Rak podjęzykowy
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rak podjęzykowy, rozwijający się w obszarze dna jamy ustnej, charakteryzuje się zróżnicowanym rokowaniem zależnym od stadium zaawansowania oraz cech patologicznych guza. Według danych American Cancer Society, 5-letni względny wskaźnik przeżycia wynosi 73% dla raka lokalizowanego, 42% dla regionalnego oraz 23% dla postaci z przerzutami odległymi, ze średnią dla wszystkich stadiów na poziomie 53%. Podobne wartości podaje Canadian Cancer Society, z 5-letnim przeżyciem 75% dla wczesnych stadiów (I-II), 38% dla zaawansowanych lokalnie lub regionalnie (III, IV A, IV B) oraz 20% dla stadium IV C. Kluczowymi czynnikami prognostycznymi są stadium zaawansowania patologicznego, inwazja okołonerwowa i naczyniowa, stopień zróżnicowania histologicznego, grubość guza, status marginesów chirurgicznych oraz zajęcie węzłów chłonnych, w tym rozrost pozatorebkowy. Długoterminowe badania wskazują na 10-letnie przeżycie całkowite (OS) na poziomie 55,3%, przeżycie swoiste dla nowotworu (CSS) 33,2% oraz okres wolny od choroby (DFI) 40,8%.

Prognozy w raku podjęzykowym

Rak podjęzykowy (ang. floor of the mouth cancer) to nowotwór złośliwy rozwijający się w podkowiastym obszarze pod językiem. Rokowanie w przypadku tego nowotworu zależy od wielu czynników, a znajomość tych parametrów jest kluczowa dla personelu medycznego w planowaniu leczenia i określeniu prawdopodobieństwa przeżycia pacjenta.12

Rak podjęzykowy charakteryzuje się zróżnicowanym rokowaniem w zależności od stadium zaawansowania w momencie diagnozy. Według danych American Cancer Society, 5-letni względny wskaźnik przeżycia dla raka podjęzykowego wynosi: 73% dla postaci miejscowej (lokalizowanej), 42% dla postaci regionalnej (z zajęciem regionalnych węzłów chłonnych) oraz 23% dla postaci odległej (z przerzutami odległymi). Ogólny wskaźnik przeżycia dla wszystkich stadiów łącznie wynosi 53%.3

Podobne wyniki przedstawia Canadian Cancer Society, wskazując na 5-letnie względne przeżycie na poziomie 75% dla wczesnego stadium (I lub II), 38% dla miejscowo zaawansowanego lub regionalnego (stadium III, IV A lub IV B) oraz 20% dla stadium z przerzutami odległymi (stadium IV C).4

Warto podkreślić, że rak podjęzykowy wykryty we wczesnym stadium jest wysoce uleczalny, a głównym celem leczenia jest nie tylko wyleczenie nowotworu, ale również zachowanie wyglądu i funkcji jamy ustnej oraz zapobieganie nawrotom choroby.5

Kluczowe czynniki prognostyczne

Ocena rokowania w raku podjęzykowym opiera się na złożonej analizie wielu parametrów klinicznych i patologicznych. Badania wykazały, że najważniejszymi czynnikami wpływającymi na rokowanie są:67

  • Stadium zaawansowania patologicznego – niższe stadium wiąże się z lepszym rokowaniem; pacjenci z zaawansowanym stadium (III i IV) wykazują gorsze całkowite przeżycie, przeżycie swoiste dla nowotworu oraz okres wolny od choroby89
  • Inwazja okołonerwowa – obecność nacieku raka wokół struktur nerwowych istotnie pogarsza rokowanie; jest to niezależny czynnik predykcyjny krótszego przeżycia całkowitego, okresu wolnego od choroby oraz przeżycia swoistego dla nowotworu1011
  • Inwazja naczyniowa – zajęcie naczyń krwionośnych zwiększa ryzyko rozsiewu nowotworu w organizmie, co wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem1213
  • Stopień zróżnicowania histologicznego – guzy nisko zróżnicowane (w klasyfikacji WHO) mają wartość prognostyczną zarówno dla przeżycia całkowitego, jak i przeżycia swoistego dla nowotworu; słabsze zróżnicowanie koreluje z gorszym rokowaniem14
  • Grubość guza – cieńsze guzy mają lepsze rokowanie, podczas gdy grubsze wiążą się z wyższym ryzykiem wznowy miejscowej i przerzutów do węzłów chłonnych15
  • Status marginesów chirurgicznych – ujemne marginesy chirurgiczne (brak komórek nowotworowych w brzegach wyciętego materiału) wiążą się z lepszym rokowaniem16
  • Zajęcie węzłów chłonnych – przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych pogarszają rokowanie; im więcej zajętych węzłów, tym wyższe ryzyko rozsiewu odległego; dodatkowo, naciek przekraczający torebkę węzła (rozrost pozatorebkowy) również pogarsza rokowanie17

