Tachykardia komorowa – Epidemiologia

Tachykardia komorowa
Epidemiologia

Tachykardia komorowa (VT) oraz migotanie komór (VF) stanowią główne przyczyny nagłej śmierci sercowej, odpowiadając za około 300 000 zgonów rocznie w USA i 53 przypadki na 100 000 populacji w badaniach prospektywnych. VT jest silnie powiązana z chorobą wieńcową, występując u około 15% pacjentów z tym schorzeniem, a częstość arytmii komorowych w tej grupie wynosi około 69 000 na 100 000 mężczyzn i 68 000 na 100 000 kobiet. W ostrej fazie zawału mięśnia sercowego arytmie komorowe pojawiają się u 5-10% pacjentów, a utrwalona VT występuje u 1-5%, z tendencją spadkową dzięki postępom terapeutycznym. Częstość VT u osób z nadciśnieniem, chorobą zastawkową lub kardiomiopatią bez choroby wieńcowej wynosi około 54 000 na 100 000 mężczyzn i 55 000 na 100 000 kobiet, natomiast u osób bez chorób sercowo-naczyniowych jest niższa (około 31 000 na 100 000 mężczyzn i 30 000 na 100 000 kobiet). Idiopatyczna tachykardia komorowa jest rzadsza, z częstością około 15 na 100 100 osób, a jej rozpoznanie wzrosło dzięki lepszej diagnostyce i świadomości klinicznej. Występują istotne różnice płciowe w epidemiologii i etiologii arytmii komorowych, z wyższą częstością VT u mężczyzn z chorobą wieńcową oraz dominacją kardiomiopatii niedokrwiennej u mężczyzn i nie-niedokrwiennej u kobiet.

Epidemiologia Tachykardii Komorowej (Tachykardia komorowa)

Związek z chorobą wieńcową
Częstotliwość występowania w różnych populacjach
Różnice związane z płcią
Wiek jako czynnik ryzyka
Tachykardia komorowa u pacjentów bez strukturalnej choroby serca

Nadzór i monitorowanie tachykardii komorowej

Wpływ nowoczesnych metod diagnostycznych
Zakresy geograficzne i rozmieszczenie geograficzne
Powikłania i rokowanie
Postępy w leczeniu i monitorowaniu
Wskaźniki przeżycia i czynniki wpływające na rokowanie
Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia Tachykardii Komorowej (Tachykardia komorowa)

Tachykardia komorowa (VT) oraz migotanie komór (VF) są głównymi przyczynami nagłej śmierci sercowej, powodującymi około 300 000 zgonów rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Nagłe zgony sercowe wywołane tachyarytmiami komorowymi odpowiadają za około połowę zgonów związanych z przyczynami kardiologicznymi.¹²³ Badanie prospektywne wykazało częstość występowania nagłej śmierci sercowej na poziomie 53 przypadków na 100 000 populacji, co stanowi 5,6% ogólnej śmiertelności.⁴ W Azji nagła śmierć sercowa występuje z częstością około 40 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie.⁵

Związek z chorobą wieńcową

Tachykardia komorowa jest silnie związana z chorobą wieńcową; około 15% pacjentów z chorobą wieńcową ma zdiagnozowaną tachykardię komorową.⁶ Częstość występowania arytmii komorowej wynosi około 69 000 na 100 000 mężczyzn i 68 000 na 100 000 kobiet z chorobą wieńcową na całym świecie.⁷ Tachykardia komorowa jest znacznie częstsza w przypadku ostrego zespołu wieńcowego, a około 5-10% pacjentów z ostrym zawałem mięśnia sercowego ma arytmie komorowe w ciągu pierwszych kilku dni od wystąpienia objawów.⁸

Ogólna częstość występowania utrwalonej tachykardii komorowej po zawale mięśnia sercowego była klasycznie ustalona na około 3-5%, ale w ostatnich latach spadła do 1% ze względu na znaczne postępy w leczeniu zawału, co skutkuje mniejszym obszarem blizny pozawałowej.⁹ Ryzyko tachykardii komorowej w ogólnej populacji pozostaje jednak stosunkowo stabilne i może nawet rosnąć z powodu poprawy przeżywalności po zawale oraz możliwości wystąpienia tachykardii komorowej wiele lat po początkowym zawale, a także ze względu na starzejącą się populację.¹⁰

Częstotliwość występowania w różnych populacjach

Częstość występowania tachykardii komorowej wynosi około 54 000 na 100 000 mężczyzn i 55 000 na 100 000 kobiet z nadciśnieniem tętniczym, chorobą zastawkową serca lub kardiomiopatią bez choroby wieńcowej. W przypadku osób bez chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego częstość ta wynosi 31 000 na 100 000 mężczyzn i 30 000 na 100 000 kobiet.¹¹

Idiopatyczna tachykardia komorowa jest rzadsza, a jej częstość występowania szacuje się na około 15 na 100 100 osób w populacji ogólnej. Częstość ta wzrasta z wiekiem i nie ma różnicy między mężczyznami a kobietami.¹² Częstość występowania idiopatycznej tachykardii komorowej wzrosła w ciągu ostatnich dwóch dekad, głównie ze względu na wczesne rozpoznanie i zwiększoną świadomość. Wiek w momencie diagnozy idiopatycznej tachykardii komorowej waha się od 2. do 70. dekady życia, przy czym średni wiek w momencie diagnozy wynosi 52 lata według jednego z badań.¹³

Różnice związane z płcią

Częstość występowania tachykardii komorowej jest stosunkowo wyższa u mężczyzn z powodu wyższej częstości występowania choroby wieńcowej. Jednak oczekuje się, że częstość występowania u kobiet wzrośnie wraz ze wzrostem częstości występowania choroby wieńcowej w tej grupie.¹⁴¹⁵ Nie ma różnicy w częstości występowania idiopatycznej tachykardii komorowej między płciami, choć niektóre źródła sugerują, że kobiety są częściej dotknięte idiopatyczną tachykardią komorową niż mężczyźni.¹⁶

