Materiały źródłowe

• #1 End-stage renal disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532

  End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease the gradual loss of kidney function reaches an advanced state. […] Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. […] Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include: Type 1 or type 2 diabetes, High blood pressure, Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) an inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli), Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney’s tubules and surrounding structures, Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases, Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers, Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys, Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis).

• #2 Kidney Failure: Stages, ESRD, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure

  Kidney failure can worsen to the most severe stage, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) which is deadly without treatment. […] Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. […] Unmanaged diabetes can lead to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Consistently high blood sugar can damage your kidneys as well as other organs. […] High blood pressure means blood travels forcefully through your body’s blood vessels. Over time and without treatment, the extra force can damage your kidneys tissue. […] Kidney failure usually doesn’t happen quickly. Other causes that may lead to kidney failure include: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD). PKD is a condition you inherit from one of your parents that causes fluid-filled sacs (cysts) to grow inside your kidneys.

• #3 Kidney failure (ESRD) – Symptoms, stages, & treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-failure

  Kidney failure means your kidneys are no longer able to work well enough to keep you alive. With kidney failure, 85-90% of your kidney function is gone. People with kidney failure have stage 5 CKD (also known as end-stage kidney disease or ESKD). […] The two main causes of kidney failure are diabetes and high blood pressure, which make up about two-thirds of cases. Other diseases can also lead to kidney failure, including IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease, and many others. Social and environmental factors also play a part in kidney disease.

• #4 Kidney failure (ESRD) – Symptoms, stages, & treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-failure

  Kidney failure means your kidneys are no longer able to work well enough to keep you alive. With kidney failure, 85-90% of your kidney function is gone. People with kidney failure have stage 5 CKD (also known as end-stage kidney disease or ESKD). […] The two main causes of kidney failure are diabetes and high blood pressure, which make up about two-thirds of cases. Other diseases can also lead to kidney failure, including IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease, and many others. Social and environmental factors also play a part in kidney disease.

• #5 Primary Causes of End-Stage Renal Disease

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/primary-causes-of-endstage-renal-disease

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD), or kidney failure, is the eventual result of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects 26 million U.S. adults. Major risk factors for ESRD are diabetic nephropathy (43.2%), hypertension (23%), glomerulonephritis (12.3%), and polycystic kidney disease (2.9%). […] More than 29 million adults (8.1 million of them undiagnosed) have diabetes—the leading cause of ESRD—and 35% of them have ESRD. Of all ESRD patients, 37% have a primary diagnosis of diabetes. In 2013, diabetes led to 51,000 new cases of ESRD. More than 247,000 patients have diabetes-related ESRD. […] Currently, 165,000 patients have ESRD caused by high blood pressure (HBP), which is the second leading cause of ESRD. One-quarter of ESRD patients have a primary diagnosis of hypertension.

• #6 End-stage renal disease causes U.S. 2020| Statista

  https://www.statista.com/statistics/781013/end-stage-renal-disease-causes-us/

  In 2020, around 38 percent of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases were caused by diabetes, while 27 percent were caused by high blood pressure. […] This statistic shows the distribution of causes of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases in the U.S. in 2020. […] Characteristic Percentage of new end-stage renal disease cases Diabetes 38% High blood pressure 27% Glomerulonephritis 15% Other cause* 7% Unknown cause 13% […] * Includes polycystic kidney disease, among other causes.

• #7 Primary Causes of End-Stage Renal Disease

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/primary-causes-of-endstage-renal-disease

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD), or kidney failure, is the eventual result of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects 26 million U.S. adults. Major risk factors for ESRD are diabetic nephropathy (43.2%), hypertension (23%), glomerulonephritis (12.3%), and polycystic kidney disease (2.9%). […] More than 29 million adults (8.1 million of them undiagnosed) have diabetes—the leading cause of ESRD—and 35% of them have ESRD. Of all ESRD patients, 37% have a primary diagnosis of diabetes. In 2013, diabetes led to 51,000 new cases of ESRD. More than 247,000 patients have diabetes-related ESRD. […] Currently, 165,000 patients have ESRD caused by high blood pressure (HBP), which is the second leading cause of ESRD. One-quarter of ESRD patients have a primary diagnosis of hypertension.

• #8 Chronic kidney disease: Symptoms, stage, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often happens as a result of either diabetes or hypertension. […] When a person has unmanaged diabetes, sugar (glucose) accumulates in the blood and can damage the kidneys. […] High blood pressure, meanwhile, can damage the glomeruli. These are parts of the kidney that filter waste products. […] Some other causes of CKD may include: obstructed urine flow, kidney diseases, kidney artery stenosis, heavy metal poisoning, fetal developmental problems, systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria and yellow fever, certain medications, illegal substance use, and kidney injury. […] It is important to understand that, even with dialysis, 20-50% of people with end stage renal disease die within 2 years.

• #9 End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD): Symptoms and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/end-stage-kidney-disease

  End-stage kidney disease is also called end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The kidneys of people with ESRD function below 15% of their normal ability, which may mean theyre barely functioning or not functioning at all. […] Many kidney diseases attack the nephrons, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This leads to poor blood filtering, which eventually leads to ESRD. ESRD is caused most commonly by diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure). […] If you have diabetes, your body cant break down glucose (sugar) correctly, so glucose levels in your blood remain high. Having high levels of glucose in your blood damages your nephrons. […] If you have hypertension, the increased pressure on the small vessels in your kidneys leads to damage. The damage prevents your blood vessels from performing their blood-filtering duties.

• #10 Major Risk Factors in the Onset of End-Stage Renal Disease

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/major-risk-factors-in-the-onset-of-end-stage-renal-disease

  Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus are main risk factors for increasing incidence of ESRD in black men in USA. Studies showed that (30- 40%) of all patients with diabetes develop nephropathy, ESRD, and necessitating dialysis or kidney transplantation. […] A study conducted in 2008 at An-Najah National University to determine the prevalence of reduced renal function among diabetic hypertensive patients showed that hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the most common causes of ESRD. […] A case control study conducted in USA confirmed that kidney stones increased the risk of chronic kidney disease especially interstitial nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease is frequently seen among patients with kidney stones, an estimated percent of (10% – 15%) of patients eventually develop chronic kidney failure.

• #11 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Proteinuria (increased levels of protein in urine) – In diabetic kidney disease, an albumin excretion rate higher than 30 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) can strongly predict nephropathy (proteinuria) and subsequent loss of kidney function. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure) – Hypotension patients are 32% less likely to develop kidney failure than hypertensives. Controlling high blood pressure can reduce the progression of kidney failure. […] Diabetes (persistent increase in blood sugar levels) – Diabetes leads to kidney failure. Large prospective studies from the early 1990s demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control in both the development and progression of microvascular complications. […] Smoking – Smoking from nicotine sources can initiate and help in CKD progression, especially in diabetics, approximately twofold. It is also seen with microalbuminuria and the development of stage 5 CKD (ESRD). […] Hyperlipidaemia (high lipid levels in the blood) – Hyperlipidaemia predicts incident CKD. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia appears to increase as kidney function declines, and hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. […] Obesity – Studies demonstrated a close relationship between increased body mass index (BMI) and ESRD development, especially in men and less in women.

• #12 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Proteinuria (increased levels of protein in urine) – In diabetic kidney disease, an albumin excretion rate higher than 30 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) can strongly predict nephropathy (proteinuria) and subsequent loss of kidney function. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure) – Hypotension patients are 32% less likely to develop kidney failure than hypertensives. Controlling high blood pressure can reduce the progression of kidney failure. […] Diabetes (persistent increase in blood sugar levels) – Diabetes leads to kidney failure. Large prospective studies from the early 1990s demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control in both the development and progression of microvascular complications. […] Smoking – Smoking from nicotine sources can initiate and help in CKD progression, especially in diabetics, approximately twofold. It is also seen with microalbuminuria and the development of stage 5 CKD (ESRD). […] Hyperlipidaemia (high lipid levels in the blood) – Hyperlipidaemia predicts incident CKD. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia appears to increase as kidney function declines, and hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. […] Obesity – Studies demonstrated a close relationship between increased body mass index (BMI) and ESRD development, especially in men and less in women.

• #13 Kidney Failure: Stages, ESRD, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure

  Kidney failure can worsen to the most severe stage, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) which is deadly without treatment. […] Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. […] Unmanaged diabetes can lead to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Consistently high blood sugar can damage your kidneys as well as other organs. […] High blood pressure means blood travels forcefully through your body’s blood vessels. Over time and without treatment, the extra force can damage your kidneys tissue. […] Kidney failure usually doesn’t happen quickly. Other causes that may lead to kidney failure include: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD). PKD is a condition you inherit from one of your parents that causes fluid-filled sacs (cysts) to grow inside your kidneys.

• #14 Chronic kidney disease: Symptoms, stage, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often happens as a result of either diabetes or hypertension. […] When a person has unmanaged diabetes, sugar (glucose) accumulates in the blood and can damage the kidneys. […] High blood pressure, meanwhile, can damage the glomeruli. These are parts of the kidney that filter waste products. […] Some other causes of CKD may include: obstructed urine flow, kidney diseases, kidney artery stenosis, heavy metal poisoning, fetal developmental problems, systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria and yellow fever, certain medications, illegal substance use, and kidney injury. […] It is important to understand that, even with dialysis, 20-50% of people with end stage renal disease die within 2 years.

• #15 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  The most common chronic renal vascular disease is nephrosclerosis, which causes ongoing damage to blood vessels, glomeruli, and the tubulointerstitium. […] A nephritic pattern is indicated by abnormal urine microscopy showing red blood cell (RBC) casts, dysmorphic red cells, and occasionally white blood cells (WBCs), along with a variable degree of proteinuria. […] The most common causes are post-infectious glomerulonephritis, infective endocarditis, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, and vasculitis. […] A nephrotic pattern is associated with proteinuria, usually in the nephrotic range (3.5 g/24 h), and an inactive urine microscopic analysis with few cells or casts. Common causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and amyloidosis.

• #16 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Proteinuria (increased levels of protein in urine) – In diabetic kidney disease, an albumin excretion rate higher than 30 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) can strongly predict nephropathy (proteinuria) and subsequent loss of kidney function. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure) – Hypotension patients are 32% less likely to develop kidney failure than hypertensives. Controlling high blood pressure can reduce the progression of kidney failure. […] Diabetes (persistent increase in blood sugar levels) – Diabetes leads to kidney failure. Large prospective studies from the early 1990s demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control in both the development and progression of microvascular complications. […] Smoking – Smoking from nicotine sources can initiate and help in CKD progression, especially in diabetics, approximately twofold. It is also seen with microalbuminuria and the development of stage 5 CKD (ESRD). […] Hyperlipidaemia (high lipid levels in the blood) – Hyperlipidaemia predicts incident CKD. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia appears to increase as kidney function declines, and hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. […] Obesity – Studies demonstrated a close relationship between increased body mass index (BMI) and ESRD development, especially in men and less in women.

• #17 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  Effective management of diabetes and hypertension can help prevent ESKD and decrease the number of incident cases, thus alleviating the burden on the health care system and reducing costs. […] Interventions to promote and increase use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, along with improving care and better managing ESKD risk factors among persons with diabetes, might slow the increase and eventually reverse the trend in incident ESKD cases.

