Materiały źródłowe

• #1 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  More than 500,000 people in the United States live with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to this terminal disease remains a significant source of reduced quality of life and premature mortality. […] According to the United States Renal Data System, in 2015, there were 124,411 new ESRD diagnoses, reflecting an increasing burden of kidney failure. The prevalence of the disease has been rising at a stable number of about 20,000 cases per year. Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] The degree of kidney failure varies widely by race in the US. In 2015, the rate of ESRD was three times higher in African Americans compared to Whites (393.5 versus 139.9 per million population). That same year, the ESRD prevalence was about ten times higher in American Indians or Alaska Natives and twice as high in Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders. Prevalence rates were 1.3 times higher in Asian Americans, as well. Of note, incidence rates in the African American population have decreased each year since 2006, leading to an overall decrease of 21%. This reduction has been even more pronounced in American Indians/Alaska Natives. […] The prevalence of CKD increases with age, with the most rapid growth in people aged 60 years or older. For example, the prevalence is 6.0% at ages 18 to 44 years and 38.1% at ages more than 65 years. […] The cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease is higher in males than females.

• #2 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In the United States, more than 1 in 7 adults (14% of the adult population, or 35.5 million people) are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the overall prevalence of CKD in the US has remained relatively stable since 2004. The largest increase occurred in people with stage 3 CKD, from 4.5% to 6.0%. […] In the US, the prevalence of CKD increases dramatically with age: it is 6% in persons 18 to 44 years, 12% in those 45 to 64 years, and 34% in those 65 or older. […] The adjusted incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the US fell by 8.9% from 2000 to 2019. Over that period, however, the number of patients with newly registered ESKD rose from 97,856 to 134,837, an increase of 37.8%.

• #3 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a common and morbid disease that affects patients quality and length of life, representing a large portion of health care expenditure in the United States. […] Management of ESKD requires renal replacement therapy via dialysis or transplantation. […] While transplantation provides the greatest improvement in survival and quality of life, the vast majority of patients are treated initially with hemodialysis. […] However, outcomes differ significantly among patient populations. […] Barriers in access to care have particularly affected at-risk populations, such as Black and Hispanic patients. […] In 2018, the incidence of ESKD in the United States was 390.2 per million and prevalence was 242 per million; ESKD is most commonly a result of diabetes, followed by hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney disease.

• #4 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a common and morbid disease that affects patients quality and length of life, representing a large portion of health care expenditure in the United States. […] Management of ESKD requires renal replacement therapy via dialysis or transplantation. […] While transplantation provides the greatest improvement in survival and quality of life, the vast majority of patients are treated initially with hemodialysis. […] However, outcomes differ significantly among patient populations. […] Barriers in access to care have particularly affected at-risk populations, such as Black and Hispanic patients. […] In 2018, the incidence of ESKD in the United States was 390.2 per million and prevalence was 242 per million; ESKD is most commonly a result of diabetes, followed by hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney disease.

• #5 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  More than 500,000 people in the United States live with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to this terminal disease remains a significant source of reduced quality of life and premature mortality. […] According to the United States Renal Data System, in 2015, there were 124,411 new ESRD diagnoses, reflecting an increasing burden of kidney failure. The prevalence of the disease has been rising at a stable number of about 20,000 cases per year. Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] The degree of kidney failure varies widely by race in the US. In 2015, the rate of ESRD was three times higher in African Americans compared to Whites (393.5 versus 139.9 per million population). That same year, the ESRD prevalence was about ten times higher in American Indians or Alaska Natives and twice as high in Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders. Prevalence rates were 1.3 times higher in Asian Americans, as well. Of note, incidence rates in the African American population have decreased each year since 2006, leading to an overall decrease of 21%. This reduction has been even more pronounced in American Indians/Alaska Natives. […] The prevalence of CKD increases with age, with the most rapid growth in people aged 60 years or older. For example, the prevalence is 6.0% at ages 18 to 44 years and 38.1% at ages more than 65 years. […] The cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease is higher in males than females.

• #6 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  During 2000-2019, the number of incident ESKD cases increased 41.8%, from 92,660 to 131,422, and the number of prevalent cases increased 118.7%, from 358,247 to 783,594. […] The continued increase in the number of ESKD cases will increase strain on the health care system and lead to higher costs. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD. […] ESKD will continue to have a large impact on the U.S. health care system with population growth, aging, high prevalence of ESKD risk factors such as diabetes, better survival of the ESKD population, and improved transplant outcomes. […] One of the goals of the Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is to reduce the number of Americans developing ESKD by 25% by 2030.

• #7 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD. […] In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. […] The incidence rate of ESKD among Blacks in the United States is nearly 4 times that for Whites.

• #8 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Approximately 1 in 4 Medicare dollars is spent on kidney patients $156.7 billion and growing. […] Without increased investment in prevention, the total number of patients with kidney failure (ESKD) will likely exceed 1 million by 2030. […] COVID-19 continues to endanger the health and lives of kidney patients. […] Kidney failure means that one or both kidneys have shut down completely and are no longer functioning. This is an irreversible, life-threatening condition. […] Almost 808,000 people in the US (2 in every 1,000) lived with ESKD: 69% on dialysis and 31% with a kidney transplant. […] Diabetes (38%) and high blood pressure (27%) were the major causes of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the U.S. […] Between 2019-2021 diabetes (46%; 179,187 count), the leading cause of kidney failure (KFRT), and hypertension (high blood pressure; 29%; 113,887 count), the second leading cause of KFRT, were the primary diagnosis in 76% (293,074 count) of all new (incident) kidney failure cases (391,387 count).

• #9 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Given its increasing prevalence, if CKD remains largely undetected and is consequently not treated, the numbers of people developing kidney failure and requiring expensive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) will naturally increase. In 2010, ~2.6 million people received KRT, and this number is estimated to increase to 5.4 million by 2030. […] The global mortality from all kidney diseases likely ranges between 5 million and 11 million per year and kidney dysfunction is currently the seventh leading risk factor for death. […] In 2040, kidney disease is predicted to cause 52 million YLL, moving from the 16th most common cause of YLL (in 2016) to the fifth, surpassing other major NCD drivers of early mortality listed by the WHO such as diabetes.

• #10 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  More than 500,000 people in the United States live with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to this terminal disease remains a significant source of reduced quality of life and premature mortality. […] According to the United States Renal Data System, in 2015, there were 124,411 new ESRD diagnoses, reflecting an increasing burden of kidney failure. The prevalence of the disease has been rising at a stable number of about 20,000 cases per year. Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] The degree of kidney failure varies widely by race in the US. In 2015, the rate of ESRD was three times higher in African Americans compared to Whites (393.5 versus 139.9 per million population). That same year, the ESRD prevalence was about ten times higher in American Indians or Alaska Natives and twice as high in Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders. Prevalence rates were 1.3 times higher in Asian Americans, as well. Of note, incidence rates in the African American population have decreased each year since 2006, leading to an overall decrease of 21%. This reduction has been even more pronounced in American Indians/Alaska Natives. […] The prevalence of CKD increases with age, with the most rapid growth in people aged 60 years or older. For example, the prevalence is 6.0% at ages 18 to 44 years and 38.1% at ages more than 65 years. […] The cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease is higher in males than females.

• #11 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) is a disabling condition that often results in premature death. ESKD is costly, accounting for $37.3 billion of Medicare expenditures during 2019. […] During 2000-2019, the number of ESKD cases reported in the United States increased 41.8%; the number of prevalent cases approximately doubled. Higher percentage changes in incident and prevalent ESKD cases were attributable to primary causes related to diabetes and hypertension. […] Effective management of diabetes and hypertension can help prevent ESKD and decrease the number of incident cases, thus reducing costs and alleviating the impact on the health care system. […] During 2000 and 2019, for both incident and prevalent ESKD cases, 34.9%-42.3% occurred among persons aged 45-64 years, 53.4%-58.3% occurred among males, and 44.7%-55.2% occurred among White persons.

• #12 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  More than 500,000 people in the United States live with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to this terminal disease remains a significant source of reduced quality of life and premature mortality. […] According to the United States Renal Data System, in 2015, there were 124,411 new ESRD diagnoses, reflecting an increasing burden of kidney failure. The prevalence of the disease has been rising at a stable number of about 20,000 cases per year. Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] The degree of kidney failure varies widely by race in the US. In 2015, the rate of ESRD was three times higher in African Americans compared to Whites (393.5 versus 139.9 per million population). That same year, the ESRD prevalence was about ten times higher in American Indians or Alaska Natives and twice as high in Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders. Prevalence rates were 1.3 times higher in Asian Americans, as well. Of note, incidence rates in the African American population have decreased each year since 2006, leading to an overall decrease of 21%. This reduction has been even more pronounced in American Indians/Alaska Natives. […] The prevalence of CKD increases with age, with the most rapid growth in people aged 60 years or older. For example, the prevalence is 6.0% at ages 18 to 44 years and 38.1% at ages more than 65 years. […] The cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease is higher in males than females.

