Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Descriptive epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-021-08311-8

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is distinguished from other cancers of the head and neck in its epidemiology, histopathology, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic outcome. […] The disease is considered as one of the rare forms of cancer worldwide where only 86,500 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were reported in 2012, accounting for only 0.6% of all cancers diagnosed in that year. […] It is notable for its high incidence in selected geographic and ethnic populations. […] According to the 2015 population based cancer registry data of Addis Ababa, nasopharyngeal cancer was found to be the 5th commonest cancer in males and the 17th in females. […] The incidence of NPC in men is shown to be higher than in women, with a ratio of 23 to 1 in both endemic and non-endemic areas of the world. […] The distinct geographic and ethnic variations of NPC worldwide suggest that both environmental factors and genetic traits contribute to its development.

• #2 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. […] This study describes the global epidemiological profiles of NPC incidence and mortality in 185 countries in 2020 and the projected burden in 2040. […] Globally, approximately 133,354 cases and 80,008 deaths from NPC were estimated in 2020 corresponding to ASIRs and ASMRs of 1.5 and 0.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] The largest numbers of both global cases and deaths from NPC occurred in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% and 36,453/80,008, 45.56%, respectively), in which China contributed most to this burden (62,444/133,354, 46.82% and 34,810/80,008, 43.50%, respectively). […] The ASIRs and ASMRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women. […] Incidence rates varied across world regions, with the highest ASIRs for both men and women detected in South-Eastern Asia (7.7 and 2.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively) and Eastern Asia (3.9 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively).

• #3 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | Iowa Head and Neck Protocols

  https://medicine.uiowa.edu/iowaprotocols/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

  Nasopharyngeal carcinomas account for a 70% majority of malignancies arising in the nasopharynx. […] There are 80,000 incident cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma worldwide annually. Significantly more cases occur in Southeast Asia, and parts of the Middle East and North Africa, such that the condition is considered endemic to these areas. Emigration out of endemic areas does not reduce the risk, and even children of emigrants carry an increased risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in non-endemic areas. […] Other significant factors linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma include: Male sex (3-fold higher risk than women), Increased age, Tobacco and alcohol use, Regular consumption of salt-cured foods, Epstein-Barr Virus.

• #4 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma?lang=us

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma accounts for ~70% of all primary malignancies of the nasopharynx, and although rare in western populations, it is one of the most common malignancies encountered in Asia, especially China. […] It is commonly diagnosed between 40 and 60 years. Males are more commonly affected, with a male to female ratio of 3:1. […] Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma are strongly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and are seen particularly in Asia. […] HPV infection also shows an etiologic role in the development of non-endemic EBV-negative nasopharyngeal cancers. […] Imaging is crucial in delineating the extent of local tumor extension, as well as detecting nodal metastases which are present in the vast majority of patients at the time of diagnosis (75-90%). […] The mainstay of treatment is external beam radiotherapy, supplemented in some cases with chemotherapy.

• #5 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. […] This study describes the global epidemiological profiles of NPC incidence and mortality in 185 countries in 2020 and the projected burden in 2040. […] Globally, approximately 133,354 cases and 80,008 deaths from NPC were estimated in 2020 corresponding to ASIRs and ASMRs of 1.5 and 0.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] The largest numbers of both global cases and deaths from NPC occurred in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% and 36,453/80,008, 45.56%, respectively), in which China contributed most to this burden (62,444/133,354, 46.82% and 34,810/80,008, 43.50%, respectively). […] The ASIRs and ASMRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women. […] Incidence rates varied across world regions, with the highest ASIRs for both men and women detected in South-Eastern Asia (7.7 and 2.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively) and Eastern Asia (3.9 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively).

• #6 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. This study describes the global epidemiological profiles of NPC incidence and mortality in 185 countries in 2020 and the projected burden in 2040. Globally, approximately 133,354 cases and 80,008 deaths from NPC were estimated in 2020 corresponding to ASIRs and ASMRs of 1.5 and 0.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The largest numbers of both global cases and deaths from NPC occurred in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% and 36,453/80,008, 45.56%, respectively), in which China contributed most to this burden (62,444/133,354, 46.82% and 34,810/80,008, 43.50%, respectively). The ASIRs and ASMRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women. By 2040, the annual number of cases and deaths will increase to 179,476 (46,122/133,354, a 34.58% increase from the year 2020) and 113,851 (33,843/80,008, a 42.29% increase), respectively. Disparities in NPC incidence and mortality persist worldwide. Our study highlights the urgent need to develop and accelerate NPC control initiatives to tackle the NPC burden in certain regions and countries (eg, South-Eastern Asia, China).

• #7 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. […] This study describes the global epidemiological profiles of NPC incidence and mortality in 185 countries in 2020 and the projected burden in 2040. […] Globally, approximately 133,354 cases and 80,008 deaths from NPC were estimated in 2020 corresponding to ASIRs and ASMRs of 1.5 and 0.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] The largest numbers of both global cases and deaths from NPC occurred in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% and 36,453/80,008, 45.56%, respectively), in which China contributed most to this burden (62,444/133,354, 46.82% and 34,810/80,008, 43.50%, respectively). […] The ASIRs and ASMRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women. […] Incidence rates varied across world regions, with the highest ASIRs for both men and women detected in South-Eastern Asia (7.7 and 2.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively) and Eastern Asia (3.9 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively).

• #8 Nasopharyngeal cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/nasopharyngeal-cancer-statistics/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is the 23rd most common cancer worldwide. It is the 19th most common cancer in men and the 22nd most common cancer in women. […] There were 120,434 new cases of nasopharyngeal cancer in 2022. […] China, Indonesia and India had the highest number of nasopharyngeal cancer cases in 2022. […] China, Indonesia and India had the highest number of deaths from nasopharyngeal cancer in 2022.

• #9 Nasopharyngeal cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/nasopharyngeal-cancer-statistics/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is the 23rd most common cancer worldwide. It is the 19th most common cancer in men and the 22nd most common cancer in women. […] There were 120,434 new cases of nasopharyngeal cancer in 2022. […] China, Indonesia and India had the highest number of nasopharyngeal cancer cases in 2022. […] China, Indonesia and India had the highest number of deaths from nasopharyngeal cancer in 2022.

• #10 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  In 2020, an estimated 133,354 people were diagnosed with NPC worldwide, corresponding to an ASIR of 1.5 per 100,000 person-years. More men (96,371 cases) than women (36,983 cases) were diagnosed with NPC, and the ASIRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women (2.2 vs 0.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). Globally, an estimated 80,008 people died from NPC, corresponding to an ASMR of 0.9 per 100,000 person-years. Mortality in men was also higher than that in women, with 58,094 and 21,914 deaths, corresponding to ASMRs of 1.3 and 0.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative risk of being diagnosed with and dying from NPC before the age of 75 years was 1 in 476 (0.21%) and 1 in 667 (0.15%), respectively. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively). The incidence rates of NPC showed approximately 29-fold variation in men and 63-fold variation in women across world regions. The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years was the highest in South-Eastern Asia (7.7), followed by Eastern Asia (3.9) and Micronesia/Polynesia (3.9). The mortality rates of NPC varied approximately by 36-fold in men and 75-fold in women among world regions.

• #11 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  The highest ASMRs for both men and women were found in South-Eastern Asia (5.4 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). […] By 2040, the annual number of cases and deaths will increase to 179,476 (46,122/133,354, a 34.58% increase from the year 2020) and 113,851 (33,843/80,008, a 42.29% increase), respectively. […] Disparities in NPC incidence and mortality persist worldwide. […] Given the strong association of NPC with its modifiable risk factors and the changing epidemiological profile due to trends in NPC incidence and mortality, understanding the current epidemiological profile of international variations in NPC incidence and mortality is essential. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively).

• #12 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  In 2020, an estimated 133,354 people were diagnosed with NPC worldwide, corresponding to an ASIR of 1.5 per 100,000 person-years. More men (96,371 cases) than women (36,983 cases) were diagnosed with NPC, and the ASIRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women (2.2 vs 0.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). Globally, an estimated 80,008 people died from NPC, corresponding to an ASMR of 0.9 per 100,000 person-years. Mortality in men was also higher than that in women, with 58,094 and 21,914 deaths, corresponding to ASMRs of 1.3 and 0.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative risk of being diagnosed with and dying from NPC before the age of 75 years was 1 in 476 (0.21%) and 1 in 667 (0.15%), respectively. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively). The incidence rates of NPC showed approximately 29-fold variation in men and 63-fold variation in women across world regions. The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years was the highest in South-Eastern Asia (7.7), followed by Eastern Asia (3.9) and Micronesia/Polynesia (3.9). The mortality rates of NPC varied approximately by 36-fold in men and 75-fold in women among world regions.

• #13 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. […] This study describes the global epidemiological profiles of NPC incidence and mortality in 185 countries in 2020 and the projected burden in 2040. […] Globally, approximately 133,354 cases and 80,008 deaths from NPC were estimated in 2020 corresponding to ASIRs and ASMRs of 1.5 and 0.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] The largest numbers of both global cases and deaths from NPC occurred in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% and 36,453/80,008, 45.56%, respectively), in which China contributed most to this burden (62,444/133,354, 46.82% and 34,810/80,008, 43.50%, respectively). […] The ASIRs and ASMRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women. […] Incidence rates varied across world regions, with the highest ASIRs for both men and women detected in South-Eastern Asia (7.7 and 2.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively) and Eastern Asia (3.9 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively).