• #18 Primary Causes of End-Stage Renal Disease

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/primary-causes-of-endstage-renal-disease

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD), or kidney failure, is the eventual result of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects 26 million U.S. adults. Major risk factors for ESRD are diabetic nephropathy (43.2%), hypertension (23%), glomerulonephritis (12.3%), and polycystic kidney disease (2.9%). […] More than 29 million adults (8.1 million of them undiagnosed) have diabetes—the leading cause of ESRD—and 35% of them have ESRD. Of all ESRD patients, 37% have a primary diagnosis of diabetes. In 2013, diabetes led to 51,000 new cases of ESRD. More than 247,000 patients have diabetes-related ESRD. […] Currently, 165,000 patients have ESRD caused by high blood pressure (HBP), which is the second leading cause of ESRD. One-quarter of ESRD patients have a primary diagnosis of hypertension.

• #19 End-stage renal disease causes U.S. 2020| Statista

  https://www.statista.com/statistics/781013/end-stage-renal-disease-causes-us/

  In 2020, around 38 percent of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases were caused by diabetes, while 27 percent were caused by high blood pressure. […] This statistic shows the distribution of causes of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases in the U.S. in 2020. […] Characteristic Percentage of new end-stage renal disease cases Diabetes 38% High blood pressure 27% Glomerulonephritis 15% Other cause* 7% Unknown cause 13% […] * Includes polycystic kidney disease, among other causes.

• #20 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #21 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Primary glomerular diseases include the following: […] Membranous nephropathy […] Alport syndrome […] Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy […] Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) […] Minimal change disease […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) […] Complement-related diseases (eg, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS], dense deposit disease) […] Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis. […] Secondary causes of glomerular disease include the following: […] Diabetes mellitus […] Systemic lupus erythematosus […] Rheumatoid arthritis […] Mixed connective tissue disease […] Scleroderma […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis) […] Mixed cryoglobulinemia […] Endocarditis […] Hepatitis B and C

• #22 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Primary glomerular diseases include the following: […] Membranous nephropathy […] Alport syndrome […] Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy […] Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) […] Minimal change disease […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) […] Complement-related diseases (eg, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS], dense deposit disease) […] Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis. […] Secondary causes of glomerular disease include the following: […] Diabetes mellitus […] Systemic lupus erythematosus […] Rheumatoid arthritis […] Mixed connective tissue disease […] Scleroderma […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis) […] Mixed cryoglobulinemia […] Endocarditis […] Hepatitis B and C

• #23 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Primary glomerular diseases include the following: […] Membranous nephropathy […] Alport syndrome […] Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy […] Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) […] Minimal change disease […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) […] Complement-related diseases (eg, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS], dense deposit disease) […] Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis. […] Secondary causes of glomerular disease include the following: […] Diabetes mellitus […] Systemic lupus erythematosus […] Rheumatoid arthritis […] Mixed connective tissue disease […] Scleroderma […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis) […] Mixed cryoglobulinemia […] Endocarditis […] Hepatitis B and C

• #24 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Primary glomerular diseases include the following: […] Membranous nephropathy […] Alport syndrome […] Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy […] Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) […] Minimal change disease […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) […] Complement-related diseases (eg, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS], dense deposit disease) […] Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis. […] Secondary causes of glomerular disease include the following: […] Diabetes mellitus […] Systemic lupus erythematosus […] Rheumatoid arthritis […] Mixed connective tissue disease […] Scleroderma […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis) […] Mixed cryoglobulinemia […] Endocarditis […] Hepatitis B and C

• #25 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Syphilis […] HIV infection […] Parasitic infection […] Heroin use […] Gold […] Penicillamine […] Amyloidosis […] Light-chain deposition disease […] Neoplasia […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) […] Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae related HUS […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura […] Reflux nephropathy. […] Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following: […] Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol) […] Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome […] Chronic hypokalemia […] Chronic hypercalcemia […] Sarcoidosis […] Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy […] Heavy metals […] Radiation nephritis […] Polycystic kidneys […] Cystinosis and other inherited diseases. […] Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia […] Urolithiasis (kidney stones) […] Urethral stricture […] Tumors […] Neurogenic bladder […] Congenital defects of the kidney or bladder […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

• #26 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  The most common chronic renal vascular disease is nephrosclerosis, which causes ongoing damage to blood vessels, glomeruli, and the tubulointerstitium. […] A nephritic pattern is indicated by abnormal urine microscopy showing red blood cell (RBC) casts, dysmorphic red cells, and occasionally white blood cells (WBCs), along with a variable degree of proteinuria. […] The most common causes are post-infectious glomerulonephritis, infective endocarditis, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, and vasculitis. […] A nephrotic pattern is associated with proteinuria, usually in the nephrotic range (3.5 g/24 h), and an inactive urine microscopic analysis with few cells or casts. Common causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and amyloidosis.

• #27 End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  Structural birth defects: Some deformities of kidney structure present from birth can also cause chronic kidney disease and ESRD. […] Polycystic kidney disease: It is an inherited disorder in which cysts (pockets of fluid) develop in the kidneys. […] Diabetes: Long-standing diabetes is one of the most common causes of ESRD in the USA. […] Other diseases: uncontrolled chronic high blood pressure and heart disease […] Obstructive causes: Kidney stones, bladder stones, cancers of the urinary tract, and repeated infections can cause ESRD. […] Medications: Taking aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, chemotherapeutic medications, antibiotics, and dyes.

• #28 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #29 End Stage Renal Disease (Kidney Failure) | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/end-stage-renal-disease

  Other conditions resulting in end-stage renal disease may be indications for renal transplantation: Pyelonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, Congenital urinary tract defects, Alport’s disease, Hypertensive nephrosclerosis, Reflux neuropathy, Interstitial nephritis, IgA nephropathy, Goodpasture’s syndrome, Hemolytic uremic syndrome, Chemical nephrotoxicity, Renal artery emboli, Sickle cell nephropathy.

• #30 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  The most common chronic tubulointerstitial disease is polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Other etiologies include nephrocalcinosis (often due to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria), sarcoidosis, Sjgren syndrome, and reflux nephropathy in children and young adults. […] There is increasing recognition of a relatively high prevalence of CKD of unknown cause among agricultural workers from Central America and parts of Southeast Asia, known as MesoAmerican nephropathy or chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities. […] Chronic obstruction may result from prostatic disease, nephrolithiasis, or an abdominal/pelvic tumor exerting a mass effect on the ureter(s).

• #31 End Stage Renal Disease (Kidney Failure) | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/end-stage-renal-disease

  Other conditions resulting in end-stage renal disease may be indications for renal transplantation: Pyelonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, Congenital urinary tract defects, Alport’s disease, Hypertensive nephrosclerosis, Reflux neuropathy, Interstitial nephritis, IgA nephropathy, Goodpasture’s syndrome, Hemolytic uremic syndrome, Chemical nephrotoxicity, Renal artery emboli, Sickle cell nephropathy.

• #32 Kidney failure (ESRD) – Symptoms, stages, & treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-failure

  Kidney failure means your kidneys are no longer able to work well enough to keep you alive. With kidney failure, 85-90% of your kidney function is gone. People with kidney failure have stage 5 CKD (also known as end-stage kidney disease or ESKD). […] The two main causes of kidney failure are diabetes and high blood pressure, which make up about two-thirds of cases. Other diseases can also lead to kidney failure, including IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease, and many others. Social and environmental factors also play a part in kidney disease.

• #33 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is kidney disease that is beyond the point of healing or treatment. […] There are many types of kidney disease that can progress to ESRD. In adults, a common cause of ESRD is kidney damage caused by diabetes or high blood pressure. In children, common causes of ESRD are often related to congenital abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract (CAKUT). […] Not every form of CAKUT leads to ESRD but can lead to milder degrees of long-term kidney disease, which is called chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] There are also inherited metabolic conditions that affect the kidney, which can also lead to ESRD: Cystinosis: a genetic disease resulting in high levels of amino acid cystine in various organs, including the kidneys; Oxalosis: a metabolic disorder that causes the kidneys to stop expelling calcium oxalate crystals from the body; Glomerulonephritis (severe inflammation of the kidney filters). […] People of all ages, genders and ethnicities can get ESRD. It is more common in adults who have diabetes or are affected by other conditions that impact the kidney. Children who get ESRD are usually first diagnosed with a rare congenital or inherited disease, which then leads to ESRD.

• #34 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is kidney disease that is beyond the point of healing or treatment. […] There are many types of kidney disease that can progress to ESRD. In adults, a common cause of ESRD is kidney damage caused by diabetes or high blood pressure. In children, common causes of ESRD are often related to congenital abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract (CAKUT). […] Not every form of CAKUT leads to ESRD but can lead to milder degrees of long-term kidney disease, which is called chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] There are also inherited metabolic conditions that affect the kidney, which can also lead to ESRD: Cystinosis: a genetic disease resulting in high levels of amino acid cystine in various organs, including the kidneys; Oxalosis: a metabolic disorder that causes the kidneys to stop expelling calcium oxalate crystals from the body; Glomerulonephritis (severe inflammation of the kidney filters). […] People of all ages, genders and ethnicities can get ESRD. It is more common in adults who have diabetes or are affected by other conditions that impact the kidney. Children who get ESRD are usually first diagnosed with a rare congenital or inherited disease, which then leads to ESRD.

• #35 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by an irreversible deterioration of renal function that gradually progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). […] The chief causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children include the following: obstructive uropathy, hypoplastic or dysplastic kidneys, reflux nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis as a variant of childhood nephritic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease, autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant varieties. […] Despite the diverse etiologies, once chronic kidney disease develops, the subsequent response of the failing kidney is similar. […] Adaptive hyperfiltration, although initially beneficial, appears to result in long-term damage to the glomeruli of the remaining nephrons, which is manifested by pathologic proteinuria and progressive kidney insufficiency.

• #36 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by an irreversible deterioration of renal function that gradually progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). […] The chief causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children include the following: obstructive uropathy, hypoplastic or dysplastic kidneys, reflux nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis as a variant of childhood nephritic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease, autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant varieties. […] Despite the diverse etiologies, once chronic kidney disease develops, the subsequent response of the failing kidney is similar. […] Adaptive hyperfiltration, although initially beneficial, appears to result in long-term damage to the glomeruli of the remaining nephrons, which is manifested by pathologic proteinuria and progressive kidney insufficiency.

• #37 Kidney failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure

  Some infectious disease agents, such as hantavirus, can attack the kidneys, causing kidney failure. […] The APOL1 gene has been proposed as a major genetic risk locus for a spectrum of nondiabetic renal failure in individuals of African origin, these include HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), primary nonmonogenic forms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and hypertension affiliated chronic kidney disease not attributed to other etiologies. […] Two western African variants in APOL1 have been shown to be associated with end stage kidney disease in African Americans and Hispanic Americans.

