Psychiatria
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Zaburzenia psychiczne charakteryzują się złożoną patogenezą obejmującą setki genów i liczne szlaki molekularne, w tym metylację DNA, transkrypcję i składanie RNA, co potwierdza model omnigeniczny genetyki tych schorzeń. Neuroprzekaźniki takie jak dopamina, serotonina i noradrenalina odgrywają kluczową rolę, jednak ich dysfunkcje nie wyczerpują mechanizmów chorobowych, co wskazuje na udział dodatkowych szlaków, m.in. układu immunologicznego (TNF-α), mitochondrialnego oraz mózgowego układu renina-angiotensyna (RAS). Nowe terapie, takie jak zatwierdzony w 2024 roku lek Cobenfy (ksanomelina i chlorek tropium) działający na receptory cholinergiczne, stanowią przełom w leczeniu schizofrenii, oferując alternatywę dla tradycyjnych leków dopaminergicznych. Integracja danych wieloomicznych i sieciowych umożliwia identyfikację nowych celów terapeutycznych oraz biomarkerów, co jest kluczowe dla rozwoju psychiatrii precyzyjnej i poprawy wyników leczenia, zwłaszcza w kontekście oporności na standardowe terapie.

Mechanizmy psychopatologiczne – podstawy teoretyczne

Zaburzenia psychiczne są złożonymi schorzeniami mózgu charakteryzującymi się wysokim stopniem heterogenności genetycznej, dotykającymi miliony ludzi na całym świecie. Pomimo postępów w genetyce psychiatrycznej, podstawowe mechanizmy patogenetyczne tych zaburzeń pozostają w dużej mierze niewyjaśnione, co utrudnia opracowanie nowych racjonalnych terapii1. Dla większości chorób psychicznych koncepcje patogenetyczne, a także paradygmaty leżące u podstaw podejść neuropsychofarmakologicznych, obecnie koncentrują się wokół neuroprzekaźników takich jak dopamina, serotonina i noradrenalina. Jednak skuteczność tych leków jest ograniczona, a wskaźniki nawrotów w chorobach psychicznych są stosunkowo wysokie, co wskazuje na potencjalne zaangażowanie innych szlaków patogenetycznych2.

Badania prowadzone w ostatnich latach wykazały, że patogeneza głównych chorób psychicznych obejmuje setki genów i liczne szlaki poprzez tak fundamentalne procesy jak metylacja DNA, transkrypcja i składanie3. Rosnąca liczba dowodów sugeruje, że genetykę złożonych zaburzeń można postrzegać przez pryzmat omnigeniczny, który polega na kontekstualizacji genów w wysoce połączonych sieciach. Zatem zastosowanie metod integracji wieloomicznej opartej na sieci może rzucić nowe światło na patofizjologię zaburzeń psychicznych4.

Wieloczynnikowy model patogenezy

Zdrowie psychiczne jest kształtowane przez różne czynniki, w tym zmiany neuroprzekaźników, czynniki genetyczne, czynniki środowiskowe, czynniki neurorozwojowe oraz choroby autoimmunologiczne i zapalne5. Złożone interakcje między czynnikami genetycznymi, neurologicznymi, środowiskowymi i psychologicznymi definiują patofizjologię chorób psychicznych6.

Obecnie uważa się, że do patofizjologii objawów psychiatrycznych w zaburzeniach OUN przyczyniają się dysfunkcje wielu obwodów mózgowych, które regulują ich manifestacje7. Różne manifestacje psychopatologiczne, takie jak objawy afektywne, psychotyczne, obsesyjno-kompulsywne i zaburzenia kontroli impulsów, mogą występować w większości zaburzeń ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN), w tym w chorobach neurodegeneracyjnych i neurozapalnych8.

Wspólne mechanizmy patofizjologiczne

Występowanie objawów psychiatrycznych w chorobach neurologicznych może wynikać z różnych przyczyn. Te same szlaki patofizjologiczne leżące u podstaw manifestacji neurologicznych mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju cech psychopatologicznych w zaburzeniach OUN, co silnie sugeruje neurobiologiczny związek między objawami neurologicznymi i psychiatrycznymi9.

Kilka powszechnych chorób psychiatrycznych i neurodegeneracyjnych dzieli ryzyko epidemiologiczne, a badania sugerują, że dzielą one również wspólną podstawę genetyczną i molekularną1011. Stwierdzono, że te główne zaburzenia psychiczne i neurodegeneracyjne mają wspólną podatność genetyczną i patofizjologię. Zidentyfikowano 13 wspólnych białek przyczynowych, 118 oddziałujących białek przyczynowych oraz centralną rolę transmisji synaptycznej, funkcji immunologicznej i procesów mitochondrialnych we wspólnej patogenezie12.

Mechanizmy genetyczne i molekularne

Od czasu ukończenia przełomowego Projektu Genomu Ludzkiego w 2003 roku, badacze odkryli zmiany w setkach części DNA, zwanych wariantami genetycznymi, które są powiązane z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu, schizofrenią i innymi chorobami psychicznymi13. Najnowsze badania na dużą skalę powiązały wiele z tych zmian w DNA z ich molekularnymi skutkami w mózgu, ujawniając po raz pierwszy mechanizmy leżące u podstaw tych chorób14.

Badania genomowe i molekularno-biologiczne wykazały, że patogeneza głównych chorób psychicznych obejmuje setki genów i liczne szlaki poprzez takie fundamentalne procesy jak metylacja DNA, transkrypcja i składanie15. Zbiór danych, stanowiący szczegółowy model molekularnego funkcjonowania ludzkiego mózgu, jest obecnie dostępny dla innych naukowców jako punkt wyjścia do badań nad mechanizmami choroby i potencjalnymi celami leków16.

Model omnigeniczny

Rośnie liczba dowodów sugerujących, że genetykę złożonych zaburzeń można postrzegać przez pryzmat omnigeniczny, który polega na kontekstualizacji genów w wysoce połączonych sieciach17. Model omnigeniczny zakłada, że rzadkie warianty genetyczne są podstawowymi genami w sieci, które mają większy wpływ, odpowiadają za niewielki procent dziedziczności i są bardziej specyficzne dla fenotypu18.

Zdecydowana większość dziedziczności wiąże się z powszechnymi wariantami, które często znajdują się w obszarach niekodujących, których nie można bezpośrednio mapować na sieć genów. Aby połączyć te loci z sieciami molekularnymi w tkankach istotnych dla choroby, genomika funkcjonalna służy jako pomost między genetyką a innymi omikami19.

Integracja wieloomiczna

Podejścia wieloomiczne integrują genetykę, genomikę funkcjonalną, transkryptomikę, proteomikę i epigenetykę20. Integracja i osadzanie danych wielotkankowych i wieloomicznych w architekturach sieciowych oferuje bezprecedensowe spostrzeżenia relacyjne, jednocześnie zakotwiczając je w kontekstach fizjologicznych21.

Wśród niespodzianek w danych jest to, że zmienione poziomy RNA wydają się być powiązane ze zmianami w układzie odpornościowym mózgu u osób z schizofrenią, zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu i zaburzeniem afektywnym dwubiegunowym22. Wreszcie, na podstawie wyników RNA powiązano nowe geny z chorobami: pięć z zaburzeniem ze spektrum autyzmu, 11 z zaburzeniem afektywnym dwubiegunowym i 56 ze schizofrenią23.

Neuroprzekaźniki i układy transmisji

Dopamina (DA) jest głównym neuroprzekaźnikiem monoaminowym w mózgu i pełni istotne role w wyższych funkcjach mózgu. Dysfunkcje przekaźnictwa dopaminergicznego zostały powiązane z różnymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi, takimi jak uzależnienie, zespół nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi (ADHD), choroba Huntingtona, choroba Parkinsona (PD) i schizofrenia24.

Patogeneza PD i schizofrenii obejmuje interakcję między defektem mitochondrialnym a nieprawidłowościami metabolizmu DA. W schizofenii, która ma bardziej złożone i zróżnicowane manifestacje kliniczne w kategoriach objawów pozytywnych, negatywnych i zaburzeń poznawczych, objawy pozytywne przypisuje się hiperdopaminergii podkorowej, podczas gdy hipodopaminergia korowa może przyczyniać się do objawów negatywnych i zaburzeń poznawczych25.

Rola serotoniny i układów monoaminergicznych

Serotonina jest jednym z wielu przekaźników chemicznych w mózgu zwanych neuroprzekaźnikami. Neuroprzekaźniki przenoszą sygnały między komórkami nerwowymi w mózgu, zwanymi neuronami26. Po przeniesieniu sygnału między komórkami mózgowymi serotonina jest zwykle wchłaniana z powrotem do tych komórek, proces ten nazywany jest wychwytem zwrotnym. Selektywne inhibitory wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny (SSRI) blokują ten proces, co zwiększa dostępność serotoniny do przekazywania sygnałów między komórkami mózgowymi27.

Leki przeciwdepresyjne, takie jak selektywne inhibitory wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny (SSRI), mogą łagodzić objawy depresyjne, ale także pozostawiają objawy resztkowe. Mechanizm działania SSRI zwiększa aktywność serotoniny (5-HT), ale zmniejsza aktywność noradrenaliny (NE) i dopaminy (DA)28. Poprzez zaangażowanie dodatkowych celów (np. NE, DA) wraz z 5-HT, klinicyści mogą pomóc pacjentom z objawami resztkowymi i depresją oporną na leczenie29.

Układ renina-angiotensyna w patogenezie

Nowe dowody z badań klinicznych wykazały potencjalną rolę mózgowego układu renina-angiotensyna (RAS) zarówno w zaburzeniach afektywnych, jak i psychotycznych30. Najnowsze ustalenia wskazują na zaangażowanie mózgowego RAS, szczególnie angiotensyny II (Ang II), w neuralną patofizjologię zaburzeń psychicznych poprzez modulację neuroendokrynną i wpływ na uwalnianie neuroprzekaźników, głównie noradrenaliny, acetylocholiny i dopaminy31.

Potencjalne efekty hamowania enzymu konwertującego angiotensynę (ACE) i blokady receptora angiotensyny typu 1 (AT1R) w leczeniu zaburzeń psychicznych są przedmiotem znacznego zainteresowania32. Ta intrygująca możliwość poprawy wyników leczenia farmakologicznego, gdzie stosowanie inhibitorów enzymu konwertującego angiotensynę (ACEI) i blokerów receptora angiotensyny (ARB) wykracza poza kontrolę ciśnienia krwi33.

Rola zapalenia i układu immunologicznego

Istnieją liczne dowody w literaturze wskazujące, że zmiany w układzie immunologicznym, a dokładniej w układzie cytokin, do którego należy również czynnik martwicy nowotworów alfa (TNF-α), są zaangażowane w rozwój chorób neurologicznych o charakterze zapalnym i neurodegeneracyjnym, takich jak stwardnienie rozsiane, choroba Alzheimera i choroba Parkinsona, a także chorób psychicznych, takich jak depresja, schizofrenia i narkolepsja34.

TNF-α może przyczyniać się do patogenezy tych chorób poprzez aktywację osi podwzgórze-przysadka-nadnercza (HPA), aktywację transporterów serotoniny, stymulację indolamino-2,3-dioksygenazy, co prowadzi do wyczerpania tryptofanu, immunologicznie zapośredniczoną śmierć neuronów lub efekty neurotoksyczne poprzez uwalnianie glutaminianu35.

Immuno-psychiatria

Patogeneza zaburzeń nastroju pozostaje w dużej mierze niewyjaśniona. W ciągu ostatnich trzech dekad badania zidentyfikowały kilka mechanizmów immunopatofizjologicznych i potencjalnych immunologicznych predyktorów wyników leczenia zaburzeń nastroju36. Integracja tych danych w model neuro-immunologiczny zaczyna umożliwiać identyfikację jednorodnych podgrup pacjentów, diagnozowanych za pomocą obiektywnych i wymiernych testów, co umożliwia strategie terapeutyczne, które są skuteczniejsze niż regularne, ponieważ opierają się na korygowaniu podstawowych mechanizmów immunologiczno-biologicznych37.