• #14 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. […] This study describes the global epidemiological profiles of NPC incidence and mortality in 185 countries in 2020 and the projected burden in 2040. […] Globally, approximately 133,354 cases and 80,008 deaths from NPC were estimated in 2020 corresponding to ASIRs and ASMRs of 1.5 and 0.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] The largest numbers of both global cases and deaths from NPC occurred in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% and 36,453/80,008, 45.56%, respectively), in which China contributed most to this burden (62,444/133,354, 46.82% and 34,810/80,008, 43.50%, respectively). […] The ASIRs and ASMRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women. […] Incidence rates varied across world regions, with the highest ASIRs for both men and women detected in South-Eastern Asia (7.7 and 2.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively) and Eastern Asia (3.9 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively).

• #15 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  In 2020, an estimated 133,354 people were diagnosed with NPC worldwide, corresponding to an ASIR of 1.5 per 100,000 person-years. More men (96,371 cases) than women (36,983 cases) were diagnosed with NPC, and the ASIRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women (2.2 vs 0.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). Globally, an estimated 80,008 people died from NPC, corresponding to an ASMR of 0.9 per 100,000 person-years. Mortality in men was also higher than that in women, with 58,094 and 21,914 deaths, corresponding to ASMRs of 1.3 and 0.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative risk of being diagnosed with and dying from NPC before the age of 75 years was 1 in 476 (0.21%) and 1 in 667 (0.15%), respectively. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively). The incidence rates of NPC showed approximately 29-fold variation in men and 63-fold variation in women across world regions. The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years was the highest in South-Eastern Asia (7.7), followed by Eastern Asia (3.9) and Micronesia/Polynesia (3.9). The mortality rates of NPC varied approximately by 36-fold in men and 75-fold in women among world regions.

• #16 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), unlike many other head and neck cancers, is an uncommon neoplasm in most parts of the world. The age-adjusted incidence for both sexes is less than 1 per 100,000 population per year in many countries. On a global scale there are only 80,000 new patients per year, constituting 0.7% of all cancers, making it the 23rd-commonest new cancer in the world. It has a very distinctive geographic distribution: a high incidence is seen in the southern part of China, especially among the inhabitants of Guangdong province, including Hong Kong. The reported incidence for males is 17.8 per 100,000 and for females is 6.7 per 100,000. A range of intermediate rates is observed in populations in Southeast Asia, and in natives of the Arctic region such as northern Canada, North Africa, and the Middle East. One report on the incidence of this tumor in the Eskimo population in Greenland from 1955 to 1976 gave 12.3 and 8.5 per 100,000 per year for males and females, respectively. The incidence in northern African countries was 5.4 and 1.9 per 100,000 population, respectively, and these are roughly 10 times higher than the incidence in Europe. […]

• #17 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), unlike many other head and neck cancers, is an uncommon neoplasm in most parts of the world. The age-adjusted incidence for both sexes is less than 1 per 100,000 population per year in many countries. On a global scale there are only 80,000 new patients per year, constituting 0.7% of all cancers, making it the 23rd-commonest new cancer in the world. It has a very distinctive geographic distribution: a high incidence is seen in the southern part of China, especially among the inhabitants of Guangdong province, including Hong Kong. The reported incidence for males is 17.8 per 100,000 and for females is 6.7 per 100,000. A range of intermediate rates is observed in populations in Southeast Asia, and in natives of the Arctic region such as northern Canada, North Africa, and the Middle East. One report on the incidence of this tumor in the Eskimo population in Greenland from 1955 to 1976 gave 12.3 and 8.5 per 100,000 per year for males and females, respectively. The incidence in northern African countries was 5.4 and 1.9 per 100,000 population, respectively, and these are roughly 10 times higher than the incidence in Europe. […]

• #18

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx and is frequently located in the pharyngeal crypts. This is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that frequently leads to distant metastases in many cases and poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in certain geographic regions globally. This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for NPC, emphasizing the importance of early detection and comprehensive management strategies in improving patient outcomes. NPC is most prevalent in Southern China, South East Asia, Northern Africa, Greenland, and Alaska but has a very low occurrence in Western countries. Southeastern Asian communities have an incidence rate of over 15 per 100,000 person-years, while in the United States, the incidence rate is below 1 per 100,000 person-years. Demographic studies show that men are two to three times more likely to acquire NPC than women, with the peak age of disease occurrence being 45 years old. The keratinizing subtype is rare globally, representing fewer than 20% of cases, and is uncommon in locations where the disease is prevalent. The non-keratinizing subtype is the most common in endemic regions, accounting for over 95% of cases, and is strongly linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Early disease detection necessitates a high clinical acumen, with diagnosis mostly dependent on histological analysis. The current treatment for early-stage NPC has excellent control, a good prognosis of up to 90%, and is effective in controlling the disease. The appearance of distant metastases is uncommon. Risk factors for NPC may include EBV infection, alcohol consumption, exposure to dust and formaldehyde, hereditary factors, smoking, and the intake of salted fish or other preserved foods. The advancement of health education and the introduction of early cancer screening techniques like narrow band imaging, plasma EBV DNA screening, and nasopharyngeal brushing samples detection have significantly enhanced the detection of early-stage NPC in high-risk populations, leading to a notable rise in the incidence of stage II NPC. Early detection and timely treatment of NPC are important for preventing disease progression, improving patient prognosis, reducing mortality, and reducing the healthcare burden.

• #19 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), unlike many other head and neck cancers, is an uncommon neoplasm in most parts of the world. The age-adjusted incidence for both sexes is less than 1 per 100,000 population per year in many countries. On a global scale there are only 80,000 new patients per year, constituting 0.7% of all cancers, making it the 23rd-commonest new cancer in the world. It has a very distinctive geographic distribution: a high incidence is seen in the southern part of China, especially among the inhabitants of Guangdong province, including Hong Kong. The reported incidence for males is 17.8 per 100,000 and for females is 6.7 per 100,000. A range of intermediate rates is observed in populations in Southeast Asia, and in natives of the Arctic region such as northern Canada, North Africa, and the Middle East. One report on the incidence of this tumor in the Eskimo population in Greenland from 1955 to 1976 gave 12.3 and 8.5 per 100,000 per year for males and females, respectively. The incidence in northern African countries was 5.4 and 1.9 per 100,000 population, respectively, and these are roughly 10 times higher than the incidence in Europe. […]

• #20 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  As of 2010, NPC resulted in 65,000 deaths globally up from 45,000 in 1990. […] NPC is uncommon in the United States and most other nations, representing less than 1 case per 100,000 in most populations. […] but is extremely common in southern regions of China, particularly in Guangdong, accounting for 18% of all cancers in China. […] It is sometimes referred to as Cantonese cancer because it occurs in about 25 cases per 100,000 people in this region, 25 times higher than the rest of the world. […] While NPC is seen primarily in middle-aged persons in Asia, a high proportion of African cases appear in children. […] The cause of increased risk for NPC in these endemic regions is not clear. […] In low-risk populations, such as in the United States, a bimodal peak is observed. The first peak occurs in late adolescence/early adulthood (ages 15-24 years), followed by a second peak later in life (ages 65-79 years).

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx and is frequently located in the pharyngeal crypts. This is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that frequently leads to distant metastases in many cases and poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in certain geographic regions globally. This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for NPC, emphasizing the importance of early detection and comprehensive management strategies in improving patient outcomes. NPC is most prevalent in Southern China, South East Asia, Northern Africa, Greenland, and Alaska but has a very low occurrence in Western countries. Southeastern Asian communities have an incidence rate of over 15 per 100,000 person-years, while in the United States, the incidence rate is below 1 per 100,000 person-years. Demographic studies show that men are two to three times more likely to acquire NPC than women, with the peak age of disease occurrence being 45 years old. The keratinizing subtype is rare globally, representing fewer than 20% of cases, and is uncommon in locations where the disease is prevalent. The non-keratinizing subtype is the most common in endemic regions, accounting for over 95% of cases, and is strongly linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Early disease detection necessitates a high clinical acumen, with diagnosis mostly dependent on histological analysis. The current treatment for early-stage NPC has excellent control, a good prognosis of up to 90%, and is effective in controlling the disease. The appearance of distant metastases is uncommon. Risk factors for NPC may include EBV infection, alcohol consumption, exposure to dust and formaldehyde, hereditary factors, smoking, and the intake of salted fish or other preserved foods. The advancement of health education and the introduction of early cancer screening techniques like narrow band imaging, plasma EBV DNA screening, and nasopharyngeal brushing samples detection have significantly enhanced the detection of early-stage NPC in high-risk populations, leading to a notable rise in the incidence of stage II NPC. Early detection and timely treatment of NPC are important for preventing disease progression, improving patient prognosis, reducing mortality, and reducing the healthcare burden.

• #22 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: What patients should know about – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer-63512

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the United States, affecting only about 1 out of 100,000 people each year. However, it is more common in certain regions, particularly in Southeast Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. In endemic areas like southern China, the incidence can be as high as 20-50 cases per 100,000 people per year. NPC is nearly twice as common among men as it is among women and is diagnosed more often among people over age 50 than it is among younger people. In the U.S., it typically affects people ages 15 to 24 and ages 65 to 79. […] Regular follow-ups with physical exams, nasal endoscopy, and EBV DNA testing are crucial for cancer surveillance. Frequent screening is recommended in the first 2 years post-treatment, every 3-6 months, and annually thereafter. Posttreatment PET-CT scans are often performed to assess response and detect recurrence.