Odległe wyniki leczenia

Badania długoterminowe wykazały, że 10-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia dla raka języka i/lub dna jamy ustnej wynoszą: 55,3% dla przeżycia całkowitego (OS), 33,2% dla przeżycia swoistego dla nowotworu (CSS) oraz 40,8% dla okresu wolnego od choroby (DFI).18

Należy zaznaczyć, że wskaźniki przeżycia są ogólnymi szacunkami opartymi na doświadczeniach grup pacjentów i nie mogą być używane do dokładnego przewidywania szans przeżycia konkretnej osoby. Dodatkowo, pacjenci diagnozowani obecnie mogą mieć lepsze rokowanie niż wskazują na to przedstawione dane, ponieważ metody leczenia stale się poprawiają.1920

Modele prognostyczne

W celu dokładniejszego przewidywania rokowania u pacjentów z rakiem jamy ustnej, w tym rakiem podjęzykowym, opracowano różne modele prognostyczne. Większość z tych modeli ocenia przeżycie całkowite (OS) w perspektywie 5-letniej, wykorzystując nomogramy jako formę prezentacji wyników.2122

Dokładność modeli prognostycznych można ocenić za pomocą indeksu zgodności (C-index), który odzwierciedla prawdopodobieństwo, że model przypisze wyższe prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia zdarzenia osobie, u której ono faktycznie wystąpi. Wartość C-index mieści się w zakresie od 0 do 1, przy czym wartości powyżej 0,5 uważa się za dobre. Wszystkie modele uwzględnione w przeglądach systematycznych wykazywały C-index powyżej 0,6, co wskazuje na dobrą dokładność prognostyczną.23

Nowsze badania sugerują, że model przyspieszonego czasu awarii (accelerated failure time model) zapewnia stosunkowo dokładną metodę przewidywania rokowania u pacjentów z rakiem płaskonabłonkowym jamy ustnej i jest zalecany zamiast modelu proporcjonalnego hazardu Coxa ze względu na lepsze możliwości predykcyjne.24

Indywidualizacja prognozy

Pomimo dostępności danych statystycznych i modeli prognostycznych, należy podkreślić, że rokowanie jest wysoce zindywidualizowane i powinno być określane przez lekarza znającego szczegółową historię medyczną pacjenta. Prognoza zależy od wielu czynników, w tym:2526

  • Historii zdrowotnej pacjenta
  • Typu nowotworu
  • Stadium zaawansowania
  • Określonych cech guza
  • Wybranych metod leczenia
  • Odpowiedzi na leczenie

Tylko lekarz znający wszystkie te czynniki może połączyć te informacje ze statystykami przeżycia, aby sformułować wiarygodną prognozę dla konkretnego pacjenta.27

Znaczenie badań nad rokowaniem w raku podjęzykowym

Badania nad czynnikami prognostycznymi w raku podjęzykowym mają kluczowe znaczenie dla optymalizacji opieki klinicznej. Dokładne przewidywanie przeżycia umożliwia lepsze doradztwo, planowanie leczenia, monitorowanie oraz ocenę ryzyka pooperacyjnego u pacjentów z rakiem podjęzykowym.28