Badania wykazały nieprawidłowości w różnicowaniu komórek T i zapalenie o niskim stopniu w zaburzeniu afektywnym dwubiegunowym oraz u dzieci z ryzykiem rozwoju zaburzenia afektywnego dwubiegunowego38. Korzystne efekty terapii niskimi dawkami IL-2 w depresji jednobiegunowej i dwubiegunowej zostały potwierdzone w badaniach klinicznych, takich jak IL-2REG i DEPIL39.

Mechanizmy zapalne w schizofrenii

Istnieją coraz liczniejsze dowody eksperymentalne i kliniczne dotyczące interakcji między nieprawidłowym metabolizmem DA a defektami mitochondrialnymi w schizofrenii40. Ta interakcja między DA a mitochondriami odgrywa istotną rolę w patogenezie schizofrenii41.

W przeciwieństwie do PD, w której dysfunkcja mitochondrialna i stres oksydacyjny związany z DA prowadzą do utraty neuronów dopaminergicznych w istocie czarnej, pacjenci ze schizofrenią nie wykazują spójnej neuropatologii42. Jednak interakcja między defektami mitochondrialnymi a nieprawidłowym metabolizmem DA w patogenezie schizofrenii została potwierdzona przez obserwację, że leki przeciwpsychotyczne chroniły przed zmianami wywołanymi przez kupryzon lub promowały procesy regeneracji tych zmian u myszy43.

Synaptopatia i neurobiologia objawów psychotycznych

Dysfunkcja synaptyczna może być postrzegana jako wspólne zdarzenie końcowe w strefie granicznej między neurologią a psychiatrią44. Potencjalna rola synaptoppatii o podłożu immunologicznym w rozwoju objawów psychiatrycznych w zaburzeniach OUN została niedawno udokumentowana45.

W niektórych przypadkach objawy psychiatryczne mogą stanowić wczesny wyraz mechanizmów patofizjologicznych, które przyczyniają się również do wystąpienia manifestacji neurologicznych4647.

Badania nad neurobiologicznym mechanizmem halucynacji i urojeń

Badacze Kenneth Wengler i Guillermo Horga znaleźli dowody na potencjalny neurobiologiczny mechanizm halucynacji i urojeń, który pasuje do hierarchicznego modelu psychozy i może wyjaśnić ich prezentację kliniczną48. Badali oni neurobiologiczne mechanizmy dwóch objawów schizofrenii: halucynacji i urojeń, które tworzą zespół psychozy49.

Wyniki sugerują, że objawy te mogą mieć wspólny mechanizm neurobiologiczny, jednocześnie zależąc od szlaków specyficznych dla objawów50. Hierarchiczny model psychozy przedstawia halucynacje jako wynik dysfunkcji na niższych poziomach hierarchii, a urojenia jako wynik dysfunkcji na wyższych poziomach hierarchii51.

Wspólny mechanizm neurobiologiczny dla obu objawów może prowadzić do zwiększonych skal czasowych neuronalnych, ale szlaki specyficzne dla objawów to poziom hierarchii, na którym skale czasowe neuronalne są zwiększone52.

Psychoza jako adaptacyjny mechanizm ewolucyjny

Objawy psychotyczne mogą być postrzegane nie jako choroba, ale jako zjawisko adaptacyjne, które może wymknąć się spod kontroli z powodu różnych podstawowych wrażliwości mózgu i stresorów zewnętrznych, prowadząc do wykluczenia społecznego53. Objawy psychotyczne można wyjaśnić jako naturalny mechanizm obronny lub reakcję ochronną na stresujące środowisko54.

Gdy ta naturalna odpowiedź na nowe środowisko staje się zbyt ekstremalna lub wymyka się spod kontroli, przestaje być funkcjonalna55. Systemem kontrolującym lub hamującym psychozę może być zdolność i szybkość adaptacji do nowego środowiska56.

Psychoza, jako normalne zjawisko, może stać się problematyczna, gdy wyższe funkcje poznawcze, takie jak funkcje wykonawcze, kompetencje społeczne, świadomość/autorefleksja i/lub myślenie abstrakcyjne, nie są solidnie rozwinięte, prowadząc do trudności w adaptacji, gdy ktoś znajduje się w sytuacji bycia społecznym outsiderem57.

Nowe podejścia terapeutyczne

Przypadkowe odkrycia chlorpromazyny, imipraminy i litu jako skutecznych leków odpowiednio na schizofrenię, depresję i zaburzenie afektywne dwubiegunowe zrewolucjonizowały psychiatrię na początku lat 50. XX wieku58. Chociaż te nowe leki przyniosły cudowne wyniki w porównaniu z wcześniejszymi metodami leczenia, ich niedoskonałości skłoniły do badań nad opracowaniem nowych wariantów o lepszej skuteczności i poprawionych profilach działań niepożądanych59.

W 2017 roku znaczna liczba pacjentów wykazuje jedynie częściową lub nawet brak odpowiedzi na leczenie pierwszego lub drugiego rzutu w przypadku różnych zaburzeń psychicznych60. Istnieje zatem pilna potrzeba opracowania nowych strategii leczenia, które fundamentalnie poprawią życie pacjentów61.

Nowe mechanizmy działania leków

W maju 2024 roku Amerykańska Agencja ds. Żywności i Leków (FDA) zatwierdziła kapsułki Cobenfy (ksanomelina i chlorek tropium) do stosowania doustnego w leczeniu schizofrenii u dorosłych. Jest to pierwszy lek przeciwpsychotyczny zatwierdzony do leczenia schizofrenii, który działa na receptory cholinergiczne, a nie na receptory dopaminowe, które od dawna stanowią standard opieki62.

Ten lek wprowadza pierwsze nowe podejście do leczenia schizofrenii od dziesięcioleci. To zatwierdzenie oferuje nową alternatywę dla leków przeciwpsychotycznych, które wcześniej przepisywano osobom ze schizofrenią63. Skuteczność Cobenfy w leczeniu schizofrenii u dorosłych oceniano w dwóch badaniach o identycznych projektach. W obu badaniach uczestnicy, którzy otrzymali Cobenfy, doświadczyli znacznego zmniejszenia objawów od wartości wyjściowej do tygodnia 5, mierzonego za pomocą całkowitego wyniku PANSS w porównaniu z grupą placebo64.

Terapie spersonalizowane i integracja wielodyscyplinarna

Psychiatria zbiegnościowa (Convergence Psychiatry) dostarcza historycznej okazji do prowadzenia nowej ery innowacji i postępu, prowadząc do poprawy wyników dla wszystkich ludzi i przygotowując psychiatrię do sprostania bezprecedensowym wyzwaniom związanym ze zdrowiem psychicznym w XXI wieku65.

Psychiatria zbiegnościowa jest podejściem do rozwiązywania problemów, które przekracza granice dyscyplinarne. Integruje ona wiedzę, narzędzia i strategie myślowe z różnych dziedzin w celu rozwiązywania wyzwań, które istnieją na styku wielu dziedzin66.

Leki psychotropowe wpływają również na układ TNF-α. Podczas leczenia psychofarmakologicznego schizofrenii niektóre leki przeciwpsychotyczne mogą działać na metabolizm neuroprzekaźników poprzez indukcję prozapalnego układu cytokin67.

We Francji nowy program badawczy PROPSY ma na celu przekształcenie psychiatrii. Skupiając się na najbardziej upośledzających zaburzeniach psychiatrycznych (bipolarność, uporczywa depresja, autyzm i schizofrenia), PROPSY opiera się na psychiatrii precyzyjnej, aby zrewolucjonizować diagnostykę i opiekę nad pacjentami68.

Działania niepożądane terapii psychiatrycznych

Chociaż większość leków przeciwdepresyjnych jest generalnie bezpieczna, FDA wymaga, aby wszystkie leki przeciwdepresyjne zawierały ostrzeżenia w ramkach, najsurowsze ostrzeżenia dotyczące recept. W niektórych przypadkach u dzieci, nastolatków i młodych dorosłych poniżej 25. roku życia może nastąpić wzrost myśli lub zachowań samobójczych podczas przyjmowania leków przeciwdepresyjnych. Jest to bardziej prawdopodobne w pierwszych kilku tygodniach po rozpoczęciu leczenia lub po zmianie dawki69.

SSRI mogą również zwiększać ryzyko krwawienia. Ryzyko jest wyższe, gdy jednocześnie przyjmujesz inne leki, które zwiększają ryzyko krwawienia, na przykład niesteroidowy lek przeciwzapalny, taki jak aspiryna lub ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB i inne), lub warfaryna (Jantoven) i inne leki przeciwzakrzepowe70.

Rzadko lek przeciwdepresyjny może powodować gromadzenie się wysokich poziomów serotoniny w organizmie. Zespół serotoninowy najczęściej występuje, gdy dwa leki, które podnoszą poziom serotoniny, są połączone. Należą do nich na przykład inne leki przeciwdepresyjne, niektóre leki przeciwbólowe lub przeciw migrenie oraz suplement ziołowy dziurawiec71.

Syndrom odstawienia

SSRI nie uzależniają. Jednak nagłe przerwanie leczenia przeciwdepresyjnego lub pominięcie kilku dawek może powodować objawy podobne do odstawienia. Jest to czasami nazywane zespołem odstawienia72.

Poszukiwanie nowych terapii oraz zrozumienie mechanizmów działania obecnych leków przeciwdepresyjnych jest kluczowe dla poprawy skuteczności leczenia. Klinicyści, którzy rozumieją mechanizm działania leków przeciwdepresyjnych, mogą w razie potrzeby zmieniać lub łączyć środki, aby pomóc pacjentom osiągnąć całkowitą remisję73.

Środki o podwójnym działaniu i strategie kombinacyjne mogą być stosowane w celu leczenia określonych objawów lub blokowania/aktywacji określonych receptorów w celu uzyskania szerszych korzyści terapeutycznych74.

Badania biomarkerów w psychiatrii

Leki przeciwpsychotyczne są kluczowe dla łagodzenia objawów schizofrenii (SCZ). Jednak odpowiedzi na leczenie różnią się w zależności od osób, a obecnie istnieje niewiele wiarygodnych biomarkerów do przewidywania wyniku klinicznego75.

Dysregulacja metabolizmu lipidów, szczególnie w fosfolipidach, sfingolipidach i kwasach tłuszczowych, została powiązana z mechanizmami patofizjologicznymi SCZ76. Badania wskazują, że dysregulacja lipidów może wynikać z nieprawidłowego katabolizmu fosfolipidów błonowych i odpowiedzi zapalnych, które mogą być częściowo odwrócone przez interwencję terapeutyczną77.

Rola lipidów jako biomarkerów

Badacze zidentyfikowali zestaw trzech potencjalnych biomarkerów lipidowych na podstawie regresji logistycznej w celu odróżnienia osób reagujących od niereagujących z wysoką dokładnością78. Ustalenia te łącznie podkreślają potencjalną rolę PE w leczeniu SCZ z różnych perspektyw79.

Potencjalną przyczyną tych nieprawidłowości mogą być transportery fosfolipidów błonowych lub enzymy degradacyjne zaangażowane w metabolizm fosfolipidów, prowadzące do zmienionej dystrybucji fosfolipidów80. Chociaż dokładny mechanizm, w którym podwyższone poziomy TG poprawiają odpowiedź na leki, nie jest w pełni zrozumiały, badania sugerują, że lipidy w surowicy mogą wpływać na wyniki leczenia, zmieniając farmakokinetykę leków przeciwpsychotycznych81.

Badania nad rolą witaminy A

Zespół badawczy z Newcastle bada rolę witaminy A w patogenezie zaburzeń psychicznych82. Profesor Murray Cairns z Uniwersytetu w Newcastle i Instytutu Badań Medycznych Huntera powiedział, że ​​uważa się, że łączność między neuronami w mózgu jest zmieniona u osób z schizofrenią i innymi chorobami psychicznymi83.

„Nasze wcześniejsze badania sugerują, że może to mieć związek z poziomami witaminy A lub retinolu, które jak wiadomo odgrywają ważną rolę w różnicowaniu, dojrzewaniu i funkcji synaptycznej komórek mózgowych”84. „Korzystając z tego podejścia, możemy potwierdzić znaczenie retinolu w zapaleniu, lipidach osocza, otyłości, widzeniu, mikrobiomie, strukturze/łączności mózgu, astmie, POChP i kilku innych cechach”85.