• #23 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  The highest ASMRs for both men and women were found in South-Eastern Asia (5.4 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). […] By 2040, the annual number of cases and deaths will increase to 179,476 (46,122/133,354, a 34.58% increase from the year 2020) and 113,851 (33,843/80,008, a 42.29% increase), respectively. […] Disparities in NPC incidence and mortality persist worldwide. […] Given the strong association of NPC with its modifiable risk factors and the changing epidemiological profile due to trends in NPC incidence and mortality, understanding the current epidemiological profile of international variations in NPC incidence and mortality is essential. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively).

• #24 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  In 2020, an estimated 133,354 people were diagnosed with NPC worldwide, corresponding to an ASIR of 1.5 per 100,000 person-years. More men (96,371 cases) than women (36,983 cases) were diagnosed with NPC, and the ASIRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women (2.2 vs 0.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). Globally, an estimated 80,008 people died from NPC, corresponding to an ASMR of 0.9 per 100,000 person-years. Mortality in men was also higher than that in women, with 58,094 and 21,914 deaths, corresponding to ASMRs of 1.3 and 0.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative risk of being diagnosed with and dying from NPC before the age of 75 years was 1 in 476 (0.21%) and 1 in 667 (0.15%), respectively. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively). The incidence rates of NPC showed approximately 29-fold variation in men and 63-fold variation in women across world regions. The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years was the highest in South-Eastern Asia (7.7), followed by Eastern Asia (3.9) and Micronesia/Polynesia (3.9). The mortality rates of NPC varied approximately by 36-fold in men and 75-fold in women among world regions.

• #25 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  The highest ASMRs for both men and women were found in South-Eastern Asia (5.4 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). […] By 2040, the annual number of cases and deaths will increase to 179,476 (46,122/133,354, a 34.58% increase from the year 2020) and 113,851 (33,843/80,008, a 42.29% increase), respectively. […] Disparities in NPC incidence and mortality persist worldwide. […] Given the strong association of NPC with its modifiable risk factors and the changing epidemiological profile due to trends in NPC incidence and mortality, understanding the current epidemiological profile of international variations in NPC incidence and mortality is essential. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively).

• #26 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  The highest ASMRs for both men and women were found in South-Eastern Asia (5.4 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). […] By 2040, the annual number of cases and deaths will increase to 179,476 (46,122/133,354, a 34.58% increase from the year 2020) and 113,851 (33,843/80,008, a 42.29% increase), respectively. […] Disparities in NPC incidence and mortality persist worldwide. […] Given the strong association of NPC with its modifiable risk factors and the changing epidemiological profile due to trends in NPC incidence and mortality, understanding the current epidemiological profile of international variations in NPC incidence and mortality is essential. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively).

• #27 Nasopharyngeal cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/nasopharyngeal-cancer-statistics/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is the 23rd most common cancer worldwide. It is the 19th most common cancer in men and the 22nd most common cancer in women. […] There were 120,434 new cases of nasopharyngeal cancer in 2022. […] China, Indonesia and India had the highest number of nasopharyngeal cancer cases in 2022. […] China, Indonesia and India had the highest number of deaths from nasopharyngeal cancer in 2022.

• #28 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  This geographic variation in the incidence of NPC is also seen within China: low rates of 1.1 per 100,000 population are seen in northern China, such as Harbin city. The distribution of the disease among different ethnic groups is also not uniform. In the southern province of Guangdong, the incidence of NPC is three times higher among Cantonese speakers than in Hakka, Hokkien, or Chiu Chau dialect groups. In Malaysia, the incidence of NPC is again higher among the Cantonese Chinese than among the Hokkien and the Teochiu. This may be associated with social and racial intermingling. In the Vietnamese city of Hanoi, the incidence of NPC is twice that in Ho Chi Minh City as there are more Chinese descendants in Hanoi. In the United States, a study of 1,645 NPC patients also showed the highest incidence in Chinese, followed by Filipinos then the whites and blacks. The survival was also the highest among the Chinese. […]

• #29 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  This geographic variation in the incidence of NPC is also seen within China: low rates of 1.1 per 100,000 population are seen in northern China, such as Harbin city. The distribution of the disease among different ethnic groups is also not uniform. In the southern province of Guangdong, the incidence of NPC is three times higher among Cantonese speakers than in Hakka, Hokkien, or Chiu Chau dialect groups. In Malaysia, the incidence of NPC is again higher among the Cantonese Chinese than among the Hokkien and the Teochiu. This may be associated with social and racial intermingling. In the Vietnamese city of Hanoi, the incidence of NPC is twice that in Ho Chi Minh City as there are more Chinese descendants in Hanoi. In the United States, a study of 1,645 NPC patients also showed the highest incidence in Chinese, followed by Filipinos then the whites and blacks. The survival was also the highest among the Chinese. […]

• #30 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  This geographic variation in the incidence of NPC is also seen within China: low rates of 1.1 per 100,000 population are seen in northern China, such as Harbin city. The distribution of the disease among different ethnic groups is also not uniform. In the southern province of Guangdong, the incidence of NPC is three times higher among Cantonese speakers than in Hakka, Hokkien, or Chiu Chau dialect groups. In Malaysia, the incidence of NPC is again higher among the Cantonese Chinese than among the Hokkien and the Teochiu. This may be associated with social and racial intermingling. In the Vietnamese city of Hanoi, the incidence of NPC is twice that in Ho Chi Minh City as there are more Chinese descendants in Hanoi. In the United States, a study of 1,645 NPC patients also showed the highest incidence in Chinese, followed by Filipinos then the whites and blacks. The survival was also the highest among the Chinese. […]

• #31 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  This geographic variation in the incidence of NPC is also seen within China: low rates of 1.1 per 100,000 population are seen in northern China, such as Harbin city. The distribution of the disease among different ethnic groups is also not uniform. In the southern province of Guangdong, the incidence of NPC is three times higher among Cantonese speakers than in Hakka, Hokkien, or Chiu Chau dialect groups. In Malaysia, the incidence of NPC is again higher among the Cantonese Chinese than among the Hokkien and the Teochiu. This may be associated with social and racial intermingling. In the Vietnamese city of Hanoi, the incidence of NPC is twice that in Ho Chi Minh City as there are more Chinese descendants in Hanoi. In the United States, a study of 1,645 NPC patients also showed the highest incidence in Chinese, followed by Filipinos then the whites and blacks. The survival was also the highest among the Chinese. […]

• #32 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  The incidence of NPC remains high among Chinese who have migrated to North America, but is lower among Chinese born in North America than in those born in southern China. A similar higher incidence was seen among Chinese who have immigrated to Australia and the southern part of England. Migrant studies also showed that the incidence of NPC is higher in the off-spring of north Africans who have migrated to Israel than among native Israelis. These findings suggest that geographic, ethnic, and environmental influences together with other factors contribute to the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] […] In nearly all reports the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is 2 to 3 times higher in males than in females. As for the distribution of the disease within age groups, in low-risk regions, NPC incidence increases with increasing age. In high-risk regions, the peak incidence is around ages 50 to 59 years and declines thereafter; there is also a minor peak among young adults, consistent with exposure to carcinogenic agents in early life. […]

• #33 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  The incidence of NPC remains high among Chinese who have migrated to North America, but is lower among Chinese born in North America than in those born in southern China. A similar higher incidence was seen among Chinese who have immigrated to Australia and the southern part of England. Migrant studies also showed that the incidence of NPC is higher in the off-spring of north Africans who have migrated to Israel than among native Israelis. These findings suggest that geographic, ethnic, and environmental influences together with other factors contribute to the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] […] In nearly all reports the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is 2 to 3 times higher in males than in females. As for the distribution of the disease within age groups, in low-risk regions, NPC incidence increases with increasing age. In high-risk regions, the peak incidence is around ages 50 to 59 years and declines thereafter; there is also a minor peak among young adults, consistent with exposure to carcinogenic agents in early life. […]

• #34 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. […] This study describes the global epidemiological profiles of NPC incidence and mortality in 185 countries in 2020 and the projected burden in 2040. […] Globally, approximately 133,354 cases and 80,008 deaths from NPC were estimated in 2020 corresponding to ASIRs and ASMRs of 1.5 and 0.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] The largest numbers of both global cases and deaths from NPC occurred in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% and 36,453/80,008, 45.56%, respectively), in which China contributed most to this burden (62,444/133,354, 46.82% and 34,810/80,008, 43.50%, respectively). […] The ASIRs and ASMRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women. […] Incidence rates varied across world regions, with the highest ASIRs for both men and women detected in South-Eastern Asia (7.7 and 2.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively) and Eastern Asia (3.9 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively).

• #35 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  In 2020, an estimated 133,354 people were diagnosed with NPC worldwide, corresponding to an ASIR of 1.5 per 100,000 person-years. More men (96,371 cases) than women (36,983 cases) were diagnosed with NPC, and the ASIRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women (2.2 vs 0.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). Globally, an estimated 80,008 people died from NPC, corresponding to an ASMR of 0.9 per 100,000 person-years. Mortality in men was also higher than that in women, with 58,094 and 21,914 deaths, corresponding to ASMRs of 1.3 and 0.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative risk of being diagnosed with and dying from NPC before the age of 75 years was 1 in 476 (0.21%) and 1 in 667 (0.15%), respectively. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively). The incidence rates of NPC showed approximately 29-fold variation in men and 63-fold variation in women across world regions. The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years was the highest in South-Eastern Asia (7.7), followed by Eastern Asia (3.9) and Micronesia/Polynesia (3.9). The mortality rates of NPC varied approximately by 36-fold in men and 75-fold in women among world regions.