Identyfikacja dokładnych modeli prognostycznych i przeprowadzanie badań wpływu w celu zbadania ich wpływu na podejmowanie decyzji, wyniki leczenia pacjentów i koszty stanowi fundamentalny element medycyny stratyfikowanej, ponieważ dostarcza dowodów na wielu etapach translacji wiedzy medycznej na praktykę kliniczną.29

Podsumowując, kryteria patologiczne mają bezpośredni wpływ na rokowanie pacjentów z rakiem podjęzykowym. Niezależnymi czynnikami prognostycznymi przeżycia są klasyfikacja patologiczna TNM, obecność inwazji okołonerwowej oraz stopień zróżnicowania według WHO. Parametry te powinny być standardowo uwzględniane w ocenie rokowania u pacjentów z tym typem nowotworu.30

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have oral cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The stage of oral cancer is an important prognostic factor. The lower the stage, the better the prognosis. […] Tumour thickness is also an important prognostic factor. A thin tumour has a better prognosis. A thicker tumour has a higher risk of coming back (recurring) in the same place (local recurrence). Thicker tumours are also more likely to have spread to the lymph nodes.
  • #2 Floor of Mouth Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
    https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/types-mouth/floor-mouth
    Floor of mouth cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that begins when the cells that make up the floor of the mouth (the horseshoe-shaped area under the tongue) grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. […] Floor of mouth cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early. Treatment often involves surgery performed by a head and neck cancer surgeon. […] The goals in the treatment of floor of mouth cancer are to: cure the cancer, preserve your appearance and the functions of your mouth, prevent the cancer from coming back. […] If the cancer is more advanced, radiation, chemotherapy, or both may be used to shrink the tumor before or after surgery to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back.
  • #3 Survival Rates for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    5-year relative survival rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers […] Floor of the mouth: Localized 73%, Regional 42%, Distant 23%, All SEER stages combined 53%. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment. […] People now being diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer may have a better outlook than these numbers show. Treatments improve over time, and these numbers are based on people who were diagnosed and treated at least 5 years earlier.
  • #4 Survival statistics for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
    Survival by stage and location of oral cancer is reported as 5-year relative survival. Relative survival looks at how likely people with cancer are to survive after their diagnosis compared to people in the general population who do not have cancer, but who share similar characteristics (such as age and sex). […] 5-year relative survival by stage and tumour site: Early stage or localized (stage 1 or 2) for Floor of mouth is 75%. Locally advanced or regional (stage 3, 4A or 4B) for Floor of mouth is 38%. Metastatic (stage 4C) for Floor of mouth is 20%. […] Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the type of cancer, the stage, certain characteristics of the cancer, the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.
  • #5 Floor of Mouth Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
    https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/types-mouth/floor-mouth
    Floor of mouth cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that begins when the cells that make up the floor of the mouth (the horseshoe-shaped area under the tongue) grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. […] Floor of mouth cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early. Treatment often involves surgery performed by a head and neck cancer surgeon. […] The goals in the treatment of floor of mouth cancer are to: cure the cancer, preserve your appearance and the functions of your mouth, prevent the cancer from coming back. […] If the cancer is more advanced, radiation, chemotherapy, or both may be used to shrink the tumor before or after surgery to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back.
  • #6 How pathological criteria can impact prognosis of tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6886392/
    Pathological parameters have been indicated as tumor prognostic factors in oral carcinoma. […] The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of pathological parameters on prognosis of patients affected only by tongue and/or floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] Worst OS, CSS and DFI were observed in patients with tumors in advanced pathological stages (p0.001), with the presence of perineural invasion (p0.001) and vascular invasion (p=0.005). […] Advanced pathological stage and the presence of a poorly differentiated tumor were independent prognostic factors for OS and CSS. However, advanced pathological stage and perineural invasion were independent predictors of a shorter OS, DFI and CSS. […] Pathological stage and perineural invasion were the most significant pathological variables in survival analysis in tongue and/or floor of the mouth SCC.