Oś jelito-mózg w zaburzeniach psychicznych

Zaburzenia psychiczne mogą znacznie pogarszać jakość życia pacjentów i są ważnymi przyczynami niepełnosprawności społecznej. Wiele danych wykazało, że zaburzenia psychiczne są związane ze zmienionym składem mikrobioty jelitowej86.

Spożycie pokarmów może determinować mikrobiotę, która przyczynia się do produkcji różnych metabolitów fermentacji, takich jak krótkołańcuchowe kwasy tłuszczowe. Niektóre z metabolitów mogą powodować zmiany epigenetyczne prowadzące do podatności na choroby87.

Rola mikrobioty jelitowej

Mikrobiota jelitowa może przyczyniać się do korzystnej produkcji SCFA, ROS i D-aminokwasów, które mogą działać przeciwko postępowi zaburzeń psychicznych88. Kilka badań wykazało, że mikrobiom jelitowy może wpływać na funkcję ośrodkowego układu nerwowego89.

Ponadto udowodniono, że zmiany w składzie mikrobioty jelitowej mogą wpływać na dwukierunkową komunikację między jelitem a mózgiem90. Podobnie, dowody wykazujące związek między zaburzeniami psychicznymi a mikrobiotą jelitową pochodzą z badań przedklinicznych91.

Jasne jest, że między gospodarzem a mikrobem może istnieć złożony związek symbiotyczny, chociaż praktyczne znaczenie mikrobioty jelitowej nie zostało jeszcze określone92.

Neuroneuropsychiatria jako nowa dziedzina

Neuropsychiatria to gałąź medycyny, która zajmuje się psychiatrią w odniesieniu do neurologii, w celu zrozumienia i przypisania zachowania interakcji między neurobiologią a czynnikami psychologii społecznej93.

W neuropsychiatrii umysł jest uważany „za właściwość emergentną mózgu”, podczas gdy inne specjalności behawioralne i neurologiczne mogą rozważać te dwa jako odrębne jednostki94. Dowody z ostatniego stulecia badań pokazały, że nasze życie psychiczne ma swoje korzenie w mózgu95.

Integracja neurologii i psychiatrii

Mózg i umysł nie są odrębnymi jednostkami, ale po prostu różnymi sposobami patrzenia na ten sam system96. Podejście to argumentuje, że to zwiększone zrozumienie etiologii doprowadzi do lepszych strategii naprawy i rehabilitacji dzięki zrozumieniu różnych poziomów w procesie przyczynowym, na których można interweniować97.

Zrozumienie zaburzeń psychicznych musi mieć nie tylko szczegółową wiedzę o składnikach mózgu i genetyce (wewnątrz skóry), ale także o kontekście (na zewnątrz skóry), w którym te części działają98.

Podsumowując, argumentuje się, że pacjenci zarówno z tradycyjnych oddziałów psychiatrycznych, jak i neurologicznych zobaczą poprawę swojej opieki po ponownym połączeniu specjalizacji99.