• #38 End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage of chronic kidney disease, characterized by progressive, slow, and irreversible deterioration of kidney function over months to years. […] Some diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, polycystic kidney disease, and glomerulonephritis adversely affect your kidneys, reducing their filtering abilities and accumulating harmful substances. […] Several conditions that can adversely affect the kidneys, in the long run, can cause chronic kidney disease, which will ultimately lead to ESRD by slow progression. Some causes of ESRD include; Autoimmune diseases: Some autoimmune diseases also cause kidney diseases, such as lupus, scleroderma, and glomerulonephritis. […] Genetic factors: Some studies have shown the association of The APOL1 gene in the development of kidney disease affiliated with HIV, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and hypertension.

• #39 End stage renal disease (ESRD) – Kidney Care Center

  https://kidneycares.com/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd/

  End-stage renal disease, alternatively known as end-stage renal disease or kidney failure, emerges when the progressive decline in kidney function, characteristic of chronic kidney disease, reaches an advanced phase. […] The onset of kidney disease takes place when an ailment or circumstance hampers the proper functioning of the kidneys, leading to a gradual deterioration of kidney health over the span of several months or years. […] Conditions and diseases that can lead to kidney disease include: Type 1 or type 2 diabetes, High blood pressure, Autoimmune diseases, Kidney stones, Glomerulonephritis an inflammation of the kidneys filtering units (glomeruli), Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases, Interstitial nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys tubules and surrounding structures, Long-term obstruction of the urinary tract can occur due to conditions such as an enlarged prostate, kidney stones, and certain types of cancers.

• #40 End-stage renal disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532

  End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease the gradual loss of kidney function reaches an advanced state. […] Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. […] Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include: Type 1 or type 2 diabetes, High blood pressure, Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) an inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli), Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney’s tubules and surrounding structures, Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases, Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers, Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys, Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis).

• #41 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Syphilis […] HIV infection […] Parasitic infection […] Heroin use […] Gold […] Penicillamine […] Amyloidosis […] Light-chain deposition disease […] Neoplasia […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) […] Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae related HUS […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura […] Reflux nephropathy. […] Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following: […] Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol) […] Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome […] Chronic hypokalemia […] Chronic hypercalcemia […] Sarcoidosis […] Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy […] Heavy metals […] Radiation nephritis […] Polycystic kidneys […] Cystinosis and other inherited diseases. […] Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia […] Urolithiasis (kidney stones) […] Urethral stricture […] Tumors […] Neurogenic bladder […] Congenital defects of the kidney or bladder […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

• #42 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Syphilis […] HIV infection […] Parasitic infection […] Heroin use […] Gold […] Penicillamine […] Amyloidosis […] Light-chain deposition disease […] Neoplasia […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) […] Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae related HUS […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura […] Reflux nephropathy. […] Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following: […] Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol) […] Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome […] Chronic hypokalemia […] Chronic hypercalcemia […] Sarcoidosis […] Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy […] Heavy metals […] Radiation nephritis […] Polycystic kidneys […] Cystinosis and other inherited diseases. […] Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia […] Urolithiasis (kidney stones) […] Urethral stricture […] Tumors […] Neurogenic bladder […] Congenital defects of the kidney or bladder […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

• #43 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Chronic pyelonephritis is an inflammatory disease of the pyelocaliceal system involving tubulointerstitial tissue, which leads to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and, eventually, complete nephrosclerosis if it is not treated. […] The development of CKD and its progression to ESRD remain significant factors in the decline in quality of life and premature death. […] The most common morphological forms of glomerulonephritis leading to ESRD, as well as glomerulonephritis leading to death in ESRD, are usually associated with (a) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, (b) membranous glomerulonephritis, (c) mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, (d) immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, (e) lupus nephritis, and (f) kidney damage in Shenlein–Henoch purpura. […] Renal fibrosis is a typical final stage of inflammation that occurs in nearly all nephropathies.

• #44 End-stage renal disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532

  End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease the gradual loss of kidney function reaches an advanced state. […] Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. […] Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include: Type 1 or type 2 diabetes, High blood pressure, Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) an inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli), Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney’s tubules and surrounding structures, Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases, Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers, Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys, Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis).

• #45 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  The most common chronic tubulointerstitial disease is polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Other etiologies include nephrocalcinosis (often due to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria), sarcoidosis, Sjgren syndrome, and reflux nephropathy in children and young adults. […] There is increasing recognition of a relatively high prevalence of CKD of unknown cause among agricultural workers from Central America and parts of Southeast Asia, known as MesoAmerican nephropathy or chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities. […] Chronic obstruction may result from prostatic disease, nephrolithiasis, or an abdominal/pelvic tumor exerting a mass effect on the ureter(s).

• #46 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  Causes of chronic kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. […] The most common causes of CKD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. […] If the cause is unknown, it is called idiopathic. […] Genetic congenital disease such as polycystic kidney disease or 17q12 microdeletion syndrome. […] Mesoamerican nephropathy, is „a new form of kidney disease that could be called agricultural nephropathy”. […] Chronic lead exposure.

• #47 End stage renal disease (ESRD) – Kidney Care Center

  https://kidneycares.com/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd/

  End-stage renal disease, alternatively known as end-stage renal disease or kidney failure, emerges when the progressive decline in kidney function, characteristic of chronic kidney disease, reaches an advanced phase. […] The onset of kidney disease takes place when an ailment or circumstance hampers the proper functioning of the kidneys, leading to a gradual deterioration of kidney health over the span of several months or years. […] Conditions and diseases that can lead to kidney disease include: Type 1 or type 2 diabetes, High blood pressure, Autoimmune diseases, Kidney stones, Glomerulonephritis an inflammation of the kidneys filtering units (glomeruli), Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases, Interstitial nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys tubules and surrounding structures, Long-term obstruction of the urinary tract can occur due to conditions such as an enlarged prostate, kidney stones, and certain types of cancers.

• #48 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Syphilis […] HIV infection […] Parasitic infection […] Heroin use […] Gold […] Penicillamine […] Amyloidosis […] Light-chain deposition disease […] Neoplasia […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) […] Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae related HUS […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura […] Reflux nephropathy. […] Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following: […] Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol) […] Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome […] Chronic hypokalemia […] Chronic hypercalcemia […] Sarcoidosis […] Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy […] Heavy metals […] Radiation nephritis […] Polycystic kidneys […] Cystinosis and other inherited diseases. […] Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia […] Urolithiasis (kidney stones) […] Urethral stricture […] Tumors […] Neurogenic bladder […] Congenital defects of the kidney or bladder […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

• #49 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Syphilis […] HIV infection […] Parasitic infection […] Heroin use […] Gold […] Penicillamine […] Amyloidosis […] Light-chain deposition disease […] Neoplasia […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) […] Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae related HUS […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura […] Reflux nephropathy. […] Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following: […] Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol) […] Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome […] Chronic hypokalemia […] Chronic hypercalcemia […] Sarcoidosis […] Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy […] Heavy metals […] Radiation nephritis […] Polycystic kidneys […] Cystinosis and other inherited diseases. […] Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia […] Urolithiasis (kidney stones) […] Urethral stricture […] Tumors […] Neurogenic bladder […] Congenital defects of the kidney or bladder […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

• #50 End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  Structural birth defects: Some deformities of kidney structure present from birth can also cause chronic kidney disease and ESRD. […] Polycystic kidney disease: It is an inherited disorder in which cysts (pockets of fluid) develop in the kidneys. […] Diabetes: Long-standing diabetes is one of the most common causes of ESRD in the USA. […] Other diseases: uncontrolled chronic high blood pressure and heart disease […] Obstructive causes: Kidney stones, bladder stones, cancers of the urinary tract, and repeated infections can cause ESRD. […] Medications: Taking aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, chemotherapeutic medications, antibiotics, and dyes.

• #51 End-stage renal disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532

  End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease the gradual loss of kidney function reaches an advanced state. […] Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. […] Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include: Type 1 or type 2 diabetes, High blood pressure, Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) an inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli), Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney’s tubules and surrounding structures, Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases, Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers, Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys, Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis).

• #52 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-chronic-kidney-disease

  High blood pressure and diabetes are two common causes of CKD. […] Kidney diseases happen when your kidneys are damaged and cant filter your blood. With chronic kidney disease, the damage tends to happen over the course of several years. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes are the two most common causes of chronic kidney disease. Other causes and conditions that affect kidney function and can cause chronic kidney disease include: Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, Membranous nephropathy, Obstructions of the urinary tract, Vesicoureteral reflux, Nephrotic syndrome, Recurrent kidney infection, Diabetes-related nephropathy, Lupus and other immune system diseases that cause kidney problems. […] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can lead to kidney failure, which is also called end-stage kidney disease. […] Because theres no cure for CKD, if youre in end-stage kidney disease, you and your healthcare team must consider additional options. Complete kidney failure will result in death if its left untreated. Options for end-stage kidney disease include dialysis and kidney transplantation.

• #53 Major Risk Factors in the Onset of End-Stage Renal Disease

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/major-risk-factors-in-the-onset-of-end-stage-renal-disease

  Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus are main risk factors for increasing incidence of ESRD in black men in USA. Studies showed that (30- 40%) of all patients with diabetes develop nephropathy, ESRD, and necessitating dialysis or kidney transplantation. […] A study conducted in 2008 at An-Najah National University to determine the prevalence of reduced renal function among diabetic hypertensive patients showed that hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the most common causes of ESRD. […] A case control study conducted in USA confirmed that kidney stones increased the risk of chronic kidney disease especially interstitial nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease is frequently seen among patients with kidney stones, an estimated percent of (10% – 15%) of patients eventually develop chronic kidney failure.

• #54 Kidney Failure: Stages, ESRD, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure

  Glomerular diseases affect how well your kidneys filter waste. […] Autoimmune kidney diseases. Lupus is an autoimmune disease that can cause organ damage, joint pain, fever and skin rashes. […] Kidney failure can also develop quickly because of an unexpected cause. Acute kidney failure (acute kidney injury) is when your kidneys suddenly lose their ability to function. […] Common causes of acute kidney failure include: Certain medications, Severe dehydration, A urinary tract obstruction, Untreated systemic diseases, such as heart disease or liver disease. […] Yes, end-stage renal failure can lead to death. With the right treatment, most people can live with kidney failure. […] It’s important to remember that there’s no cure for kidney failure. That means even with treatment, your kidneys won’t go back to functioning as they did before you had kidney disease. […] Treatment helps preserve whatever function is left in your kidneys, so they don’t decline as rapidly.

• #55 Kidney failure (ESRD) – Symptoms, causes and treatment options | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/kidney-failure-symptoms-and-causes

  Kidney failure is usually caused by other health problems that have damaged your kidneys little by little throughout many years, including: […] Diabetes, which is the most common cause […] High blood pressure, which is the second most common cause […] Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and IgA nephropathy […] Genetic diseases (diseases passed down from one or both parents), such as polycystic kidney disease […] Nephrotic syndrome […] Problems in your urinary tract (organs that make urine and remove it from your body), such as kidney stones […] Sometimes a kidney problem called acute kidney injury (AKI) can also cause kidney failure. This type of kidney failure happens quickly, usually within two days, and is most common in people who are already hospitalized for other health problems. AKI is also known as acute kidney failure or acute renal failure.