• #13 Dialysis and End-Stage Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, Costs, and Outcomes | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/dialysis-and-end-stage-kidney-disease-epidemiology-costs-and-outcomes/

  The epidemiology of disease is best considered using the familiar concepts of incidence and prevalence. […] Incidence is typically expressed as the number of new cases divided by person-time at risk, and prevalence as the number of individuals with a disease divided by the number alive at any given point in time. […] Consideration of ESRD incidence differs from that of many other diseases. […] Establishing the incidence and prevalence of treated ESRD is not especially difficult in industrialized countries due to comprehensive registries. […] Data from the most recent USRDS registry demonstrate that, in the United States, approximately 121,000 patients developed ESRD in 2014, representing an unadjusted rate of 370 persons PMPY and a demographically adjusted rate of 354 PMPY. […] Incidence rates vary substantially by geography, from a low of 250 PMPY in New England to 432 PMPY in Texas, a nearly 1.4-fold difference.

• #14 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  About 35.5 million U.S. adults are estimated to have kidney disease that’s more than 1 in 7 (14%). […] About 9 in 10 adults with kidney disease (90%) do not know they have it. […] People with kidney disease may not feel ill or notice symptoms until the disease is advanced. […] About 1 in 3 (40%) of adults with severe kidney disease don’t know they have it. […] 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. (33%) is at risk for kidney disease. […] Kidney disease is the 8th leading cause of death in the U.S. […] About 1 in 3 adults with diabetes and 1 in 5 adults with high blood pressure may have kidney disease. […] Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease. Diabetes and hypertension cause or contribute to 2 of 3 new cases of kidney failure. […] Two simple tests (blood/urine) can detect kidney disease early. Earliest detection is crucial so that further damage can be slowed or stopped.

• #15 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Approximately 1 in 4 Medicare dollars is spent on kidney patients $156.7 billion and growing. […] Without increased investment in prevention, the total number of patients with kidney failure (ESKD) will likely exceed 1 million by 2030. […] COVID-19 continues to endanger the health and lives of kidney patients. […] Kidney failure means that one or both kidneys have shut down completely and are no longer functioning. This is an irreversible, life-threatening condition. […] Almost 808,000 people in the US (2 in every 1,000) lived with ESKD: 69% on dialysis and 31% with a kidney transplant. […] Diabetes (38%) and high blood pressure (27%) were the major causes of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the U.S. […] Between 2019-2021 diabetes (46%; 179,187 count), the leading cause of kidney failure (KFRT), and hypertension (high blood pressure; 29%; 113,887 count), the second leading cause of KFRT, were the primary diagnosis in 76% (293,074 count) of all new (incident) kidney failure cases (391,387 count).

• #16 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Approximately 1 in 4 Medicare dollars is spent on kidney patients $156.7 billion and growing. […] Without increased investment in prevention, the total number of patients with kidney failure (ESKD) will likely exceed 1 million by 2030. […] COVID-19 continues to endanger the health and lives of kidney patients. […] Kidney failure means that one or both kidneys have shut down completely and are no longer functioning. This is an irreversible, life-threatening condition. […] Almost 808,000 people in the US (2 in every 1,000) lived with ESKD: 69% on dialysis and 31% with a kidney transplant. […] Diabetes (38%) and high blood pressure (27%) were the major causes of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the U.S. […] Between 2019-2021 diabetes (46%; 179,187 count), the leading cause of kidney failure (KFRT), and hypertension (high blood pressure; 29%; 113,887 count), the second leading cause of KFRT, were the primary diagnosis in 76% (293,074 count) of all new (incident) kidney failure cases (391,387 count).

• #17 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Most people with newly diagnosed (incident) ESKD had diabetes (DM; 59%); 25% had heart failure (HF). […] Other conditions that can lead to kidney failure (kidney failure with replacement therapy; KFRT) are: glomerulonephritis (diseases that damage the kidneys filtering units), which are the third most common type of kidney disease; inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease; malformations at birth that occur as a fetus develops; lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN; Berger’s disease), and other immune diseases; obstructions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate; pyelonephritis or inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection; and repeated urinary tract infections, which can also lead to kidney infections and can cause long-term damage to the kidneys. […] 12 people die every day while waiting for a lifesaving kidney transplant.

• #18 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Most people with newly diagnosed (incident) ESKD had diabetes (DM; 59%); 25% had heart failure (HF). […] Other conditions that can lead to kidney failure (kidney failure with replacement therapy; KFRT) are: glomerulonephritis (diseases that damage the kidneys filtering units), which are the third most common type of kidney disease; inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease; malformations at birth that occur as a fetus develops; lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN; Berger’s disease), and other immune diseases; obstructions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate; pyelonephritis or inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection; and repeated urinary tract infections, which can also lead to kidney infections and can cause long-term damage to the kidneys. […] 12 people die every day while waiting for a lifesaving kidney transplant.

• #19 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Most people with newly diagnosed (incident) ESKD had diabetes (DM; 59%); 25% had heart failure (HF). […] Other conditions that can lead to kidney failure (kidney failure with replacement therapy; KFRT) are: glomerulonephritis (diseases that damage the kidneys filtering units), which are the third most common type of kidney disease; inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease; malformations at birth that occur as a fetus develops; lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN; Berger’s disease), and other immune diseases; obstructions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate; pyelonephritis or inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection; and repeated urinary tract infections, which can also lead to kidney infections and can cause long-term damage to the kidneys. […] 12 people die every day while waiting for a lifesaving kidney transplant.

• #20 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Most people with newly diagnosed (incident) ESKD had diabetes (DM; 59%); 25% had heart failure (HF). […] Other conditions that can lead to kidney failure (kidney failure with replacement therapy; KFRT) are: glomerulonephritis (diseases that damage the kidneys filtering units), which are the third most common type of kidney disease; inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease; malformations at birth that occur as a fetus develops; lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN; Berger’s disease), and other immune diseases; obstructions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate; pyelonephritis or inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection; and repeated urinary tract infections, which can also lead to kidney infections and can cause long-term damage to the kidneys. […] 12 people die every day while waiting for a lifesaving kidney transplant.

• #21 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Most people with newly diagnosed (incident) ESKD had diabetes (DM; 59%); 25% had heart failure (HF). […] Other conditions that can lead to kidney failure (kidney failure with replacement therapy; KFRT) are: glomerulonephritis (diseases that damage the kidneys filtering units), which are the third most common type of kidney disease; inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease; malformations at birth that occur as a fetus develops; lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN; Berger’s disease), and other immune diseases; obstructions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate; pyelonephritis or inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection; and repeated urinary tract infections, which can also lead to kidney infections and can cause long-term damage to the kidneys. […] 12 people die every day while waiting for a lifesaving kidney transplant.

• #22 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Most people with newly diagnosed (incident) ESKD had diabetes (DM; 59%); 25% had heart failure (HF). […] Other conditions that can lead to kidney failure (kidney failure with replacement therapy; KFRT) are: glomerulonephritis (diseases that damage the kidneys filtering units), which are the third most common type of kidney disease; inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease; malformations at birth that occur as a fetus develops; lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN; Berger’s disease), and other immune diseases; obstructions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate; pyelonephritis or inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection; and repeated urinary tract infections, which can also lead to kidney infections and can cause long-term damage to the kidneys. […] 12 people die every day while waiting for a lifesaving kidney transplant.

• #23 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Most people with newly diagnosed (incident) ESKD had diabetes (DM; 59%); 25% had heart failure (HF). […] Other conditions that can lead to kidney failure (kidney failure with replacement therapy; KFRT) are: glomerulonephritis (diseases that damage the kidneys filtering units), which are the third most common type of kidney disease; inherited diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease; malformations at birth that occur as a fetus develops; lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN; Berger’s disease), and other immune diseases; obstructions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate; pyelonephritis or inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection; and repeated urinary tract infections, which can also lead to kidney infections and can cause long-term damage to the kidneys. […] 12 people die every day while waiting for a lifesaving kidney transplant.

• #24 End-Stage Renal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/

  More than 500,000 people in the United States live with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to this terminal disease remains a significant source of reduced quality of life and premature mortality. […] According to the United States Renal Data System, in 2015, there were 124,411 new ESRD diagnoses, reflecting an increasing burden of kidney failure. The prevalence of the disease has been rising at a stable number of about 20,000 cases per year. Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] The degree of kidney failure varies widely by race in the US. In 2015, the rate of ESRD was three times higher in African Americans compared to Whites (393.5 versus 139.9 per million population). That same year, the ESRD prevalence was about ten times higher in American Indians or Alaska Natives and twice as high in Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders. Prevalence rates were 1.3 times higher in Asian Americans, as well. Of note, incidence rates in the African American population have decreased each year since 2006, leading to an overall decrease of 21%. This reduction has been even more pronounced in American Indians/Alaska Natives. […] The prevalence of CKD increases with age, with the most rapid growth in people aged 60 years or older. For example, the prevalence is 6.0% at ages 18 to 44 years and 38.1% at ages more than 65 years. […] The cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease is higher in males than females.