  • #7 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have oral cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The stage of oral cancer is an important prognostic factor. The lower the stage, the better the prognosis. […] Tumour thickness is also an important prognostic factor. A thin tumour has a better prognosis. A thicker tumour has a higher risk of coming back (recurring) in the same place (local recurrence). Thicker tumours are also more likely to have spread to the lymph nodes.
  • #8 How pathological criteria can impact prognosis of tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6886392/
    The 10-year OS, CSS and DFI rates were 55.3%, 33.2% and 40.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that patients with advanced pathologic stage tumors (III and IV) showed worse OS (95%CI 46.559.4; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 62.277.3; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 44.259.1; p=0.002). Tumors with perineural invasion showed worse OS (95%CI 40.259.2; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 54.877.5; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 33.054.3; p0.001). […] Poorly differentiated tumors (WHO system) had prognostic value for both OS (p=0.03) and CSS (p=0.009). […] The independent predictive factor for a lower DFI was pathological stage III/IV (HR=1.64; 95%CI 1.222.21; p0.001) and perineural invasion (HR=1.58; 95%CI 1.152.16; p=0.004). […] In conclusion, pathological criteria have direct impact in patient’s prognosis. In addition, an independent predictor of survival was found for pTNM, perineural invasion and WHO grading system. Our study highlights the fact that the WHO grading system is also a promising prognostic indicator for tongue and floor of the mouth SCC.
  • #9 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have oral cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The stage of oral cancer is an important prognostic factor. The lower the stage, the better the prognosis. […] Tumour thickness is also an important prognostic factor. A thin tumour has a better prognosis. A thicker tumour has a higher risk of coming back (recurring) in the same place (local recurrence). Thicker tumours are also more likely to have spread to the lymph nodes.
  • #10 How pathological criteria can impact prognosis of tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6886392/
    The 10-year OS, CSS and DFI rates were 55.3%, 33.2% and 40.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that patients with advanced pathologic stage tumors (III and IV) showed worse OS (95%CI 46.559.4; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 62.277.3; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 44.259.1; p=0.002). Tumors with perineural invasion showed worse OS (95%CI 40.259.2; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 54.877.5; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 33.054.3; p0.001). […] Poorly differentiated tumors (WHO system) had prognostic value for both OS (p=0.03) and CSS (p=0.009). […] The independent predictive factor for a lower DFI was pathological stage III/IV (HR=1.64; 95%CI 1.222.21; p0.001) and perineural invasion (HR=1.58; 95%CI 1.152.16; p=0.004). […] In conclusion, pathological criteria have direct impact in patient’s prognosis. In addition, an independent predictor of survival was found for pTNM, perineural invasion and WHO grading system. Our study highlights the fact that the WHO grading system is also a promising prognostic indicator for tongue and floor of the mouth SCC.
  • #11 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    Tumours with negative surgical margins have a better prognosis. […] When oral cancer has grown into, around or along a nerve (called perineural invasion) the prognosis may be poorer. […] When oral cancer has spread to blood vessels (called vascular invasion) it may increase the risk of spread throughout the body. Cancer that has spread throughout the body has a poorer prognosis. […] Oral cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes has a poorer prognosis. The more lymph nodes the cancer reaches, the higher the risk of distant spread or metastasis. If cancer grows beyond the wall of a lymph node (called extracapsular extension), the prognosis is also poorer. […] Prognosis can also depend on the location of the oral cancer. […] Survival will vary with each stage of oral cancer. It usually responds well to treatment.
  • #12 How pathological criteria can impact prognosis of tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6886392/
    Pathological parameters have been indicated as tumor prognostic factors in oral carcinoma. […] The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of pathological parameters on prognosis of patients affected only by tongue and/or floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] Worst OS, CSS and DFI were observed in patients with tumors in advanced pathological stages (p0.001), with the presence of perineural invasion (p0.001) and vascular invasion (p=0.005). […] Advanced pathological stage and the presence of a poorly differentiated tumor were independent prognostic factors for OS and CSS. However, advanced pathological stage and perineural invasion were independent predictors of a shorter OS, DFI and CSS. […] Pathological stage and perineural invasion were the most significant pathological variables in survival analysis in tongue and/or floor of the mouth SCC.