Kolejne badania w dziedzinie neuropsychiatrii mają potencjał do zrewolucjonizowania naszego zrozumienia i leczenia zaburzeń psychicznych, a tym samym do poprawy jakości życia milionów ludzi na całym świecie.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Unveiling the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders Using Network Models
    https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3g03w65s
    Psychiatric disorders are complex brain disorders with a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, affecting millions of people worldwide. […] Despite advances in psychiatric genetics, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders are still largely elusive, which impedes the development of novel rational therapies. […] There has been accumulating evidence suggesting that the genetics of complex disorders can be viewed through an omnigenic lens, which involves contextualizing genes in highly interconnected networks. […] Thus, applying network-based multi-omics integration methods could cast new light on the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. […] We then present an overview of network methodologies and review previous applications of network methods in the study of psychiatric disorders. […] Lastly, we describe the potential of such methodologies within a multi-tissue, multi-omics approach, and summarize the future directions in adopting diverse network approaches.
  • #2 Molecular mechanisms of psychiatric diseases – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33080337/
    For most psychiatric diseases, pathogenetic concepts as well as paradigms underlying neuropsychopharmacologic approaches currently revolve around neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. […] the effectiveness of these medications is limited, and relapse rates in psychiatric diseases are relatively high, indicating potential involvement of other pathogenetic pathways. […] recent high-throughput studies in genetics and molecular biology have shown that pathogenesis of major psychiatric illnesses involves hundreds of genes and numerous pathways via such fundamental processes as DNA methylation, transcription, and splicing. […] Current review summarizes these and other molecular mechanisms of such psychiatric illnesses as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and alcohol use disorder and suggests a conceptual framework for future studies.
  • #3 Molecular mechanisms of psychiatric diseases – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33080337/
    For most psychiatric diseases, pathogenetic concepts as well as paradigms underlying neuropsychopharmacologic approaches currently revolve around neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. […] the effectiveness of these medications is limited, and relapse rates in psychiatric diseases are relatively high, indicating potential involvement of other pathogenetic pathways. […] recent high-throughput studies in genetics and molecular biology have shown that pathogenesis of major psychiatric illnesses involves hundreds of genes and numerous pathways via such fundamental processes as DNA methylation, transcription, and splicing. […] Current review summarizes these and other molecular mechanisms of such psychiatric illnesses as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and alcohol use disorder and suggests a conceptual framework for future studies.
  • #4 Unveiling the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders Using Network Models
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/7/1101
    Psychiatric disorders are complex brain disorders with a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite advances in psychiatric genetics, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders are still largely elusive, which impedes the development of novel rational therapies. […] There has been accumulating evidence suggesting that the genetics of complex disorders can be viewed through an omnigenic lens, which involves contextualizing genes in highly interconnected networks. Thus, applying network-based multi-omics integration methods could cast new light on the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. […] In this review, we first provide an overview of the recent advances in psychiatric genetics and highlight gaps in translating molecular associations into mechanistic insights.
  • #5 Frontiers | Computational Research to Shed Light on the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric and Mental Health Disorders
    https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/56248/computational-research-to-shed-light-on-the-pathogenesis-of-psychiatric-and-mental-health-disordersundefined
    Mental health is affected by various factors, including neurotransmitter changes, genetic factors, environmental factors, neurodevelopmental factors, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. […] Based on the above multi-source data and multi-modal analysis, various calculation methods play an essential role in the judgment of mental health and provide a solution further to explore the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and mental health. […] This research topic aims to explore mental abnormalities and their pathogenesis through the computational method. […] Mining and analyzing the application of computing means will further deepen the understanding of the pathogenesis of psychosis. […] Research on psychological health and psychiatric disorders based on deep learning; […] Research on mental disorder mechanisms based on single-cell technology.
  • #6
    https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/pathogenesis-and-treatment-of-psychiatric-disorders-26882.html
    Psychiatric diseases, which include illnesses like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety, among many others, pose a serious threat to global health. The pathophysiology of these ailments is complex and not entirely understood despite decades of research and clinical breakthroughs. Complex interactions among genetic, neurological, environmental, and psychological factors define the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. […] Emerging research emphasises the contributions of polygenic risk and epigenetic changes in addition to the significant influence played by hereditary predisposition. Various illnesses have been linked neurobiological to abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, brain circuitry, and neuroinflammatory processes. […] The specific etiological mechanisms underlying psychiatric diseases are still being investigated, with an emphasis on genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors.
  • #7 Insights into the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Symptoms in Central Nervous System Disorders: Implications for Early and Differential Diagnosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8123079/
    Different psychopathological manifestations, such as affective, psychotic, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and impulse control disturbances, may occur in most central nervous system (CNS) disorders including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. […] The occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in neurological diseases may underpin different causes. […] In addition, the same pathophysiological pathways underlying neurological manifestations can contribute to the development of psychopathological features in CNS disorders, strongly suggesting a neurobiological link between neurological and psychiatric symptoms. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms related to psychiatric symptoms in CNS diseases at neuronal and synaptic levels will be also presented. […] Multiple brain circuits dysfunctions are thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric symptoms in CNS disorders, and to regulate their manifestations.
  • #8 Insights into the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Symptoms in Central Nervous System Disorders: Implications for Early and Differential Diagnosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8123079/
    Different psychopathological manifestations, such as affective, psychotic, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and impulse control disturbances, may occur in most central nervous system (CNS) disorders including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. […] The occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in neurological diseases may underpin different causes. […] In addition, the same pathophysiological pathways underlying neurological manifestations can contribute to the development of psychopathological features in CNS disorders, strongly suggesting a neurobiological link between neurological and psychiatric symptoms. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms related to psychiatric symptoms in CNS diseases at neuronal and synaptic levels will be also presented. […] Multiple brain circuits dysfunctions are thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric symptoms in CNS disorders, and to regulate their manifestations.
  • #9 Insights into the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Symptoms in Central Nervous System Disorders: Implications for Early and Differential Diagnosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8123079/
    Different psychopathological manifestations, such as affective, psychotic, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and impulse control disturbances, may occur in most central nervous system (CNS) disorders including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. […] The occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in neurological diseases may underpin different causes. […] In addition, the same pathophysiological pathways underlying neurological manifestations can contribute to the development of psychopathological features in CNS disorders, strongly suggesting a neurobiological link between neurological and psychiatric symptoms. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms related to psychiatric symptoms in CNS diseases at neuronal and synaptic levels will be also presented. […] Multiple brain circuits dysfunctions are thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric symptoms in CNS disorders, and to regulate their manifestations.
  • #10 Shared mechanisms across the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases | Nature Communications
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31873-5
    Several common psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases share epidemiologic risk; however, whether they share pathophysiology is unclear and is the focus of our investigation. […] Together, our findings suggest these psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases have shared genetic and molecular pathophysiology, which has important ramifications for early treatment and therapeutic development. […] Insights into mechanisms shared among these psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases could fuel the development of novel, effective therapeutics for both the psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases and for the psychiatric symptoms that arise during the course of the neurodegenerative diseases. […] Given these connections, we hypothesized that there is a shared genetic and molecular basis among these psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • #11 Shared mechanisms across the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases | Nature Communications
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31873-5
    Our findings implicated several distinct and shared causal brain proteins and elucidated potential shared mechanisms among these psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, paving the way for precision medicine and therapeutic development. […] These novel findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the psychiatric disorders share a common genetic basis with neurodegenerative diseases. […] This striking percentage of shared causal proteins is supportive of the hypothesis of a shared genetic and molecular basis between the psychiatric and neurodegenerative groups. […] Together, these shared causal proteins underscore a shared genetic susceptibility among the psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. […] Our study has several strengths. First, we used the largest set of deep human brain proteomes to maximize the number of heritable proteins to be included in the PWAS, enabling examination of more proteins.
  • #12 Shared mechanisms across the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases | Nature Communications
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31873-5
    In summary, we demonstrated here that the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases have shared genetic susceptibility and pathophysiology and identified 13 shared causal proteins, 118 interacting causal proteins, and the central role of synaptic transmission, immune function, and mitochondrial processes in the shared pathogenesis.
  • #13 Scientists discover genetic ‘missing links’ underlying mechanism of psychiatric diseases | UCLA
    https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/genetic-missing-links-underlying-psychiatric-diseases
    Since the completion of the groundbreaking Human Genome Project in 2003, researchers have discovered changes to hundreds of parts of DNA, called genetic variants, that are associated with autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia and other psychiatric diseases. […] Now, a new, large-scale study has linked many of those changes in DNA to their molecular effects in the brain, revealing for the first time mechanisms behind those diseases. […] This work provides several missing links necessary for understanding the mechanisms of psychiatric diseases, said Dr. Daniel Geschwind, a senior author of two of the papers, and the Gordon and Virginia MacDonald Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. […] In one of the new papers, Geschwind and collaborators write that the new data helps explain the roles of tens of thousands of sections of regulatory DNA in affecting RNA and proteins in the brain.
  • #14 Scientists discover genetic ‘missing links’ underlying mechanism of psychiatric diseases | UCLA
    https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/genetic-missing-links-underlying-psychiatric-diseases
    Since the completion of the groundbreaking Human Genome Project in 2003, researchers have discovered changes to hundreds of parts of DNA, called genetic variants, that are associated with autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia and other psychiatric diseases. […] Now, a new, large-scale study has linked many of those changes in DNA to their molecular effects in the brain, revealing for the first time mechanisms behind those diseases. […] This work provides several missing links necessary for understanding the mechanisms of psychiatric diseases, said Dr. Daniel Geschwind, a senior author of two of the papers, and the Gordon and Virginia MacDonald Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. […] In one of the new papers, Geschwind and collaborators write that the new data helps explain the roles of tens of thousands of sections of regulatory DNA in affecting RNA and proteins in the brain.
  • #15 Molecular mechanisms of psychiatric diseases – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33080337/
    For most psychiatric diseases, pathogenetic concepts as well as paradigms underlying neuropsychopharmacologic approaches currently revolve around neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. […] the effectiveness of these medications is limited, and relapse rates in psychiatric diseases are relatively high, indicating potential involvement of other pathogenetic pathways. […] recent high-throughput studies in genetics and molecular biology have shown that pathogenesis of major psychiatric illnesses involves hundreds of genes and numerous pathways via such fundamental processes as DNA methylation, transcription, and splicing. […] Current review summarizes these and other molecular mechanisms of such psychiatric illnesses as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and alcohol use disorder and suggests a conceptual framework for future studies.
  • #16 Scientists discover genetic ‘missing links’ underlying mechanism of psychiatric diseases | UCLA
    https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/genetic-missing-links-underlying-psychiatric-diseases
    The data set essentially a detailed model of the molecular workings of the human brain is now available to other scientists as a starting point for research on the mechanisms of disease and potential drug targets. […] But weve now shown that if you look finely at patterns of how genes are expressed, you see pathways [the communication paths that neurons travel] that are clearly dysregulated. […] Among the surprises in the data is that altered levels of RNA appear to be linked to changes in the brains immune system in people with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. […] Finally, new genes were implicated in the diseases based on the RNA results; five were linked to autism spectrum disorder, 11 to bipolar disorder, and 56 to schizophrenia. […] The ability to compile together 2,000 brains has been revolutionary in terms of revealing new genetic mechanisms, but it also points to how much we dont know.
  • #17 Unveiling the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders Using Network Models
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/7/1101
    Psychiatric disorders are complex brain disorders with a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite advances in psychiatric genetics, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders are still largely elusive, which impedes the development of novel rational therapies. […] There has been accumulating evidence suggesting that the genetics of complex disorders can be viewed through an omnigenic lens, which involves contextualizing genes in highly interconnected networks. Thus, applying network-based multi-omics integration methods could cast new light on the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. […] In this review, we first provide an overview of the recent advances in psychiatric genetics and highlight gaps in translating molecular associations into mechanistic insights.
  • #18 Unveiling the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders Using Network Models
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/7/1101
    We will present advances in multi-omics approaches and network methodologies that could address these challenges in the context of an omnigenic model. […] The assumption that rare variants are core genes in the network, which have larger effect sizes, account for a small percent of heritability, and are more phenotype-specific, is supported by existing studies. […] Thus, we believe that the omnigenic model is superior in reflecting the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of complex psychiatric disorders. […] Integrating and embedding multi-tissue, multi-omics data into network architectures offers unprecedented relational insights while anchored to physiologic contexts. […] Multi-omics approaches integrate genetics, functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenetics. […] The vast majority of heritability involves common variants that are often in non-coding areas, which cannot be directly mapped onto a gene network.
  • #19 Unveiling the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders Using Network Models
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/7/1101