• #25 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In the United States, more than 1 in 7 adults (14% of the adult population, or 35.5 million people) are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the overall prevalence of CKD in the US has remained relatively stable since 2004. The largest increase occurred in people with stage 3 CKD, from 4.5% to 6.0%. […] In the US, the prevalence of CKD increases dramatically with age: it is 6% in persons 18 to 44 years, 12% in those 45 to 64 years, and 34% in those 65 or older. […] The adjusted incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the US fell by 8.9% from 2000 to 2019. Over that period, however, the number of patients with newly registered ESKD rose from 97,856 to 134,837, an increase of 37.8%.

• #26 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The incidence of ESKD has declined in the United States since 2006, partly due to improved recognition and care of CKD, resulting in decreased progression of CKD to ESKD. […] As with CKD, ESKD occurs more commonly in Black and Hispanic patients, with rates 3.4 and 1.5 times higher, respectively, than the general population. […] Older patients are at the highest risk for developing ESKD. […] Among ESKD patients, 70.7% are treated with hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 29.3% have a kidney transplantation. […] The prevalence of ESKD varies across US geographic regions. […] The onset of CKD is often undetected, with 10% of patients with stage 3 CKD, or lower, being aware of their condition. […] CKD progresses to ESKD in approximately 2% of patients overall. […] CKD patients are more likely to die (37.6/100 patient-years) or have a myocardial infarction (10.8/100 patient-years) than progress to ESKD requiring RRT (5/100 patient-years).

• #27 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The youngest ESKD patients have the least favorable outcomes. […] ESKD patients younger than 1 year have a 5-year survival probability of 76% compared with 83% in patients aged 1 to 5 years and 95% in patients older than 6 years. […] ESKD cost has continued to rise over the past decade, increasing by 20.3% in inflation-adjusted dollars since 2009 and has consistently comprised 7.1% to 7.3% of all Medicare expenses annually. […] The annual cost per ESKD patient varies by treatment modality; patients treated with HD have the highest annual maintenance cost ($93,000), followed by patients treated with PD ($78,000) and kidney transplant recipients ($37,000). […] Nearly 90% of ESKD patients will undergo HD as their initial treatment modality and will continue HD for their lifetime. […] The effectiveness of HD is directly related to the quality and consistency of the vascular access.

• #28 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  During 2000-2019, the number of incident ESKD cases increased 41.8%, from 92,660 to 131,422, and the number of prevalent cases increased 118.7%, from 358,247 to 783,594. […] The continued increase in the number of ESKD cases will increase strain on the health care system and lead to higher costs. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD. […] ESKD will continue to have a large impact on the U.S. health care system with population growth, aging, high prevalence of ESKD risk factors such as diabetes, better survival of the ESKD population, and improved transplant outcomes. […] One of the goals of the Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is to reduce the number of Americans developing ESKD by 25% by 2030.

• #29 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  12 people die every day while on a waiting list for a kidney transplant. […] Adults with kidney disease are at higher risk of early death. […] Prevalence of kidney disease: non-Hispanic Black adults 20%; Hispanic/Latino adults 14%; non-Hispanic Asian adults 14%; non-Hispanic White adults 12%. […] Black/African American people have 4 times the incidence of kidney failure (ESKD) as White persons. […] Hispanic/Latino and American Indian/Alaska Native people have 2 times the incidence of kidney failure as White persons. Asian people are 1.4 times more likely than Whites to experience kidney failure. […] 30% of all patients with kidney failure are Black/African American, even though this group is 13% of the U.S. population. […] Almost one-third of people on the kidney transplant waitlist are Black/African American. Black/African American transplant recipients are also less likely to receive a kidney from a living donor.

• #30 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD. […] In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. […] The incidence rate of ESKD among Blacks in the United States is nearly 4 times that for Whites.

• #31 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  The prevalence of CKD in Mexican Americans had been lower than in other racial/ethnic groups, but nearly doubled between 2003-2004 and 2015-2016, from 1.6% to 3.5%. […] The highest mortality rate is within the first 6 months of initiating dialysis. Mortality then tends to improve over the next 6 months, before increasing gradually over the next 4 years.

• #32 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The incidence of ESKD has declined in the United States since 2006, partly due to improved recognition and care of CKD, resulting in decreased progression of CKD to ESKD. […] As with CKD, ESKD occurs more commonly in Black and Hispanic patients, with rates 3.4 and 1.5 times higher, respectively, than the general population. […] Older patients are at the highest risk for developing ESKD. […] Among ESKD patients, 70.7% are treated with hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 29.3% have a kidney transplantation. […] The prevalence of ESKD varies across US geographic regions. […] The onset of CKD is often undetected, with 10% of patients with stage 3 CKD, or lower, being aware of their condition. […] CKD progresses to ESKD in approximately 2% of patients overall. […] CKD patients are more likely to die (37.6/100 patient-years) or have a myocardial infarction (10.8/100 patient-years) than progress to ESKD requiring RRT (5/100 patient-years).

• #33 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In the United States, more than 1 in 7 adults (14% of the adult population, or 35.5 million people) are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the overall prevalence of CKD in the US has remained relatively stable since 2004. The largest increase occurred in people with stage 3 CKD, from 4.5% to 6.0%. […] In the US, the prevalence of CKD increases dramatically with age: it is 6% in persons 18 to 44 years, 12% in those 45 to 64 years, and 34% in those 65 or older. […] The adjusted incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the US fell by 8.9% from 2000 to 2019. Over that period, however, the number of patients with newly registered ESKD rose from 97,856 to 134,837, an increase of 37.8%.

• #34 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In the United States, more than 1 in 7 adults (14% of the adult population, or 35.5 million people) are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the overall prevalence of CKD in the US has remained relatively stable since 2004. The largest increase occurred in people with stage 3 CKD, from 4.5% to 6.0%. […] In the US, the prevalence of CKD increases dramatically with age: it is 6% in persons 18 to 44 years, 12% in those 45 to 64 years, and 34% in those 65 or older. […] The adjusted incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the US fell by 8.9% from 2000 to 2019. Over that period, however, the number of patients with newly registered ESKD rose from 97,856 to 134,837, an increase of 37.8%.

• #35 Dialysis and End-Stage Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, Costs, and Outcomes | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/dialysis-and-end-stage-kidney-disease-epidemiology-costs-and-outcomes/

  In contrast to incidence, prevalence counts and rates continue to increase substantially, due primarily to increasing longevity for ESRD patients, especially those receiving maintenance dialysis. […] Prevalence is higher for blacks/African Americans than for whites, for older than for younger individuals, for Hispanics than for non-Hispanics, and for men than for women. […] Several recent studies have investigated the prevalence of maintenance dialysis worldwide. […] One study reported a 70% increase in prevalent dialysis patients between 1990 and 2010 alone. […] The authors projected the need for RRT out to 2013, by region. […] Timing of dialysis initiation has long been a matter of great uncertainty in nephrology, but work published since 2010 has greatly improved understanding and, it seems, palpable trends recently observable in the epidemiological data.

• #36 Dialysis and End-Stage Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, Costs, and Outcomes | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/dialysis-and-end-stage-kidney-disease-epidemiology-costs-and-outcomes/

  In contrast to incidence, prevalence counts and rates continue to increase substantially, due primarily to increasing longevity for ESRD patients, especially those receiving maintenance dialysis. […] Prevalence is higher for blacks/African Americans than for whites, for older than for younger individuals, for Hispanics than for non-Hispanics, and for men than for women. […] Several recent studies have investigated the prevalence of maintenance dialysis worldwide. […] One study reported a 70% increase in prevalent dialysis patients between 1990 and 2010 alone. […] The authors projected the need for RRT out to 2013, by region. […] Timing of dialysis initiation has long been a matter of great uncertainty in nephrology, but work published since 2010 has greatly improved understanding and, it seems, palpable trends recently observable in the epidemiological data.

• #37 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  CKD patients with proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes, as well as Black and Hispanic CKD patients, all have a 2- to 3-fold greater risk of progression to ESKD than patients without these risk factors. […] Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among ESKD patients, and sudden cardiac death from myocardial infarction or arrythmia accounts for 44.2% of the deaths in this population. […] ESKD carries a significant decrease in life expectancy regardless of RRT type. […] The 5-year survival from onset of ESKD was 41.4% for HD patients and 46.9% for PD patients. […] Five-year survival was highest in patients who received transplants, ranging between 83.4% and 93.8%, depending on the type of renal graft implanted. […] ESKD is most commonly due to congenital disorders, glomerular disease, or secondary glomerulonephritis.