W przypadku pacjentów z obniżoną frakcją wyrzutową (tj. ze strukturalną chorobą serca), kobiety ogólnie znacznie rzadziej doświadczają arytmii komorowych niż mężczyźni.¹⁷ Badania sugerują, że istnieją wewnętrzne różnice związane z płcią w skłonności do arytmii komorowych. U pacjentów z udokumentowanymi arytmiami komorowymi kobiety częściej mają kardiomiopatię nie-niedokrwienną (NICM), a mężczyźni częściej mają kardiomiopatię niedokrwienną (ICM).¹⁸ W badaniu MADIT-CRT u pacjentów z ICM kobiety były o 49% mniej narażone na wystąpienie arytmii komorowych niż mężczyźni.¹⁹

Szczególne różnice obserwuje się w przypadku arytmii z drogi odpływu komór. Tachykardia z drogi odpływu prawej komory (RVOT-T) może występować częściej u kobiet (69,6%), podczas gdy lokalizacja po lewej stronie wydaje się dominować u mężczyzn.²⁰ Interesujące jest, że opisano reagowanie na wahania hormonalne u kobiet, przy czym stany zmian hormonalnych (okresy przedmiesiączkowe, ciążowe i okołomenopauzalne oraz stosowanie środków antykoncepcyjnych) są najczęściej rejestrowanym czynnikiem wyzwalającym (59%).²¹

Wiek jako czynnik ryzyka

Częstość występowania arytmii komorowej wzrasta z wiekiem, osiągając szczyt w średnich dekadach życia, co pokrywa się z występowaniem strukturalnych chorób serca.²²²³ Zaobserwowano również zwiększoną częstość występowania nietrwałej tachykardii komorowej u mężczyzn i wraz ze wzrostem wieku.²⁴

Badanie przeprowadzone w Wielkiej Brytanii wykazało, że częstość występowania zdiagnozowanych arytmii komorowych w latach 2001-2002 oszacowano na 202 (95% CI 164, 248) na milion populacji dla wszystkich pacjentów, którzy przeżyli pierwszy dzień po diagnozie, a 88% tych pacjentów przeżyło do 12 miesięcy. Częstość była dwukrotnie wyższa u mężczyzn niż u kobiet i znacząco wzrastała z wiekiem.²⁵

Tachykardia komorowa u pacjentów bez strukturalnej choroby serca

Tachykardia z drogi odpływu komór (VOT-T) występuje typowo u młodych osób, zwykle w drugiej do czwartej dekadzie życia.²⁶ Mimo braku strukturalnej choroby serca, opisano przypadki nagłej śmierci i złośliwej polimorficznej tachykardii komorowej w obserwacji długoterminowej. Migotanie komór i polimorficzna tachykardia komorowa inicjowane przez przedwczesne pobudzenia komorowe o krótkim interwale sprzężenia pochodzące z drogi odpływu prawej komory zostały niedawno opisane.²⁷

Pierwotne zaburzenia elektrofizjologiczne związane z kanałopatiami, takie jak zespół długiego QT, zespół krótkiego QT, zespół Brugadów, zespół wczesnej repolaryzacji i katecholaminergiczna polimorficzna tachykardia komorowa, szacuje się, że odpowiadają za 10% nagłych zgonów sercowych.²⁸

Nadzór i monitorowanie tachykardii komorowej

Wpływ nowoczesnych metod diagnostycznych

W ostatnich latach opracowano nowe techniki diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne w celu poprawy rokowania pacjentów cierpiących na arytmie komorowe. W szczególności zaawansowane obrazowanie, w tym tomografia komputerowa i rezonans magnetyczny, nowe techniki ablacji cewnikowej oraz badania genetyczne mogą poprawić postępowanie w arytmiach komorowych.²⁹

Wraz z rozwojem poradni niewydolności serca i intensyfikacją badań przesiewowych klinicyści wykrywają substrat arytmogenny wcześniej, co skłania do wczesnej interwencji terapeutycznej.³⁰ Północna Ameryka ma największy udział w rynku leczenia tachykardii komorowej, wspierany przez powszechne przyjęcie usług elektrofizjologicznych, solidny system refundacji ablacji i implantacji ICD oraz silny zestaw badań klinicznych.³¹

Zakresy geograficzne i rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Europa zajmuje drugie miejsce, przy czym kraje takie jak Niemcy, Francja i Wielka Brytania inwestują w specjalistyczne ośrodki doskonałości w leczeniu tachykardii komorowej i krajowe rejestry, które informują o najlepszych praktykach. Azja i Pacyfik reprezentują najszybciej rozwijający się region, podczas gdy Ameryka Łacińska i Bliski Wschód oraz Afryka pozostają rynkami w fazie zalążkowej.³²

Powikłania i rokowanie

Chorobowość związana z tachykardią komorową wiąże się z załamaniem hemodynamicznym. Reanimowani pacjenci mogą cierpieć na encefalopatię niedokrwienną, ostrą niewydolność nerek, przejściową dysfunkcję komór, zachłystowe zapalenie płuc i urazy związane z wysiłkami resuscytacyjnymi.³³

Pacjenci z zawałem mięśnia sercowego, u których rozwijają się tachyarytmie komorowe po pierwszych dwóch dniach od zawału, mają zwiększone ryzyko zgonu w porównaniu z tymi, u których tachykardia komorowa występuje w ciągu pierwszych dwóch dni.³⁴ U pacjentów z kardiomiopatią niedokrwienną i nietrwałą tachykardią komorową śmiertelność nagła zbliża się do 30% w ciągu 2 lat.³⁵

Roczna śmiertelność różni się w zależności od stopnia niewydolności serca, choć względna proporcja nagłych zgonów jest znaczna we wszystkich klasach. Roczna śmiertelność z powodu nagłej śmierci wynosi 12-15% w klasie funkcjonalnej NYHA I i II, podczas gdy klasa IV ma wskaźnik nagłej śmierci wynoszący 50-60%.³⁶ Nagła śmierć stanowi 50-60% wszystkich zgonów w klasie funkcjonalnej NYHA I i II, podczas gdy klasa IV ma wskaźnik 20-30%.³⁷