• #56 End-Stage Renal Failure: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/end-stage-renal-failure

  The final stage of chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer filter the blood. […] Chronic kidney disease causes a gradual loss of kidney function that can eventually lead to end-stage renal failure, which occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to keep up with the body’s demands for waste and fluid clearance. […] End-stage renal failure results from chronic kidney disease, which can be caused by: Diabetes, High blood pressure, Heart disease, Kidney stones, Recurrent urinary tract infections, An autoimmune condition, such as lupus, Polycystic kidney disease (an inherited condition that causes cysts to form in the kidneys).

• #57 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  The most common chronic renal vascular disease is nephrosclerosis, which causes ongoing damage to blood vessels, glomeruli, and the tubulointerstitium. […] A nephritic pattern is indicated by abnormal urine microscopy showing red blood cell (RBC) casts, dysmorphic red cells, and occasionally white blood cells (WBCs), along with a variable degree of proteinuria. […] The most common causes are post-infectious glomerulonephritis, infective endocarditis, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, and vasculitis. […] A nephrotic pattern is associated with proteinuria, usually in the nephrotic range (3.5 g/24 h), and an inactive urine microscopic analysis with few cells or casts. Common causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and amyloidosis.

• #58 Chronic Kidney Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/

  The most common chronic renal vascular disease is nephrosclerosis, which causes ongoing damage to blood vessels, glomeruli, and the tubulointerstitium. […] A nephritic pattern is indicated by abnormal urine microscopy showing red blood cell (RBC) casts, dysmorphic red cells, and occasionally white blood cells (WBCs), along with a variable degree of proteinuria. […] The most common causes are post-infectious glomerulonephritis, infective endocarditis, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, and vasculitis. […] A nephrotic pattern is associated with proteinuria, usually in the nephrotic range (3.5 g/24 h), and an inactive urine microscopic analysis with few cells or casts. Common causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and amyloidosis.

• #59 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include the following: […] Diabetic kidney disease […] Hypertension […] Vascular disease […] Glomerular disease (primary or secondary) […] Cystic kidney diseases […] Tubulointerstitial disease […] Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction […] Recurrent kidney stone disease […] Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder […] Unrecovered acute kidney injury. […] Vascular diseases that can cause CKD include the following: […] Renal artery stenosis […] Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA)positive and perinuclear pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA)positive vasculitides […] ANCA-negative vasculitides […] Atheroemboli […] Hypertensive nephrosclerosis […] Renal vein thrombosis.

• #60 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Chronic pyelonephritis is an inflammatory disease of the pyelocaliceal system involving tubulointerstitial tissue, which leads to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and, eventually, complete nephrosclerosis if it is not treated. […] The development of CKD and its progression to ESRD remain significant factors in the decline in quality of life and premature death. […] The most common morphological forms of glomerulonephritis leading to ESRD, as well as glomerulonephritis leading to death in ESRD, are usually associated with (a) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, (b) membranous glomerulonephritis, (c) mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, (d) immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, (e) lupus nephritis, and (f) kidney damage in Shenlein–Henoch purpura. […] Renal fibrosis is a typical final stage of inflammation that occurs in nearly all nephropathies.

• #61 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Primary glomerular diseases include the following: […] Membranous nephropathy […] Alport syndrome […] Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy […] Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) […] Minimal change disease […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) […] Complement-related diseases (eg, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS], dense deposit disease) […] Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis. […] Secondary causes of glomerular disease include the following: […] Diabetes mellitus […] Systemic lupus erythematosus […] Rheumatoid arthritis […] Mixed connective tissue disease […] Scleroderma […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis) […] Mixed cryoglobulinemia […] Endocarditis […] Hepatitis B and C

• #62 End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  Structural birth defects: Some deformities of kidney structure present from birth can also cause chronic kidney disease and ESRD. […] Polycystic kidney disease: It is an inherited disorder in which cysts (pockets of fluid) develop in the kidneys. […] Diabetes: Long-standing diabetes is one of the most common causes of ESRD in the USA. […] Other diseases: uncontrolled chronic high blood pressure and heart disease […] Obstructive causes: Kidney stones, bladder stones, cancers of the urinary tract, and repeated infections can cause ESRD. […] Medications: Taking aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, chemotherapeutic medications, antibiotics, and dyes.

• #63 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #64 End-Stage Renal Disease – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/end-stage-renal-disease-a-to-z

  End-stage renal disease is a condition in which the kidneys no longer function normally. […] Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Kidney disease can result from type 1 or type 2 diabetes. With either type, poor control of blood sugar increases the risk of end-stage renal disease. […] Other common causes of end-stage renal disease are: High blood pressure, Atherosclerosis, Autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), Genetic disorders, such as polycystic kidney disease, Exposure to toxic drugs, including: certain antibiotics, chemotherapy, contrast dyes, pain relievers. […] The two treatments for end-stage renal disease are dialysis and kidney transplant.

• #65 Kidney failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure

  Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. […] Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. […] Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. […] Chronic kidney failure has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are diabetes mellitus and long-term, uncontrolled hypertension. […] Polycystic kidney disease is another well-known cause of chronic failure. […] Overuse of common drugs such as ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also cause chronic kidney failure.

• #66 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #67 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #68 End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  Structural birth defects: Some deformities of kidney structure present from birth can also cause chronic kidney disease and ESRD. […] Polycystic kidney disease: It is an inherited disorder in which cysts (pockets of fluid) develop in the kidneys. […] Diabetes: Long-standing diabetes is one of the most common causes of ESRD in the USA. […] Other diseases: uncontrolled chronic high blood pressure and heart disease […] Obstructive causes: Kidney stones, bladder stones, cancers of the urinary tract, and repeated infections can cause ESRD. […] Medications: Taking aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, chemotherapeutic medications, antibiotics, and dyes.

• #69

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/

  Chronic kidney disease is usually caused by other conditions that put a strain on the kidneys. Often it’s the result of a combination of different problems. […] CKD can be caused by: high blood pressure over time, this can put strain on the small blood vessels in the kidneys and stop the kidneys working properly […] diabetes too much glucose in your blood can damage the tiny filters in the kidneys […] high cholesterol this can cause a build-up of fatty deposits in the blood vessels supplying your kidneys, which can make it harder for them to work properly […] kidney infections […] glomerulonephritis kidney inflammation […] autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease an inherited condition where growths called cysts develop in the kidneys […] blockages in the flow of urine for example, from kidney stones that keep coming back, or an enlarged prostate […] long-term, regular use of certain medicines such as lithium and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

• #70 End-Stage Renal Disease – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/end-stage-renal-disease-a-to-z

  End-stage renal disease is a condition in which the kidneys no longer function normally. […] Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Kidney disease can result from type 1 or type 2 diabetes. With either type, poor control of blood sugar increases the risk of end-stage renal disease. […] Other common causes of end-stage renal disease are: High blood pressure, Atherosclerosis, Autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), Genetic disorders, such as polycystic kidney disease, Exposure to toxic drugs, including: certain antibiotics, chemotherapy, contrast dyes, pain relievers. […] The two treatments for end-stage renal disease are dialysis and kidney transplant.

• #71 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  Causes of chronic kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. […] The most common causes of CKD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. […] If the cause is unknown, it is called idiopathic. […] Genetic congenital disease such as polycystic kidney disease or 17q12 microdeletion syndrome. […] Mesoamerican nephropathy, is „a new form of kidney disease that could be called agricultural nephropathy”. […] Chronic lead exposure.

• #72 End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  Structural birth defects: Some deformities of kidney structure present from birth can also cause chronic kidney disease and ESRD. […] Polycystic kidney disease: It is an inherited disorder in which cysts (pockets of fluid) develop in the kidneys. […] Diabetes: Long-standing diabetes is one of the most common causes of ESRD in the USA. […] Other diseases: uncontrolled chronic high blood pressure and heart disease […] Obstructive causes: Kidney stones, bladder stones, cancers of the urinary tract, and repeated infections can cause ESRD. […] Medications: Taking aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, chemotherapeutic medications, antibiotics, and dyes.

• #73 Kidney failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure

  Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. […] Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. […] Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. […] Chronic kidney failure has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are diabetes mellitus and long-term, uncontrolled hypertension. […] Polycystic kidney disease is another well-known cause of chronic failure. […] Overuse of common drugs such as ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also cause chronic kidney failure.

• #74 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include the following: […] Diabetic kidney disease […] Hypertension […] Vascular disease […] Glomerular disease (primary or secondary) […] Cystic kidney diseases […] Tubulointerstitial disease […] Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction […] Recurrent kidney stone disease […] Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder […] Unrecovered acute kidney injury. […] Vascular diseases that can cause CKD include the following: […] Renal artery stenosis […] Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA)positive and perinuclear pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA)positive vasculitides […] ANCA-negative vasculitides […] Atheroemboli […] Hypertensive nephrosclerosis […] Renal vein thrombosis.

• #75 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include the following: […] Diabetic kidney disease […] Hypertension […] Vascular disease […] Glomerular disease (primary or secondary) […] Cystic kidney diseases […] Tubulointerstitial disease […] Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction […] Recurrent kidney stone disease […] Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder […] Unrecovered acute kidney injury. […] Vascular diseases that can cause CKD include the following: […] Renal artery stenosis […] Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA)positive and perinuclear pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA)positive vasculitides […] ANCA-negative vasculitides […] Atheroemboli […] Hypertensive nephrosclerosis […] Renal vein thrombosis.

• #76 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include the following: […] Diabetic kidney disease […] Hypertension […] Vascular disease […] Glomerular disease (primary or secondary) […] Cystic kidney diseases […] Tubulointerstitial disease […] Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction […] Recurrent kidney stone disease […] Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder […] Unrecovered acute kidney injury. […] Vascular diseases that can cause CKD include the following: […] Renal artery stenosis […] Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA)positive and perinuclear pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA)positive vasculitides […] ANCA-negative vasculitides […] Atheroemboli […] Hypertensive nephrosclerosis […] Renal vein thrombosis.

• #77 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include the following: […] Diabetic kidney disease […] Hypertension […] Vascular disease […] Glomerular disease (primary or secondary) […] Cystic kidney diseases […] Tubulointerstitial disease […] Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction […] Recurrent kidney stone disease […] Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder […] Unrecovered acute kidney injury. […] Vascular diseases that can cause CKD include the following: […] Renal artery stenosis […] Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA)positive and perinuclear pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA)positive vasculitides […] ANCA-negative vasculitides […] Atheroemboli […] Hypertensive nephrosclerosis […] Renal vein thrombosis.

• #78 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include the following: […] Diabetic kidney disease […] Hypertension […] Vascular disease […] Glomerular disease (primary or secondary) […] Cystic kidney diseases […] Tubulointerstitial disease […] Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction […] Recurrent kidney stone disease […] Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder […] Unrecovered acute kidney injury. […] Vascular diseases that can cause CKD include the following: […] Renal artery stenosis […] Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA)positive and perinuclear pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA)positive vasculitides […] ANCA-negative vasculitides […] Atheroemboli […] Hypertensive nephrosclerosis […] Renal vein thrombosis.