• #38 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  CKD patients with proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes, as well as Black and Hispanic CKD patients, all have a 2- to 3-fold greater risk of progression to ESKD than patients without these risk factors. […] Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among ESKD patients, and sudden cardiac death from myocardial infarction or arrythmia accounts for 44.2% of the deaths in this population. […] ESKD carries a significant decrease in life expectancy regardless of RRT type. […] The 5-year survival from onset of ESKD was 41.4% for HD patients and 46.9% for PD patients. […] Five-year survival was highest in patients who received transplants, ranging between 83.4% and 93.8%, depending on the type of renal graft implanted. […] ESKD is most commonly due to congenital disorders, glomerular disease, or secondary glomerulonephritis.

• #39 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD. […] In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. […] The incidence rate of ESKD among Blacks in the United States is nearly 4 times that for Whites.

• #40 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Given its increasing prevalence, if CKD remains largely undetected and is consequently not treated, the numbers of people developing kidney failure and requiring expensive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) will naturally increase. In 2010, ~2.6 million people received KRT, and this number is estimated to increase to 5.4 million by 2030. […] The global mortality from all kidney diseases likely ranges between 5 million and 11 million per year and kidney dysfunction is currently the seventh leading risk factor for death. […] In 2040, kidney disease is predicted to cause 52 million YLL, moving from the 16th most common cause of YLL (in 2016) to the fifth, surpassing other major NCD drivers of early mortality listed by the WHO such as diabetes.

• #41 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  The prevalence of CKD in Mexican Americans had been lower than in other racial/ethnic groups, but nearly doubled between 2003-2004 and 2015-2016, from 1.6% to 3.5%. […] The highest mortality rate is within the first 6 months of initiating dialysis. Mortality then tends to improve over the next 6 months, before increasing gradually over the next 4 years.

• #42 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The incidence of ESKD has declined in the United States since 2006, partly due to improved recognition and care of CKD, resulting in decreased progression of CKD to ESKD. […] As with CKD, ESKD occurs more commonly in Black and Hispanic patients, with rates 3.4 and 1.5 times higher, respectively, than the general population. […] Older patients are at the highest risk for developing ESKD. […] Among ESKD patients, 70.7% are treated with hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 29.3% have a kidney transplantation. […] The prevalence of ESKD varies across US geographic regions. […] The onset of CKD is often undetected, with 10% of patients with stage 3 CKD, or lower, being aware of their condition. […] CKD progresses to ESKD in approximately 2% of patients overall. […] CKD patients are more likely to die (37.6/100 patient-years) or have a myocardial infarction (10.8/100 patient-years) than progress to ESKD requiring RRT (5/100 patient-years).

• #43 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The youngest ESKD patients have the least favorable outcomes. […] ESKD patients younger than 1 year have a 5-year survival probability of 76% compared with 83% in patients aged 1 to 5 years and 95% in patients older than 6 years. […] ESKD cost has continued to rise over the past decade, increasing by 20.3% in inflation-adjusted dollars since 2009 and has consistently comprised 7.1% to 7.3% of all Medicare expenses annually. […] The annual cost per ESKD patient varies by treatment modality; patients treated with HD have the highest annual maintenance cost ($93,000), followed by patients treated with PD ($78,000) and kidney transplant recipients ($37,000). […] Nearly 90% of ESKD patients will undergo HD as their initial treatment modality and will continue HD for their lifetime. […] The effectiveness of HD is directly related to the quality and consistency of the vascular access.

• #44 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Approximately 1 in 4 Medicare dollars is spent on kidney patients $156.7 billion and growing. […] Without increased investment in prevention, the total number of patients with kidney failure (ESKD) will likely exceed 1 million by 2030. […] COVID-19 continues to endanger the health and lives of kidney patients. […] Kidney failure means that one or both kidneys have shut down completely and are no longer functioning. This is an irreversible, life-threatening condition. […] Almost 808,000 people in the US (2 in every 1,000) lived with ESKD: 69% on dialysis and 31% with a kidney transplant. […] Diabetes (38%) and high blood pressure (27%) were the major causes of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the U.S. […] Between 2019-2021 diabetes (46%; 179,187 count), the leading cause of kidney failure (KFRT), and hypertension (high blood pressure; 29%; 113,887 count), the second leading cause of KFRT, were the primary diagnosis in 76% (293,074 count) of all new (incident) kidney failure cases (391,387 count).

• #45 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  12 people die every day while on a waiting list for a kidney transplant. […] Adults with kidney disease are at higher risk of early death. […] Prevalence of kidney disease: non-Hispanic Black adults 20%; Hispanic/Latino adults 14%; non-Hispanic Asian adults 14%; non-Hispanic White adults 12%. […] Black/African American people have 4 times the incidence of kidney failure (ESKD) as White persons. […] Hispanic/Latino and American Indian/Alaska Native people have 2 times the incidence of kidney failure as White persons. Asian people are 1.4 times more likely than Whites to experience kidney failure. […] 30% of all patients with kidney failure are Black/African American, even though this group is 13% of the U.S. population. […] Almost one-third of people on the kidney transplant waitlist are Black/African American. Black/African American transplant recipients are also less likely to receive a kidney from a living donor.

• #46 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The use of an AV fistula or graft instead of CVC increases ESKD survival and decreases infections, hospitalizations, and cost. […] Initiating HD with an AV fistula or graft requires proper nephrology care and vascular surgery consultation before the onset of ESKD. […] Kidney transplantation as RRT results in the highest long-term survival, quality of life, and lowest annual maintenance costs compared with HD or PD. […] The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected ESKD patients, who are at high risk of COVID-related morbidity and mortality due to ESKD-associated cardiovascular disease as well as immunosuppression in transplant recipients. […] CKD and ESKD are life-shortening, life-altering diseases that inflict a great cost to patients and the health care system overall. […] Yet, a majority of patients still do not receive adequate pre-ESKD care, particularly in minority populations.

• #47 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The use of an AV fistula or graft instead of CVC increases ESKD survival and decreases infections, hospitalizations, and cost. […] Initiating HD with an AV fistula or graft requires proper nephrology care and vascular surgery consultation before the onset of ESKD. […] Kidney transplantation as RRT results in the highest long-term survival, quality of life, and lowest annual maintenance costs compared with HD or PD. […] The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected ESKD patients, who are at high risk of COVID-related morbidity and mortality due to ESKD-associated cardiovascular disease as well as immunosuppression in transplant recipients. […] CKD and ESKD are life-shortening, life-altering diseases that inflict a great cost to patients and the health care system overall. […] Yet, a majority of patients still do not receive adequate pre-ESKD care, particularly in minority populations.

• #48 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The youngest ESKD patients have the least favorable outcomes. […] ESKD patients younger than 1 year have a 5-year survival probability of 76% compared with 83% in patients aged 1 to 5 years and 95% in patients older than 6 years. […] ESKD cost has continued to rise over the past decade, increasing by 20.3% in inflation-adjusted dollars since 2009 and has consistently comprised 7.1% to 7.3% of all Medicare expenses annually. […] The annual cost per ESKD patient varies by treatment modality; patients treated with HD have the highest annual maintenance cost ($93,000), followed by patients treated with PD ($78,000) and kidney transplant recipients ($37,000). […] Nearly 90% of ESKD patients will undergo HD as their initial treatment modality and will continue HD for their lifetime. […] The effectiveness of HD is directly related to the quality and consistency of the vascular access.

• #49 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) is a disabling condition that often results in premature death. ESKD is costly, accounting for $37.3 billion of Medicare expenditures during 2019. […] During 2000-2019, the number of ESKD cases reported in the United States increased 41.8%; the number of prevalent cases approximately doubled. Higher percentage changes in incident and prevalent ESKD cases were attributable to primary causes related to diabetes and hypertension. […] Effective management of diabetes and hypertension can help prevent ESKD and decrease the number of incident cases, thus reducing costs and alleviating the impact on the health care system. […] During 2000 and 2019, for both incident and prevalent ESKD cases, 34.9%-42.3% occurred among persons aged 45-64 years, 53.4%-58.3% occurred among males, and 44.7%-55.2% occurred among White persons.

• #50 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The youngest ESKD patients have the least favorable outcomes. […] ESKD patients younger than 1 year have a 5-year survival probability of 76% compared with 83% in patients aged 1 to 5 years and 95% in patients older than 6 years. […] ESKD cost has continued to rise over the past decade, increasing by 20.3% in inflation-adjusted dollars since 2009 and has consistently comprised 7.1% to 7.3% of all Medicare expenses annually. […] The annual cost per ESKD patient varies by treatment modality; patients treated with HD have the highest annual maintenance cost ($93,000), followed by patients treated with PD ($78,000) and kidney transplant recipients ($37,000). […] Nearly 90% of ESKD patients will undergo HD as their initial treatment modality and will continue HD for their lifetime. […] The effectiveness of HD is directly related to the quality and consistency of the vascular access.