Postępy w leczeniu i monitorowaniu

Wskaźniki szpitalne i ogólne wskaźniki arytmii komorowych komplikujących ostry zawał mięśnia sercowego zmniejszyły się z czasem, prawdopodobnie z powodu zmian w praktykach monitorowania i leczenia w ostrym okresie.³⁸ Mimo tych zachęcających trendów, nadal potrzebne są wysiłki w celu identyfikacji pacjentów zagrożonych tymi poważnymi arytmiami komorowymi, aby można było wdrożyć strategie profilaktyczne i lecznicze w miarę potrzeb.³⁹

Implantacja kardiowertera-defibrylatora (ICD) stała się uznaną skuteczną metodą wtórnej profilaktyki nagłej śmierci sercowej, a liczba implantacji wzrasta każdego roku na całym świecie.⁴⁰ ICD jest bardziej skuteczny niż terapia lekowa w zapobieganiu nagłej śmierci sercowej z powodu tachykardii komorowej i migotania komór, ale nie zapobiega występowaniu tych rytmów.⁴¹

Pozaustrojowe wspomaganie życia (ECLS) jest bardzo skuteczną terapią pomostową u pacjentów z oporną na leczenie tachykardią komorową związaną z wstrząsem kardiogennym.⁴² Istnieją dobre dowody na to, że wczesny dostęp do pracowni cewnikowania serca i stosowanie protokołów opornego migotania komór/tachykardii komorowej doprowadziły do wyższych wskaźników przeżycia.⁴³

Wskaźniki przeżycia i czynniki wpływające na rokowanie

Około 11% osób, które doświadczają zatrzymania krążenia poza szpitalem i otrzymują leczenie ratunkowe, przeżywa i wraca do domu ze szpitala. Około 26% osób, które mają zatrzymanie krążenia w szpitalu, przeżywa i wraca do domu.⁴⁴

Osoby z zaawansowaną chorobą serca są narażone na arytmie komorowe, szczególnie w populacji osób starszych.⁴⁵ Ryzyko arytmii komorowych jest dodatkowo zwiększone przez współistniejące choroby współistniejące, w tym obturacyjny bezdech senny, niedotlenienie, zaburzenia elektrolitowe, nadmiar katecholamin, działania proarytmiczne leków, dysfunkcję wątroby i dysfunkcję nerek.⁴⁶