• #79 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Primary glomerular diseases include the following: […] Membranous nephropathy […] Alport syndrome […] Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy […] Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) […] Minimal change disease […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) […] Complement-related diseases (eg, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS], dense deposit disease) […] Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis. […] Secondary causes of glomerular disease include the following: […] Diabetes mellitus […] Systemic lupus erythematosus […] Rheumatoid arthritis […] Mixed connective tissue disease […] Scleroderma […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis) […] Mixed cryoglobulinemia […] Endocarditis […] Hepatitis B and C

• #80 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Syphilis […] HIV infection […] Parasitic infection […] Heroin use […] Gold […] Penicillamine […] Amyloidosis […] Light-chain deposition disease […] Neoplasia […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) […] Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae related HUS […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura […] Reflux nephropathy. […] Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following: […] Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol) […] Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome […] Chronic hypokalemia […] Chronic hypercalcemia […] Sarcoidosis […] Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy […] Heavy metals […] Radiation nephritis […] Polycystic kidneys […] Cystinosis and other inherited diseases. […] Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia […] Urolithiasis (kidney stones) […] Urethral stricture […] Tumors […] Neurogenic bladder […] Congenital defects of the kidney or bladder […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

• #81 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include the following: […] Diabetic kidney disease […] Hypertension […] Vascular disease […] Glomerular disease (primary or secondary) […] Cystic kidney diseases […] Tubulointerstitial disease […] Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction […] Recurrent kidney stone disease […] Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder […] Unrecovered acute kidney injury. […] Vascular diseases that can cause CKD include the following: […] Renal artery stenosis […] Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA)positive and perinuclear pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA)positive vasculitides […] ANCA-negative vasculitides […] Atheroemboli […] Hypertensive nephrosclerosis […] Renal vein thrombosis.

• #82 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Many systemic factors of progressive renal failure aggravate it via the mechanisms of vicious pathogenetic cycles and include the following: poisoning of the body with nephrotoxins, excess in the blood of potentially toxic water-soluble drugs, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, and metabolic acidosis. […] The mutual negative influence of impaired renal function and cardiovascular disease can lead to cardiorenal syndrome. […] The importance of local manifestations of ChLGI in the formation of both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease has also been proven. […] To begin with, the development of systemic proinflammatory tissue stress is promoted by the presence of ESRD and PH due to multiple sources of inflammatory stimuli, such as oxidative stress, acidosis, and fluid overload. […] Thus, against the backdrop of systemic ChLGI, the progression of CKD to ESRD is the result of a complex interplay of local and systemic genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental variables, as well as metabolic and immunological components.

• #83 Causes of Kidney Disease

  https://www.dpcedcenter.org/what-is-kidney-disease/what-causes-kidney-disease/

  Because chronic kidney disease usually happens over time, it is important that those at risk be diagnosed early so they can take steps to help prolong their kidney function and hopefully prevent end stage renal disease (ESRD) or kidney failure. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the risk factors for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often related to other health issues and diseases, especially diabetes and high blood pressure. […] Some children affected by it can also have distinctive facial features and incomplete development of the lungs. The severity and symptoms of the disorder can vary greatly. Some affected children eventually develop end-stage renal disease sometime during the first decade of life. […] Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) means that there are problems with the heart and/or blood vessels. Most people are not aware that kidney disease raises the risk for CVD.

• #84 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #85 Kidney failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure

  Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. […] Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. […] Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. […] Chronic kidney failure has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are diabetes mellitus and long-term, uncontrolled hypertension. […] Polycystic kidney disease is another well-known cause of chronic failure. […] Overuse of common drugs such as ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also cause chronic kidney failure.

• #86 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Syphilis […] HIV infection […] Parasitic infection […] Heroin use […] Gold […] Penicillamine […] Amyloidosis […] Light-chain deposition disease […] Neoplasia […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) […] Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae related HUS […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura […] Reflux nephropathy. […] Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following: […] Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol) […] Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome […] Chronic hypokalemia […] Chronic hypercalcemia […] Sarcoidosis […] Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy […] Heavy metals […] Radiation nephritis […] Polycystic kidneys […] Cystinosis and other inherited diseases. […] Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia […] Urolithiasis (kidney stones) […] Urethral stricture […] Tumors […] Neurogenic bladder […] Congenital defects of the kidney or bladder […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

• #87 Kidney failure (ESRD) – Symptoms, causes and treatment options | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/kidney-failure-symptoms-and-causes

  Kidney failure is usually caused by other health problems that have damaged your kidneys little by little throughout many years, including: […] Diabetes, which is the most common cause […] High blood pressure, which is the second most common cause […] Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and IgA nephropathy […] Genetic diseases (diseases passed down from one or both parents), such as polycystic kidney disease […] Nephrotic syndrome […] Problems in your urinary tract (organs that make urine and remove it from your body), such as kidney stones […] Sometimes a kidney problem called acute kidney injury (AKI) can also cause kidney failure. This type of kidney failure happens quickly, usually within two days, and is most common in people who are already hospitalized for other health problems. AKI is also known as acute kidney failure or acute renal failure.

• #88 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Syphilis […] HIV infection […] Parasitic infection […] Heroin use […] Gold […] Penicillamine […] Amyloidosis […] Light-chain deposition disease […] Neoplasia […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) […] Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae related HUS […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura […] Reflux nephropathy. […] Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following: […] Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol) […] Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome […] Chronic hypokalemia […] Chronic hypercalcemia […] Sarcoidosis […] Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy […] Heavy metals […] Radiation nephritis […] Polycystic kidneys […] Cystinosis and other inherited diseases. […] Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia […] Urolithiasis (kidney stones) […] Urethral stricture […] Tumors […] Neurogenic bladder […] Congenital defects of the kidney or bladder […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

• #89 Kidney failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure

  Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. […] Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. […] Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. […] Chronic kidney failure has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are diabetes mellitus and long-term, uncontrolled hypertension. […] Polycystic kidney disease is another well-known cause of chronic failure. […] Overuse of common drugs such as ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also cause chronic kidney failure.

• #90 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  Primary glomerular diseases include the following: […] Membranous nephropathy […] Alport syndrome […] Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy […] Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) […] Minimal change disease […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) […] Complement-related diseases (eg, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS], dense deposit disease) […] Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis. […] Secondary causes of glomerular disease include the following: […] Diabetes mellitus […] Systemic lupus erythematosus […] Rheumatoid arthritis […] Mixed connective tissue disease […] Scleroderma […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis) […] Mixed cryoglobulinemia […] Endocarditis […] Hepatitis B and C

• #91 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #92 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by an irreversible deterioration of renal function that gradually progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). […] The chief causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children include the following: obstructive uropathy, hypoplastic or dysplastic kidneys, reflux nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis as a variant of childhood nephritic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease, autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant varieties. […] Despite the diverse etiologies, once chronic kidney disease develops, the subsequent response of the failing kidney is similar. […] Adaptive hyperfiltration, although initially beneficial, appears to result in long-term damage to the glomeruli of the remaining nephrons, which is manifested by pathologic proteinuria and progressive kidney insufficiency.

• #93 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #94 Chronic kidney disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

  Causes of chronic kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. […] The most common causes of CKD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. […] If the cause is unknown, it is called idiopathic. […] Genetic congenital disease such as polycystic kidney disease or 17q12 microdeletion syndrome. […] Mesoamerican nephropathy, is „a new form of kidney disease that could be called agricultural nephropathy”. […] Chronic lead exposure.

• #95 Burden of end-stage renal disease of undetermined etiology in Africa | Renal Replacement Therapy | Full Text

  https://rrtjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41100-023-00497-w

  In the last two decades, there have been increasing recognition of excess cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy without common underlying causes (diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, or any identifiable cause) in many parts of low-to-middle income countries. […] ESRD of unknown etiology mainly affects young working-age adults and is a global health problem with substantial morbidity, mortality and disability. […] Estimates indicate that up to 71% of adults and up to 53% children on dialysis suffer from ESRD due to unknown etiology. […] ESRD due to unknown etiology carries an almost twofold risk of mortality compared to traditional ESRD causes and account for up to 55% of the renal medical admissions burden. […] Data regarding the burden and etiology of ESRD are lacking in Africa and are unclear due to lack of renal registries in many African countries.

• #96

  https://journals.lww.com/sjkd/fulltext/2011/22020/causes_of_end_stage_renal_disease_in_sudan__a.34.aspx

  Very limited data are available about the causes of renal diseases leading to chronic renal diseases in all states of Sudan, including Gezira state. Awareness of the cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) helps the nephrologists to anticipate problems during renal replacement therapy and plan preventive measures for the community. This study was conducted in May 2009. We found that the etiologies were dominated by unknown causes (53.57%). The leading cause of ESRD for those who were younger than 40 years was glomerular disease, hypertension for those between 40 and 60 years and obstruction for those who were older than 60 years. […] The causes of ESRD in the present study were hypertension, obstructive nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis, analgesic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease and renovascular disease in this order. In our study, we also found that obstructive nephropathy was the second most common cause of ESRD, explained by the delay in the diagnosis and management. Because of the late presentation of patients when ESRD has already developed resulting in the inability to diagnose the cause, we found 53.57% of the cases of unknown etiology; this may reflect the lack of awareness of medical problems, lack of medical facilities in rural areas and/or delay in referral before arriving to the specialist physician.

• #97 End-Stage Renal Failure: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/end-stage-renal-failure

  The final stage of chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer filter the blood. […] Chronic kidney disease causes a gradual loss of kidney function that can eventually lead to end-stage renal failure, which occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to keep up with the body’s demands for waste and fluid clearance. […] End-stage renal failure results from chronic kidney disease, which can be caused by: Diabetes, High blood pressure, Heart disease, Kidney stones, Recurrent urinary tract infections, An autoimmune condition, such as lupus, Polycystic kidney disease (an inherited condition that causes cysts to form in the kidneys).

• #98 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment […] End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage (stage 5) of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in which the kidneys can no longer function properly. This can lead to a buildup of toxins and fluids in the body, which can be life-threatening. […] ESRD is also called kidney failure and can be seen developing insidiously when the treatment of CKD is either delayed or not treated at all. As the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) drops below 15 mL/min/1.73 m2, the kidney function progressively worsens. […] While there are various causes of ESRD only the risk factors which progress the chronic kidney damage can be specified as the reasons for kidney failure. The major causes of kidney failure resulting from progression factors accelerating chronic kidney damage as follows: […] Proteinuria, Hypertension, Diabetes, Smoking, Hyperlipidaemia, Obesity.

• #99 End-stage renal disease // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease

  Conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes harm kidney function by damaging these filtering units and tubules. The damage causes scarring. […] Certain factors increase the risk that chronic kidney disease will progress more quickly to end-stage renal disease, including: Diabetes with poor blood sugar control, Kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, the structures in the kidneys that filter wastes from the blood, Polycystic kidney disease, High blood pressure, Tobacco use, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander or American Indian heritage, Family history of kidney failure, Older age, Frequent use of medications that could be damaging to the kidney. […] Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.

• #100 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Proteinuria (increased levels of protein in urine) – In diabetic kidney disease, an albumin excretion rate higher than 30 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) can strongly predict nephropathy (proteinuria) and subsequent loss of kidney function. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure) – Hypotension patients are 32% less likely to develop kidney failure than hypertensives. Controlling high blood pressure can reduce the progression of kidney failure. […] Diabetes (persistent increase in blood sugar levels) – Diabetes leads to kidney failure. Large prospective studies from the early 1990s demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control in both the development and progression of microvascular complications. […] Smoking – Smoking from nicotine sources can initiate and help in CKD progression, especially in diabetics, approximately twofold. It is also seen with microalbuminuria and the development of stage 5 CKD (ESRD). […] Hyperlipidaemia (high lipid levels in the blood) – Hyperlipidaemia predicts incident CKD. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia appears to increase as kidney function declines, and hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. […] Obesity – Studies demonstrated a close relationship between increased body mass index (BMI) and ESRD development, especially in men and less in women.