• #36 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  In 2020, an estimated 133,354 people were diagnosed with NPC worldwide, corresponding to an ASIR of 1.5 per 100,000 person-years. More men (96,371 cases) than women (36,983 cases) were diagnosed with NPC, and the ASIRs in men were approximately 3-fold higher than those in women (2.2 vs 0.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). Globally, an estimated 80,008 people died from NPC, corresponding to an ASMR of 0.9 per 100,000 person-years. Mortality in men was also higher than that in women, with 58,094 and 21,914 deaths, corresponding to ASMRs of 1.3 and 0.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative risk of being diagnosed with and dying from NPC before the age of 75 years was 1 in 476 (0.21%) and 1 in 667 (0.15%), respectively. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively). The incidence rates of NPC showed approximately 29-fold variation in men and 63-fold variation in women across world regions. The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years was the highest in South-Eastern Asia (7.7), followed by Eastern Asia (3.9) and Micronesia/Polynesia (3.9). The mortality rates of NPC varied approximately by 36-fold in men and 75-fold in women among world regions.

• #37 Descriptive epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-021-08311-8

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is distinguished from other cancers of the head and neck in its epidemiology, histopathology, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic outcome. […] The disease is considered as one of the rare forms of cancer worldwide where only 86,500 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were reported in 2012, accounting for only 0.6% of all cancers diagnosed in that year. […] It is notable for its high incidence in selected geographic and ethnic populations. […] According to the 2015 population based cancer registry data of Addis Ababa, nasopharyngeal cancer was found to be the 5th commonest cancer in males and the 17th in females. […] The incidence of NPC in men is shown to be higher than in women, with a ratio of 23 to 1 in both endemic and non-endemic areas of the world. […] The distinct geographic and ethnic variations of NPC worldwide suggest that both environmental factors and genetic traits contribute to its development.

• #38 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75804

  The incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma increases two to three times more frequently in men than in women. […] The nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence in most low-risk groups is consistent with increasing age. […] Risk factors for NPC, most commonly in men, include a family history of NPC, EBV infection, low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits, high consumption of salt-canned fish, smoking and Cantonese races. […] The relationship of NPC to EBV-associated is known and proven, and EBV infection is one of the common infectious agents in the population. […] It is known that families with a history of cancer, particularly nasopharyngeal carcinoma, are 4 to 10 times more likely to develop nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Several studies have reported that eating fish with salt is considered a risk factor for cancer.

• #39 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  The incidence of NPC remains high among Chinese who have migrated to North America, but is lower among Chinese born in North America than in those born in southern China. A similar higher incidence was seen among Chinese who have immigrated to Australia and the southern part of England. Migrant studies also showed that the incidence of NPC is higher in the off-spring of north Africans who have migrated to Israel than among native Israelis. These findings suggest that geographic, ethnic, and environmental influences together with other factors contribute to the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] […] In nearly all reports the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is 2 to 3 times higher in males than in females. As for the distribution of the disease within age groups, in low-risk regions, NPC incidence increases with increasing age. In high-risk regions, the peak incidence is around ages 50 to 59 years and declines thereafter; there is also a minor peak among young adults, consistent with exposure to carcinogenic agents in early life. […]

• #40 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  As of 2010, NPC resulted in 65,000 deaths globally up from 45,000 in 1990. […] NPC is uncommon in the United States and most other nations, representing less than 1 case per 100,000 in most populations. […] but is extremely common in southern regions of China, particularly in Guangdong, accounting for 18% of all cancers in China. […] It is sometimes referred to as Cantonese cancer because it occurs in about 25 cases per 100,000 people in this region, 25 times higher than the rest of the world. […] While NPC is seen primarily in middle-aged persons in Asia, a high proportion of African cases appear in children. […] The cause of increased risk for NPC in these endemic regions is not clear. […] In low-risk populations, such as in the United States, a bimodal peak is observed. The first peak occurs in late adolescence/early adulthood (ages 15-24 years), followed by a second peak later in life (ages 65-79 years).

• #41 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: What patients should know about – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer-63512

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the United States, affecting only about 1 out of 100,000 people each year. However, it is more common in certain regions, particularly in Southeast Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. In endemic areas like southern China, the incidence can be as high as 20-50 cases per 100,000 people per year. NPC is nearly twice as common among men as it is among women and is diagnosed more often among people over age 50 than it is among younger people. In the U.S., it typically affects people ages 15 to 24 and ages 65 to 79. […] Regular follow-ups with physical exams, nasal endoscopy, and EBV DNA testing are crucial for cancer surveillance. Frequent screening is recommended in the first 2 years post-treatment, every 3-6 months, and annually thereafter. Posttreatment PET-CT scans are often performed to assess response and detect recurrence.

• #42 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  As of 2010, NPC resulted in 65,000 deaths globally up from 45,000 in 1990. […] NPC is uncommon in the United States and most other nations, representing less than 1 case per 100,000 in most populations. […] but is extremely common in southern regions of China, particularly in Guangdong, accounting for 18% of all cancers in China. […] It is sometimes referred to as Cantonese cancer because it occurs in about 25 cases per 100,000 people in this region, 25 times higher than the rest of the world. […] While NPC is seen primarily in middle-aged persons in Asia, a high proportion of African cases appear in children. […] The cause of increased risk for NPC in these endemic regions is not clear. […] In low-risk populations, such as in the United States, a bimodal peak is observed. The first peak occurs in late adolescence/early adulthood (ages 15-24 years), followed by a second peak later in life (ages 65-79 years).

• #43 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75804

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare head and neck neoplasm worldwide. It is common among the southern Chinese with significant geographical variation with the highest incidence being in Southeast Asia up to 6.4/100,000 males and 2.4/100,000 females in these regions and the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is associated closely with NPC. […] Among cancers of the head and neck, nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most common type of cancers. It is also a virulent disease that has been accounted for to occur in many parts of the world with a uniform incidence rate for age and sex, one of every 100,000 every year. […] The association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), has marked geographic and ethnic differences in its incidence. […] In Asia, NPC occurs in all ages but more common in the middle-aged population, although there is a high incidence of cases in children in Africa.

• #44 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-overview

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare tumor arising from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. It accounts for approximately 1% of all childhood malignancies. […] Although the incidence varies according to geographic location, approximately 1 in every 100,000 children are diagnosed annually in North America. […] The disease is far more common in children of Southeast Asian and Northern African descent, with an incidence of 8-25 in every 100,000 children annually. […] In the United States, the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is increased among Black teenagers. Children of Asian, Middle Eastern, and Northern African descent are also more commonly affected. […] A male preponderance is observed. The male-to-female ratio is approximately 2:1. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a bimodal age distribution. A small peak is observed in late childhood, and a second peak occurs in people aged 50-60 years. Childhood nasopharyngeal carcinoma is usually a disease of adolescence.

• #45 Descriptive epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-021-08311-8

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is distinguished from other cancers of the head and neck in its epidemiology, histopathology, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic outcome. […] The disease is considered as one of the rare forms of cancer worldwide where only 86,500 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were reported in 2012, accounting for only 0.6% of all cancers diagnosed in that year. […] It is notable for its high incidence in selected geographic and ethnic populations. […] According to the 2015 population based cancer registry data of Addis Ababa, nasopharyngeal cancer was found to be the 5th commonest cancer in males and the 17th in females. […] The incidence of NPC in men is shown to be higher than in women, with a ratio of 23 to 1 in both endemic and non-endemic areas of the world. […] The distinct geographic and ethnic variations of NPC worldwide suggest that both environmental factors and genetic traits contribute to its development.

• #46 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Screening, and Staging | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-epidemiology-etiology-screening-and-staging/

  The incidence of NPC remains high among Chinese who have migrated to North America, but is lower among Chinese born in North America than in those born in southern China. A similar higher incidence was seen among Chinese who have immigrated to Australia and the southern part of England. Migrant studies also showed that the incidence of NPC is higher in the off-spring of north Africans who have migrated to Israel than among native Israelis. These findings suggest that geographic, ethnic, and environmental influences together with other factors contribute to the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] […] In nearly all reports the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is 2 to 3 times higher in males than in females. As for the distribution of the disease within age groups, in low-risk regions, NPC incidence increases with increasing age. In high-risk regions, the peak incidence is around ages 50 to 59 years and declines thereafter; there is also a minor peak among young adults, consistent with exposure to carcinogenic agents in early life. […]

• #47

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx and is frequently located in the pharyngeal crypts. This is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that frequently leads to distant metastases in many cases and poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in certain geographic regions globally. This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for NPC, emphasizing the importance of early detection and comprehensive management strategies in improving patient outcomes. NPC is most prevalent in Southern China, South East Asia, Northern Africa, Greenland, and Alaska but has a very low occurrence in Western countries. Southeastern Asian communities have an incidence rate of over 15 per 100,000 person-years, while in the United States, the incidence rate is below 1 per 100,000 person-years. Demographic studies show that men are two to three times more likely to acquire NPC than women, with the peak age of disease occurrence being 45 years old. The keratinizing subtype is rare globally, representing fewer than 20% of cases, and is uncommon in locations where the disease is prevalent. The non-keratinizing subtype is the most common in endemic regions, accounting for over 95% of cases, and is strongly linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Early disease detection necessitates a high clinical acumen, with diagnosis mostly dependent on histological analysis. The current treatment for early-stage NPC has excellent control, a good prognosis of up to 90%, and is effective in controlling the disease. The appearance of distant metastases is uncommon. Risk factors for NPC may include EBV infection, alcohol consumption, exposure to dust and formaldehyde, hereditary factors, smoking, and the intake of salted fish or other preserved foods. The advancement of health education and the introduction of early cancer screening techniques like narrow band imaging, plasma EBV DNA screening, and nasopharyngeal brushing samples detection have significantly enhanced the detection of early-stage NPC in high-risk populations, leading to a notable rise in the incidence of stage II NPC. Early detection and timely treatment of NPC are important for preventing disease progression, improving patient prognosis, reducing mortality, and reducing the healthcare burden.