  • #13 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    Tumours with negative surgical margins have a better prognosis. […] When oral cancer has grown into, around or along a nerve (called perineural invasion) the prognosis may be poorer. […] When oral cancer has spread to blood vessels (called vascular invasion) it may increase the risk of spread throughout the body. Cancer that has spread throughout the body has a poorer prognosis. […] Oral cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes has a poorer prognosis. The more lymph nodes the cancer reaches, the higher the risk of distant spread or metastasis. If cancer grows beyond the wall of a lymph node (called extracapsular extension), the prognosis is also poorer. […] Prognosis can also depend on the location of the oral cancer. […] Survival will vary with each stage of oral cancer. It usually responds well to treatment.
  • #14 How pathological criteria can impact prognosis of tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6886392/
    The 10-year OS, CSS and DFI rates were 55.3%, 33.2% and 40.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that patients with advanced pathologic stage tumors (III and IV) showed worse OS (95%CI 46.559.4; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 62.277.3; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 44.259.1; p=0.002). Tumors with perineural invasion showed worse OS (95%CI 40.259.2; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 54.877.5; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 33.054.3; p0.001). […] Poorly differentiated tumors (WHO system) had prognostic value for both OS (p=0.03) and CSS (p=0.009). […] The independent predictive factor for a lower DFI was pathological stage III/IV (HR=1.64; 95%CI 1.222.21; p0.001) and perineural invasion (HR=1.58; 95%CI 1.152.16; p=0.004). […] In conclusion, pathological criteria have direct impact in patient’s prognosis. In addition, an independent predictor of survival was found for pTNM, perineural invasion and WHO grading system. Our study highlights the fact that the WHO grading system is also a promising prognostic indicator for tongue and floor of the mouth SCC.
  • #15 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have oral cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The stage of oral cancer is an important prognostic factor. The lower the stage, the better the prognosis. […] Tumour thickness is also an important prognostic factor. A thin tumour has a better prognosis. A thicker tumour has a higher risk of coming back (recurring) in the same place (local recurrence). Thicker tumours are also more likely to have spread to the lymph nodes.
  • #16 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    Tumours with negative surgical margins have a better prognosis. […] When oral cancer has grown into, around or along a nerve (called perineural invasion) the prognosis may be poorer. […] When oral cancer has spread to blood vessels (called vascular invasion) it may increase the risk of spread throughout the body. Cancer that has spread throughout the body has a poorer prognosis. […] Oral cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes has a poorer prognosis. The more lymph nodes the cancer reaches, the higher the risk of distant spread or metastasis. If cancer grows beyond the wall of a lymph node (called extracapsular extension), the prognosis is also poorer. […] Prognosis can also depend on the location of the oral cancer. […] Survival will vary with each stage of oral cancer. It usually responds well to treatment.
  • #17 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    Tumours with negative surgical margins have a better prognosis. […] When oral cancer has grown into, around or along a nerve (called perineural invasion) the prognosis may be poorer. […] When oral cancer has spread to blood vessels (called vascular invasion) it may increase the risk of spread throughout the body. Cancer that has spread throughout the body has a poorer prognosis. […] Oral cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes has a poorer prognosis. The more lymph nodes the cancer reaches, the higher the risk of distant spread or metastasis. If cancer grows beyond the wall of a lymph node (called extracapsular extension), the prognosis is also poorer. […] Prognosis can also depend on the location of the oral cancer. […] Survival will vary with each stage of oral cancer. It usually responds well to treatment.
  • #18 How pathological criteria can impact prognosis of tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6886392/
    The 10-year OS, CSS and DFI rates were 55.3%, 33.2% and 40.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that patients with advanced pathologic stage tumors (III and IV) showed worse OS (95%CI 46.559.4; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 62.277.3; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 44.259.1; p=0.002). Tumors with perineural invasion showed worse OS (95%CI 40.259.2; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 54.877.5; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 33.054.3; p0.001). […] Poorly differentiated tumors (WHO system) had prognostic value for both OS (p=0.03) and CSS (p=0.009). […] The independent predictive factor for a lower DFI was pathological stage III/IV (HR=1.64; 95%CI 1.222.21; p0.001) and perineural invasion (HR=1.58; 95%CI 1.152.16; p=0.004). […] In conclusion, pathological criteria have direct impact in patient’s prognosis. In addition, an independent predictor of survival was found for pTNM, perineural invasion and WHO grading system. Our study highlights the fact that the WHO grading system is also a promising prognostic indicator for tongue and floor of the mouth SCC.