• #101 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Proteinuria (increased levels of protein in urine) – In diabetic kidney disease, an albumin excretion rate higher than 30 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) can strongly predict nephropathy (proteinuria) and subsequent loss of kidney function. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure) – Hypotension patients are 32% less likely to develop kidney failure than hypertensives. Controlling high blood pressure can reduce the progression of kidney failure. […] Diabetes (persistent increase in blood sugar levels) – Diabetes leads to kidney failure. Large prospective studies from the early 1990s demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control in both the development and progression of microvascular complications. […] Smoking – Smoking from nicotine sources can initiate and help in CKD progression, especially in diabetics, approximately twofold. It is also seen with microalbuminuria and the development of stage 5 CKD (ESRD). […] Hyperlipidaemia (high lipid levels in the blood) – Hyperlipidaemia predicts incident CKD. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia appears to increase as kidney function declines, and hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. […] Obesity – Studies demonstrated a close relationship between increased body mass index (BMI) and ESRD development, especially in men and less in women.

• #102 Why Is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on the Rise? 6 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/why-is-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd-on-the-rise

  Treatment usually depends on the underlying cause of kidney disease. Not all chronic kidney disease progresses in the same way, Dr. Luciano says. For instance, if we know a patient’s kidney disease is due to diabetes, we focus on treating that, he says, because improving diabetes will slow further damage. […] High blood pressure can be both a cause and a result of CKD, so blood pressure medications are often prescribed and were used to treat CKD for decades before the newer drugs became available. […] If, however, you progress to ESKD and your kidneys fail, you will need either dialysis or a kidney transplant to replace the work of the kidneys. […] There are also kidney registries that can help match people with a living donor who is not a relative.

• #103 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Proteinuria (increased levels of protein in urine) – In diabetic kidney disease, an albumin excretion rate higher than 30 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) can strongly predict nephropathy (proteinuria) and subsequent loss of kidney function. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure) – Hypotension patients are 32% less likely to develop kidney failure than hypertensives. Controlling high blood pressure can reduce the progression of kidney failure. […] Diabetes (persistent increase in blood sugar levels) – Diabetes leads to kidney failure. Large prospective studies from the early 1990s demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control in both the development and progression of microvascular complications. […] Smoking – Smoking from nicotine sources can initiate and help in CKD progression, especially in diabetics, approximately twofold. It is also seen with microalbuminuria and the development of stage 5 CKD (ESRD). […] Hyperlipidaemia (high lipid levels in the blood) – Hyperlipidaemia predicts incident CKD. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia appears to increase as kidney function declines, and hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. […] Obesity – Studies demonstrated a close relationship between increased body mass index (BMI) and ESRD development, especially in men and less in women.

• #104 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Proteinuria (increased levels of protein in urine) – In diabetic kidney disease, an albumin excretion rate higher than 30 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) can strongly predict nephropathy (proteinuria) and subsequent loss of kidney function. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure) – Hypotension patients are 32% less likely to develop kidney failure than hypertensives. Controlling high blood pressure can reduce the progression of kidney failure. […] Diabetes (persistent increase in blood sugar levels) – Diabetes leads to kidney failure. Large prospective studies from the early 1990s demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control in both the development and progression of microvascular complications. […] Smoking – Smoking from nicotine sources can initiate and help in CKD progression, especially in diabetics, approximately twofold. It is also seen with microalbuminuria and the development of stage 5 CKD (ESRD). […] Hyperlipidaemia (high lipid levels in the blood) – Hyperlipidaemia predicts incident CKD. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia appears to increase as kidney function declines, and hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. […] Obesity – Studies demonstrated a close relationship between increased body mass index (BMI) and ESRD development, especially in men and less in women.

• #105 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Proteinuria (increased levels of protein in urine) – In diabetic kidney disease, an albumin excretion rate higher than 30 mg per 24 hours (microalbuminuria) can strongly predict nephropathy (proteinuria) and subsequent loss of kidney function. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure) – Hypotension patients are 32% less likely to develop kidney failure than hypertensives. Controlling high blood pressure can reduce the progression of kidney failure. […] Diabetes (persistent increase in blood sugar levels) – Diabetes leads to kidney failure. Large prospective studies from the early 1990s demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control in both the development and progression of microvascular complications. […] Smoking – Smoking from nicotine sources can initiate and help in CKD progression, especially in diabetics, approximately twofold. It is also seen with microalbuminuria and the development of stage 5 CKD (ESRD). […] Hyperlipidaemia (high lipid levels in the blood) – Hyperlipidaemia predicts incident CKD. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia appears to increase as kidney function declines, and hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. […] Obesity – Studies demonstrated a close relationship between increased body mass index (BMI) and ESRD development, especially in men and less in women.

• #106 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Factors that can increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include: Diabetes, High blood pressure, Heart (cardiovascular) disease, Smoking, Obesity, Being Black, Native American or Asian American, Family history of kidney disease, Abnormal kidney structure, Older age, Frequent use of medications that can damage the kidneys. […] Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications include: Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema), A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart’s function and can be life-threatening, Anemia, Heart disease, Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures, Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility, Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures, Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection, Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium), Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus, Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.

• #107 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) is a disabling condition that often results in premature death. ESKD is costly, accounting for $37.3 billion of Medicare expenditures during 2019. […] Higher percentage changes in incident and prevalent ESKD cases were attributable to primary causes related to diabetes and hypertension. […] Diabetes and hypertension remain the leading causes of ESKD, accounting for 47% and 29%, respectively, of patients who began ESKD treatment in 2019. […] Although diabetes was the primary cause for a larger percentage of incident and prevalent ESKD cases, the largest increase in incident and prevalent cases was among patients with hypertension reported as the primary cause. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD.

• #108 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Factors that can increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include: Diabetes, High blood pressure, Heart (cardiovascular) disease, Smoking, Obesity, Being Black, Native American or Asian American, Family history of kidney disease, Abnormal kidney structure, Older age, Frequent use of medications that can damage the kidneys. […] Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications include: Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema), A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart’s function and can be life-threatening, Anemia, Heart disease, Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures, Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility, Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures, Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection, Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium), Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus, Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.

• #109 Chronic kidney disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

  Factors that can increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include: Diabetes, High blood pressure, Heart (cardiovascular) disease, Smoking, Obesity, Being Black, Native American or Asian American, Family history of kidney disease, Abnormal kidney structure, Older age, Frequent use of medications that can damage the kidneys. […] Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications include: Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema), A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart’s function and can be life-threatening, Anemia, Heart disease, Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures, Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility, Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures, Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection, Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium), Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus, Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.

• #110 Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara Hill

  https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-failure-end-stage-renal-disease-symptoms-causes-treatment

  Kidney failure – End-Stage Renal Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment […] End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage (stage 5) of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in which the kidneys can no longer function properly. This can lead to a buildup of toxins and fluids in the body, which can be life-threatening. […] ESRD is also called kidney failure and can be seen developing insidiously when the treatment of CKD is either delayed or not treated at all. As the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) drops below 15 mL/min/1.73 m2, the kidney function progressively worsens. […] While there are various causes of ESRD only the risk factors which progress the chronic kidney damage can be specified as the reasons for kidney failure. The major causes of kidney failure resulting from progression factors accelerating chronic kidney damage as follows: […] Proteinuria, Hypertension, Diabetes, Smoking, Hyperlipidaemia, Obesity.

• #111 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  Although the underlying problem that initiated chronic kidney disease often cannot be treated primarily, extensive studies in experimental animals and preliminary studies in humans suggest that progression in chronic renal disease may be largely due to secondary factors that are unrelated to the activity of the initial disease. […] The major health consequences of chronic kidney disease include not only progression to kidney failure but also an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

• #112 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by an irreversible deterioration of renal function that gradually progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). […] The chief causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children include the following: obstructive uropathy, hypoplastic or dysplastic kidneys, reflux nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis as a variant of childhood nephritic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease, autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant varieties. […] Despite the diverse etiologies, once chronic kidney disease develops, the subsequent response of the failing kidney is similar. […] Adaptive hyperfiltration, although initially beneficial, appears to result in long-term damage to the glomeruli of the remaining nephrons, which is manifested by pathologic proteinuria and progressive kidney insufficiency.

• #113 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage chronic renal disease (ESRD), which requires the use of replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplant) in life-threatening conditions. […] The common components of ESRD pathogenesis, regardless of the initial nosology, are (1) local (in the kidneys) and systemic chronic low-grade inflammation (ChLGI) as a risk factor for diabetic kidney disease and its progression to ESRD, (2) inflammation of the classical type characteristic of primary and secondary autoimmune glomerulonephritis and infectious recurrent pyelonephritis, as well as immune reactions in kidney allograft rejection, and (3) chronic systemic inflammation (ChSI), pathogenetically characterized by latent microcirculatory disorders and manifestations of paracoagulation. […] Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, primary and secondary (caused by systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic vasculitis, myelo- and lymphoproliferative, and other diseases) glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, obstructive uropathy, vesicoureteral reflux, renal amyloidosis, and drug nephropathy are the most common causes of ESRD in the developed countries.

• #114 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Chronic pyelonephritis is an inflammatory disease of the pyelocaliceal system involving tubulointerstitial tissue, which leads to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and, eventually, complete nephrosclerosis if it is not treated. […] The development of CKD and its progression to ESRD remain significant factors in the decline in quality of life and premature death. […] The most common morphological forms of glomerulonephritis leading to ESRD, as well as glomerulonephritis leading to death in ESRD, are usually associated with (a) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, (b) membranous glomerulonephritis, (c) mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, (d) immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, (e) lupus nephritis, and (f) kidney damage in Shenlein–Henoch purpura. […] Renal fibrosis is a typical final stage of inflammation that occurs in nearly all nephropathies.

• #115 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Many systemic factors of progressive renal failure aggravate it via the mechanisms of vicious pathogenetic cycles and include the following: poisoning of the body with nephrotoxins, excess in the blood of potentially toxic water-soluble drugs, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, and metabolic acidosis. […] The mutual negative influence of impaired renal function and cardiovascular disease can lead to cardiorenal syndrome. […] The importance of local manifestations of ChLGI in the formation of both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease has also been proven. […] To begin with, the development of systemic proinflammatory tissue stress is promoted by the presence of ESRD and PH due to multiple sources of inflammatory stimuli, such as oxidative stress, acidosis, and fluid overload. […] Thus, against the backdrop of systemic ChLGI, the progression of CKD to ESRD is the result of a complex interplay of local and systemic genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental variables, as well as metabolic and immunological components.