    To connect these loci with molecular networks in disease-relevant tissues, functional genomics serves as a bridge between genetics and other omics. […] Integrating these network approaches may reveal hidden pathogenic mechanisms by capturing underappreciated information from the data. […] We recommend the adoption of diverse types of network approaches in each study to derive comprehensive molecular insights.
  • #20 Unveiling the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders Using Network Models
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/7/1101
    We will present advances in multi-omics approaches and network methodologies that could address these challenges in the context of an omnigenic model. […] The assumption that rare variants are core genes in the network, which have larger effect sizes, account for a small percent of heritability, and are more phenotype-specific, is supported by existing studies. […] Thus, we believe that the omnigenic model is superior in reflecting the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of complex psychiatric disorders. […] Integrating and embedding multi-tissue, multi-omics data into network architectures offers unprecedented relational insights while anchored to physiologic contexts. […] Multi-omics approaches integrate genetics, functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenetics. […] The vast majority of heritability involves common variants that are often in non-coding areas, which cannot be directly mapped onto a gene network.
  • #21 Unveiling the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders Using Network Models
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/7/1101
    We will present advances in multi-omics approaches and network methodologies that could address these challenges in the context of an omnigenic model. […] The assumption that rare variants are core genes in the network, which have larger effect sizes, account for a small percent of heritability, and are more phenotype-specific, is supported by existing studies. […] Thus, we believe that the omnigenic model is superior in reflecting the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of complex psychiatric disorders. […] Integrating and embedding multi-tissue, multi-omics data into network architectures offers unprecedented relational insights while anchored to physiologic contexts. […] Multi-omics approaches integrate genetics, functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenetics. […] The vast majority of heritability involves common variants that are often in non-coding areas, which cannot be directly mapped onto a gene network.
  • #22 Scientists discover genetic ‘missing links’ underlying mechanism of psychiatric diseases | UCLA
    https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/genetic-missing-links-underlying-psychiatric-diseases
    The data set essentially a detailed model of the molecular workings of the human brain is now available to other scientists as a starting point for research on the mechanisms of disease and potential drug targets. […] But weve now shown that if you look finely at patterns of how genes are expressed, you see pathways [the communication paths that neurons travel] that are clearly dysregulated. […] Among the surprises in the data is that altered levels of RNA appear to be linked to changes in the brains immune system in people with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. […] Finally, new genes were implicated in the diseases based on the RNA results; five were linked to autism spectrum disorder, 11 to bipolar disorder, and 56 to schizophrenia. […] The ability to compile together 2,000 brains has been revolutionary in terms of revealing new genetic mechanisms, but it also points to how much we dont know.
  • #23 Scientists discover genetic ‘missing links’ underlying mechanism of psychiatric diseases | UCLA
    https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/genetic-missing-links-underlying-psychiatric-diseases
    The data set essentially a detailed model of the molecular workings of the human brain is now available to other scientists as a starting point for research on the mechanisms of disease and potential drug targets. […] But weve now shown that if you look finely at patterns of how genes are expressed, you see pathways [the communication paths that neurons travel] that are clearly dysregulated. […] Among the surprises in the data is that altered levels of RNA appear to be linked to changes in the brains immune system in people with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. […] Finally, new genes were implicated in the diseases based on the RNA results; five were linked to autism spectrum disorder, 11 to bipolar disorder, and 56 to schizophrenia. […] The ability to compile together 2,000 brains has been revolutionary in terms of revealing new genetic mechanisms, but it also points to how much we dont know.
  • #24 The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-02233-0
    Dopamine (DA) is a major monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain and has essential roles in higher functions of the brain. Malfunctions of dopaminergic signaling have been implicated in various mental disorders such as addiction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease (PD), and schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of PD and schizophrenia involves the interplay of mitochondrial defect and DA metabolism abnormalities. […] There is increasing experimental and clinical evidence for interactions between abnormal DA metabolism and mitochondrial defects in schizophrenia, which has more complex and diverse clinical manifestations in categories of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. […] Of these clinical symptoms, positive symptoms are attributed to subcortical hyperdopaminergia whereas cortical hypodopaminergic may contribute to negative symptoms and cognitive impairment.
  • #25 The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-02233-0
    Dopamine (DA) is a major monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain and has essential roles in higher functions of the brain. Malfunctions of dopaminergic signaling have been implicated in various mental disorders such as addiction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease (PD), and schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of PD and schizophrenia involves the interplay of mitochondrial defect and DA metabolism abnormalities. […] There is increasing experimental and clinical evidence for interactions between abnormal DA metabolism and mitochondrial defects in schizophrenia, which has more complex and diverse clinical manifestations in categories of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. […] Of these clinical symptoms, positive symptoms are attributed to subcortical hyperdopaminergia whereas cortical hypodopaminergic may contribute to negative symptoms and cognitive impairment.
  • #26 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825
    Serotonin is one of many chemical messengers in the brain called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters carry signals between nerve cells in the brain, called neurons. […] After carrying a signal between brain cells, serotonin usually is taken back into those cells, a process called reuptake. But SSRIs block this process. Blocking reuptake makes more serotonin available to help pass messages between brain cells. SSRIs are called selective because they mainly affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters. […] SSRIs may be used to treat conditions other than depression, such as anxiety disorders. […] If one SSRI doesn’t work well for you, a different one may work better. This is because SSRIs differ in how well they block serotonin reuptake and in how quickly they break down and are cleared from the body.
  • #27 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825
    Serotonin is one of many chemical messengers in the brain called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters carry signals between nerve cells in the brain, called neurons. […] After carrying a signal between brain cells, serotonin usually is taken back into those cells, a process called reuptake. But SSRIs block this process. Blocking reuptake makes more serotonin available to help pass messages between brain cells. SSRIs are called selective because they mainly affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters. […] SSRIs may be used to treat conditions other than depression, such as anxiety disorders. […] If one SSRI doesn’t work well for you, a different one may work better. This is because SSRIs differ in how well they block serotonin reuptake and in how quickly they break down and are cleared from the body.
  • #28 Neurobiology of Depression and Mechanism of Action of Depression Treatments
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/neurobiology-depression-mechanism-action-depression/
    Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may alleviate depressive symptoms but also leave residual symptoms. The mechanism of action of SSRIs increases serotonin (5-HT) activity but decreases norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) activity. […] By engaging additional targets (eg, NE, DA) along with 5-HT, clinicians may help patients with residual symptoms and treatment-resistant depression. Dual-acting agents and combination strategies can be used to target specific symptoms or block/activate specific receptors for broader therapeutic benefits. […] Clinicians who understand the mechanism of action of antidepressants can switch or combine agents as needed to help patients achieve complete remission. […] What Are the Mechanisms of Action of Current Antidepressant Treatments?
  • #29 Neurobiology of Depression and Mechanism of Action of Depression Treatments
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/neurobiology-depression-mechanism-action-depression/
    Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may alleviate depressive symptoms but also leave residual symptoms. The mechanism of action of SSRIs increases serotonin (5-HT) activity but decreases norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) activity. […] By engaging additional targets (eg, NE, DA) along with 5-HT, clinicians may help patients with residual symptoms and treatment-resistant depression. Dual-acting agents and combination strategies can be used to target specific symptoms or block/activate specific receptors for broader therapeutic benefits. […] Clinicians who understand the mechanism of action of antidepressants can switch or combine agents as needed to help patients achieve complete remission. […] What Are the Mechanisms of Action of Current Antidepressant Treatments?
  • #30 Thieme E-Journals – Pharmacopsychiatry / Abstract
    https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-112345
    Retreat in psychiatric drug development results in innovative medication decline that might be at least partially overcome by adjunct therapy. […] New evidence from clinical studies has shown a possible role for brain Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in both affective and psychotic disorders. […] Recent findings implicate brain RAS, especially Angiotensin II (Ang II), in neural pathophysiology of mental disorders through neuroendocrine modulation and effects on neurotransmitter release, mostly noradrenaline, acetylcholine and dopamine. […] The potential effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibition and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade on treatment of mental disorders are a matter of considerable interest. […] This review describes involvement of brain RAS in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and an intriguing possibilities of improvement in pharmacological treatment outcome, where using angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB), goes beyond blood pressure control.
  • #31 Thieme E-Journals – Pharmacopsychiatry / Abstract
    https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-112345
    Retreat in psychiatric drug development results in innovative medication decline that might be at least partially overcome by adjunct therapy. […] New evidence from clinical studies has shown a possible role for brain Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in both affective and psychotic disorders. […] Recent findings implicate brain RAS, especially Angiotensin II (Ang II), in neural pathophysiology of mental disorders through neuroendocrine modulation and effects on neurotransmitter release, mostly noradrenaline, acetylcholine and dopamine. […] The potential effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibition and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade on treatment of mental disorders are a matter of considerable interest. […] This review describes involvement of brain RAS in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and an intriguing possibilities of improvement in pharmacological treatment outcome, where using angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB), goes beyond blood pressure control.
  • #32 Thieme E-Journals – Pharmacopsychiatry / Abstract
    https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-112345
    Retreat in psychiatric drug development results in innovative medication decline that might be at least partially overcome by adjunct therapy. […] New evidence from clinical studies has shown a possible role for brain Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in both affective and psychotic disorders. […] Recent findings implicate brain RAS, especially Angiotensin II (Ang II), in neural pathophysiology of mental disorders through neuroendocrine modulation and effects on neurotransmitter release, mostly noradrenaline, acetylcholine and dopamine. […] The potential effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibition and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade on treatment of mental disorders are a matter of considerable interest. […] This review describes involvement of brain RAS in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and an intriguing possibilities of improvement in pharmacological treatment outcome, where using angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB), goes beyond blood pressure control.
  • #33 Thieme E-Journals – Pharmacopsychiatry / Abstract
    https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-112345
    Retreat in psychiatric drug development results in innovative medication decline that might be at least partially overcome by adjunct therapy. […] New evidence from clinical studies has shown a possible role for brain Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in both affective and psychotic disorders. […] Recent findings implicate brain RAS, especially Angiotensin II (Ang II), in neural pathophysiology of mental disorders through neuroendocrine modulation and effects on neurotransmitter release, mostly noradrenaline, acetylcholine and dopamine. […] The potential effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibition and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade on treatment of mental disorders are a matter of considerable interest. […] This review describes involvement of brain RAS in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and an intriguing possibilities of improvement in pharmacological treatment outcome, where using angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB), goes beyond blood pressure control.
  • #34 Thieme E-Journals – Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie / Abstract
    https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1109420
    Es gibt vielfache Hinweise in der Literatur darauf, dass Vernderungen des Immunsystems oder spezifischer ausgedrckt des Zytokinsystems, zu dem auch der Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha (TNF-) zhlt, an der Entstehung neurologischer Erkrankungen aus dem entzndlichen und neurodegenerativen Formenkreis wie der Multiplen Sklerose, dem Morbus Alzheimer und Morbus Parkinson sowie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen wie der Depression, Schizophrenie und Narkolepsie beteiligt sind. […] TNF- knnte zur Pathogenese dieser Erkrankungen durch eine Aktivierung der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Achse (HPA-Achse), eine Aktivierung von Serotonintransportern, eine Stimulation der Indolamin-2,3-Dioxygenase, die zur Tryptophandepletion fhrt, einen immunologisch vermittelten Neuronenuntergang oder neurotoxische Effekte durch Glutamatausschttung beitragen. […] Psychotropic drugs influence the TNF- system, too. During psychopharmacological treatment of schizophrenia, some antipsychotics might act on neurotransmitter metabolism via inducing the proinflammatory cytokine system.
  • #35 Thieme E-Journals – Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie / Abstract
    https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1109420
    Es gibt vielfache Hinweise in der Literatur darauf, dass Vernderungen des Immunsystems oder spezifischer ausgedrckt des Zytokinsystems, zu dem auch der Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha (TNF-) zhlt, an der Entstehung neurologischer Erkrankungen aus dem entzndlichen und neurodegenerativen Formenkreis wie der Multiplen Sklerose, dem Morbus Alzheimer und Morbus Parkinson sowie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen wie der Depression, Schizophrenie und Narkolepsie beteiligt sind. […] TNF- knnte zur Pathogenese dieser Erkrankungen durch eine Aktivierung der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Achse (HPA-Achse), eine Aktivierung von Serotonintransportern, eine Stimulation der Indolamin-2,3-Dioxygenase, die zur Tryptophandepletion fhrt, einen immunologisch vermittelten Neuronenuntergang oder neurotoxische Effekte durch Glutamatausschttung beitragen. […] Psychotropic drugs influence the TNF- system, too. During psychopharmacological treatment of schizophrenia, some antipsychotics might act on neurotransmitter metabolism via inducing the proinflammatory cytokine system.
  • #36 Webinar: Immuno-Psychiatry – T cell pathogenesis and novel immune therapies for mood disorders • Immunology Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    https://www.immunology.nl/webinar-immuno-psychiatry/
    The pathogenesis of mood disorders remains largely unexplained. The last three decades studies have identified several immune pathophysiological mechanisms and potential immune predictors of treatment outcome for mood disorders. […] The integration of all these data into a neuro-immune model starts to make it possible to identify homogeneous subgroups of patients, diagnosed by objective and quantifiable assays, which enables therapy strategies that are more effective than the regular ones because they are based on the correction of the underlying immune biological mechanisms. […] T cell differentiation abnormalities and low grade inflammation in bipolar disorder and children at risk for bipolar disorder. […] Beneficial effects of low dose IL-2 therapy in unipolar and bipolar depression. The IL-2REG trial. […] Beneficial effects of low dose IL-2 therapy in bipolar depression. The DEPIL trial. […] Strategy on how to rapidly introduce T cell correction and anti-inflammatory therapies in psychiatric care.
  • #37 Webinar: Immuno-Psychiatry – T cell pathogenesis and novel immune therapies for mood disorders • Immunology Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    https://www.immunology.nl/webinar-immuno-psychiatry/