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Ventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532954/
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation cause most cases of sudden cardiac death, with an estimated rate of 300,000 deaths each year in the United States. Sudden cardiac deaths caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias account for approximately half of the deaths related to cardiac causes. Ventricular tachycardia is strongly associated with coronary artery disease; around 15% of the patients with coronary artery disease are found to have ventricular tachycardia. The incidence of ventricular tachycardia is relatively higher in men due to a higher incidence of coronary artery disease; however, the incidence in women is expected to increase with the rising incidence of coronary artery disease. […] Ventricular tachycardia is much more common in the setting of acute coronary syndrome, and around 5 to 10% of the patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction are found to have ventricular arrhythmias within the first few days of the presentation. Patients with myocardial infarction, who develop ventricular tachyarrhythmias after the first two days of myocardial infarction, have an increased risk of death as compared to those having VT within the first two days. Ventricular tachycardia is rare in children but can occur in the presence of inherited channelopathies or structural heart disease.
#2 Ventricular Tachycardia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159075-overview
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are common throughout most of the developed world. In developing countries, VT and other heart diseases are relatively less common. […] The incidence of VT in the United States is not well quantified, because of the clinical overlap of VT with ventricular fibrillation (VF), but examination of sudden death data provides a rough estimate of VT incidence. Most sudden cardiac deaths are caused by VT or VF, at an estimated rate of approximately 300,000 deaths per year in the United States, or about half of the estimated cardiac mortality. […] A prospective surveillance study gave a sudden death incidence of 53 per 100,000 population, accounting for 5.6% of all mortality. This is only a rough estimate of VT incidence, both because many patients have nonfatal VT and because arrhythmic sudden deaths may be associated with VF or bradycardia rather than with VT. In patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained VT, sudden death mortality approaches 30% in 2 years. […] Morbidity from VT is associated with hemodynamic collapse. Resuscitated survivors may suffer ischemic encephalopathy, acute renal insufficiency, transient ventricular dysfunction, aspiration pneumonitis, and trauma related to resuscitative efforts.
#3 Ventricular tachycardia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ventricular-tachycardia?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%252525252525252527%25252525252525255B0%25252525252525255D%252525252525252527%25252525252525255B0%25252525252525255Dfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us
Ventricular tachycardia is the major cause of sudden cardiac death with an estimated rate of 300,000 deaths each year in the United States. […] Risk factors of ventricular tachycardia include hypertension, valvular disease, coronary artery disease, and cardiomyopathy.
#4 Ventricular Tachycardia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159075-overview
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are common throughout most of the developed world. In developing countries, VT and other heart diseases are relatively less common. […] The incidence of VT in the United States is not well quantified, because of the clinical overlap of VT with ventricular fibrillation (VF), but examination of sudden death data provides a rough estimate of VT incidence. Most sudden cardiac deaths are caused by VT or VF, at an estimated rate of approximately 300,000 deaths per year in the United States, or about half of the estimated cardiac mortality. […] A prospective surveillance study gave a sudden death incidence of 53 per 100,000 population, accounting for 5.6% of all mortality. This is only a rough estimate of VT incidence, both because many patients have nonfatal VT and because arrhythmic sudden deaths may be associated with VF or bradycardia rather than with VT. In patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained VT, sudden death mortality approaches 30% in 2 years. […] Morbidity from VT is associated with hemodynamic collapse. Resuscitated survivors may suffer ischemic encephalopathy, acute renal insufficiency, transient ventricular dysfunction, aspiration pneumonitis, and trauma related to resuscitative efforts.
#5 Epidemiology of Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death in Asia
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/77/10/77_CJ-13-1129/_article
Cardiac arrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders that comprise an important epidemiological and public health problem. […] Sudden cardiac death (SCD) occurs in approximately 40 cases per 100,000 persons annually in each country of Asia. […] The primary electrophysiological disorders related to channelopathies, such as long QT syndrome, short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, are estimated to be responsible for 10% of SCDs. […] Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation has become established as an effective secondary prevention for SCD, and numbers have been increasing annually worldwide.
#6 Ventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532954/
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation cause most cases of sudden cardiac death, with an estimated rate of 300,000 deaths each year in the United States. Sudden cardiac deaths caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias account for approximately half of the deaths related to cardiac causes. Ventricular tachycardia is strongly associated with coronary artery disease; around 15% of the patients with coronary artery disease are found to have ventricular tachycardia. The incidence of ventricular tachycardia is relatively higher in men due to a higher incidence of coronary artery disease; however, the incidence in women is expected to increase with the rising incidence of coronary artery disease. […] Ventricular tachycardia is much more common in the setting of acute coronary syndrome, and around 5 to 10% of the patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction are found to have ventricular arrhythmias within the first few days of the presentation. Patients with myocardial infarction, who develop ventricular tachyarrhythmias after the first two days of myocardial infarction, have an increased risk of death as compared to those having VT within the first two days. Ventricular tachycardia is rare in children but can occur in the presence of inherited channelopathies or structural heart disease.
#7 Ventricular tachycardia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ventricular_tachycardia_epidemiology_and_demographics
VT is more prevalent among patients with coronary artery disease. Eldery patients are more commonly affected by ideopathic VT. Ideopathic VT is commonly observed in women. There is no racial predilection for VT. […] The prevalence of ventricular arrhythmia is approximately 69000 per 100,000 men and 68000 per 100,0000 women with coronary artery disease worldwide. […] The prevalence of ventricular tachycardia is approximately 54,000 per 100,000 in men and 55,000 per 100,000 in women with hypertension, valvular heart disease, or cardiomyopathy without coronary artery disease and 31000 per 100,000 in men and 30,000 per 100,000 in women with no cardiovascular disease. […] Between 2005-2013, the incidence of vetricular arrhythmia associated cardiomyopathy was estimated to be 28,800 cases per 100,000 individuals in Minnesota. […] Ideopathic Ventricular tachycardia is more commonly observed among elderly patients. […] Females are more commonly affected with ideopathic VT than men. […] There is no racial predilection for ventricular arrhythmia.
#8 Ventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532954/
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation cause most cases of sudden cardiac death, with an estimated rate of 300,000 deaths each year in the United States. Sudden cardiac deaths caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias account for approximately half of the deaths related to cardiac causes. Ventricular tachycardia is strongly associated with coronary artery disease; around 15% of the patients with coronary artery disease are found to have ventricular tachycardia. The incidence of ventricular tachycardia is relatively higher in men due to a higher incidence of coronary artery disease; however, the incidence in women is expected to increase with the rising incidence of coronary artery disease. […] Ventricular tachycardia is much more common in the setting of acute coronary syndrome, and around 5 to 10% of the patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction are found to have ventricular arrhythmias within the first few days of the presentation. Patients with myocardial infarction, who develop ventricular tachyarrhythmias after the first two days of myocardial infarction, have an increased risk of death as compared to those having VT within the first two days. Ventricular tachycardia is rare in children but can occur in the presence of inherited channelopathies or structural heart disease.