• #116 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Many systemic factors of progressive renal failure aggravate it via the mechanisms of vicious pathogenetic cycles and include the following: poisoning of the body with nephrotoxins, excess in the blood of potentially toxic water-soluble drugs, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, and metabolic acidosis. […] The mutual negative influence of impaired renal function and cardiovascular disease can lead to cardiorenal syndrome. […] The importance of local manifestations of ChLGI in the formation of both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease has also been proven. […] To begin with, the development of systemic proinflammatory tissue stress is promoted by the presence of ESRD and PH due to multiple sources of inflammatory stimuli, such as oxidative stress, acidosis, and fluid overload. […] Thus, against the backdrop of systemic ChLGI, the progression of CKD to ESRD is the result of a complex interplay of local and systemic genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental variables, as well as metabolic and immunological components.

• #117 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Many systemic factors of progressive renal failure aggravate it via the mechanisms of vicious pathogenetic cycles and include the following: poisoning of the body with nephrotoxins, excess in the blood of potentially toxic water-soluble drugs, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, and metabolic acidosis. […] The mutual negative influence of impaired renal function and cardiovascular disease can lead to cardiorenal syndrome. […] The importance of local manifestations of ChLGI in the formation of both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease has also been proven. […] To begin with, the development of systemic proinflammatory tissue stress is promoted by the presence of ESRD and PH due to multiple sources of inflammatory stimuli, such as oxidative stress, acidosis, and fluid overload. […] Thus, against the backdrop of systemic ChLGI, the progression of CKD to ESRD is the result of a complex interplay of local and systemic genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental variables, as well as metabolic and immunological components.

• #118 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage chronic renal disease (ESRD), which requires the use of replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplant) in life-threatening conditions. […] The common components of ESRD pathogenesis, regardless of the initial nosology, are (1) local (in the kidneys) and systemic chronic low-grade inflammation (ChLGI) as a risk factor for diabetic kidney disease and its progression to ESRD, (2) inflammation of the classical type characteristic of primary and secondary autoimmune glomerulonephritis and infectious recurrent pyelonephritis, as well as immune reactions in kidney allograft rejection, and (3) chronic systemic inflammation (ChSI), pathogenetically characterized by latent microcirculatory disorders and manifestations of paracoagulation. […] Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, primary and secondary (caused by systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic vasculitis, myelo- and lymphoproliferative, and other diseases) glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, obstructive uropathy, vesicoureteral reflux, renal amyloidosis, and drug nephropathy are the most common causes of ESRD in the developed countries.

• #119 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Many systemic factors of progressive renal failure aggravate it via the mechanisms of vicious pathogenetic cycles and include the following: poisoning of the body with nephrotoxins, excess in the blood of potentially toxic water-soluble drugs, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, and metabolic acidosis. […] The mutual negative influence of impaired renal function and cardiovascular disease can lead to cardiorenal syndrome. […] The importance of local manifestations of ChLGI in the formation of both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease has also been proven. […] To begin with, the development of systemic proinflammatory tissue stress is promoted by the presence of ESRD and PH due to multiple sources of inflammatory stimuli, such as oxidative stress, acidosis, and fluid overload. […] Thus, against the backdrop of systemic ChLGI, the progression of CKD to ESRD is the result of a complex interplay of local and systemic genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental variables, as well as metabolic and immunological components.

• #120 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Many systemic factors of progressive renal failure aggravate it via the mechanisms of vicious pathogenetic cycles and include the following: poisoning of the body with nephrotoxins, excess in the blood of potentially toxic water-soluble drugs, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, and metabolic acidosis. […] The mutual negative influence of impaired renal function and cardiovascular disease can lead to cardiorenal syndrome. […] The importance of local manifestations of ChLGI in the formation of both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease has also been proven. […] To begin with, the development of systemic proinflammatory tissue stress is promoted by the presence of ESRD and PH due to multiple sources of inflammatory stimuli, such as oxidative stress, acidosis, and fluid overload. […] Thus, against the backdrop of systemic ChLGI, the progression of CKD to ESRD is the result of a complex interplay of local and systemic genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental variables, as well as metabolic and immunological components.

• #121 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) is a disabling condition that often results in premature death. ESKD is costly, accounting for $37.3 billion of Medicare expenditures during 2019. […] Higher percentage changes in incident and prevalent ESKD cases were attributable to primary causes related to diabetes and hypertension. […] Diabetes and hypertension remain the leading causes of ESKD, accounting for 47% and 29%, respectively, of patients who began ESKD treatment in 2019. […] Although diabetes was the primary cause for a larger percentage of incident and prevalent ESKD cases, the largest increase in incident and prevalent cases was among patients with hypertension reported as the primary cause. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD.

• #122 End Stage Renal Disease (Kidney Failure) | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/end-stage-renal-disease

  Each year more than 50,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). […] End-stage renal disease occurs when approximately 90% of normal kidney function has been lost. […] Congenital anomalies, inherited disorders, injury, hypertension, exposure to toxins, kidney stones, tumors, and even infections in other parts of the body can result in compromised renal function. […] The most common causes of kidney failure that necessitate kidney transplantation include: Diabetes, whether Type 1 (juvenile) or Type 2 (adult-onset), is the leading cause of kidney failure in the U.S. […] High Blood Pressure and other vascular diseases. […] Autoimmune diseases such as chronic glomerulonephritis and lupus, which cause chronic inflammation of the kidneys. […] Congenital disorders such as obstructive uropathy (blockages in the urinary tract), which can cause irreversible kidney failure.

• #123 End-Stage Renal Disease: Medical Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1100/p493.html

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is diagnosed when kidney function is no longer adequate for long-term survival without kidney transplantation or dialysis. […] The incidence of ESRD increased more than threefold between 1980 and 2000 because of increasing numbers of patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and related conditions. […] ESRD often develops slowly and can be prevented in many cases. […] A key consideration for patients with ESRD is establishing eligibility for kidney transplantation, which, compared with dialysis or conservative management, improves survival and quality of life. […] Most patients elect to receive dialysis to treat their ESRD, and these patients tend to live longer than those choosing conservative management. […] Patients with ESRD can elect a palliative approach to managing their disease that does not involve dialysis. […] Chronic kidney disease is considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, and patients with ESRD are at high risk of cardiovascular complications and death.

• #124 End-stage renal disease causes U.S. 2020| Statista

  https://www.statista.com/statistics/781013/end-stage-renal-disease-causes-us/

  In 2020, around 38 percent of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases were caused by diabetes, while 27 percent were caused by high blood pressure. […] This statistic shows the distribution of causes of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases in the U.S. in 2020. […] Characteristic Percentage of new end-stage renal disease cases Diabetes 38% High blood pressure 27% Glomerulonephritis 15% Other cause* 7% Unknown cause 13% […] * Includes polycystic kidney disease, among other causes.

• #125 End-stage renal disease causes U.S. 2020| Statista

  https://www.statista.com/statistics/781013/end-stage-renal-disease-causes-us/

  In 2020, around 38 percent of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases were caused by diabetes, while 27 percent were caused by high blood pressure. […] This statistic shows the distribution of causes of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases in the U.S. in 2020. […] Characteristic Percentage of new end-stage renal disease cases Diabetes 38% High blood pressure 27% Glomerulonephritis 15% Other cause* 7% Unknown cause 13% […] * Includes polycystic kidney disease, among other causes.

• #126 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  Many chronic diseases can cause end-stage renal disease. In many developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause. […] Other causes include: Hypertension, Vascular disease, Glomerular disease (primary or secondary), Cystic kidney diseases, Tubulointerstitial disease, Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction, Recurrent kidney stone disease, Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder, Unrecovered acute kidney injury, Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcineurin inhibitors, and antiretrovirals. […] The most common cause of ESRD in the US is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension. […] Other etiologies can include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, recurrent kidney infection, chronic obstruction, etc.

• #127 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) is a disabling condition that often results in premature death. ESKD is costly, accounting for $37.3 billion of Medicare expenditures during 2019. […] Higher percentage changes in incident and prevalent ESKD cases were attributable to primary causes related to diabetes and hypertension. […] Diabetes and hypertension remain the leading causes of ESKD, accounting for 47% and 29%, respectively, of patients who began ESKD treatment in 2019. […] Although diabetes was the primary cause for a larger percentage of incident and prevalent ESKD cases, the largest increase in incident and prevalent cases was among patients with hypertension reported as the primary cause. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD.

• #128 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) is a disabling condition that often results in premature death. ESKD is costly, accounting for $37.3 billion of Medicare expenditures during 2019. […] Higher percentage changes in incident and prevalent ESKD cases were attributable to primary causes related to diabetes and hypertension. […] Diabetes and hypertension remain the leading causes of ESKD, accounting for 47% and 29%, respectively, of patients who began ESKD treatment in 2019. […] Although diabetes was the primary cause for a larger percentage of incident and prevalent ESKD cases, the largest increase in incident and prevalent cases was among patients with hypertension reported as the primary cause. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD.

• #129 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) is a disabling condition that often results in premature death. ESKD is costly, accounting for $37.3 billion of Medicare expenditures during 2019. […] Higher percentage changes in incident and prevalent ESKD cases were attributable to primary causes related to diabetes and hypertension. […] Diabetes and hypertension remain the leading causes of ESKD, accounting for 47% and 29%, respectively, of patients who began ESKD treatment in 2019. […] Although diabetes was the primary cause for a larger percentage of incident and prevalent ESKD cases, the largest increase in incident and prevalent cases was among patients with hypertension reported as the primary cause. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD.

• #130 Kidney Failure: Stages, ESRD, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure

  Glomerular diseases affect how well your kidneys filter waste. […] Autoimmune kidney diseases. Lupus is an autoimmune disease that can cause organ damage, joint pain, fever and skin rashes. […] Kidney failure can also develop quickly because of an unexpected cause. Acute kidney failure (acute kidney injury) is when your kidneys suddenly lose their ability to function. […] Common causes of acute kidney failure include: Certain medications, Severe dehydration, A urinary tract obstruction, Untreated systemic diseases, such as heart disease or liver disease. […] Yes, end-stage renal failure can lead to death. With the right treatment, most people can live with kidney failure. […] It’s important to remember that there’s no cure for kidney failure. That means even with treatment, your kidneys won’t go back to functioning as they did before you had kidney disease. […] Treatment helps preserve whatever function is left in your kidneys, so they don’t decline as rapidly.

• #131 End-Stage Renal Disease: Medical Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1100/p493.html

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is diagnosed when kidney function is no longer adequate for long-term survival without kidney transplantation or dialysis. […] The incidence of ESRD increased more than threefold between 1980 and 2000 because of increasing numbers of patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and related conditions. […] ESRD often develops slowly and can be prevented in many cases. […] A key consideration for patients with ESRD is establishing eligibility for kidney transplantation, which, compared with dialysis or conservative management, improves survival and quality of life. […] Most patients elect to receive dialysis to treat their ESRD, and these patients tend to live longer than those choosing conservative management. […] Patients with ESRD can elect a palliative approach to managing their disease that does not involve dialysis. […] Chronic kidney disease is considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, and patients with ESRD are at high risk of cardiovascular complications and death.