    The pathogenesis of mood disorders remains largely unexplained. The last three decades studies have identified several immune pathophysiological mechanisms and potential immune predictors of treatment outcome for mood disorders. […] The integration of all these data into a neuro-immune model starts to make it possible to identify homogeneous subgroups of patients, diagnosed by objective and quantifiable assays, which enables therapy strategies that are more effective than the regular ones because they are based on the correction of the underlying immune biological mechanisms. […] T cell differentiation abnormalities and low grade inflammation in bipolar disorder and children at risk for bipolar disorder. […] Beneficial effects of low dose IL-2 therapy in unipolar and bipolar depression. The IL-2REG trial. […] Beneficial effects of low dose IL-2 therapy in bipolar depression. The DEPIL trial. […] Strategy on how to rapidly introduce T cell correction and anti-inflammatory therapies in psychiatric care.
  • #38 Webinar: Immuno-Psychiatry – T cell pathogenesis and novel immune therapies for mood disorders • Immunology Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    https://www.immunology.nl/webinar-immuno-psychiatry/
    The pathogenesis of mood disorders remains largely unexplained. The last three decades studies have identified several immune pathophysiological mechanisms and potential immune predictors of treatment outcome for mood disorders. […] The integration of all these data into a neuro-immune model starts to make it possible to identify homogeneous subgroups of patients, diagnosed by objective and quantifiable assays, which enables therapy strategies that are more effective than the regular ones because they are based on the correction of the underlying immune biological mechanisms. […] T cell differentiation abnormalities and low grade inflammation in bipolar disorder and children at risk for bipolar disorder. […] Beneficial effects of low dose IL-2 therapy in unipolar and bipolar depression. The IL-2REG trial. […] Beneficial effects of low dose IL-2 therapy in bipolar depression. The DEPIL trial. […] Strategy on how to rapidly introduce T cell correction and anti-inflammatory therapies in psychiatric care.
  • #39 Webinar: Immuno-Psychiatry – T cell pathogenesis and novel immune therapies for mood disorders • Immunology Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    https://www.immunology.nl/webinar-immuno-psychiatry/
    The pathogenesis of mood disorders remains largely unexplained. The last three decades studies have identified several immune pathophysiological mechanisms and potential immune predictors of treatment outcome for mood disorders. […] The integration of all these data into a neuro-immune model starts to make it possible to identify homogeneous subgroups of patients, diagnosed by objective and quantifiable assays, which enables therapy strategies that are more effective than the regular ones because they are based on the correction of the underlying immune biological mechanisms. […] T cell differentiation abnormalities and low grade inflammation in bipolar disorder and children at risk for bipolar disorder. […] Beneficial effects of low dose IL-2 therapy in unipolar and bipolar depression. The IL-2REG trial. […] Beneficial effects of low dose IL-2 therapy in bipolar depression. The DEPIL trial. […] Strategy on how to rapidly introduce T cell correction and anti-inflammatory therapies in psychiatric care.
  • #40 The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-02233-0
    Dopamine (DA) is a major monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain and has essential roles in higher functions of the brain. Malfunctions of dopaminergic signaling have been implicated in various mental disorders such as addiction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease (PD), and schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of PD and schizophrenia involves the interplay of mitochondrial defect and DA metabolism abnormalities. […] There is increasing experimental and clinical evidence for interactions between abnormal DA metabolism and mitochondrial defects in schizophrenia, which has more complex and diverse clinical manifestations in categories of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. […] Of these clinical symptoms, positive symptoms are attributed to subcortical hyperdopaminergia whereas cortical hypodopaminergic may contribute to negative symptoms and cognitive impairment.
  • #41 The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-02233-0
    This interaction between DA and mitochondrion has essential roles in the pathogenesis of PD and schizophrenia. […] In the pathogenesis of PD, DA oxidation-associated oxidative stress (OS) drives -synuclein aggregation, the primary structural component of Lewy bodies and a pathological hallmark of PD. […] Different from PD in which mitochondrial dysfunction and DA-associated OS lead to dopaminergic neuron loss in substantia nigra, schizophrenia patients show no consistent neuropathology. […] The update and integration of these lines of information may advance our understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, phenomenology, and treatment of schizophrenia. […] In support of the interaction between mitochondrial defects and abnormal DA metabolism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs protected against the cuprizone-induced changes or promoted the recovery processes of the changes in mice. […] The interaction between DA and mitochondrion in brain cells was also demonstrated in the studies with rotenone, a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial Co-I.
  • #42 The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-02233-0
    This interaction between DA and mitochondrion has essential roles in the pathogenesis of PD and schizophrenia. […] In the pathogenesis of PD, DA oxidation-associated oxidative stress (OS) drives -synuclein aggregation, the primary structural component of Lewy bodies and a pathological hallmark of PD. […] Different from PD in which mitochondrial dysfunction and DA-associated OS lead to dopaminergic neuron loss in substantia nigra, schizophrenia patients show no consistent neuropathology. […] The update and integration of these lines of information may advance our understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, phenomenology, and treatment of schizophrenia. […] In support of the interaction between mitochondrial defects and abnormal DA metabolism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs protected against the cuprizone-induced changes or promoted the recovery processes of the changes in mice. […] The interaction between DA and mitochondrion in brain cells was also demonstrated in the studies with rotenone, a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial Co-I.
  • #43 The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-02233-0
    This interaction between DA and mitochondrion has essential roles in the pathogenesis of PD and schizophrenia. […] In the pathogenesis of PD, DA oxidation-associated oxidative stress (OS) drives -synuclein aggregation, the primary structural component of Lewy bodies and a pathological hallmark of PD. […] Different from PD in which mitochondrial dysfunction and DA-associated OS lead to dopaminergic neuron loss in substantia nigra, schizophrenia patients show no consistent neuropathology. […] The update and integration of these lines of information may advance our understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, phenomenology, and treatment of schizophrenia. […] In support of the interaction between mitochondrial defects and abnormal DA metabolism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs protected against the cuprizone-induced changes or promoted the recovery processes of the changes in mice. […] The interaction between DA and mitochondrion in brain cells was also demonstrated in the studies with rotenone, a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial Co-I.
  • #44 Insights into the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Symptoms in Central Nervous System Disorders: Implications for Early and Differential Diagnosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8123079/
    Pathological mechanisms underlying apathy in PD may involve complex circuitry dysfunctions. […] Synaptic dysfunction can be seen as a common downstream event at the border zone between neurology and psychiatry. […] The possible role of immune-mediated synaptopathy in the development of psychiatric symptoms in CNS disorders has recently been documented. […] In some cases, psychiatric symptoms may represent the early expression of pathophysiological mechanisms that also contribute to the onset of neurological manifestations.
  • #45 Insights into the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Symptoms in Central Nervous System Disorders: Implications for Early and Differential Diagnosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8123079/
    Pathological mechanisms underlying apathy in PD may involve complex circuitry dysfunctions. […] Synaptic dysfunction can be seen as a common downstream event at the border zone between neurology and psychiatry. […] The possible role of immune-mediated synaptopathy in the development of psychiatric symptoms in CNS disorders has recently been documented. […] In some cases, psychiatric symptoms may represent the early expression of pathophysiological mechanisms that also contribute to the onset of neurological manifestations.
  • #46 Insights into the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Symptoms in Central Nervous System Disorders: Implications for Early and Differential Diagnosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8123079/
    Pathological mechanisms underlying apathy in PD may involve complex circuitry dysfunctions. […] Synaptic dysfunction can be seen as a common downstream event at the border zone between neurology and psychiatry. […] The possible role of immune-mediated synaptopathy in the development of psychiatric symptoms in CNS disorders has recently been documented. […] In some cases, psychiatric symptoms may represent the early expression of pathophysiological mechanisms that also contribute to the onset of neurological manifestations.
  • #47 Insights into the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Symptoms in Central Nervous System Disorders: Implications for Early and Differential Diagnosis
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4440
    Psychiatric symptoms often represent the clinical onset of such disorders, thus potentially leading to misdiagnosis, delay in treatment, and a worse outcome. […] The occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in neurological diseases may underpin different causes. […] In addition, the same pathophysiological pathways underlying neurological manifestations can contribute to the development of psychopathological features in CNS disorders, strongly suggesting a neurobiological link between neurological and psychiatric symptoms. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms related to psychiatric symptoms in CNS diseases at neuronal and synaptic levels will be also presented. […] The possible role of immune-mediated synaptopathy in the development of psychiatric symptoms in CNS disorders has recently been documented. […] In some cases, psychiatric symptoms may represent the early expression of pathophysiological mechanisms that also contribute to the onset of neurological manifestations.
  • #48 Investigating the Neurobiological Mechanism for Hallucinations and Delusions – Advances in Psychiatry | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/newsletters/prof-adv/psych/investigating-the-neurobiological-mechanism-for-hallucinations-and-delusions
    Researchers Kenneth Wengler, PhD, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow, and Guillermo Horga, MD, PhD, Florence Irving Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, have found evidence of a potential neurobiological mechanism for hallucinations and delusions that fit within the hierarchical model of psychosis and can explain their clinical presentation. […] Dr. Wengler and Dr. Horga investigated the neurobiological mechanisms of two symptoms of schizophrenia: hallucinations and delusions, which form the syndrome of psychosis. […] This suggests that these symptoms may share a common neurobiological mechanism while simultaneously depending on symptom-specific pathways. […] The hierarchical model of psychosis frames hallucinations as resulting from dysfunction at the lower levels of the hierarchy and delusions as resulting from dysfunction at the higher levels of the hierarchy.
  • #49 Investigating the Neurobiological Mechanism for Hallucinations and Delusions – Advances in Psychiatry | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/newsletters/prof-adv/psych/investigating-the-neurobiological-mechanism-for-hallucinations-and-delusions
    Researchers Kenneth Wengler, PhD, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow, and Guillermo Horga, MD, PhD, Florence Irving Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, have found evidence of a potential neurobiological mechanism for hallucinations and delusions that fit within the hierarchical model of psychosis and can explain their clinical presentation. […] Dr. Wengler and Dr. Horga investigated the neurobiological mechanisms of two symptoms of schizophrenia: hallucinations and delusions, which form the syndrome of psychosis. […] This suggests that these symptoms may share a common neurobiological mechanism while simultaneously depending on symptom-specific pathways. […] The hierarchical model of psychosis frames hallucinations as resulting from dysfunction at the lower levels of the hierarchy and delusions as resulting from dysfunction at the higher levels of the hierarchy.
  • #50 Investigating the Neurobiological Mechanism for Hallucinations and Delusions – Advances in Psychiatry | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/newsletters/prof-adv/psych/investigating-the-neurobiological-mechanism-for-hallucinations-and-delusions
    Researchers Kenneth Wengler, PhD, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow, and Guillermo Horga, MD, PhD, Florence Irving Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, have found evidence of a potential neurobiological mechanism for hallucinations and delusions that fit within the hierarchical model of psychosis and can explain their clinical presentation. […] Dr. Wengler and Dr. Horga investigated the neurobiological mechanisms of two symptoms of schizophrenia: hallucinations and delusions, which form the syndrome of psychosis. […] This suggests that these symptoms may share a common neurobiological mechanism while simultaneously depending on symptom-specific pathways. […] The hierarchical model of psychosis frames hallucinations as resulting from dysfunction at the lower levels of the hierarchy and delusions as resulting from dysfunction at the higher levels of the hierarchy.
  • #51 Investigating the Neurobiological Mechanism for Hallucinations and Delusions – Advances in Psychiatry | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/newsletters/prof-adv/psych/investigating-the-neurobiological-mechanism-for-hallucinations-and-delusions
    Researchers Kenneth Wengler, PhD, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow, and Guillermo Horga, MD, PhD, Florence Irving Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, have found evidence of a potential neurobiological mechanism for hallucinations and delusions that fit within the hierarchical model of psychosis and can explain their clinical presentation. […] Dr. Wengler and Dr. Horga investigated the neurobiological mechanisms of two symptoms of schizophrenia: hallucinations and delusions, which form the syndrome of psychosis. […] This suggests that these symptoms may share a common neurobiological mechanism while simultaneously depending on symptom-specific pathways. […] The hierarchical model of psychosis frames hallucinations as resulting from dysfunction at the lower levels of the hierarchy and delusions as resulting from dysfunction at the higher levels of the hierarchy.
  • #52 Investigating the Neurobiological Mechanism for Hallucinations and Delusions – Advances in Psychiatry | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/newsletters/prof-adv/psych/investigating-the-neurobiological-mechanism-for-hallucinations-and-delusions
    These results provide the first direct evidence of a potential neurobiological mechanism for hallucinations and delusions that fit within the hierarchical model of psychosis and can explain their clinical presentation. […] The common neurobiological mechanism for both symptoms could result in increased neural timescales, but the symptom-specific pathways are the level of the hierarchy at which the neural timescales are increased.
  • #53 Frontiers | Psychosis as an Evolutionary Adaptive Mechanism to Changing Environments
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00237/full
    Psychotic symptoms may not be viewed as an illness but as an adaptation phenomenon, which can become out of control due to different underlying brain vulnerabilities and external stressors, leading to social exclusion. […] Psychotic symptoms may be explained as a natural defense mechanism or protective response to stressful environments. […] Psychotic symptoms could be a natural defense mechanism that is necessary to survive as an individual or a group in specific social circumstances. […] When this natural response to a new environment becomes too extreme or gets out of control, it is not functional anymore. […] The control or inhibiting system for psychosis could be the capacity and speed of adaptation to a new environment. […] Psychosis, as a normal phenomenon, could become problematic when higher cognitive functioning, like executive functioning, social competence, consciousness/self-reflection, and/or abstract thinking are not developed solidly, leading to difficulties in adaptation when someone is in a situation of being a social outsider.
  • #54 Frontiers | Psychosis as an Evolutionary Adaptive Mechanism to Changing Environments
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00237/full
    Psychotic symptoms may not be viewed as an illness but as an adaptation phenomenon, which can become out of control due to different underlying brain vulnerabilities and external stressors, leading to social exclusion. […] Psychotic symptoms may be explained as a natural defense mechanism or protective response to stressful environments. […] Psychotic symptoms could be a natural defense mechanism that is necessary to survive as an individual or a group in specific social circumstances. […] When this natural response to a new environment becomes too extreme or gets out of control, it is not functional anymore. […] The control or inhibiting system for psychosis could be the capacity and speed of adaptation to a new environment. […] Psychosis, as a normal phenomenon, could become problematic when higher cognitive functioning, like executive functioning, social competence, consciousness/self-reflection, and/or abstract thinking are not developed solidly, leading to difficulties in adaptation when someone is in a situation of being a social outsider.
  • #55 Frontiers | Psychosis as an Evolutionary Adaptive Mechanism to Changing Environments
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00237/full
    Psychotic symptoms may not be viewed as an illness but as an adaptation phenomenon, which can become out of control due to different underlying brain vulnerabilities and external stressors, leading to social exclusion. […] Psychotic symptoms may be explained as a natural defense mechanism or protective response to stressful environments. […] Psychotic symptoms could be a natural defense mechanism that is necessary to survive as an individual or a group in specific social circumstances. […] When this natural response to a new environment becomes too extreme or gets out of control, it is not functional anymore. […] The control or inhibiting system for psychosis could be the capacity and speed of adaptation to a new environment. […] Psychosis, as a normal phenomenon, could become problematic when higher cognitive functioning, like executive functioning, social competence, consciousness/self-reflection, and/or abstract thinking are not developed solidly, leading to difficulties in adaptation when someone is in a situation of being a social outsider.
