific medical problem, treating the underlying problem can often stop the progression of precocious puberty. […] Delayed puberty treatment usually involves hormone replacement therapies as formulated by your doctor working with the Children’s Hospital at The Aga Khan University, Hospital.
  • #116 Puberty – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/puberty/
    Head MRI: suspected prolactinoma (e.g., headaches, bitemporal hemianopia) […] Treatment [25] […] Constitutional growth delay: expectant management […] No treatment is needed as catch-up growth eventually occurs and the individual reaches a normal adult height. […] Serial growth measurements at frequent intervals (every 6 months) […] Reassuring the child and parents is sufficient. […] Other pathologies […] Treatment of the underlying disease […] Hormonal therapy […] Testosterone: used in boys to achieve secondary sex characteristics (e.g., virilization, growth spurt) […] Boys with constitutional growth delay usually respond well after one or two courses of testosterone therapy. […] If little or no response is seen, isolated GnRH deficiency should be suspected in boys over the age of 18 years. […] Estradiol: used in girls with primary gonadal insufficiency (e.g., Turner syndrome) […] Initially: low-dose estradiol that is gradually increased […] After 2 years: Add cyclic progestin therapy to induce menstruation.