  • #19 Survival Rates for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    5-year relative survival rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers […] Floor of the mouth: Localized 73%, Regional 42%, Distant 23%, All SEER stages combined 53%. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment. […] People now being diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer may have a better outlook than these numbers show. Treatments improve over time, and these numbers are based on people who were diagnosed and treated at least 5 years earlier.
  • #20 Survival statistics for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
    Survival statistics for oral cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] A net survival statistic for oral (mouth) cancer not reported separately but is included in the general category head and neck cancer. This broad category includes oral cancer and similar cancers together. So the number does not necessarily show the net survival specifically for oral cancer. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for head and neck cancer is 64%. This means about 64% of people diagnosed with head and neck cancer will survive for at least 5 years. […] Survival varies with each stage of oral cancer. Generally, the earlier oral cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome.
  • #21 Development and Validation of Prognostic Models for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Appraisal of the Literature
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616042/
    An accurate prediction of cancer survival is very important for counseling, treatment planning, follow-up and postoperative risk assessment in patients with OSCC. […] This systematic review has yielded a detailed picture of prognostic models for predicting OS in patients with OSCC. […] The majority of models assessed OS in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, two assessed all possible sites of tumor onset, and one model only assessed the buccal mucosa cancer. […] All models rated OS at five years, except for Bobdey et al. who only rated it at three years; furthermore, Li et al. and Sun et al., also evaluated OS at eight and three years respectively. […] This systematic review showed methodological differences in model development. […] Internal validation provides a better estimate of model performance in new patients when done by adjusting overfitting.
  • #22 Development and Validation of Prognostic Models for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Appraisal of the Literature
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616042/
    In the end, only four prognostic models performed external validation, in none of these the population in which the validation was performed was specifically reported and this data also negatively influenced the risk of bias. […] Identifying accurate prognostic models and performing impact studies to investigate their influence on decision making, patient outcomes and costs is a fundamental component of stratified medicine because it contributes evidence at multiple stages in translation. […] All included prognostic models used nomogram as model presentation, yet none of the prognostic models reported the original mathematical regression formula. […] The recognition of the methodological limitations found in the developed models and their external validation were evaluated as a high risk of bias.
  • #23 Development and Validation of Prognostic Models for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Appraisal of the Literature
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616042/
    Calibration reflects the agreement between the models predictions and the observed outcomes. […] The most used measure for discrimination is the Concordance Index (C-index), which reflects the probability that for any pair of individuals randomly, one with and one without the outcome, the model assigns a higher probability to the individual with the outcome. […] In any case, discrimination can vary in a range from 0 to 1 and is considered good when higher than 0.5, considering that all the studies included in this systematic review presented a C-index at least higher than 0.6, all of them showed a good prognostic accuracy. […] Another important finding was the almost total lack of handling of the missing data, except for Montero et al. who carried out the multivariate imputations by chained equations before conducting multivariable regression statistical analysis.
  • #24 Development and validation of accelerated failure time model for cause-specific survival and prognostication of oral squamous cell carcinoma: SEER data analysis | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0309214
    Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma is the most prevalent malignancies affecting the oral cavity. Despite progress in studies and treatment options its outlook remains grim with survival prospects greatly affected by demographic and clinical factors. Precisely predicting survival rates and prognosis plays a role in making treatment choices for the best achievable overall health outcomes. […] The accelerated failure time model provides a relatively accurate method to predict the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients and is recommended over the Cox PH model for its superior predictive capabilities. This study also underscores the importance of using advanced statistical models to improve survival predictions and outcomes for cancer patients.