  • #56 Frontiers | Psychosis as an Evolutionary Adaptive Mechanism to Changing Environments
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00237/full
    Psychotic symptoms may not be viewed as an illness but as an adaptation phenomenon, which can become out of control due to different underlying brain vulnerabilities and external stressors, leading to social exclusion. […] Psychotic symptoms may be explained as a natural defense mechanism or protective response to stressful environments. […] Psychotic symptoms could be a natural defense mechanism that is necessary to survive as an individual or a group in specific social circumstances. […] When this natural response to a new environment becomes too extreme or gets out of control, it is not functional anymore. […] The control or inhibiting system for psychosis could be the capacity and speed of adaptation to a new environment. […] Psychosis, as a normal phenomenon, could become problematic when higher cognitive functioning, like executive functioning, social competence, consciousness/self-reflection, and/or abstract thinking are not developed solidly, leading to difficulties in adaptation when someone is in a situation of being a social outsider.
  • #57 Frontiers | Psychosis as an Evolutionary Adaptive Mechanism to Changing Environments
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00237/full
    Psychotic symptoms may not be viewed as an illness but as an adaptation phenomenon, which can become out of control due to different underlying brain vulnerabilities and external stressors, leading to social exclusion. […] Psychotic symptoms may be explained as a natural defense mechanism or protective response to stressful environments. […] Psychotic symptoms could be a natural defense mechanism that is necessary to survive as an individual or a group in specific social circumstances. […] When this natural response to a new environment becomes too extreme or gets out of control, it is not functional anymore. […] The control or inhibiting system for psychosis could be the capacity and speed of adaptation to a new environment. […] Psychosis, as a normal phenomenon, could become problematic when higher cognitive functioning, like executive functioning, social competence, consciousness/self-reflection, and/or abstract thinking are not developed solidly, leading to difficulties in adaptation when someone is in a situation of being a social outsider.
  • #58
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13311-017-0547-6
    The accidental discoveries of chlorpromazine, imipramine, and lithium as effective treatments for schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, respectively, revolutionized psychiatry in the early 1950s. […] While these new drugs produced miraculous results compared with previous treatments, their shortcomings prompted research into developing new variations with superior efficacy and improved side effect profiles. […] Indeed, in 2017 a substantial number of patients display only partial or even no response to first- or second-line treatments for a range of psychiatric disorders. […] Thus, there is a pressing need for new treatment strategies that fundamentally improve the lives of patients. […] Can psychiatry change from a discipline that has historically revolved around derivative optimization of serendipitously discovered treatments into one in which treatments emanate from deciphering the underlying pathophysiology of mental illness?
  • #59
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13311-017-0547-6
    The accidental discoveries of chlorpromazine, imipramine, and lithium as effective treatments for schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, respectively, revolutionized psychiatry in the early 1950s. […] While these new drugs produced miraculous results compared with previous treatments, their shortcomings prompted research into developing new variations with superior efficacy and improved side effect profiles. […] Indeed, in 2017 a substantial number of patients display only partial or even no response to first- or second-line treatments for a range of psychiatric disorders. […] Thus, there is a pressing need for new treatment strategies that fundamentally improve the lives of patients. […] Can psychiatry change from a discipline that has historically revolved around derivative optimization of serendipitously discovered treatments into one in which treatments emanate from deciphering the underlying pathophysiology of mental illness?
  • #60
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13311-017-0547-6
    The accidental discoveries of chlorpromazine, imipramine, and lithium as effective treatments for schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, respectively, revolutionized psychiatry in the early 1950s. […] While these new drugs produced miraculous results compared with previous treatments, their shortcomings prompted research into developing new variations with superior efficacy and improved side effect profiles. […] Indeed, in 2017 a substantial number of patients display only partial or even no response to first- or second-line treatments for a range of psychiatric disorders. […] Thus, there is a pressing need for new treatment strategies that fundamentally improve the lives of patients. […] Can psychiatry change from a discipline that has historically revolved around derivative optimization of serendipitously discovered treatments into one in which treatments emanate from deciphering the underlying pathophysiology of mental illness?
  • #61
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13311-017-0547-6
    The accidental discoveries of chlorpromazine, imipramine, and lithium as effective treatments for schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, respectively, revolutionized psychiatry in the early 1950s. […] While these new drugs produced miraculous results compared with previous treatments, their shortcomings prompted research into developing new variations with superior efficacy and improved side effect profiles. […] Indeed, in 2017 a substantial number of patients display only partial or even no response to first- or second-line treatments for a range of psychiatric disorders. […] Thus, there is a pressing need for new treatment strategies that fundamentally improve the lives of patients. […] Can psychiatry change from a discipline that has historically revolved around derivative optimization of serendipitously discovered treatments into one in which treatments emanate from deciphering the underlying pathophysiology of mental illness?
  • #62 FDA Approves Drug with New Mechanism of Action for Treatment of Schizophrenia | FDA
    https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-drug-new-mechanism-action-treatment-schizophrenia
    Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Cobenfy (xanomeline and trospium chloride) capsules for oral use for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. It is the first antipsychotic drug approved to treat schizophrenia that targets cholinergic receptors as opposed to dopamine receptors, which has long been the standard of care. […] This drug takes the first new approach to schizophrenia treatment in decades. This approval offers a new alternative to the antipsychotic medications people with schizophrenia have previously been prescribed. […] Cobenfys effectiveness for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults was evaluated in two studies with identical designs. Study 1 and Study 2 were 5-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center studies in adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM-5 criteria. […] In both studies, the participants who received Cobenfy experienced a meaningful reduction in symptoms from baseline to Week 5 as measured by the PANSS Total Score compared to the placebo group.
  • #63 FDA Approves Drug with New Mechanism of Action for Treatment of Schizophrenia | FDA
    https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-drug-new-mechanism-action-treatment-schizophrenia
    Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Cobenfy (xanomeline and trospium chloride) capsules for oral use for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. It is the first antipsychotic drug approved to treat schizophrenia that targets cholinergic receptors as opposed to dopamine receptors, which has long been the standard of care. […] This drug takes the first new approach to schizophrenia treatment in decades. This approval offers a new alternative to the antipsychotic medications people with schizophrenia have previously been prescribed. […] Cobenfys effectiveness for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults was evaluated in two studies with identical designs. Study 1 and Study 2 were 5-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center studies in adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM-5 criteria. […] In both studies, the participants who received Cobenfy experienced a meaningful reduction in symptoms from baseline to Week 5 as measured by the PANSS Total Score compared to the placebo group.
  • #64 FDA Approves Drug with New Mechanism of Action for Treatment of Schizophrenia | FDA
    https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-drug-new-mechanism-action-treatment-schizophrenia
    Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Cobenfy (xanomeline and trospium chloride) capsules for oral use for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. It is the first antipsychotic drug approved to treat schizophrenia that targets cholinergic receptors as opposed to dopamine receptors, which has long been the standard of care. […] This drug takes the first new approach to schizophrenia treatment in decades. This approval offers a new alternative to the antipsychotic medications people with schizophrenia have previously been prescribed. […] Cobenfys effectiveness for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults was evaluated in two studies with identical designs. Study 1 and Study 2 were 5-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center studies in adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM-5 criteria. […] In both studies, the participants who received Cobenfy experienced a meaningful reduction in symptoms from baseline to Week 5 as measured by the PANSS Total Score compared to the placebo group.
  • #65 Feeling Lucky? Convergence Mental Health as a Mechanism for Serendipitous Innovation
    https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/feeling-lucky-convergence-mental-health-mechanism-serendipitous-innovation
    Convergence Mental Health provides a historic opportunity to lead to a new era of innovation and progress, leading to improved outcomes for all people and preparing psychiatry to meet the unprecedented mental health challenges of the 21st century. By adopting a serendipity mindset, we can learn to harness uncertainty to create unique solutions across industries.
  • #66 Feeling Lucky? Convergence Mental Health as a Mechanism for Serendipitous Innovation
    https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/feeling-lucky-convergence-mental-health-mechanism-serendipitous-innovation
    Mental health is a prototypical wicked problem in that it embodies large numbers of diverse factors from biology, sociology, genetics, and psychology to economics and beyond. A serendipity mindset can counteract those influences and ease the anxiety that comes with the inherent unpredictability of the world. This outlook centers on being the agent of ones own good luck. An individual can shift from a passive victim of circumstance to an active creator of opportunities by embracing the uncertainty that happens each day. Training the serendipity muscle in turn trains ones ability to solve problems by identifying positive outcomes from situations and making accidents more meaningful. […] Convergence science is an approach to problem solving that cuts across disciplinary boundaries. It integrates knowledge, tools, and thought strategies from various fields for tackling challenges that exist at the interfaces of multiple fields. It can be a mechanism for serendipity through integration of knowledge, tools, and thought-strategies from various fields for tackling challenges that exist at the interface of multiple disciplines.
  • #67 Thieme E-Journals – Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie / Abstract
    https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1109420
    Es gibt vielfache Hinweise in der Literatur darauf, dass Vernderungen des Immunsystems oder spezifischer ausgedrckt des Zytokinsystems, zu dem auch der Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha (TNF-) zhlt, an der Entstehung neurologischer Erkrankungen aus dem entzndlichen und neurodegenerativen Formenkreis wie der Multiplen Sklerose, dem Morbus Alzheimer und Morbus Parkinson sowie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen wie der Depression, Schizophrenie und Narkolepsie beteiligt sind. […] TNF- knnte zur Pathogenese dieser Erkrankungen durch eine Aktivierung der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Achse (HPA-Achse), eine Aktivierung von Serotonintransportern, eine Stimulation der Indolamin-2,3-Dioxygenase, die zur Tryptophandepletion fhrt, einen immunologisch vermittelten Neuronenuntergang oder neurotoxische Effekte durch Glutamatausschttung beitragen. […] Psychotropic drugs influence the TNF- system, too. During psychopharmacological treatment of schizophrenia, some antipsychotics might act on neurotransmitter metabolism via inducing the proinflammatory cytokine system.
  • #68 Students’ mental health: new psychological counselling services | Campus France
    https://www.campusfrance.org/en/students-mental-health-new-psychological-counselling-services
    Regarding research in mental health, the French ministry puts the spotlights on PROPSY, a research programme that will transform psychiatry. Focused on the most incapacitating psychiatric troubles (bipolarity, persistent depression, autism and schizophrenia), PROPSY relies on precision psychiatry to revolutionize patients diagnostics and care. […] The programme is driven by Inserm with the CNRS and support from the FondaMental foundation, which supports exclusively research and innovation in mental health. With 23 targeted research objectives, and 2,500 patients and 500 control individual in a follow-up cohort, this new programme has set as overall objective: to improve the diagnostic and treatments to develop customised approaches; improve research and innovation in psychiatry by structuring a biomedical branch dedicated to psychiatric diseases; attract and train new talents to improve the appeal of occupations in relation with mental health.
  • #69 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825
    For example, SSRIs may raise your risk of bleeding. The risk is higher when you also take other medicines that raise the risk of bleeding, for example, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), or warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners. […] Rarely, an antidepressant can cause high levels of serotonin to build up in your body. Serotonin syndrome most often occurs when two medicines that raise the level of serotonin are combined. These include, for example, other antidepressants, some pain or headache medicines, and the herbal supplement St. John’s wort. […] Most antidepressants are generally safe. But the FDA requires that all antidepressants carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. […] SSRIs aren’t habit-forming. However, stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses can cause withdrawal-like symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome.
  • #70 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825
    For example, SSRIs may raise your risk of bleeding. The risk is higher when you also take other medicines that raise the risk of bleeding, for example, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), or warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners. […] Rarely, an antidepressant can cause high levels of serotonin to build up in your body. Serotonin syndrome most often occurs when two medicines that raise the level of serotonin are combined. These include, for example, other antidepressants, some pain or headache medicines, and the herbal supplement St. John’s wort. […] Most antidepressants are generally safe. But the FDA requires that all antidepressants carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. […] SSRIs aren’t habit-forming. However, stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses can cause withdrawal-like symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome.
  • #71 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825
    For example, SSRIs may raise your risk of bleeding. The risk is higher when you also take other medicines that raise the risk of bleeding, for example, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), or warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners. […] Rarely, an antidepressant can cause high levels of serotonin to build up in your body. Serotonin syndrome most often occurs when two medicines that raise the level of serotonin are combined. These include, for example, other antidepressants, some pain or headache medicines, and the herbal supplement St. John’s wort. […] Most antidepressants are generally safe. But the FDA requires that all antidepressants carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. […] SSRIs aren’t habit-forming. However, stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses can cause withdrawal-like symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome.
  • #72 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825
    For example, SSRIs may raise your risk of bleeding. The risk is higher when you also take other medicines that raise the risk of bleeding, for example, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), or warfarin (Jantoven) and other blood thinners. […] Rarely, an antidepressant can cause high levels of serotonin to build up in your body. Serotonin syndrome most often occurs when two medicines that raise the level of serotonin are combined. These include, for example, other antidepressants, some pain or headache medicines, and the herbal supplement St. John’s wort. […] Most antidepressants are generally safe. But the FDA requires that all antidepressants carry boxed warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants. This may be more likely in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. […] SSRIs aren’t habit-forming. However, stopping antidepressant treatment suddenly or missing several doses can cause withdrawal-like symptoms. This is sometimes called discontinuation syndrome.
  • #73 Neurobiology of Depression and Mechanism of Action of Depression Treatments
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/neurobiology-depression-mechanism-action-depression/
    Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may alleviate depressive symptoms but also leave residual symptoms. The mechanism of action of SSRIs increases serotonin (5-HT) activity but decreases norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) activity. […] By engaging additional targets (eg, NE, DA) along with 5-HT, clinicians may help patients with residual symptoms and treatment-resistant depression. Dual-acting agents and combination strategies can be used to target specific symptoms or block/activate specific receptors for broader therapeutic benefits. […] Clinicians who understand the mechanism of action of antidepressants can switch or combine agents as needed to help patients achieve complete remission. […] What Are the Mechanisms of Action of Current Antidepressant Treatments?