• #51 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Approximately 1 in 4 Medicare dollars is spent on kidney patients $156.7 billion and growing. […] Without increased investment in prevention, the total number of patients with kidney failure (ESKD) will likely exceed 1 million by 2030. […] COVID-19 continues to endanger the health and lives of kidney patients. […] Kidney failure means that one or both kidneys have shut down completely and are no longer functioning. This is an irreversible, life-threatening condition. […] Almost 808,000 people in the US (2 in every 1,000) lived with ESKD: 69% on dialysis and 31% with a kidney transplant. […] Diabetes (38%) and high blood pressure (27%) were the major causes of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the U.S. […] Between 2019-2021 diabetes (46%; 179,187 count), the leading cause of kidney failure (KFRT), and hypertension (high blood pressure; 29%; 113,887 count), the second leading cause of KFRT, were the primary diagnosis in 76% (293,074 count) of all new (incident) kidney failure cases (391,387 count).

• #52 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  During 2000-2019, the number of incident ESKD cases increased 41.8%, from 92,660 to 131,422, and the number of prevalent cases increased 118.7%, from 358,247 to 783,594. […] The continued increase in the number of ESKD cases will increase strain on the health care system and lead to higher costs. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD. […] ESKD will continue to have a large impact on the U.S. health care system with population growth, aging, high prevalence of ESKD risk factors such as diabetes, better survival of the ESKD population, and improved transplant outcomes. […] One of the goals of the Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is to reduce the number of Americans developing ESKD by 25% by 2030.

• #53

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/

  The prevalence of CKD among adults with diabetes has decreased from 42.3% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 38.5% in the 2017-March 2020 survey. […] Hypertension is the second leading risk factor for CKD. […] The prevalence of CKD among adults with hypertension has remained stable, representing 24.5% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 24.6% in the 2017-March 2020 survey. […] The Kidney Disease Surveillance System is a comprehensive information system for kidney disease to inform and stimulate public health action. […] In 2006, the CDC established the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative to provide public health strategies for promoting kidney health.

• #54

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/

  The prevalence of CKD among adults with diabetes has decreased from 42.3% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 38.5% in the 2017-March 2020 survey. […] Hypertension is the second leading risk factor for CKD. […] The prevalence of CKD among adults with hypertension has remained stable, representing 24.5% in the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to 24.6% in the 2017-March 2020 survey. […] The Kidney Disease Surveillance System is a comprehensive information system for kidney disease to inform and stimulate public health action. […] In 2006, the CDC established the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative to provide public health strategies for promoting kidney health.

• #55 Our Expertise | Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center | University of Michigan School of Public Health

  https://sph.umich.edu/kecc/our-expertise/

  The University of Michigan Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center (UM-KECC) is an interdisciplinary research group dedicated to fighting the battle against ESRD by promoting health, improving patient outcomes, and informing public policy regarding kidney failure and transplantation. […] Our ongoing work includes developing and reporting on outcomes and process measures among the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) population and assessing the prevalence and impact of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on the health care system as well as resources utilized by those with CKD. […] Our ESRD database is the backbone for the research of UM-KECC, which has been maintaining a large database that was first assembled in 1988.

• #56 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD. […] In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. […] The incidence rate of ESKD among Blacks in the United States is nearly 4 times that for Whites.

• #57 Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111a3.htm

  During 2000-2019, the number of incident ESKD cases increased 41.8%, from 92,660 to 131,422, and the number of prevalent cases increased 118.7%, from 358,247 to 783,594. […] The continued increase in the number of ESKD cases will increase strain on the health care system and lead to higher costs. […] Compared with White persons, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaska Native persons are approximately two to three times as likely to develop ESKD. […] ESKD will continue to have a large impact on the U.S. health care system with population growth, aging, high prevalence of ESKD risk factors such as diabetes, better survival of the ESKD population, and improved transplant outcomes. […] One of the goals of the Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is to reduce the number of Americans developing ESKD by 25% by 2030.

• #58 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD. […] In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. […] The incidence rate of ESKD among Blacks in the United States is nearly 4 times that for Whites.

• #59 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The incidence of ESKD has declined in the United States since 2006, partly due to improved recognition and care of CKD, resulting in decreased progression of CKD to ESKD. […] As with CKD, ESKD occurs more commonly in Black and Hispanic patients, with rates 3.4 and 1.5 times higher, respectively, than the general population. […] Older patients are at the highest risk for developing ESKD. […] Among ESKD patients, 70.7% are treated with hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 29.3% have a kidney transplantation. […] The prevalence of ESKD varies across US geographic regions. […] The onset of CKD is often undetected, with 10% of patients with stage 3 CKD, or lower, being aware of their condition. […] CKD progresses to ESKD in approximately 2% of patients overall. […] CKD patients are more likely to die (37.6/100 patient-years) or have a myocardial infarction (10.8/100 patient-years) than progress to ESKD requiring RRT (5/100 patient-years).

• #60 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  About 35.5 million U.S. adults are estimated to have kidney disease that’s more than 1 in 7 (14%). […] About 9 in 10 adults with kidney disease (90%) do not know they have it. […] People with kidney disease may not feel ill or notice symptoms until the disease is advanced. […] About 1 in 3 (40%) of adults with severe kidney disease don’t know they have it. […] 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. (33%) is at risk for kidney disease. […] Kidney disease is the 8th leading cause of death in the U.S. […] About 1 in 3 adults with diabetes and 1 in 5 adults with high blood pressure may have kidney disease. […] Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease. Diabetes and hypertension cause or contribute to 2 of 3 new cases of kidney failure. […] Two simple tests (blood/urine) can detect kidney disease early. Earliest detection is crucial so that further damage can be slowed or stopped.

• #61 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  About 35.5 million U.S. adults are estimated to have kidney disease that’s more than 1 in 7 (14%). […] About 9 in 10 adults with kidney disease (90%) do not know they have it. […] People with kidney disease may not feel ill or notice symptoms until the disease is advanced. […] About 1 in 3 (40%) of adults with severe kidney disease don’t know they have it. […] 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. (33%) is at risk for kidney disease. […] Kidney disease is the 8th leading cause of death in the U.S. […] About 1 in 3 adults with diabetes and 1 in 5 adults with high blood pressure may have kidney disease. […] Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease. Diabetes and hypertension cause or contribute to 2 of 3 new cases of kidney failure. […] Two simple tests (blood/urine) can detect kidney disease early. Earliest detection is crucial so that further damage can be slowed or stopped.

• #62 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  About 35.5 million U.S. adults are estimated to have kidney disease that’s more than 1 in 7 (14%). […] About 9 in 10 adults with kidney disease (90%) do not know they have it. […] People with kidney disease may not feel ill or notice symptoms until the disease is advanced. […] About 1 in 3 (40%) of adults with severe kidney disease don’t know they have it. […] 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. (33%) is at risk for kidney disease. […] Kidney disease is the 8th leading cause of death in the U.S. […] About 1 in 3 adults with diabetes and 1 in 5 adults with high blood pressure may have kidney disease. […] Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease. Diabetes and hypertension cause or contribute to 2 of 3 new cases of kidney failure. […] Two simple tests (blood/urine) can detect kidney disease early. Earliest detection is crucial so that further damage can be slowed or stopped.

• #63 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  About 35.5 million U.S. adults are estimated to have kidney disease that’s more than 1 in 7 (14%). […] About 9 in 10 adults with kidney disease (90%) do not know they have it. […] People with kidney disease may not feel ill or notice symptoms until the disease is advanced. […] About 1 in 3 (40%) of adults with severe kidney disease don’t know they have it. […] 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. (33%) is at risk for kidney disease. […] Kidney disease is the 8th leading cause of death in the U.S. […] About 1 in 3 adults with diabetes and 1 in 5 adults with high blood pressure may have kidney disease. […] Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease. Diabetes and hypertension cause or contribute to 2 of 3 new cases of kidney failure. […] Two simple tests (blood/urine) can detect kidney disease early. Earliest detection is crucial so that further damage can be slowed or stopped.

• #64

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be detected in its early stages through targeted urine testing for albumin (a measure of kidney damage), combined with blood testing for serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate (a measure of kidney function). […] Increasing the frequency of testing among those with risk factors for CKD has the potential to improve early detection and treatment, delay disease progression, and increase awareness of CKD. […] Prevalence of CKD by the percentage of patients with a CKD code is distributed unevenly across states. […] The prevalence of CKD among those aged 18-39 years old was 6.1%; in those aged 40-59 years old, 10.9%; in those aged 60-69 years old, 18.5%; and in those 70 years of age and older, it was 38.4%. […] Diabetes is a leading risk factor for CKD.