• #132 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) is a disabling condition that often results in premature death. ESKD is costly, accounting for $37.3 billion of Medicare expenditures during 2019. […] Higher percentage changes in incident and prevalent ESKD cases were attributable to primary causes related to diabetes and hypertension. […] Diabetes and hypertension remain the leading causes of ESKD, accounting for 47% and 29%, respectively, of patients who began ESKD treatment in 2019. […] Although diabetes was the primary cause for a larger percentage of incident and prevalent ESKD cases, the largest increase in incident and prevalent cases was among patients with hypertension reported as the primary cause. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD.

• #133 End-Stage Renal Disease: Medical Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1100/p493.html

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is diagnosed when kidney function is no longer adequate for long-term survival without kidney transplantation or dialysis. […] The incidence of ESRD increased more than threefold between 1980 and 2000 because of increasing numbers of patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and related conditions. […] ESRD often develops slowly and can be prevented in many cases. […] A key consideration for patients with ESRD is establishing eligibility for kidney transplantation, which, compared with dialysis or conservative management, improves survival and quality of life. […] Most patients elect to receive dialysis to treat their ESRD, and these patients tend to live longer than those choosing conservative management. […] Patients with ESRD can elect a palliative approach to managing their disease that does not involve dialysis. […] Chronic kidney disease is considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, and patients with ESRD are at high risk of cardiovascular complications and death.

• #134 Burden of end-stage renal disease of undetermined etiology in Africa | Renal Replacement Therapy | Full Text

  https://rrtjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41100-023-00497-w

  Available literatures have established that chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension are the principal causes of ESRD patients on renal therapy, together with diabetes and HIV. […] Accordingly, it is important to estimate the growing burden of treated ESRD due to other causes, to understand potential risk factors and highly vulnerable populations that lack specific diagnostic interventions and attentions and underrepresented in studies. […] In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on the burden and outcomes of treated ESRD due to unknown etiology in Africa. […] The public health impact of ESRD due to unknown etiology is significant, with a substantial increase in mortality and a larger contribution to the renal admission burden, which might be catastrophic financial burden to the society and healthcare systems. […] There is an urgent need for epidemiological studies for better characterizing regional causative factors as well as for developing proactive and comprehensive approaches to prevent and treat this under-recognized fatal disease.

• #135 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  Effective management of diabetes and hypertension can help prevent ESKD and decrease the number of incident cases, thus alleviating the burden on the health care system and reducing costs. […] Interventions to promote and increase use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, along with improving care and better managing ESKD risk factors among persons with diabetes, might slow the increase and eventually reverse the trend in incident ESKD cases.

• #136 End-Stage Renal Disease: Medical Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1100/p493.html

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is diagnosed when kidney function is no longer adequate for long-term survival without kidney transplantation or dialysis. […] The incidence of ESRD increased more than threefold between 1980 and 2000 because of increasing numbers of patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and related conditions. […] ESRD often develops slowly and can be prevented in many cases. […] A key consideration for patients with ESRD is establishing eligibility for kidney transplantation, which, compared with dialysis or conservative management, improves survival and quality of life. […] Most patients elect to receive dialysis to treat their ESRD, and these patients tend to live longer than those choosing conservative management. […] Patients with ESRD can elect a palliative approach to managing their disease that does not involve dialysis. […] Chronic kidney disease is considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, and patients with ESRD are at high risk of cardiovascular complications and death.

• #137 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  Effective management of diabetes and hypertension can help prevent ESKD and decrease the number of incident cases, thus alleviating the burden on the health care system and reducing costs. […] Interventions to promote and increase use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, along with improving care and better managing ESKD risk factors among persons with diabetes, might slow the increase and eventually reverse the trend in incident ESKD cases.

• #138 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  Effective management of diabetes and hypertension can help prevent ESKD and decrease the number of incident cases, thus alleviating the burden on the health care system and reducing costs. […] Interventions to promote and increase use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, along with improving care and better managing ESKD risk factors among persons with diabetes, might slow the increase and eventually reverse the trend in incident ESKD cases.

• #139 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) – Urology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/urology/conditions-treated/adult-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to carry out their daily functions, requiring either dialysis or transplantation to sustain life. […] Chronic kidney failure a decline in kidney function most often related to diabetes or hypertension but resulting from other causes as well, including vascular disease, genetic disorders, and exposure to toxic levels of certain drugs affects approximately 26 million in the United States. […] The best strategy for preventing ESRD is to detect chronic kidney failure at the earliest possible stage so that the decline in kidney function can be slowed through the use of medications and tight control of blood sugar and blood pressure levels.

• #140 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) – Urology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/urology/conditions-treated/adult-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to carry out their daily functions, requiring either dialysis or transplantation to sustain life. […] Chronic kidney failure a decline in kidney function most often related to diabetes or hypertension but resulting from other causes as well, including vascular disease, genetic disorders, and exposure to toxic levels of certain drugs affects approximately 26 million in the United States. […] The best strategy for preventing ESRD is to detect chronic kidney failure at the earliest possible stage so that the decline in kidney function can be slowed through the use of medications and tight control of blood sugar and blood pressure levels.

• #141 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  Effective management of diabetes and hypertension can help prevent ESKD and decrease the number of incident cases, thus alleviating the burden on the health care system and reducing costs. […] Interventions to promote and increase use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, along with improving care and better managing ESKD risk factors among persons with diabetes, might slow the increase and eventually reverse the trend in incident ESKD cases.

• #142 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) – Urology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/urology/conditions-treated/adult-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to carry out their daily functions, requiring either dialysis or transplantation to sustain life. […] Chronic kidney failure a decline in kidney function most often related to diabetes or hypertension but resulting from other causes as well, including vascular disease, genetic disorders, and exposure to toxic levels of certain drugs affects approximately 26 million in the United States. […] The best strategy for preventing ESRD is to detect chronic kidney failure at the earliest possible stage so that the decline in kidney function can be slowed through the use of medications and tight control of blood sugar and blood pressure levels.

• #143

  https://journals.lww.com/sjkd/fulltext/1997/08040/the_etiology_of_end_stage_renal_disease__its.1.aspx

  It is imperative that we establish the diagnosis while the disease is still not far advanced, for two reasons. The first and most important is that we must make every effort to cure the disease, or at least to prevent decline to the end-stage. […] The first step to win a war is to know your enemy well; his strengths and his weak points. Our enemy is disease, and we will be better able to win if we know just what we need to fight against.

• #144

  https://journals.lww.com/sjkd/fulltext/1997/08040/the_etiology_of_end_stage_renal_disease__its.1.aspx

  The nephrologist has a simplistic response to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), whatever its cause. […] It is essential that we channel our resources into the prevention of chronic renal failure, and to achieve this a knowledge of its causes is essential. […] The point that has been well made is that diabetes and hypertension are responsible for a large percentage of chronic renal failure in any country. […] A total of 40.38% of my patients, 36.11% of those from Chandigarh, and 67.5% of US patients have renal failure attributed to these causes. […] My proposal is that good control of these diseases from the outset will reduce the burden of renal failure in any society. […] Another reason why knowing the cause of end-stage renal disease is important is that it might help us to choose the ideal form of renal replacement therapy.

• #145 End-stage renal disease causes U.S. 2020| Statista

  https://www.statista.com/statistics/781013/end-stage-renal-disease-causes-us/

  In 2020, around 38 percent of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases were caused by diabetes, while 27 percent were caused by high blood pressure. […] This statistic shows the distribution of causes of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases in the U.S. in 2020. […] Characteristic Percentage of new end-stage renal disease cases Diabetes 38% High blood pressure 27% Glomerulonephritis 15% Other cause* 7% Unknown cause 13% […] * Includes polycystic kidney disease, among other causes.

• #146 Kidney failure (ESRD) – Symptoms, stages, & treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-failure

  Kidney failure means your kidneys are no longer able to work well enough to keep you alive. With kidney failure, 85-90% of your kidney function is gone. People with kidney failure have stage 5 CKD (also known as end-stage kidney disease or ESKD). […] The two main causes of kidney failure are diabetes and high blood pressure, which make up about two-thirds of cases. Other diseases can also lead to kidney failure, including IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease, and many others. Social and environmental factors also play a part in kidney disease.

• #147 End-stage renal disease causes U.S. 2020| Statista

  https://www.statista.com/statistics/781013/end-stage-renal-disease-causes-us/

  In 2020, around 38 percent of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases were caused by diabetes, while 27 percent were caused by high blood pressure. […] This statistic shows the distribution of causes of new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases in the U.S. in 2020. […] Characteristic Percentage of new end-stage renal disease cases Diabetes 38% High blood pressure 27% Glomerulonephritis 15% Other cause* 7% Unknown cause 13% […] * Includes polycystic kidney disease, among other causes.

• #148 The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11453

  Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage chronic renal disease (ESRD), which requires the use of replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplant) in life-threatening conditions. […] The common components of ESRD pathogenesis, regardless of the initial nosology, are (1) local (in the kidneys) and systemic chronic low-grade inflammation (ChLGI) as a risk factor for diabetic kidney disease and its progression to ESRD, (2) inflammation of the classical type characteristic of primary and secondary autoimmune glomerulonephritis and infectious recurrent pyelonephritis, as well as immune reactions in kidney allograft rejection, and (3) chronic systemic inflammation (ChSI), pathogenetically characterized by latent microcirculatory disorders and manifestations of paracoagulation. […] Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, primary and secondary (caused by systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic vasculitis, myelo- and lymphoproliferative, and other diseases) glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, obstructive uropathy, vesicoureteral reflux, renal amyloidosis, and drug nephropathy are the most common causes of ESRD in the developed countries.

• #149 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  Effective management of diabetes and hypertension can help prevent ESKD and decrease the number of incident cases, thus alleviating the burden on the health care system and reducing costs. […] Interventions to promote and increase use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, along with improving care and better managing ESKD risk factors among persons with diabetes, might slow the increase and eventually reverse the trend in incident ESKD cases.

• #150 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) – Urology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/urology/conditions-treated/adult-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease-esrd

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to carry out their daily functions, requiring either dialysis or transplantation to sustain life. […] Chronic kidney failure a decline in kidney function most often related to diabetes or hypertension but resulting from other causes as well, including vascular disease, genetic disorders, and exposure to toxic levels of certain drugs affects approximately 26 million in the United States. […] The best strategy for preventing ESRD is to detect chronic kidney failure at the earliest possible stage so that the decline in kidney function can be slowed through the use of medications and tight control of blood sugar and blood pressure levels.

• #151 Major Risk Factors in the Onset of End-Stage Renal Disease

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/major-risk-factors-in-the-onset-of-end-stage-renal-disease

  Aims: The incidence of chronic End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is rapidly increasing among the Palestinian population in the last few years. Therefore, it is important to study the factors that influence this increase. This study is aimed to investigate the major risk factors that led to increased ESRD that requires hemodialysis in Northern West Bank. […] Results: The major risk factors that are significantly associated with the onset of ESRD include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, recurrent taken analgesic drugs and infection of the urinary tract. […] Conclusion: Identifying major risk factors affecting ESRD is an important topic. There should be more attention to improve the quality of renal replacement therapy and facilities. This could be achieved through increasing the number of qualified staff and the dialysis machines. Furthermore, knowing the causes will help to focus on prevention and early treatment. This will reduce health system costs associated with ESRD.

Zobacz więcej