#9 Ventricular Tachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease – Revista EspaÃ±ola de CardiologÃa (English Edition)
https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-ventricular-tachycardia-in-coronary-artery-articulo-S1885585712002046
Ventricular arrhythmias are important contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. […] Despite determinant advances in population education and myocardial infarction management, the ventricular tachycardia risk in the overall population with coronary artery disease continues to be a major problem in clinical practice. […] The overall incidence of sustained VT following MI was classically established at about 3% to 5%, but has been estimated to decline to 1% in recent years due to major advances in MI management, resulting in smaller infarct scars. […] The VT risk in the overall population, however, has been fairly stable and could in fact be increasing, on account of an improved post-MI survival and the possibility of VT occurrence years after the initial MI, along with a progressively aging population.
#10 Ventricular Tachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease – Revista EspaÃ±ola de CardiologÃa (English Edition)
https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-ventricular-tachycardia-in-coronary-artery-articulo-S1885585712002046
Ventricular arrhythmias are important contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. […] Despite determinant advances in population education and myocardial infarction management, the ventricular tachycardia risk in the overall population with coronary artery disease continues to be a major problem in clinical practice. […] The overall incidence of sustained VT following MI was classically established at about 3% to 5%, but has been estimated to decline to 1% in recent years due to major advances in MI management, resulting in smaller infarct scars. […] The VT risk in the overall population, however, has been fairly stable and could in fact be increasing, on account of an improved post-MI survival and the possibility of VT occurrence years after the initial MI, along with a progressively aging population.
#11 Ventricular tachycardia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ventricular_tachycardia_epidemiology_and_demographics
VT is more prevalent among patients with coronary artery disease. Eldery patients are more commonly affected by ideopathic VT. Ideopathic VT is commonly observed in women. There is no racial predilection for VT. […] The prevalence of ventricular arrhythmia is approximately 69000 per 100,000 men and 68000 per 100,0000 women with coronary artery disease worldwide. […] The prevalence of ventricular tachycardia is approximately 54,000 per 100,000 in men and 55,000 per 100,000 in women with hypertension, valvular heart disease, or cardiomyopathy without coronary artery disease and 31000 per 100,000 in men and 30,000 per 100,000 in women with no cardiovascular disease. […] Between 2005-2013, the incidence of vetricular arrhythmia associated cardiomyopathy was estimated to be 28,800 cases per 100,000 individuals in Minnesota. […] Ideopathic Ventricular tachycardia is more commonly observed among elderly patients. […] Females are more commonly affected with ideopathic VT than men. […] There is no racial predilection for ventricular arrhythmia.
#12 Ventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532954/
Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia is less common, and it is estimated to have an incidence of around 15 per 100,100 individuals in the general population. Its incidence increases with age, and there is no difference between men and women. The incidence of idiopathic VT has increased over the last two decades, mainly because of early diagnosis and increased awareness. The age at the diagnosis of idiopathy VT varies from 2nd decade to the 70th decade, but the mean age at the time of diagnosis is reported as 52 years in one study.
#13 Ventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532954/
Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia is less common, and it is estimated to have an incidence of around 15 per 100,100 individuals in the general population. Its incidence increases with age, and there is no difference between men and women. The incidence of idiopathic VT has increased over the last two decades, mainly because of early diagnosis and increased awareness. The age at the diagnosis of idiopathy VT varies from 2nd decade to the 70th decade, but the mean age at the time of diagnosis is reported as 52 years in one study.
#14 Ventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532954/
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation cause most cases of sudden cardiac death, with an estimated rate of 300,000 deaths each year in the United States. Sudden cardiac deaths caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias account for approximately half of the deaths related to cardiac causes. Ventricular tachycardia is strongly associated with coronary artery disease; around 15% of the patients with coronary artery disease are found to have ventricular tachycardia. The incidence of ventricular tachycardia is relatively higher in men due to a higher incidence of coronary artery disease; however, the incidence in women is expected to increase with the rising incidence of coronary artery disease. […] Ventricular tachycardia is much more common in the setting of acute coronary syndrome, and around 5 to 10% of the patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction are found to have ventricular arrhythmias within the first few days of the presentation. Patients with myocardial infarction, who develop ventricular tachyarrhythmias after the first two days of myocardial infarction, have an increased risk of death as compared to those having VT within the first two days. Ventricular tachycardia is rare in children but can occur in the presence of inherited channelopathies or structural heart disease.
#15 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor
https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/
Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. […] The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. […] People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. […] Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] If untreated, malignant ventricular arrhythmia can result in serious adverse events, such as syncope, sudden cardiac arrest, and death.
#16 Ventricular tachycardia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ventricular_tachycardia_epidemiology_and_demographics
VT is more prevalent among patients with coronary artery disease. Eldery patients are more commonly affected by ideopathic VT. Ideopathic VT is commonly observed in women. There is no racial predilection for VT. […] The prevalence of ventricular arrhythmia is approximately 69000 per 100,000 men and 68000 per 100,0000 women with coronary artery disease worldwide. […] The prevalence of ventricular tachycardia is approximately 54,000 per 100,000 in men and 55,000 per 100,000 in women with hypertension, valvular heart disease, or cardiomyopathy without coronary artery disease and 31000 per 100,000 in men and 30,000 per 100,000 in women with no cardiovascular disease. […] Between 2005-2013, the incidence of vetricular arrhythmia associated cardiomyopathy was estimated to be 28,800 cases per 100,000 individuals in Minnesota. […] Ideopathic Ventricular tachycardia is more commonly observed among elderly patients. […] Females are more commonly affected with ideopathic VT than men. […] There is no racial predilection for ventricular arrhythmia.
#17 Sex and Gender Differences in Ventricular Arrhythmias | USC Journal
https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/sex-and-gender-differences-ventricular-arrhythmias?language_content_entity=en
Ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and VF, commonly occur in patients with underlying cardiomyopathy. […] Rates of ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) differ between men and women, with women generally experiencing cardiomyopathy at lower rates than men. Similarly, men and women experience VA at different rates. […] In all patients with a reduced ejection fraction (i.e. with structural heart disease), women are overall significantly less likely than men to experience VA. […] Studies suggest that there are intrinsic sex-related differences in propensity toward VA. […] In patients with documented VAs, women are more likely to have NICM, and men are more likely to have ICM. […] In the MADIT-CRT trial of patients with ICM, women were 49% less likely to experience VA than men.