• #65 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Kidney disease is an increasing global problem that disproportionately affects poor, vulnerable and marginalized populations, and is associated with high individual, health care and societal costs. Approximately 700 million people are estimated to have CKD worldwide. To this must be added the global burden of AKI and kidney failure (including those receiving dialysis and kidney transplant recipients), which increases the global prevalence of kidney disease to ~850 million, translating to a global prevalence 10%. Of note, this prevalence is probably an underestimate owing to the lack of early kidney disease detection and screening programmes in many parts of the world, which results in large-scale unawareness of the burden and prevalence of earlier stages of CKD. […] The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the global prevalence of CKD increased by 33% between 1990 and 2017. Crucially, the greatest growth in the burden of CKD (prevalence and mortality) is concentrated outside of HICs, with almost one-third of all patients with CKD living in India and China alone.

• #66 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview

  In 2023, more than 808,000 people in the US (2 per 1000 population) were currently living with ESKD. […] The US Surgeon General’s latest report on 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, Healthy People 2030, contains a chapter focused on CKD. For 2030, Healthy People lays out 14 objectives concerning reduction of the US incidence, morbidity, mortality, and health costs of CKD. Reducing kidney failure will require additional public health efforts, including effective preventive strategies and early detection and treatment of CKD. […] In 2017, 697.5 million cases of CKD (all stages) were recorded worldwide, for a global prevalence of 9.1%. […] The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% from 1990 to 2017. […] The incidence rate of ESKD among Blacks in the United States is nearly 4 times that for Whites.

• #67 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Kidney disease is an increasing global problem that disproportionately affects poor, vulnerable and marginalized populations, and is associated with high individual, health care and societal costs. Approximately 700 million people are estimated to have CKD worldwide. To this must be added the global burden of AKI and kidney failure (including those receiving dialysis and kidney transplant recipients), which increases the global prevalence of kidney disease to ~850 million, translating to a global prevalence 10%. Of note, this prevalence is probably an underestimate owing to the lack of early kidney disease detection and screening programmes in many parts of the world, which results in large-scale unawareness of the burden and prevalence of earlier stages of CKD. […] The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the global prevalence of CKD increased by 33% between 1990 and 2017. Crucially, the greatest growth in the burden of CKD (prevalence and mortality) is concentrated outside of HICs, with almost one-third of all patients with CKD living in India and China alone.

• #68 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Given its increasing prevalence, if CKD remains largely undetected and is consequently not treated, the numbers of people developing kidney failure and requiring expensive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) will naturally increase. In 2010, ~2.6 million people received KRT, and this number is estimated to increase to 5.4 million by 2030. […] The global mortality from all kidney diseases likely ranges between 5 million and 11 million per year and kidney dysfunction is currently the seventh leading risk factor for death. […] In 2040, kidney disease is predicted to cause 52 million YLL, moving from the 16th most common cause of YLL (in 2016) to the fifth, surpassing other major NCD drivers of early mortality listed by the WHO such as diabetes.

• #69 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Risk Factors for End-Stage Renal Failure Among Patients on Hemodialysis in Aljomhory Hospital, Sa’adah Governorate, Yemen: Hospital-Based Case-Control Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/3/e14215/

  In 2006, the average incidence rate of ESRD in 10 countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, including Yemen, was 93 patients per million people. […] Diabetes mellitus was the most frequently reported cause of ESRD in almost all countries, accounting for 20%-40% of the cases, followed by hypertension (accounting for 11%-30%) and glomerulonephritis (accounting for 11%-24%). […] CRF is a growing problem in Yemen. […] The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of ESRF in Saadah Governorate in Yemen. […] Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were associated with ESRF in our study. […] In conclusion, hypertension, recurrent urinary tract infection, urolithiasis, family history of ESRF, and diabetes mellitus were potential risk factors for ESRD in the Yemeni community.

• #70 Epidemiology and Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease and Management of Diabetic Nephropathy – touchENDOCRINOLOGY

  https://touchendocrinology.com/diabetes/journal-articles/epidemiology-and-classification-of-chronic-kidney-disease-and-management-of-diabetic-nephropathy-2/

  The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the subsequent need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) has reached epidemic proportion and is anticipated to rise further. Worldwide, it is estimated that over 1.1 million patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) currently require maintenance dialysis, and this number is increasing at a rate of 7% per year. If the trend continues, the number will exceed 2 million by 2010. This figure excludes developing countries, where there is less availability of and access to dialysis services, and is therefore an underestimate of the true demand. […] In the UK, the incidence of ESRD has doubled over the last ten years and has now reached 101 patients per million of population (pmp). This is below the European and US averages of approximately 135pmp and 336pmp, respectively.

• #71 Epidemiology, Health Economic Context, and Management of Chronic Kidney Diseases in Low and Middle-Income Countries: The Case of Morocco – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/nephrology/article/epidemiology-health-economic-context-and-management-of-chronic-kidney-diseases-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-the-case-of-morocco/

  In Morocco, and in Northern Africa in general, national epidemiological data about CKD and ESRD are still lacking or incomplete. Such information is essential because the data collected in the American and European populations may not be applicable to those in this geographic area. […] The annual incidence of ESRD in Morocco has been estimated at 42 and 48 cases per million population (pmp). […] Despite a probable heavy burden of ESRD in LMIC, relatively few patients receive RRT; the corresponding figures in Japan and the USA are 1,400 pmp and 1,100 pmp, respectively. […] In Morocco, the demographic transition occurring as a result of urbanisation and population age increase, and the global diabetes epidemic, exposes a growing number of people to an increased risk of CKD, who are consuming a significant proportion of healthcare budgets.

• #72 Epidemiology of dialysis-treated end-stage renal disease patients in Kazakhstan: data from nationwide large-scale registry 2014–2018 | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-020-02047-6

  The epidemiology of dialysis patients has been little studied in developing countries and economies in transition. We examined the prevalence, incidence and mortality rate of dialysis patients in Kazakhstan, via aggregation and utilization of large-scale administrative healthcare data. […] Among all patients undergoing maintenance dialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), there were 3941 (44%) females and 4957 (56%) males. The prevalence and incidence rate in 2014 were 135.2 and 68.9 per million population (PMP), respectively, which were different in 2018 [350.2 and 94.9 PMP, respectively]. Overall mortality rate among dialysis patients reduced from 1667/1000 patient-years in 2014 to 710/1000PY in 2018. […] We describe for the first time in Kazakhstan an increase in the prevalence and incidence of ESRD on dialysis, while mortality rate decreased over time, during 2014-2018.

• #73 Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-024-00820-6

  Kidney disease is an increasing global problem that disproportionately affects poor, vulnerable and marginalized populations, and is associated with high individual, health care and societal costs. Approximately 700 million people are estimated to have CKD worldwide. To this must be added the global burden of AKI and kidney failure (including those receiving dialysis and kidney transplant recipients), which increases the global prevalence of kidney disease to ~850 million, translating to a global prevalence 10%. Of note, this prevalence is probably an underestimate owing to the lack of early kidney disease detection and screening programmes in many parts of the world, which results in large-scale unawareness of the burden and prevalence of earlier stages of CKD. […] The burden of kidney disease is rising worldwide. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the global prevalence of CKD increased by 33% between 1990 and 2017. Crucially, the greatest growth in the burden of CKD (prevalence and mortality) is concentrated outside of HICs, with almost one-third of all patients with CKD living in India and China alone.

• #74 Epidemiology, Health Economic Context, and Management of Chronic Kidney Diseases in Low and Middle-Income Countries: The Case of Morocco – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/nephrology/article/epidemiology-health-economic-context-and-management-of-chronic-kidney-diseases-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-the-case-of-morocco/

  In Morocco, and in Northern Africa in general, national epidemiological data about CKD and ESRD are still lacking or incomplete. Such information is essential because the data collected in the American and European populations may not be applicable to those in this geographic area. […] The annual incidence of ESRD in Morocco has been estimated at 42 and 48 cases per million population (pmp). […] Despite a probable heavy burden of ESRD in LMIC, relatively few patients receive RRT; the corresponding figures in Japan and the USA are 1,400 pmp and 1,100 pmp, respectively. […] In Morocco, the demographic transition occurring as a result of urbanisation and population age increase, and the global diabetes epidemic, exposes a growing number of people to an increased risk of CKD, who are consuming a significant proportion of healthcare budgets.