  • #25 Prognosis and survival for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have oral cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The stage of oral cancer is an important prognostic factor. The lower the stage, the better the prognosis. […] Tumour thickness is also an important prognostic factor. A thin tumour has a better prognosis. A thicker tumour has a higher risk of coming back (recurring) in the same place (local recurrence). Thicker tumours are also more likely to have spread to the lymph nodes.
  • #26 Survival statistics for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
    Survival by stage and location of oral cancer is reported as 5-year relative survival. Relative survival looks at how likely people with cancer are to survive after their diagnosis compared to people in the general population who do not have cancer, but who share similar characteristics (such as age and sex). […] 5-year relative survival by stage and tumour site: Early stage or localized (stage 1 or 2) for Floor of mouth is 75%. Locally advanced or regional (stage 3, 4A or 4B) for Floor of mouth is 38%. Metastatic (stage 4C) for Floor of mouth is 20%. […] Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the type of cancer, the stage, certain characteristics of the cancer, the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.
  • #27 Survival statistics for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
    Survival by stage and location of oral cancer is reported as 5-year relative survival. Relative survival looks at how likely people with cancer are to survive after their diagnosis compared to people in the general population who do not have cancer, but who share similar characteristics (such as age and sex). […] 5-year relative survival by stage and tumour site: Early stage or localized (stage 1 or 2) for Floor of mouth is 75%. Locally advanced or regional (stage 3, 4A or 4B) for Floor of mouth is 38%. Metastatic (stage 4C) for Floor of mouth is 20%. […] Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the type of cancer, the stage, certain characteristics of the cancer, the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.
  • #28 Development and Validation of Prognostic Models for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Appraisal of the Literature
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616042/
    An accurate prediction of cancer survival is very important for counseling, treatment planning, follow-up and postoperative risk assessment in patients with OSCC. […] This systematic review has yielded a detailed picture of prognostic models for predicting OS in patients with OSCC. […] The majority of models assessed OS in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, two assessed all possible sites of tumor onset, and one model only assessed the buccal mucosa cancer. […] All models rated OS at five years, except for Bobdey et al. who only rated it at three years; furthermore, Li et al. and Sun et al., also evaluated OS at eight and three years respectively. […] This systematic review showed methodological differences in model development. […] Internal validation provides a better estimate of model performance in new patients when done by adjusting overfitting.
  • #29 Development and Validation of Prognostic Models for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Appraisal of the Literature
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616042/
    In the end, only four prognostic models performed external validation, in none of these the population in which the validation was performed was specifically reported and this data also negatively influenced the risk of bias. […] Identifying accurate prognostic models and performing impact studies to investigate their influence on decision making, patient outcomes and costs is a fundamental component of stratified medicine because it contributes evidence at multiple stages in translation. […] All included prognostic models used nomogram as model presentation, yet none of the prognostic models reported the original mathematical regression formula. […] The recognition of the methodological limitations found in the developed models and their external validation were evaluated as a high risk of bias.
  • #30 How pathological criteria can impact prognosis of tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6886392/
    The 10-year OS, CSS and DFI rates were 55.3%, 33.2% and 40.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that patients with advanced pathologic stage tumors (III and IV) showed worse OS (95%CI 46.559.4; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 62.277.3; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 44.259.1; p=0.002). Tumors with perineural invasion showed worse OS (95%CI 40.259.2; p0.001), CSS (95%CI 54.877.5; p0.001) and DFI (95%CI 33.054.3; p0.001). […] Poorly differentiated tumors (WHO system) had prognostic value for both OS (p=0.03) and CSS (p=0.009). […] The independent predictive factor for a lower DFI was pathological stage III/IV (HR=1.64; 95%CI 1.222.21; p0.001) and perineural invasion (HR=1.58; 95%CI 1.152.16; p=0.004). […] In conclusion, pathological criteria have direct impact in patient’s prognosis. In addition, an independent predictor of survival was found for pTNM, perineural invasion and WHO grading system. Our study highlights the fact that the WHO grading system is also a promising prognostic indicator for tongue and floor of the mouth SCC.