• #48 Nasopharyngeal cancer in the world: epidemiology, incidence, mortality and risk factors – WCRJ

  https://www.wcrj.net/article/1046

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the head and neck areas. Men are two to three times more likely to develop it than women. The peak age of incidence is between 50 and 60 years. Informing about the occurrence, death and risk factors in prevention programs is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, mortality, and risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer in the world. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is generally more common in Southeast Asia. The five countries with the highest incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer in the world were China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India and Malaysia, respectively. The standard incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer in the world was 1.2 per 100,000 (in men 1.7 per 100,000; in women, 0.7 per 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths were China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India and Malaysia, respectively. The standardized mortality rate for nasopharyngeal cancer in the world was 0.7 per 100,000 (in men 1.0 per 100,000; in women 0.4 per 100,000). The most important risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer were Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), heredity, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, salt-preserved fish consumption, and history of respiratory diseases. […] The incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer is related to the geographic region. Training programs, early screening, good life promotion policies, timely treatment and diagnosis are good for reducing the burden of this cancer.

• #49 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy worldwide, but it is endemic in a few areas including Southern China, Southeast Asia, North Africa and the Arctic. […] Survival rates differ significantly between NPC patients in early stages and late stages. Due to the close associations between EBV infection and NPC risk, EBV-related biomarkers have been used for early detection and screening for NPC in a few high-incidence areas. […] Despite the unknown etiology, using antibodies against EBV for early diagnosis and screening for NPC has been conducted in a few high-incidence areas in Southern China since the 1970s. […] A 10-year survival rate for NPC patients can reach 98% for stage I and 60% for stage II. In contrast, median survival is 3 years for patients at advanced stages, highlighting that improvements in diagnosis rate could help to reduce NPC mortality.

• #50 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75804

  The incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma increases two to three times more frequently in men than in women. […] The nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence in most low-risk groups is consistent with increasing age. […] Risk factors for NPC, most commonly in men, include a family history of NPC, EBV infection, low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits, high consumption of salt-canned fish, smoking and Cantonese races. […] The relationship of NPC to EBV-associated is known and proven, and EBV infection is one of the common infectious agents in the population. […] It is known that families with a history of cancer, particularly nasopharyngeal carcinoma, are 4 to 10 times more likely to develop nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Several studies have reported that eating fish with salt is considered a risk factor for cancer.

• #51 A polygenic risk score for nasopharyngeal carcinoma shows potential for risk stratification and personalized screening | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29570-4

  Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have the potential to identify individuals at risk of diseases, optimizing treatment, and predicting survival outcomes. Here, we construct and validate a genome-wide association study (GWAS) derived PRS for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), using a multi-center study of six populations (6 059 NPC cases and 7 582 controls), and evaluate its utility in a nested case-control study. We show that the PRS enables effective identification of NPC high-risk individuals (AUC=0.65) and improves the risk prediction with the PRS incremental deciles in each population (P trend ranging from 2.79107 to 4.791044). By incorporating the PRS into EBV-serology-based NPC screening, the tests positive predictive value (PPV) is increased from an average of 4.84% to 8.38% and 11.91% in the top 10% and 5% PRS, respectively. In summary, the GWAS-derived PRS, together with the EBV test, significantly improves NPC risk stratification and informs personalized screening. […]

• #52 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | Iowa Head and Neck Protocols

  https://medicine.uiowa.edu/iowaprotocols/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

  Nasopharyngeal carcinomas account for a 70% majority of malignancies arising in the nasopharynx. […] There are 80,000 incident cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma worldwide annually. Significantly more cases occur in Southeast Asia, and parts of the Middle East and North Africa, such that the condition is considered endemic to these areas. Emigration out of endemic areas does not reduce the risk, and even children of emigrants carry an increased risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in non-endemic areas. […] Other significant factors linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma include: Male sex (3-fold higher risk than women), Increased age, Tobacco and alcohol use, Regular consumption of salt-cured foods, Epstein-Barr Virus.

• #53 Nasopharyngeal cancer in the world: epidemiology, incidence, mortality and risk factors – WCRJ

  https://www.wcrj.net/article/1046

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the head and neck areas. Men are two to three times more likely to develop it than women. The peak age of incidence is between 50 and 60 years. Informing about the occurrence, death and risk factors in prevention programs is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, mortality, and risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer in the world. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is generally more common in Southeast Asia. The five countries with the highest incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer in the world were China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India and Malaysia, respectively. The standard incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer in the world was 1.2 per 100,000 (in men 1.7 per 100,000; in women, 0.7 per 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths were China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India and Malaysia, respectively. The standardized mortality rate for nasopharyngeal cancer in the world was 0.7 per 100,000 (in men 1.0 per 100,000; in women 0.4 per 100,000). The most important risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer were Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), heredity, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, salt-preserved fish consumption, and history of respiratory diseases. […] The incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer is related to the geographic region. Training programs, early screening, good life promotion policies, timely treatment and diagnosis are good for reducing the burden of this cancer.

• #54 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75804

  The direct relationship between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and smoking was confirmed by reports that people who had smoked cigarettes for ten years or more were more likely to develop NPC. […] The relationship between alcohol consumption and nasopharyngeal carcinoma has been documented in complicated ways. […] Global mortality rates of NPC estimated 51,000 deaths in 2012 among females and males were 0.04 per 10,000 and 0.1 per 10,000, respectively. […] Early diagnosed NPC patients respond very well to radiation, and this treatment shows promise.

• #55 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75804

  The direct relationship between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and smoking was confirmed by reports that people who had smoked cigarettes for ten years or more were more likely to develop NPC. […] The relationship between alcohol consumption and nasopharyngeal carcinoma has been documented in complicated ways. […] Global mortality rates of NPC estimated 51,000 deaths in 2012 among females and males were 0.04 per 10,000 and 0.1 per 10,000, respectively. […] Early diagnosed NPC patients respond very well to radiation, and this treatment shows promise.

• #56 Increased risk of incident nasopharyngeal carcinoma with exposure to air pollution | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204568

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a race-specific malignancy. The nasal cavity is the main entry point for air pollutants or poisonous gases into the human body. However, the risk of NPC in populations exposed to air pollution remains unknown. […] We identified a significant risk of NPC in a population exposed to air pollution. […] The results of this study suggest a novel approach to identify the active areas and individual exposure levels in environmental-related studies. Furthermore, we used the diagnosis of COPD and alcoholism as the proxy factors of smoking and alcohol consumption. […] In summary, we observed a significantly increased NPC risk in a Taiwanese population exposed to air pollutants. However, this study had some limitations, including the lack of data on lifestyle activities and dietary habits in the NHIRD. Additional experimental and clinical studies evaluating the underlying mechanisms of toxic air pollutants and NPC are warranted.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx and is frequently located in the pharyngeal crypts. This is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that frequently leads to distant metastases in many cases and poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in certain geographic regions globally. This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for NPC, emphasizing the importance of early detection and comprehensive management strategies in improving patient outcomes. NPC is most prevalent in Southern China, South East Asia, Northern Africa, Greenland, and Alaska but has a very low occurrence in Western countries. Southeastern Asian communities have an incidence rate of over 15 per 100,000 person-years, while in the United States, the incidence rate is below 1 per 100,000 person-years. Demographic studies show that men are two to three times more likely to acquire NPC than women, with the peak age of disease occurrence being 45 years old. The keratinizing subtype is rare globally, representing fewer than 20% of cases, and is uncommon in locations where the disease is prevalent. The non-keratinizing subtype is the most common in endemic regions, accounting for over 95% of cases, and is strongly linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Early disease detection necessitates a high clinical acumen, with diagnosis mostly dependent on histological analysis. The current treatment for early-stage NPC has excellent control, a good prognosis of up to 90%, and is effective in controlling the disease. The appearance of distant metastases is uncommon. Risk factors for NPC may include EBV infection, alcohol consumption, exposure to dust and formaldehyde, hereditary factors, smoking, and the intake of salted fish or other preserved foods. The advancement of health education and the introduction of early cancer screening techniques like narrow band imaging, plasma EBV DNA screening, and nasopharyngeal brushing samples detection have significantly enhanced the detection of early-stage NPC in high-risk populations, leading to a notable rise in the incidence of stage II NPC. Early detection and timely treatment of NPC are important for preventing disease progression, improving patient prognosis, reducing mortality, and reducing the healthcare burden.

• #58 The Evolving Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers. – American Chemistry Council

  https://www.americanchemistry.com/industry-groups/formaldehyde/research/the-evolving-epidemiology-of-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-cancer-epidemiol-biomarkers

  Findings from this casecontrol study provide new insight into the epidemiology of NPC. […] Recent findings from other studies include a protective association with infectious mononucleosis, suggesting a causal role of early EBV infection; familial risk conferred by shared genetic variation in the host antibody-mediated immune response to EBV infection; and an unclear association with occupational exposure to formaldehyde.