#18 Sex and Gender Differences in Ventricular Arrhythmias | USC Journal
https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/sex-and-gender-differences-ventricular-arrhythmias?language_content_entity=en
Ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and VF, commonly occur in patients with underlying cardiomyopathy. […] Rates of ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) differ between men and women, with women generally experiencing cardiomyopathy at lower rates than men. Similarly, men and women experience VA at different rates. […] In all patients with a reduced ejection fraction (i.e. with structural heart disease), women are overall significantly less likely than men to experience VA. […] Studies suggest that there are intrinsic sex-related differences in propensity toward VA. […] In patients with documented VAs, women are more likely to have NICM, and men are more likely to have ICM. […] In the MADIT-CRT trial of patients with ICM, women were 49% less likely to experience VA than men.
#19 Sex and Gender Differences in Ventricular Arrhythmias | USC Journal
https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/sex-and-gender-differences-ventricular-arrhythmias?language_content_entity=en
Ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and VF, commonly occur in patients with underlying cardiomyopathy. […] Rates of ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) differ between men and women, with women generally experiencing cardiomyopathy at lower rates than men. Similarly, men and women experience VA at different rates. […] In all patients with a reduced ejection fraction (i.e. with structural heart disease), women are overall significantly less likely than men to experience VA. […] Studies suggest that there are intrinsic sex-related differences in propensity toward VA. […] In patients with documented VAs, women are more likely to have NICM, and men are more likely to have ICM. […] In the MADIT-CRT trial of patients with ICM, women were 49% less likely to experience VA than men.
#20 Ventricular tachycardia in patients without apparent structural heart disease : Focus on ventricular outflow tract tachycardia
https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-8/Ventricular-tachycardia-in-patients-without-apparent-structural-heart-disease
Ventricular outflow tract tachycardia (VOT-T) typically presents in young people, usually in the second to fourth decades of life. […] It appears to have similar distribution between the two sexes, though it has been reported that it will depend on the anatomic location. […] According to this, a right ventricular outflow tract origin (RVOT-T) could occur more often in females (69.6%) while a left origin apparently predominates in males. […] The most frequent clinical complaint is palpitations (48-80%). […] Other common symptoms are lightheadness and presyncope (28-50%), chest pain, and, less frequently, syncope (10%). […] Since it typically affects young people without structural heart disease, it is usually well tolerated. […] Tachycardiomyopathy has also been described as part of this condition, although it is usually reversible after successful ablation.
#21 Ventricular tachycardia in patients without apparent structural heart disease : Focus on ventricular outflow tract tachycardia
https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-8/Ventricular-tachycardia-in-patients-without-apparent-structural-heart-disease
The adrenergic-dependent character of this arrhythmia has been well documented. […] The majority of patients experience episodes during or after exercise. […] Other common triggers are emotional stress, anxiety, stimulants such as caffeine and, in the hospital setting, the infusion of catecholamines. […] Interestingly, it has been described as responding to hormonal variations in women, with states of hormonal flux (premenstrual, gestational and perimenopausal periods and the administration of contraceptives) the most common recorded trigger (59%). […] Although it is considered an arrhythmia with a benign course, some cases of sudden death and malignant polymorphic VT have been reported at follow-up. […] In fact, ventricular fibrillation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by ventricular premature complexes with a short coupling interval originated in RVOT have been recently described.
#22 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor
https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/
Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. […] The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. […] People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. […] Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] If untreated, malignant ventricular arrhythmia can result in serious adverse events, such as syncope, sudden cardiac arrest, and death.
#23 Ventricular Tachycardias: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-tachycardias
How common is ventricular tachycardias? (Epidemiology) […] VT is a fairly frequently observed dysrhythmia but actual incidence is difficult to quantify because of the overlap with VF. Shockable rhythms (pulseless VT and VF) are seen in about half of witnessed cardiac arrests in public locations where a defibrillator has been available. […] VT incidence rates peak in the middle decades of life, following structural heart disease.
#24 Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia – WikEM
https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Nonsustained_ventricular_tachycardia
Occurs in 0-4% of ambulatory patients. […] Increased frequency in males and with increasing age.
#25 The epidemiology of ventricular arrhythmias – ePrints Soton
https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/465959/
The incidence rate (2001-2002) of diagnosed ventricular arrhythmias was estimated as 202 (95% Cls 164, 248) per million population for all patients who had survived the first day after their diagnosis and 88% of these patients survived to 12 months. Incidence was two fold higher in males than females and significantly increased with age. Most patients presented with syncope or palpitations. […] Expert opinion was that less than 1% of the SCD case series could have been identified prior to their death and considered for an ICD. 46% of cases would have required further investigations to determine ICD appropriateness. Most of these cases had suffered an MI and/or were diagnosed with heard failure during their lifetime but were not referred for heart rhythm monitoring.
#26 Ventricular tachycardia in patients without apparent structural heart disease : Focus on ventricular outflow tract tachycardia
https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-8/Ventricular-tachycardia-in-patients-without-apparent-structural-heart-disease
Ventricular outflow tract tachycardia (VOT-T) typically presents in young people, usually in the second to fourth decades of life. […] It appears to have similar distribution between the two sexes, though it has been reported that it will depend on the anatomic location. […] According to this, a right ventricular outflow tract origin (RVOT-T) could occur more often in females (69.6%) while a left origin apparently predominates in males. […] The most frequent clinical complaint is palpitations (48-80%). […] Other common symptoms are lightheadness and presyncope (28-50%), chest pain, and, less frequently, syncope (10%). […] Since it typically affects young people without structural heart disease, it is usually well tolerated. […] Tachycardiomyopathy has also been described as part of this condition, although it is usually reversible after successful ablation.
#27 Ventricular tachycardia in patients without apparent structural heart disease : Focus on ventricular outflow tract tachycardia
https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-8/Ventricular-tachycardia-in-patients-without-apparent-structural-heart-disease
The adrenergic-dependent character of this arrhythmia has been well documented. […] The majority of patients experience episodes during or after exercise. […] Other common triggers are emotional stress, anxiety, stimulants such as caffeine and, in the hospital setting, the infusion of catecholamines. […] Interestingly, it has been described as responding to hormonal variations in women, with states of hormonal flux (premenstrual, gestational and perimenopausal periods and the administration of contraceptives) the most common recorded trigger (59%). […] Although it is considered an arrhythmia with a benign course, some cases of sudden death and malignant polymorphic VT have been reported at follow-up. […] In fact, ventricular fibrillation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by ventricular premature complexes with a short coupling interval originated in RVOT have been recently described.
#28 Epidemiology of Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death in Asia
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/77/10/77_CJ-13-1129/_article