• #75 End-Stage Renal Disease in Somalia | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-end-stage-renal-disease-in-mogadishu-somalia-first-rep-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Somalia remains unexamined due to a lack of a national registry system, and the impact of the disease in the country is not estimated yet. The present study is the first report that aims to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics, causes, and dialysis-related factors associated with readmissions in ESRD patients who were going to routine hemodialysis. […] The prevalence, causes, and reasons associated with unplanned readmission of ESRD patients in Somalia remain unexamined. Therefore, the present study is the first report that aims to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics, causes, and dialysis-related factors associated with readmissions in ESRD patients who were going to routine hemodialysis. […] The prevalence of unplanned hospital readmissions within six months was higher than in many other Sub-Saharan African countries, and a missed hemodialysis session was identified as the leading cause. Uremic complications due to missed hemodialysis sessions were responsible for 40% of unplanned hospital readmissions in our study. Inadequate knowledge, wrong social beliefs about the concept of dialysis, and lack of a health insurance system that covers the higher costs of each dialysis session are believed to be the causes of missed dialysis occasions. Future studies will identify the exact reasons behind the missed hemodialysis sessions.

• #76 Epidemiology of dialysis-treated end-stage renal disease patients in Kazakhstan: data from nationwide large-scale registry 2014–2018 | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-020-02047-6

  The epidemiology of dialysis patients has been little studied in developing countries and economies in transition. We examined the prevalence, incidence and mortality rate of dialysis patients in Kazakhstan, via aggregation and utilization of large-scale administrative healthcare data. […] Among all patients undergoing maintenance dialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), there were 3941 (44%) females and 4957 (56%) males. The prevalence and incidence rate in 2014 were 135.2 and 68.9 per million population (PMP), respectively, which were different in 2018 [350.2 and 94.9 PMP, respectively]. Overall mortality rate among dialysis patients reduced from 1667/1000 patient-years in 2014 to 710/1000PY in 2018. […] We describe for the first time in Kazakhstan an increase in the prevalence and incidence of ESRD on dialysis, while mortality rate decreased over time, during 2014-2018.

• #77 Epidemiology of dialysis-treated end-stage renal disease patients in Kazakhstan: data from nationwide large-scale registry 2014–2018 | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-020-02047-6

  There is a lack of epidemiological information of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Kazakhstan. […] The objective of the current study is to use the large-scale administrative health data available in the UNEHS to estimate the prevalence, incidence and mortality rates of end-stage renal disease patients receiving dialysis in Kazakhstan. […] The prevalence and incidence in 2014 were 135.2 and 68.9 per million population (PMP) respectively and differed from 2018 (350.2 and 94.9 PMP respectively). […] The crude mortality rate was higher in females compared to males, in those of Russian ethnicity compared to Kazakhs and in older patients compared to younger ones. […] The current study analyzed large-scale administrative healthcare care data of dialysis patients over a five-year period between 2014 and 2018. The results showed an increase in the prevalence and incidence of dialysis patients, who accounted for a rising proportion of deaths within the general population. Meanwhile, the mortality rate within the dialysis population displayed a marked decrease of 43%, suggesting improvement in access to care and/or better healthcare practices.

• #78 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  Chronic kidney disease is characterized by an irreversible deterioration of renal function that gradually progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). […] Chronic kidney disease has emerged as a serious public health problem. Data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) show that incidence of kidney failure is rising among adults and is commonly associated with poor outcomes and high cost. […] Moreover, in the past 2 decades, the incidence of chronic kidney disease in children has steadily increased, with poor and ethnic minority children disproportionately affected. […] Children, adolescents, and young adults constitute less than 5% of the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) population, and their 10-year survival ranges from 70% to 85%. […] Most importantly, the development of ESRD compromises the life expectancy of affected patients, with an age-specific mortality rate for children receiving dialysis that is 30 to 150 times higher than for healthy peers.

• #79 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  Chronic kidney disease is characterized by an irreversible deterioration of renal function that gradually progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). […] Chronic kidney disease has emerged as a serious public health problem. Data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) show that incidence of kidney failure is rising among adults and is commonly associated with poor outcomes and high cost. […] Moreover, in the past 2 decades, the incidence of chronic kidney disease in children has steadily increased, with poor and ethnic minority children disproportionately affected. […] Children, adolescents, and young adults constitute less than 5% of the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) population, and their 10-year survival ranges from 70% to 85%. […] Most importantly, the development of ESRD compromises the life expectancy of affected patients, with an age-specific mortality rate for children receiving dialysis that is 30 to 150 times higher than for healthy peers.

• #80 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  Chronic kidney disease is characterized by an irreversible deterioration of renal function that gradually progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). […] Chronic kidney disease has emerged as a serious public health problem. Data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) show that incidence of kidney failure is rising among adults and is commonly associated with poor outcomes and high cost. […] Moreover, in the past 2 decades, the incidence of chronic kidney disease in children has steadily increased, with poor and ethnic minority children disproportionately affected. […] Children, adolescents, and young adults constitute less than 5% of the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) population, and their 10-year survival ranges from 70% to 85%. […] Most importantly, the development of ESRD compromises the life expectancy of affected patients, with an age-specific mortality rate for children receiving dialysis that is 30 to 150 times higher than for healthy peers.

• #81 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  However, the prevalence of both reduced and low eGFRs was higher in the most recent study period. […] According to NHANES data from 2005 to 2020, 0.51% of US children aged 12-17 years had a low eGFR ( 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). […] Globally, the prevalence of CKD stage II or lower in children is reported to be approximately 18.5-58.3 per million children. […] Disease prevalence is much lower than that in adults; in a study from India, children constituted 5.3% of all patients with chronic kidney disease seen in a referral hospital. […] ESRD rates in Black individuals are 2.7 times higher than in White individuals, which may be due to genetic susceptibility; other factors may include socioeconomic problems and limited access to medical care. […] The frequency of chronic kidney disease increases with age and is much more common in adults than children.

• #82 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  However, the prevalence of both reduced and low eGFRs was higher in the most recent study period. […] According to NHANES data from 2005 to 2020, 0.51% of US children aged 12-17 years had a low eGFR ( 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). […] Globally, the prevalence of CKD stage II or lower in children is reported to be approximately 18.5-58.3 per million children. […] Disease prevalence is much lower than that in adults; in a study from India, children constituted 5.3% of all patients with chronic kidney disease seen in a referral hospital. […] ESRD rates in Black individuals are 2.7 times higher than in White individuals, which may be due to genetic susceptibility; other factors may include socioeconomic problems and limited access to medical care. […] The frequency of chronic kidney disease increases with age and is much more common in adults than children.

• #83 Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984358-overview

  However, the prevalence of both reduced and low eGFRs was higher in the most recent study period. […] According to NHANES data from 2005 to 2020, 0.51% of US children aged 12-17 years had a low eGFR ( 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). […] Globally, the prevalence of CKD stage II or lower in children is reported to be approximately 18.5-58.3 per million children. […] Disease prevalence is much lower than that in adults; in a study from India, children constituted 5.3% of all patients with chronic kidney disease seen in a referral hospital. […] ESRD rates in Black individuals are 2.7 times higher than in White individuals, which may be due to genetic susceptibility; other factors may include socioeconomic problems and limited access to medical care. […] The frequency of chronic kidney disease increases with age and is much more common in adults than children.

• #84

  https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/11257

  Chronic kidney disease is a devastating disorder, which complicated the quality of life in affected patients. Determination the epidemiology of end stage renal disease (ESRD) seems necessary to decrease the occurrence of progressive renal damage in at risk patients. This study was performed to investigate the epidemiologic characteristics and treatment modalities of children with ESRD. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 115 children with ESRD admitted during 2020-2022 in a pediatric nephrology center in Southwest of Iran. ESRD was defined as glomerular filtration rate less than 10-15 ml/min/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months. A total of 115 patients (53% male) were included. Mean age at the time of ESRD was 8.47 years. The most common cause of ESRD was congenital abnormality of kidney urinary tract (CAKUT) in 36.5% of patients, followed by hereditary disorders. The majority of patients were older than 5 years at the time of ESRD, with a significant correlation to the underlying disorder (P0.001). Parental consanguinity was detected in 77% of patients, especially in hereditary disorders. RRT was performed in all patients, including hemodialysis in 71.3% and chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in 28.7%, respectively. In conclusion, CAKUT was the most common cause of ESRD in our patient population. […] Prenatal evaluation of all fetuses along with early neonatal screening of susceptible cases is suggested for preventing practice or slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease.

• #85 Epidemiology, detection, and management of tuberculosis among end-stage renal disease patients | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/epidemiology-detection-and-management-of-tuberculosis-among-endstage-renal-disease-patients/E35CF1D2C4E831149514125FDEC448C2

  Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important problem among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. […] Compared to TB in the general population, ESRD patients have 625-fold higher TB incidence rates, and mortality during treatment is 23-fold higher. […] Most TB cases among ESRD patients (~90%) occur among nonUS-born persons, and an analysis of genotyping data suggests that 80% of all cases result from latent TB infection (LTBI) reactivation. […] Targeted TB education, screening, and treatment for ESRD patients at highest risk for TB exposure (eg, nonUS-born persons), using interferon-gamma release assays and short course LTBI regimens (ie, isoniazid-rifapentine weekly for 12 weeks or rifampin daily for 4 months) may be an effective overall strategy for reducing TB burden in ESRD patients.