• #59 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy worldwide, but it is endemic in a few areas including Southern China, Southeast Asia, North Africa and the Arctic. […] Survival rates differ significantly between NPC patients in early stages and late stages. Due to the close associations between EBV infection and NPC risk, EBV-related biomarkers have been used for early detection and screening for NPC in a few high-incidence areas. […] Despite the unknown etiology, using antibodies against EBV for early diagnosis and screening for NPC has been conducted in a few high-incidence areas in Southern China since the 1970s. […] A 10-year survival rate for NPC patients can reach 98% for stage I and 60% for stage II. In contrast, median survival is 3 years for patients at advanced stages, highlighting that improvements in diagnosis rate could help to reduce NPC mortality.

• #60 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma?lang=us

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma accounts for ~70% of all primary malignancies of the nasopharynx, and although rare in western populations, it is one of the most common malignancies encountered in Asia, especially China. […] It is commonly diagnosed between 40 and 60 years. Males are more commonly affected, with a male to female ratio of 3:1. […] Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma are strongly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and are seen particularly in Asia. […] HPV infection also shows an etiologic role in the development of non-endemic EBV-negative nasopharyngeal cancers. […] Imaging is crucial in delineating the extent of local tumor extension, as well as detecting nodal metastases which are present in the vast majority of patients at the time of diagnosis (75-90%). […] The mainstay of treatment is external beam radiotherapy, supplemented in some cases with chemotherapy.

• #61 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare in the United States. It happens much more often in other parts of the world, mainly Southeast Asia. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] In the United States and in other areas where the disease is rare, there’s no routine screening for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] In places where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is much more common, such as some areas of China, people at high risk of the disease may have screening. Screening may involve blood tests to detect the Epstein-Barr virus.

• #62 A polygenic risk score for nasopharyngeal carcinoma shows potential for risk stratification and personalized screening | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29570-4

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common malignancies in East and Southeast Asia, where 70% of all 129,079 worldwide cases were diagnosed in 2018. In endemic regions, NPC incidence peaks at the age of 40-65 years. Nearly 80% of the NPC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Given the peak occurrence of NPC at a relatively young age and the poor prognosis, NPC contributes prominently to the cancer burden in endemic areas with substantial economic and societal impacts. […] […] However, the insufficient explanatory power of modifiable risk factors has hindered effective primary preventive strategies for NPC. Because fewer than 10% of NPC patients present with stage I disease, when the 5-year overall survival rate is 90% or higher, the emphasis has been on secondary prevention using screening to detect early, asymptomatic disease. Based on the close relationship between NPC and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, the anti-EBV IgA serological test has been recommended by the Chinese Ministry of Health and is widely used as a screening tool in China. According to the current NPC screening strategy, individuals were recommended to be screened by two anti-EBV antibodies (VCA-IgA and EBNA1-IgA) between the ages of 30 and 69 years in NPC endemic areas. The high-risk individuals by the preliminary serological test were further recommended for clinical examinations, such as nasopharyngeal fiberscope, and even a pathological biopsy for additional confirmation when necessary. Our prospective NPC screening study showed that the anti-EBV IgA test could improve early diagnostic rate (79.0% for the screened participants versus 22.4% for the non-screened participants) and decrease NPC mortality (1.8 per 100 000 person-year for the screened participants versus 8.3 per 100,000 person-year for the non-participants). However, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the anti-EBV IgA test was only about 4%. Consequently, 95% of subjects undergo unnecessary clinical examinations following a false-positive screening test, which results in low compliance and screening efficiency. So, it is necessary to find a complementary method to improve the current screening strategy by avoiding unnecessary screening while keeping the power to identify high-risk individuals. […]

• #63 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  To date, established risk factors for type III NPC include Cantonese ethnicity, male sex, EBV infection, a family history of NPC, high consumption of salt-preserved fish, low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits intake, smoking, and some human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles. […] Several lines of evidence support the notion that testing for antibodies against EBV could a useful screening tool to facilitate the early detection of NPC. […] More recently, studies in southern China demonstrated that a combination of EBNA1/IgA and VCA/IgA measured by ELISA had a higher diagnostic accuracy in both the general population and families with at least two affected relatives. […] Although the value of using antibodies against EBV to facilitate NPC diagnosis is generally accepted, there are a few barriers to the implementation of screening for NPC by testing these antibodies in high-incidence populations.

• #64 The etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and challenges for its diagnosis and treatment monitoring – Lung – Annals of Nasopharynx Cancer

  https://anpc.amegroups.org/article/view/6347/html

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an undifferentiated nonkeratinizing epithelial tumor arising from the recesses of the Fossa of Rosenmller of the nasopharynx. Its distinctive worldwide distribution shows that certain regions of the world have higher frequencies of endemic NPC in comparison to other regions of the world, where this cancer is rare. The incidence of NPC has a peak in individuals in their upper forties and lower fifties, which is much younger than occurs with most other cancer types. It also displays a predominance in males vs. females. Early symptoms are innocuous and, therefore, individuals, who develop NPC, are usually not diagnosed until late in the progression of this deadly cancer. NPC is an aggressive but radiosensitive tumor, so the outcomes of treatment of localized tumors is favorable. However, if diagnosis is not made until late in its progression, when it has already metastasized to distant sites, then survival is compromised and treatment challenging. Overall, 5-year survival rates for this cancer are quite good and are over 75%, but the later the stage at diagnosis, the worse the survival outcomes. Therefore, identifying NPC early will help to minimize side effects of its treatment and improve the quality of life of these patients. The challenge is to identify useful biomarkers for screening populations with endemic NPC, early diagnosis, and for monitoring disease progression to decrease patient relapse in order to treat the patient with more precision medicine. Early studies of NPC showed that EBV serology was a useful predictor of NPC. Large-scale mass serological surveys of asymptomatic individuals in endemic high-risk NPC regions have identified early cases of NPC. Detection of circulating cell-free tumor DNA in blood of NPC patients showed that detection of EBV plasma DNA was useful for early diagnosis, as well as monitoring for relapse after treatment. The current immense interest in non-invasive liquid biopsies is based on exciting and robust values of plasma EBV ctDNAs, as a marker for early screening, prognosis and detection of recurrence of NPC. Pre-treatment and post-treatment levels of EBV DNA in plasma specimens of NPC patients are highly predictive of clinical recurrence or distant metastasis. Current emphasis using targeted gene sequencing are focused on actionable alterations that can be used for clinical intervention. Detection of CTCs, miRNAs, and DNA hypermethylation of host genes involved in NPC tumorigenesis have potential to contribute to the NPC detection and patient management.

• #65 A polygenic risk score for nasopharyngeal carcinoma shows potential for risk stratification and personalized screening | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29570-4

  Recent large-scale population studies suggest that a polygenic risk score (PRS) that combines the effects of common genetic variants might be effectively used to identify individuals at high risk of complex diseases. The low positive predictive value of the currently used EBV-based screening tool, coupled with the high heritability of NPC, makes NPC an ideal candidate disease for the development of a PRS to facilitate risk stratification, especially in high-risk areas of southern China. As the PRS could be used as an indicator of an individual’s inherent genetic risk for developing the disease at various ages in his lifetime, it can be calculated long before the onset of disease and substantially guide the decisions of whether the individual needs screening and when he/she should initiate screening (for example, with EBV serology test). […]

• #66 A polygenic risk score for nasopharyngeal carcinoma shows potential for risk stratification and personalized screening | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29570-4

  In this study, we newly developed and replicated a PRS to predict an individual’s inherent genetic risk for developing NPC with relatively good performance and firstly evaluated the utility of the PRS in NPC screening from one prospective cohort. The PRS is powerful to identify high-risk individuals and decrease the missed diagnostic rate of the EBV-based screening tests, while avoiding unnecessary screening and therefore improving screening efficiency. The PRS represents a personalized genetic assessment, which should be calculated once in the lifetime, long before the onset of NPC, and thus could inform the clinical decisions of whether and when to initiate screening for a given individual. […]

• #67 A polygenic risk score for nasopharyngeal carcinoma shows potential for risk stratification and personalized screening | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29570-4

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common malignancies in East and Southeast Asia, where 70% of all 129,079 worldwide cases were diagnosed in 2018. In endemic regions, NPC incidence peaks at the age of 40-65 years. Nearly 80% of the NPC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Given the peak occurrence of NPC at a relatively young age and the poor prognosis, NPC contributes prominently to the cancer burden in endemic areas with substantial economic and societal impacts. […] […] However, the insufficient explanatory power of modifiable risk factors has hindered effective primary preventive strategies for NPC. Because fewer than 10% of NPC patients present with stage I disease, when the 5-year overall survival rate is 90% or higher, the emphasis has been on secondary prevention using screening to detect early, asymptomatic disease. Based on the close relationship between NPC and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, the anti-EBV IgA serological test has been recommended by the Chinese Ministry of Health and is widely used as a screening tool in China. According to the current NPC screening strategy, individuals were recommended to be screened by two anti-EBV antibodies (VCA-IgA and EBNA1-IgA) between the ages of 30 and 69 years in NPC endemic areas. The high-risk individuals by the preliminary serological test were further recommended for clinical examinations, such as nasopharyngeal fiberscope, and even a pathological biopsy for additional confirmation when necessary. Our prospective NPC screening study showed that the anti-EBV IgA test could improve early diagnostic rate (79.0% for the screened participants versus 22.4% for the non-screened participants) and decrease NPC mortality (1.8 per 100 000 person-year for the screened participants versus 8.3 per 100,000 person-year for the non-participants). However, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the anti-EBV IgA test was only about 4%. Consequently, 95% of subjects undergo unnecessary clinical examinations following a false-positive screening test, which results in low compliance and screening efficiency. So, it is necessary to find a complementary method to improve the current screening strategy by avoiding unnecessary screening while keeping the power to identify high-risk individuals. […]

• #68 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  The highest ASMRs for both men and women were found in South-Eastern Asia (5.4 and 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). […] By 2040, the annual number of cases and deaths will increase to 179,476 (46,122/133,354, a 34.58% increase from the year 2020) and 113,851 (33,843/80,008, a 42.29% increase), respectively. […] Disparities in NPC incidence and mortality persist worldwide. […] Given the strong association of NPC with its modifiable risk factors and the changing epidemiological profile due to trends in NPC incidence and mortality, understanding the current epidemiological profile of international variations in NPC incidence and mortality is essential. […] The largest numbers of cases and deaths from NPC in both sexes combined were estimated in Eastern Asia (65,866/133,354, 49.39% of total NPC cases and 36,453/80,008, 45.56% of total NPC deaths), followed by South-Eastern Asia (36,747/133,354, 27.55% and 24,219/80,008, 30.15%, respectively) and South-Central Asia (8366/133,354, 6.27% and 6117/80,008, 7.64%, respectively).