Cardiac arrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders that comprise an important epidemiological and public health problem. […] Sudden cardiac death (SCD) occurs in approximately 40 cases per 100,000 persons annually in each country of Asia. […] The primary electrophysiological disorders related to channelopathies, such as long QT syndrome, short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, are estimated to be responsible for 10% of SCDs. […] Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation has become established as an effective secondary prevention for SCD, and numbers have been increasing annually worldwide.
#29 JCDD | Special Issue : Ventricular Arrhythmias: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcdd/special_issues/E2CBVF9724
Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) occur most often in the context of structural heart disease, with a small group of patients presenting idiopathic VA without any structural abnormalities. Cardiac diseases associated with VA differ in young vs. older individuals. In the young, there is a predominance of channelopathies, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and substance abuse, while in older populations, chronic degenerative diseases predominate (coronary artery disease, valvular heart diseases and heart failure). Refractory unstable ventricular arrhythmias and electrical storm are often life-threatening, increasing patientsâ mortality rate up to 50%. […] In recent years, new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques have been developed to improve the prognosis of patients suffering from VA. In particular, advanced imaging including computed tomography and magnetic resonance; new techniques to perform catheter ablation; and genetic testing can improve the management of VA.
#30 Charting New Frontiers in Arrhythmia Care: The Growing
https://www.openpr.com/news/4005223/charting-new-frontiers-in-arrhythmia-care-the-growing
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) remains one of the most serious cardiac arrhythmias, characterized by rapid, potentially life threatening heartbeats originating in the ventricles. […] Recent epidemiological studies estimate that hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide experience sustained VT each year, with higher prevalence among individuals with ischemic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and genetic channelopathies. […] Aging populations and improved survival rates following myocardial infarction have led to more patients at risk for VT. […] As heart failure clinics expand and screening intensifies, clinicians are detecting arrhythmic substrates earlier, prompting timely therapeutic intervention. […] North America accounts for the largest share of the VT treatment market, supported by widespread adoption of electrophysiology services, robust reimbursement for ablation and ICD implantation, and a strong pipeline of clinical trials.
#31 Charting New Frontiers in Arrhythmia Care: The Growing
https://www.openpr.com/news/4005223/charting-new-frontiers-in-arrhythmia-care-the-growing
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) remains one of the most serious cardiac arrhythmias, characterized by rapid, potentially life threatening heartbeats originating in the ventricles. […] Recent epidemiological studies estimate that hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide experience sustained VT each year, with higher prevalence among individuals with ischemic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and genetic channelopathies. […] Aging populations and improved survival rates following myocardial infarction have led to more patients at risk for VT. […] As heart failure clinics expand and screening intensifies, clinicians are detecting arrhythmic substrates earlier, prompting timely therapeutic intervention. […] North America accounts for the largest share of the VT treatment market, supported by widespread adoption of electrophysiology services, robust reimbursement for ablation and ICD implantation, and a strong pipeline of clinical trials.
#32 Charting New Frontiers in Arrhythmia Care: The Growing
https://www.openpr.com/news/4005223/charting-new-frontiers-in-arrhythmia-care-the-growing
Europe follows closely, with nations such as Germany, France, and the U.K. investing in specialized VT centers of excellence and national registries that inform best practices. […] Asia Pacific represents the fastest growing region. […] Latin America and Middle East Africa remain nascent markets.
#33 Ventricular Tachycardia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159075-overview
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are common throughout most of the developed world. In developing countries, VT and other heart diseases are relatively less common. […] The incidence of VT in the United States is not well quantified, because of the clinical overlap of VT with ventricular fibrillation (VF), but examination of sudden death data provides a rough estimate of VT incidence. Most sudden cardiac deaths are caused by VT or VF, at an estimated rate of approximately 300,000 deaths per year in the United States, or about half of the estimated cardiac mortality. […] A prospective surveillance study gave a sudden death incidence of 53 per 100,000 population, accounting for 5.6% of all mortality. This is only a rough estimate of VT incidence, both because many patients have nonfatal VT and because arrhythmic sudden deaths may be associated with VF or bradycardia rather than with VT. In patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained VT, sudden death mortality approaches 30% in 2 years. […] Morbidity from VT is associated with hemodynamic collapse. Resuscitated survivors may suffer ischemic encephalopathy, acute renal insufficiency, transient ventricular dysfunction, aspiration pneumonitis, and trauma related to resuscitative efforts.
#34 Ventricular Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532954/
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation cause most cases of sudden cardiac death, with an estimated rate of 300,000 deaths each year in the United States. Sudden cardiac deaths caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias account for approximately half of the deaths related to cardiac causes. Ventricular tachycardia is strongly associated with coronary artery disease; around 15% of the patients with coronary artery disease are found to have ventricular tachycardia. The incidence of ventricular tachycardia is relatively higher in men due to a higher incidence of coronary artery disease; however, the incidence in women is expected to increase with the rising incidence of coronary artery disease. […] Ventricular tachycardia is much more common in the setting of acute coronary syndrome, and around 5 to 10% of the patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction are found to have ventricular arrhythmias within the first few days of the presentation. Patients with myocardial infarction, who develop ventricular tachyarrhythmias after the first two days of myocardial infarction, have an increased risk of death as compared to those having VT within the first two days. Ventricular tachycardia is rare in children but can occur in the presence of inherited channelopathies or structural heart disease.
#35 Ventricular Tachycardia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159075-overview
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are common throughout most of the developed world. In developing countries, VT and other heart diseases are relatively less common. […] The incidence of VT in the United States is not well quantified, because of the clinical overlap of VT with ventricular fibrillation (VF), but examination of sudden death data provides a rough estimate of VT incidence. Most sudden cardiac deaths are caused by VT or VF, at an estimated rate of approximately 300,000 deaths per year in the United States, or about half of the estimated cardiac mortality. […] A prospective surveillance study gave a sudden death incidence of 53 per 100,000 population, accounting for 5.6% of all mortality. This is only a rough estimate of VT incidence, both because many patients have nonfatal VT and because arrhythmic sudden deaths may be associated with VF or bradycardia rather than with VT. In patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained VT, sudden death mortality approaches 30% in 2 years. […] Morbidity from VT is associated with hemodynamic collapse. Resuscitated survivors may suffer ischemic encephalopathy, acute renal insufficiency, transient ventricular dysfunction, aspiration pneumonitis, and trauma related to resuscitative efforts.
#36 Ventricular Arrhythmias and Congestive Heart Failure | EMJ Reviews
https://www.emjreviews.com/cardiology/article/a-clinical-review-of-ventricular-arrhythmias-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure/