  • #74 Neurobiology of Depression and Mechanism of Action of Depression Treatments
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/neurobiology-depression-mechanism-action-depression/
    Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may alleviate depressive symptoms but also leave residual symptoms. The mechanism of action of SSRIs increases serotonin (5-HT) activity but decreases norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) activity. […] By engaging additional targets (eg, NE, DA) along with 5-HT, clinicians may help patients with residual symptoms and treatment-resistant depression. Dual-acting agents and combination strategies can be used to target specific symptoms or block/activate specific receptors for broader therapeutic benefits. […] Clinicians who understand the mechanism of action of antidepressants can switch or combine agents as needed to help patients achieve complete remission. […] What Are the Mechanisms of Action of Current Antidepressant Treatments?
  • #75 Identifying serum lipidomic signatures related to prognosis in first-episode schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06802-7
    Antipsychotic medications are crucial for alleviating symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, treatment responses vary across individuals, and few reliable biomarkers currently exist to predict the clinical outcome. Therefore, we aim to identify potential lipid markers for treatment outcomes in patients with first-episode SCZ. […] Dysregulation of lipid metabolism, particularly in phospholipids, sphingolipids, and fatty acids, has been implicated in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SCZ. […] Research indicates that lipid dysregulation may stem from abnormal catabolism of membrane phospholipids and inflammatory responses, which can be partially reversed by therapeutic intervention. […] These findings suggest that lipids may be a potential biomarker for predicting response to antipsychotic drug treatment in SCZ.
  • #76 Identifying serum lipidomic signatures related to prognosis in first-episode schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06802-7
    Antipsychotic medications are crucial for alleviating symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, treatment responses vary across individuals, and few reliable biomarkers currently exist to predict the clinical outcome. Therefore, we aim to identify potential lipid markers for treatment outcomes in patients with first-episode SCZ. […] Dysregulation of lipid metabolism, particularly in phospholipids, sphingolipids, and fatty acids, has been implicated in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SCZ. […] Research indicates that lipid dysregulation may stem from abnormal catabolism of membrane phospholipids and inflammatory responses, which can be partially reversed by therapeutic intervention. […] These findings suggest that lipids may be a potential biomarker for predicting response to antipsychotic drug treatment in SCZ.
  • #77 Identifying serum lipidomic signatures related to prognosis in first-episode schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06802-7
    Antipsychotic medications are crucial for alleviating symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, treatment responses vary across individuals, and few reliable biomarkers currently exist to predict the clinical outcome. Therefore, we aim to identify potential lipid markers for treatment outcomes in patients with first-episode SCZ. […] Dysregulation of lipid metabolism, particularly in phospholipids, sphingolipids, and fatty acids, has been implicated in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SCZ. […] Research indicates that lipid dysregulation may stem from abnormal catabolism of membrane phospholipids and inflammatory responses, which can be partially reversed by therapeutic intervention. […] These findings suggest that lipids may be a potential biomarker for predicting response to antipsychotic drug treatment in SCZ.
  • #78 Identifying serum lipidomic signatures related to prognosis in first-episode schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06802-7
    We hypothesized that lipid profiles could function as prospective biomarkers for predicting responses to antipsychotic therapy. […] In this study, we selected lipids by integrating the results from LASSO and RF regression, which is a common machine-learning approach for variable selection in high-dimensional data. […] To obtain the optimal lipid biomarker, we identified a set of three potential lipid biomarkers based on logistic regression to distinguish responders from non-responders with high accuracy. […] These findings collectively highlight the potential role of PE in the SCZ treatment from different perspectives. […] The potential cause of these abnormalities may involve membrane phospholipid transporters or degradative enzymes involved in phospholipid metabolism, leading to altered phospholipid distribution.
  • #79 Identifying serum lipidomic signatures related to prognosis in first-episode schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06802-7
    We hypothesized that lipid profiles could function as prospective biomarkers for predicting responses to antipsychotic therapy. […] In this study, we selected lipids by integrating the results from LASSO and RF regression, which is a common machine-learning approach for variable selection in high-dimensional data. […] To obtain the optimal lipid biomarker, we identified a set of three potential lipid biomarkers based on logistic regression to distinguish responders from non-responders with high accuracy. […] These findings collectively highlight the potential role of PE in the SCZ treatment from different perspectives. […] The potential cause of these abnormalities may involve membrane phospholipid transporters or degradative enzymes involved in phospholipid metabolism, leading to altered phospholipid distribution.
  • #80 Identifying serum lipidomic signatures related to prognosis in first-episode schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06802-7
    We hypothesized that lipid profiles could function as prospective biomarkers for predicting responses to antipsychotic therapy. […] In this study, we selected lipids by integrating the results from LASSO and RF regression, which is a common machine-learning approach for variable selection in high-dimensional data. […] To obtain the optimal lipid biomarker, we identified a set of three potential lipid biomarkers based on logistic regression to distinguish responders from non-responders with high accuracy. […] These findings collectively highlight the potential role of PE in the SCZ treatment from different perspectives. […] The potential cause of these abnormalities may involve membrane phospholipid transporters or degradative enzymes involved in phospholipid metabolism, leading to altered phospholipid distribution.
  • #81 Identifying serum lipidomic signatures related to prognosis in first-episode schizophrenia | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06802-7
    Although the precise mechanism by which increased TG levels improve drug response is not fully understood, research suggests that serum lipids may influence treatment outcomes by changing the pharmacokinetics of antipsychotic drugs. […] In summary, our study identified three potential candidate lipid biomarkers through a comprehensive analysis of lipidomics. These lipids are expected to identify antipsychotic treatment responses in patients with SCZ.
  • #82 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240311/Researchers-explore-the-role-of-vitamin-A-in-pathogenesis-of-psychiatric-disorders.aspx
    A Newcastle research team has been exploring the role of vitamin A in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. […] Professor Murray Cairns of the University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute said the connectivity between neurons in the brain is thought to be altered in people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. […] „Our previous research suggests this could be to do with vitamin A levels or retinol levels, which are known to play an important role in the differentiation, maturation and synaptic function of brain cells.” […] „Using this approach, we can support the significance of retinol in inflammation, plasma lipids, adiposity, vision, microbiome, brain structure/connectivity, asthma, COPD, and several other traits.” […] „There’s a lot more work that needs to be done to fully understand how retinol impacts human health but we do know that it is very important and potent.” […] „Retinol is hugely important for many aspects of our development; brain, immune system, skin and vision.”
  • #83 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240311/Researchers-explore-the-role-of-vitamin-A-in-pathogenesis-of-psychiatric-disorders.aspx
    A Newcastle research team has been exploring the role of vitamin A in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. […] Professor Murray Cairns of the University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute said the connectivity between neurons in the brain is thought to be altered in people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. […] „Our previous research suggests this could be to do with vitamin A levels or retinol levels, which are known to play an important role in the differentiation, maturation and synaptic function of brain cells.” […] „Using this approach, we can support the significance of retinol in inflammation, plasma lipids, adiposity, vision, microbiome, brain structure/connectivity, asthma, COPD, and several other traits.” […] „There’s a lot more work that needs to be done to fully understand how retinol impacts human health but we do know that it is very important and potent.” […] „Retinol is hugely important for many aspects of our development; brain, immune system, skin and vision.”
  • #84 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240311/Researchers-explore-the-role-of-vitamin-A-in-pathogenesis-of-psychiatric-disorders.aspx
    A Newcastle research team has been exploring the role of vitamin A in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. […] Professor Murray Cairns of the University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute said the connectivity between neurons in the brain is thought to be altered in people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. […] „Our previous research suggests this could be to do with vitamin A levels or retinol levels, which are known to play an important role in the differentiation, maturation and synaptic function of brain cells.” […] „Using this approach, we can support the significance of retinol in inflammation, plasma lipids, adiposity, vision, microbiome, brain structure/connectivity, asthma, COPD, and several other traits.” […] „There’s a lot more work that needs to be done to fully understand how retinol impacts human health but we do know that it is very important and potent.” […] „Retinol is hugely important for many aspects of our development; brain, immune system, skin and vision.”
  • #85 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240311/Researchers-explore-the-role-of-vitamin-A-in-pathogenesis-of-psychiatric-disorders.aspx
    A Newcastle research team has been exploring the role of vitamin A in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. […] Professor Murray Cairns of the University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute said the connectivity between neurons in the brain is thought to be altered in people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. […] „Our previous research suggests this could be to do with vitamin A levels or retinol levels, which are known to play an important role in the differentiation, maturation and synaptic function of brain cells.” […] „Using this approach, we can support the significance of retinol in inflammation, plasma lipids, adiposity, vision, microbiome, brain structure/connectivity, asthma, COPD, and several other traits.” […] „There’s a lot more work that needs to be done to fully understand how retinol impacts human health but we do know that it is very important and potent.” […] „Retinol is hugely important for many aspects of our development; brain, immune system, skin and vision.”
  • #86 Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders
    https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/bioeng.2021021?viewType=HTML
    Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.
  • #87 Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders
    https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/bioeng.2021021?viewType=HTML
    Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.
  • #88 Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders
    https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/bioeng.2021021?viewType=HTML
    The gut microbiota could contribute to the beneficial production of the SCFAs, ROS and D-amino acids, which might work against the progression of psychiatric disorders. Several bacteria presented here are examples involved in those productions. However, the production has not yet been confirmed in clinical studies. PET-neuroimaging could characterize the dysregulation of HDACs in the brain of psychiatric disorders.
  • #89 Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders
    https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/bioeng.2021021?viewType=HTML
    Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.
  • #90 Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders
    https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/bioeng.2021021?viewType=HTML
    Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.
  • #91 Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders
    https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/bioeng.2021021?viewType=HTML
    Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.
  • #92 Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders
    https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/bioeng.2021021?viewType=HTML
    Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.
  • #93 Neuropsychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry
    Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. […] Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered „as an emergent property of the brain,” whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. […] It has been argued that this division is fictional; evidence from the last century of research has shown that our mental life has its roots in the brain. […] Brain and mind have been argued not to be discrete entities but just different ways of looking at the same system. […] It is also argued that this augmented understanding of etiology will lead to better remediation and rehabilitation strategies through an understanding of the different levels in the causal process where one can intervene.
  • #94 Neuropsychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry
    Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. […] Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered „as an emergent property of the brain,” whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. […] It has been argued that this division is fictional; evidence from the last century of research has shown that our mental life has its roots in the brain. […] Brain and mind have been argued not to be discrete entities but just different ways of looking at the same system. […] It is also argued that this augmented understanding of etiology will lead to better remediation and rehabilitation strategies through an understanding of the different levels in the causal process where one can intervene.
  • #95 Neuropsychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry
    Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. […] Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered „as an emergent property of the brain,” whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. […] It has been argued that this division is fictional; evidence from the last century of research has shown that our mental life has its roots in the brain. […] Brain and mind have been argued not to be discrete entities but just different ways of looking at the same system. […] It is also argued that this augmented understanding of etiology will lead to better remediation and rehabilitation strategies through an understanding of the different levels in the causal process where one can intervene.
  • #96 Neuropsychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry
    Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. […] Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered „as an emergent property of the brain,” whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. […] It has been argued that this division is fictional; evidence from the last century of research has shown that our mental life has its roots in the brain. […] Brain and mind have been argued not to be discrete entities but just different ways of looking at the same system. […] It is also argued that this augmented understanding of etiology will lead to better remediation and rehabilitation strategies through an understanding of the different levels in the causal process where one can intervene.
  • #97 Neuropsychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry
    Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. […] Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered „as an emergent property of the brain,” whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. […] It has been argued that this division is fictional; evidence from the last century of research has shown that our mental life has its roots in the brain. […] Brain and mind have been argued not to be discrete entities but just different ways of looking at the same system. […] It is also argued that this augmented understanding of etiology will lead to better remediation and rehabilitation strategies through an understanding of the different levels in the causal process where one can intervene.
  • #98 Neuropsychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry
    In sum, the argument is that an understanding of the mental disorders must not only have a specific knowledge of brain constituents and genetics (inside-the-skin) but also the context (outside-the-skin) in which these parts operate. […] To further sketch psychiatry’s history shows a departure from structural neuropathology, relying more upon ideology. […] However, starting with the efficacy of neuroleptic drugs in attenuating symptoms the syndrome has gained pathophysiological support and is hypothesized to have a genetic basis too, based on its high inheritability. […] In sum, it is argued that patients from both traditional psychiatry and neurology departments will see their care improved following a reuniting of the specialties.
  • #99 Neuropsychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry
    In sum, the argument is that an understanding of the mental disorders must not only have a specific knowledge of brain constituents and genetics (inside-the-skin) but also the context (outside-the-skin) in which these parts operate. […] To further sketch psychiatry’s history shows a departure from structural neuropathology, relying more upon ideology. […] However, starting with the efficacy of neuroleptic drugs in attenuating symptoms the syndrome has gained pathophysiological support and is hypothesized to have a genetic basis too, based on its high inheritability. […] In sum, it is argued that patients from both traditional psychiatry and neurology departments will see their care improved following a reuniting of the specialties.