• #69 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968

  The incidence rates of NPC showed approximately 29-fold variation in men and 63-fold variation in women across world regions. […] The projected number of cases and deaths from NPC are expected to increase to 179,476 and 113,851 by 2040 worldwide, respectively, as a result of population growth and aging alone.

• #70 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  By HDI group, the vast majority of NPC cases and deaths occurred among 37.32% (2,909,468,000/7,794,799,000) of the world population living in high HDI countries, representing 69.85% (93,153/133,354) of new cases and 68.55% (54,850/80,008) of deaths globally. Both ASIRs and ASMRs were the highest in high HDI countries, with the rates being 2.5 and 1.4 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] Our findings show that the projected number of cases and deaths from NPC are expected to increase to 179,476 and 113,851 by 2040 worldwide, respectively, as a result of population growth and aging alone. A 2% annual decrease in global incidence and mortality rates would be needed to halt the increasing NPC burden by 2040. Given the remarkable geographic disparity of NPC burden across world regions and countries, this study highlights the urgent need to formulate more effective primary NPC prevention strategies and prioritize allocation of NPC prevention and treatment resources for high-risk populations to tackle the NPC burden in certain regions and countries.

• #71 Nasopharyngeal cancer risk assessment by country or region worldwide from 1990 to 2019 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19228-9

  However, so far, no one is currently paying attention to changes at the national level of the NPC. Since the nation is the power center of implementing health care, analyses of the changing trend of NPC morbidity and mortality at the national level can have positive significance for each country or region, and can aid to better formulate the various prevention strategies according to the different national conditions. […] This study makes full use of 30 years of NPC morbidity and mortality data, summarizes and groups the world, and clearly divides the world into 5 risk hierarchy: Group 1: The incidence rate showed an increasing trend whereas the mortality rate depicted a decreasing trend. Group 2: Morbidity as well as mortality showed a slight increase; Group 3: Morbidity as well as mortality increased significantly; Group 4: Morbidity and mortality decreased significantly; Group 5: Both morbidity as well as mortality decreased slightly. This risk stratification could aid to evaluate the effectiveness of health care policies and various strategies for NPC prevention as well as treatment in different countries or regions around the world.

• #72 Nasopharyngeal cancer risk assessment by country or region worldwide from 1990 to 2019 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19228-9

  However, so far, no one is currently paying attention to changes at the national level of the NPC. Since the nation is the power center of implementing health care, analyses of the changing trend of NPC morbidity and mortality at the national level can have positive significance for each country or region, and can aid to better formulate the various prevention strategies according to the different national conditions. […] This study makes full use of 30 years of NPC morbidity and mortality data, summarizes and groups the world, and clearly divides the world into 5 risk hierarchy: Group 1: The incidence rate showed an increasing trend whereas the mortality rate depicted a decreasing trend. Group 2: Morbidity as well as mortality showed a slight increase; Group 3: Morbidity as well as mortality increased significantly; Group 4: Morbidity and mortality decreased significantly; Group 5: Both morbidity as well as mortality decreased slightly. This risk stratification could aid to evaluate the effectiveness of health care policies and various strategies for NPC prevention as well as treatment in different countries or regions around the world.

• #73 A National Study of Survival Trends and Conditional Survival in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Analysis of the National Population-Based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Registry

  https://www.e-crt.org/journal/view.php?number=2720

  A National Study of Survival Trends and Conditional Survival in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Analysis of the National Population-Based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Registry […] Conditional survival (CS) provides important information on survival for a period of time after diagnosis. Currently, information on CS patterns of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is lacking. […] Treatment outcomes of NPC patients have greatly improved over the decades. Increases in CS become more prominent in patients with distant disease than in those with localized or regional disease as patients survive longer. CS provides more dynamic prognostic information for patients who have survived a period of time after diagnosis. […] The last two decades have witnessed great improvements in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival in NPC, which can be attributed to the introduction of new technologies such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) as well as concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and induction chemotherapy (IC).

• #74 A National Study of Survival Trends and Conditional Survival in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Analysis of the National Population-Based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Registry

  https://www.e-crt.org/journal/view.php?number=2720

  Survival rates for NPC have increased in recent decades with the introduction of new technologies and treatment modalities. Traditional estimates of survival outcomes are mainly based on measurements from the time of diagnosis. In comparison, CS provides more dynamic and clinically reliable estimates of survival probability for patients who have already survived for a period of time. […] This study sheds further light on how survival in NPC has changed over recent decades in the U.S. population, and identifies covariate-adjusted CS patterns among patients with long-term survival. This data may help HCPs to provide more individualized and cost-effective surveillance strategies.

• #75 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy worldwide, but it is endemic in a few areas including Southern China, Southeast Asia, North Africa and the Arctic. […] Survival rates differ significantly between NPC patients in early stages and late stages. Due to the close associations between EBV infection and NPC risk, EBV-related biomarkers have been used for early detection and screening for NPC in a few high-incidence areas. […] Despite the unknown etiology, using antibodies against EBV for early diagnosis and screening for NPC has been conducted in a few high-incidence areas in Southern China since the 1970s. […] A 10-year survival rate for NPC patients can reach 98% for stage I and 60% for stage II. In contrast, median survival is 3 years for patients at advanced stages, highlighting that improvements in diagnosis rate could help to reduce NPC mortality.

• #76

  https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actaoncologica/article/view/40499

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare disease and most studies have therefore been conducted in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to describe epidemiology and treatment outcomes of NPC in a population-based, non-endemic setting. […] NPC was identified in 394 patients corresponding to age-standardized incidence rates of 0.5 and 0.2 per 100,000 in men and women, respectively. The 5-year overall (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were 56 and 66%. […] NPC is a rare malignancy in Denmark, and three in four patients have EBV-associated tumors. Tumor histology, smoking status, and stage, but not EBV-status, had independent prognostic impact on survival.

• #77 Epidemiological Characteristics and 3-year Overall Survival Outcome of Nasopharyngeal Cancer in Central Java: A Single Institution Retrospective Study | Liemiyah | Indonesian Journal of Cancer

  https://www.indonesianjournalofcancer.or.id/e-journal/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1083

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) has a high incidence and mortality rate in Indonesia, indicating poor survival outcomes. […] We aimed to evaluate the survival rate of NPC patients and the influence of specific underlying epidemiological characteristics on the overall survival (OS) rate of NPC patients. […] A total of 50 NPC patients were included in the study. Majority of NPC patients were diagnosed in younger age group (58.0%). Male NPC patients dominated this study (74.0%). NPC patients were mostly diagnosed at the advanced stage (76.0%). Nonkeratinizing histology types were frequently found in the study (82.0%). NPC patients achieved a desirable better performance status (78.0%) and had no comorbidities (74.0%). Most NPC patients demonstrated a complete response to therapy (58.0%). The three-year OS was 60.8%. […] We found a satisfactory NPC three-year OS. The underlying epidemiological characteristics did not significantly influence the NPC patients’ three-year OS.

• #78 Survival among subgroups of patients with stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11145-4

  Stage II NPC is divided into three subgroups (T1N1, T2N0, and T2N1). It has been reported that patients with stage T1N1 and T2N1 disease might benefit from chemotherapy, while radiotherapy could provide an excellent outcome for stage T2N0 disease. These studies indicated that the prognosis among these three subgroups might be different. […] To date, the survival outcomes among the T1N1, T2N0, and T2N1 subgroups of stage II NPC have not been well defined. Treatment modalities of stage II NPC vary among different centers. This retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess survival among the T1N1, T2N0, and T2N1 subgroups of patients with stage II NPC based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The 5-year OS rates were 75.7%, 68.6%, and 75.7% for the T1N1, T2N0, and T2N1 subgroups, respectively. The 5-year CSS rates were 85.3%, 83.4%, and 84.5% for the T1N1, T2N0, and T2N1 subgroups, respectively. Univariate regression analysis revealed that the subgroup (T1N1, T2N0, and T2N1) was not a prognostic factor for OS and CSS.

• #79 Construction of nomograms for nasopharyngeal carcinoma containing primary tumor size and SEER stage – Yang – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/46267/html

  At present, little attention has been paid to the impact of primary tumor size on the survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We aimed to construct predictive nomograms for NPC that contain primary tumor size and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) stage as factors with the use of a national population-based registry. […] According to univariate and multivariate analyses, age, race, histology, primary tumor size, SEER stage, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were related to 5-year OS and CSS in NPC. […] The predictive nomograms, which contain primary tumor size and SEER stage, can predict the rates of 5-year OS and CSS of NPC patients and can be used as an auxiliary prediction tool for future clinical practice. […] The aim of this study was to construct nomograms that include the primary tumor size and SEER stage, which can better predict the 5-year OS and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of NPC.