Heart failure is an increasingly prevalent condition, which is associated with ventricular arrhythmias. […] An estimated 26 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with heart failure and it accounts for 1 million hospitalisations annually in Europe and North America. […] The overall prevalence of heart failure is 12% in the Western world, with most patients 50 years old. […] The prevalence increases sharply with age, affecting 10% of those aged 85 years. […] Annual mortality varies according to the severity of heart failure, although the relative proportion of sudden deaths is substantial across all classes. […] The yearly mortality rate from sudden death is 12-15% within the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I and II, while class IV has a sudden death rate of 50-60%.
#37 Ventricular Arrhythmias and Congestive Heart Failure | EMJ Reviews
https://www.emjreviews.com/cardiology/article/a-clinical-review-of-ventricular-arrhythmias-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure/
Sudden death accounts for 50-60% of all deaths in NYHA functional class I and II, while class IV has a rate of 20-30%. […] Ventricular arrhythmias have been presumed to be the cause of a significant proportion of sudden deaths; other causes include bradyarrhythmias and pulseless electrical activity. […] Given their spontaneous nature, the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure patients is difficult to assess; however, ventricular arrhythmias have been noted to be particularly prevalent in patients with reduced ventricular ejection fraction and underlying cardiac ischaemia. […] The risk of ventricular arrhythmias is further increased by coexisting comorbidities, including obstructive sleep apnoea, hypoxaemia, electrolyte disturbances, catecholamine excess, pro-arrhythmic drug effects, hepatic dysfunction, and renal dysfunction. […] While ventricular arrhythmia encompasses several rhythm disturbances, it is important to note that VF and sustained VT have a higher disease burden and risk of sudden death compared to non-sustained VT and premature ventricular contraction.
#38 Articles: ventricular-fibrillation-epidemiology Â« metajournal.com
https://www.metajournal.com/articles/topic/15123/ventricular-fibrillation-epidemiology
The hospital IRs and CHRs of VT and VF complicating AMI have declined over time, likely because of changes in acute monitoring and treatment practices. […] Despite these encouraging trends, efforts remain needed to identify patients at risk for these serious ventricular arrhythmias so that preventive and treatment strategies might be implemented as necessary.
#39 Articles: ventricular-fibrillation-epidemiology Â« metajournal.com
https://www.metajournal.com/articles/topic/15123/ventricular-fibrillation-epidemiology
The hospital IRs and CHRs of VT and VF complicating AMI have declined over time, likely because of changes in acute monitoring and treatment practices. […] Despite these encouraging trends, efforts remain needed to identify patients at risk for these serious ventricular arrhythmias so that preventive and treatment strategies might be implemented as necessary.
#40 Epidemiology of Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death in Asia
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/77/10/77_CJ-13-1129/_article
Cardiac arrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders that comprise an important epidemiological and public health problem. […] Sudden cardiac death (SCD) occurs in approximately 40 cases per 100,000 persons annually in each country of Asia. […] The primary electrophysiological disorders related to channelopathies, such as long QT syndrome, short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, are estimated to be responsible for 10% of SCDs. […] Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation has become established as an effective secondary prevention for SCD, and numbers have been increasing annually worldwide.
#41 Ventricular tachycardia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is a cardiovascular disorder in which fast heart rate occurs in the ventricles of the heart. […] It is found initially in about 7% of people in cardiac arrest. […] Ventricular tachycardia can occur due to coronary heart disease, aortic stenosis, cardiomyopathy, electrolyte imbalance, or a heart attack. […] The diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia is made based on the rhythm seen on either a 12-lead ECG or a telemetry rhythm strip. […] Various diagnostic criteria have been developed to determine whether a wide complex tachycardia is ventricular tachycardia or a more benign rhythm. […] The proper diagnosis is important, as the misdiagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia when ventricular tachycardia is present is associated with worse prognosis. […] An ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator) is more effective than drug therapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death due to VT and VF, but does not prevent these rhythms from happening.
#42 Extracorporeal life support for refractory ventricular tachycardia
https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/13447/html
Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a very effective bridging therapy in patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with cardiogenic shock. […] The current evidence from literature, supports the use of ECLS to ensure adequate vital organ perfusion in patients with refractory VT. […] It must be noted that there is good evidence that early access to cardiac catheterization laboratories and the use of refractory VF/VT protocols have led to higher survival rates. […] To address this subject, more studies involving large numbers of patients in multi-institutional settings must be pursued relative to the use of VA ECMO/ECLS in a life-saving context in VT scenarios.
#43 Extracorporeal life support for refractory ventricular tachycardia
https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/13447/html
Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a very effective bridging therapy in patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with cardiogenic shock. […] The current evidence from literature, supports the use of ECLS to ensure adequate vital organ perfusion in patients with refractory VT. […] It must be noted that there is good evidence that early access to cardiac catheterization laboratories and the use of refractory VF/VT protocols have led to higher survival rates. […] To address this subject, more studies involving large numbers of patients in multi-institutional settings must be pursued relative to the use of VA ECMO/ECLS in a life-saving context in VT scenarios.
#44 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest
More than 356,000 Americans each year experience cardiac arrest outside of a hospital. It typically affects adults, but it can happen in children, too. […] Sudden cardiac arrest happens in people with and without heart disease. Having a heart attack or other heart condition can significantly increase your risk. […] You may be at a higher risk for cardiac arrest if you have a personal or family history of abnormal heart rhythms like long QT syndrome and ventricular tachycardia. […] About 11% of people who have cardiac arrest outside a hospital and get emergency treatment survive and go home from the hospital. About 26% of people who have cardiopulmonary arrest inside a hospital survive and go home.
#45 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor
https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/
Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. […] The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. […] People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. […] Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] If untreated, malignant ventricular arrhythmia can result in serious adverse events, such as syncope, sudden cardiac arrest, and death.
#46 Ventricular Arrhythmias and Congestive Heart Failure | EMJ Reviews
https://www.emjreviews.com/cardiology/article/a-clinical-review-of-ventricular-arrhythmias-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure/
Sudden death accounts for 50-60% of all deaths in NYHA functional class I and II, while class IV has a rate of 20-30%. […] Ventricular arrhythmias have been presumed to be the cause of a significant proportion of sudden deaths; other causes include bradyarrhythmias and pulseless electrical activity. […] Given their spontaneous nature, the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure patients is difficult to assess; however, ventricular arrhythmias have been noted to be particularly prevalent in patients with reduced ventricular ejection fraction and underlying cardiac ischaemia. […] The risk of ventricular arrhythmias is further increased by coexisting comorbidities, including obstructive sleep apnoea, hypoxaemia, electrolyte disturbances, catecholamine excess, pro-arrhythmic drug effects, hepatic dysfunction, and renal dysfunction. […] While ventricular arrhythmia encompasses several rhythm disturbances, it is important to note that VF and sustained VT have a higher disease burden and risk of sudden death compared to non-sustained VT and premature ventricular contraction.