• #86 Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/

  The use of an AV fistula or graft instead of CVC increases ESKD survival and decreases infections, hospitalizations, and cost. […] Initiating HD with an AV fistula or graft requires proper nephrology care and vascular surgery consultation before the onset of ESKD. […] Kidney transplantation as RRT results in the highest long-term survival, quality of life, and lowest annual maintenance costs compared with HD or PD. […] The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected ESKD patients, who are at high risk of COVID-related morbidity and mortality due to ESKD-associated cardiovascular disease as well as immunosuppression in transplant recipients. […] CKD and ESKD are life-shortening, life-altering diseases that inflict a great cost to patients and the health care system overall. […] Yet, a majority of patients still do not receive adequate pre-ESKD care, particularly in minority populations.

• #87 Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/about/kidney-disease-fact-sheet

  Approximately 1 in 4 Medicare dollars is spent on kidney patients $156.7 billion and growing. […] Without increased investment in prevention, the total number of patients with kidney failure (ESKD) will likely exceed 1 million by 2030. […] COVID-19 continues to endanger the health and lives of kidney patients. […] Kidney failure means that one or both kidneys have shut down completely and are no longer functioning. This is an irreversible, life-threatening condition. […] Almost 808,000 people in the US (2 in every 1,000) lived with ESKD: 69% on dialysis and 31% with a kidney transplant. […] Diabetes (38%) and high blood pressure (27%) were the major causes of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the U.S. […] Between 2019-2021 diabetes (46%; 179,187 count), the leading cause of kidney failure (KFRT), and hypertension (high blood pressure; 29%; 113,887 count), the second leading cause of KFRT, were the primary diagnosis in 76% (293,074 count) of all new (incident) kidney failure cases (391,387 count).

• #88 Infective Endocarditis in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnostic Challenges, and Management Approaches

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/16/1631

  Infective endocarditis (IE) poses a significant clinical challenge, especially among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing dialysis, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This review provides a contemporary discussion of the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for IE among ESRD patients, including a literature review of recent studies focused on this vulnerable population. The review highlights the multifactorial nature of IE risk in ESRD patients, emphasizing the roles of vascular access type, dialysis modality, and comorbid conditions. […] The incidence of IE among dialysis patients, particularly those on hemodialysis, is significantly higher compared to patients not on dialysis and has been increasing in recent years. According to a study from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database between 2006 and 2011, the hospitalization rate of bacterial endocarditis in dialysis patients increased from 175 to 222 per 10,000 patients within the United States, indicating a rising trend in the incidence of IE among dialysis patients.

• #89 Infective Endocarditis in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnostic Challenges, and Management Approaches

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/16/1631

  Infective endocarditis (IE) poses a significant clinical challenge, especially among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing dialysis, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This review provides a contemporary discussion of the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for IE among ESRD patients, including a literature review of recent studies focused on this vulnerable population. The review highlights the multifactorial nature of IE risk in ESRD patients, emphasizing the roles of vascular access type, dialysis modality, and comorbid conditions. […] The incidence of IE among dialysis patients, particularly those on hemodialysis, is significantly higher compared to patients not on dialysis and has been increasing in recent years. According to a study from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database between 2006 and 2011, the hospitalization rate of bacterial endocarditis in dialysis patients increased from 175 to 222 per 10,000 patients within the United States, indicating a rising trend in the incidence of IE among dialysis patients.

• #90 Management of End-stage Renal Disease Associated with Systemic Rheumatic Diseases | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2019-0020

  The outcomes of rheumatic diseases (RDs) have improved over the past decades. However, a significant proportion of the patients still suffer from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and have to bear the burden of hemodialysis. […] Development of ESRD is associated with a high mortality rate and poses clinical challenges to rheumatologists and nephrologists. […] Considering the gap between the goals and the current status, we described the epidemiology of ESRD in patients with RDs in the first part, treatment with renocardiovascular protective agents, immunosuppressive agents, and immunomodulators in the second part, and collaboration of rheumatologists and nephrologists in the management of ESRD patients in the last part of this review. […] Analysis of the Italian multicentric retrospective cohort of 499 patients from 1970 to 2016 showed that renal survival in the recent 15 years progressively improved.

• #91 Management of End-stage Renal Disease Associated with Systemic Rheumatic Diseases | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2019-0020

  The outcomes of rheumatic diseases (RDs) have improved over the past decades. However, a significant proportion of the patients still suffer from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and have to bear the burden of hemodialysis. […] Development of ESRD is associated with a high mortality rate and poses clinical challenges to rheumatologists and nephrologists. […] Considering the gap between the goals and the current status, we described the epidemiology of ESRD in patients with RDs in the first part, treatment with renocardiovascular protective agents, immunosuppressive agents, and immunomodulators in the second part, and collaboration of rheumatologists and nephrologists in the management of ESRD patients in the last part of this review. […] Analysis of the Italian multicentric retrospective cohort of 499 patients from 1970 to 2016 showed that renal survival in the recent 15 years progressively improved.

• #92 Management of End-stage Renal Disease Associated with Systemic Rheumatic Diseases | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2019-0020

  Another meta-analysis of 18,309 patients showed that the risk of ESRD decrease until the mid-1990s and then plateaued only in developed countries, which may reflect limited access to and effectiveness of treatment. […] Male sex may be associated with a poor prognosis for clinical outcomes of LN and progression to ESRD. […] Faurschou et al. reported that nephritis symptoms for more than 6 months prior to biopsy, serum creatinine of 140 mol/L or 1.83 mg/dL, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and tubular atrophy were associated with progression to ESRD by multivariate regression analyses in an unselected cohort of patients with LN. […] The utility of histopathological characteristics in predicting prognosis is controversial. […] Another systematic review showed that the 15-year risk of ESRD in patients with class IV LN was 44% in developed countries.

• #93 Management of End-stage Renal Disease Associated with Systemic Rheumatic Diseases | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2019-0020

  A population-based ecological design study by ZIP code in California during 1999-2004 reported that patients without insurance, with Medicaid, or with high rates of avoidable hospitalizations showed a relatively high incidence of LN-related ESRD. […] The clinical activity of SLE is quiescent in most patients with ESRD caused by LN. […] Mattos et al. reviewed 24 retrospective studies published between 1973 and 2011 and found that 15 studies reported a substantial decrease in clinical and/or serological activity of SLE after the development of ESRD, whereas nine others showed that progression to ESRD was not associated with decreased disease activity. […] Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) is characterized by rapidly progressive renal injury and hypertension as a result of proliferative and obliterative vasculopathy without inflammatory changes or glomerular immune deposits.

• #94 Management of End-stage Renal Disease Associated with Systemic Rheumatic Diseases | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2019-0020

  A high proportion of patients with SRC temporarily or permanently require dialysis, although SRC itself is not common. […] Several studies have shown that renal disease of microscopic polyangiitis/granulomatosis with polyangiitis (MPA/GPA) progresses to ESRD within 3 to 7 years of diagnosis in 20%-30% of the patients. […] The presence of nephrotic/nephritic syndrome and renal impairment has been shown to be associated with a poor prognosis of HScP. […] The incidence of anti-GBM disease accounts for 1%-5% of all types of glomerulonephritis in an old report. […] The overall survival rate was 72.7% at 1 year, and the renal survival rates at 2 months and 1 year were 35.8% and 25.0%, respectively. […] Anti-GBM disease occurs more commonly in white people than in black people. […] The genetic change most closely linked to anti-GBM disease is HLA-DRB1*15:01.

• #95 Management of End-stage Renal Disease Associated with Systemic Rheumatic Diseases | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2019-0020

  A high proportion of patients with SRC temporarily or permanently require dialysis, although SRC itself is not common. […] Several studies have shown that renal disease of microscopic polyangiitis/granulomatosis with polyangiitis (MPA/GPA) progresses to ESRD within 3 to 7 years of diagnosis in 20%-30% of the patients. […] The presence of nephrotic/nephritic syndrome and renal impairment has been shown to be associated with a poor prognosis of HScP. […] The incidence of anti-GBM disease accounts for 1%-5% of all types of glomerulonephritis in an old report. […] The overall survival rate was 72.7% at 1 year, and the renal survival rates at 2 months and 1 year were 35.8% and 25.0%, respectively. […] Anti-GBM disease occurs more commonly in white people than in black people. […] The genetic change most closely linked to anti-GBM disease is HLA-DRB1*15:01.

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