• #80 Construction of nomograms for nasopharyngeal carcinoma containing primary tumor size and SEER stage – Yang – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/46267/html

  The SEER database is one of the world’s most recognized authoritative sources of tumor patient follow-up data, but there are some limitations. […] Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that RE was a risk factor compared to L (P0.05), RN was a risk factor compared to L (P0.05), D had the highest risk for OS and CSS, and RE had a higher HR value than RE+RN, which shows that „RE” is associated with a higher risk of death than RE+RN. […] This study was based on SEER data, and multivariate analysis showed that clinical characteristics such as race, histology, SEER stage, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, primary tumor size, and age were related to NPC survival prognosis.

• #81 The Effect of Marital Status on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Survival: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Study

  https://www.jcancer.org/v09p1870.htm

  Purpose: This study examined the role of marital status on survival outcome of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients using a population-based cancer registry. […] Methods: Patients with primary NPC diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 were included using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program. Patient demographic, clinicopathologic features, management, and survival outcomes were compared according to marital status. Cause-specific survival (CSS, NPC-related death) for marital status was analyzed. […] Results: The data of 3018 patients were included, with 61.4%, 11.1%, 21.8, and 5.6% of patients married, divorced (or separated), single, and widowed, respectively. […] The 5-year CSS was 76.1%, 70.8%, 73.4%, and 59.8% in the married, divorced, single, and widowed groups, respectively (p= 0.001). Marital status was the independent prognostic factor for CSS.

• #82 The Effect of Marital Status on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Survival: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Study

  https://www.jcancer.org/v09p1870.htm

  Widowed patients had a significantly increased risk of NPC-related death compared with married (hazard ratio [HR] 2.014, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.477-2.747, p0.001), divorced (HR 1.580, 95% CI 1.087-2.295, p= 0.017), and single (HR 2.000, 95% CI 1.402-2.854, p 0.001) patients. […] Conclusions: Being widowed was associated with an increased the risk of cancer mortality in NPC compared with being married, divorced, or single. […] In this study, we investigated the impact of marital status on survival outcome in NPC patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 based on a population-based cohort. Our results showed that widowed patients had a poor CSS compared with those who were married, divorced, or single. […] The results of our study are consistent with those from previous studies of various cancer sites showing that widowed patients were at increased risk of cancer mortality. […] In conclusion, our results suggest that being widowed increases the risk of NPC mortality, when compared with NPC patients who are married, divorced, or single.

• #83 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Survivors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/after-treatment/follow-up.html

  For some people with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), the end of treatment can be both stressful and exciting. […] People with cancer of the nasopharynx are at risk for the cancer coming back (a recurrence) and developing new cancers in other parts of the body, so they must be watched closely after treatment. […] If you have (or have had) NPC, you probably want to know if there are things you can do that might lower your risk of the cancer growing or coming back, such as exercising, eating a certain type of diet, or taking nutritional supplements. […] Survivors of NPC should follow the American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, stay away from tobacco products, and avoid alcohol. […] After completing treatment for NPC, you should still see your doctor regularly. Your doctor may order tests to look for signs that the cancer has come back or spread.

• #84 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Survivors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/after-treatment/follow-up.html

  People whove had NPC can still get other cancers. In fact, NPC survivors are at higher risk for getting some other types of cancer. […] Cancer survivors can be affected by a number of health problems, but often a major concern is facing cancer again. Cancer that comes back after treatment is called a recurrence. […] These steps may also lower the risk of some other health problems.

• #85 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: What patients should know about – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer-63512

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the United States, affecting only about 1 out of 100,000 people each year. However, it is more common in certain regions, particularly in Southeast Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. In endemic areas like southern China, the incidence can be as high as 20-50 cases per 100,000 people per year. NPC is nearly twice as common among men as it is among women and is diagnosed more often among people over age 50 than it is among younger people. In the U.S., it typically affects people ages 15 to 24 and ages 65 to 79. […] Regular follow-ups with physical exams, nasal endoscopy, and EBV DNA testing are crucial for cancer surveillance. Frequent screening is recommended in the first 2 years post-treatment, every 3-6 months, and annually thereafter. Posttreatment PET-CT scans are often performed to assess response and detect recurrence.

• #86 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Survivors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/after-treatment/follow-up.html

  For some people with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), the end of treatment can be both stressful and exciting. […] People with cancer of the nasopharynx are at risk for the cancer coming back (a recurrence) and developing new cancers in other parts of the body, so they must be watched closely after treatment. […] If you have (or have had) NPC, you probably want to know if there are things you can do that might lower your risk of the cancer growing or coming back, such as exercising, eating a certain type of diet, or taking nutritional supplements. […] Survivors of NPC should follow the American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, stay away from tobacco products, and avoid alcohol. […] After completing treatment for NPC, you should still see your doctor regularly. Your doctor may order tests to look for signs that the cancer has come back or spread.

• #87 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare in the United States. It happens much more often in other parts of the world, mainly Southeast Asia. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] In the United States and in other areas where the disease is rare, there’s no routine screening for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] In places where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is much more common, such as some areas of China, people at high risk of the disease may have screening. Screening may involve blood tests to detect the Epstein-Barr virus.

• #88 A polygenic risk score for nasopharyngeal carcinoma shows potential for risk stratification and personalized screening | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29570-4

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common malignancies in East and Southeast Asia, where 70% of all 129,079 worldwide cases were diagnosed in 2018. In endemic regions, NPC incidence peaks at the age of 40-65 years. Nearly 80% of the NPC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Given the peak occurrence of NPC at a relatively young age and the poor prognosis, NPC contributes prominently to the cancer burden in endemic areas with substantial economic and societal impacts. […] […] However, the insufficient explanatory power of modifiable risk factors has hindered effective primary preventive strategies for NPC. Because fewer than 10% of NPC patients present with stage I disease, when the 5-year overall survival rate is 90% or higher, the emphasis has been on secondary prevention using screening to detect early, asymptomatic disease. Based on the close relationship between NPC and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, the anti-EBV IgA serological test has been recommended by the Chinese Ministry of Health and is widely used as a screening tool in China. According to the current NPC screening strategy, individuals were recommended to be screened by two anti-EBV antibodies (VCA-IgA and EBNA1-IgA) between the ages of 30 and 69 years in NPC endemic areas. The high-risk individuals by the preliminary serological test were further recommended for clinical examinations, such as nasopharyngeal fiberscope, and even a pathological biopsy for additional confirmation when necessary. Our prospective NPC screening study showed that the anti-EBV IgA test could improve early diagnostic rate (79.0% for the screened participants versus 22.4% for the non-screened participants) and decrease NPC mortality (1.8 per 100 000 person-year for the screened participants versus 8.3 per 100,000 person-year for the non-participants). However, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the anti-EBV IgA test was only about 4%. Consequently, 95% of subjects undergo unnecessary clinical examinations following a false-positive screening test, which results in low compliance and screening efficiency. So, it is necessary to find a complementary method to improve the current screening strategy by avoiding unnecessary screening while keeping the power to identify high-risk individuals. […]

• #89 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551785/

  By HDI group, the vast majority of NPC cases and deaths occurred among 37.32% (2,909,468,000/7,794,799,000) of the world population living in high HDI countries, representing 69.85% (93,153/133,354) of new cases and 68.55% (54,850/80,008) of deaths globally. Both ASIRs and ASMRs were the highest in high HDI countries, with the rates being 2.5 and 1.4 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] Our findings show that the projected number of cases and deaths from NPC are expected to increase to 179,476 and 113,851 by 2040 worldwide, respectively, as a result of population growth and aging alone. A 2% annual decrease in global incidence and mortality rates would be needed to halt the increasing NPC burden by 2040. Given the remarkable geographic disparity of NPC burden across world regions and countries, this study highlights the urgent need to formulate more effective primary NPC prevention strategies and prioritize allocation of NPC prevention and treatment resources for high-risk populations to tackle the NPC burden in certain regions and countries.

• #90 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare in the United States. It happens much more often in other parts of the world, mainly Southeast Asia. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] In the United States and in other areas where the disease is rare, there’s no routine screening for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] In places where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is much more common, such as some areas of China, people at high risk of the disease may have screening. Screening may involve blood tests to detect the Epstein-Barr virus.

• #91 Presentation and epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Jordan | The Journal of Laryngology & Otology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-laryngology-and-otology/article/presentation-and-epidemiology-of-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-in-jordan/2A2FCF92D0793E76E952F5FDA3E5703E

  A retrospective study, which highlights some of the aspects of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) as seen in a large hospital for 20 years in Jordan, was performed. Collected data showed that NPC accounted for one per cent of all malignant tumours during the period. The present series showed an age range from six to 89 years old with a mean of 39.5 years. There was a bimodal peak at presentation at 16 to 20 and 46 to 50 years. A high incidence of childhood NPC was also noticed (two per cent of all childhood malignant tumours). The difficulty in early diagnosis urges for better awareness of the tumour especially among general practitioners. The tumour is still detected at an advanced stage with 34 per cent metastasis most frequently to bone. The study stresses the importance of full ENT examination in cases of persistent middle ear disease, recurrent or persistent nasal symptoms or headache, or neck swelling; and routine bone scanning for all cases with NPC. There is a need for prospective studies of the causal relationship of NPC to environmental factors including Epstein-Barr (EB) virus as well as occupational and domestic hazards.

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