Psychiatria
Objawy

Psychiatria zajmuje się diagnozą, leczeniem i zapobieganiem zaburzeniom psychicznym, które obejmują szeroki zakres objawów wpływających na funkcje poznawcze, emocje i zachowanie. Zaburzenia te, takie jak depresja, choroba afektywna dwubiegunowa, zaburzenia lękowe, psychozy czy zaburzenia neurorozwojowe, charakteryzują się klinicznie istotnym upośledzeniem funkcjonowania i cierpieniem pacjenta. Epidemiologicznie około 20% dorosłych doświadcza zaburzeń psychicznych, a połowa populacji rozwinie co najmniej jedno zaburzenie do 75. roku życia. Diagnostyka opiera się na wywiadzie, badaniu stanu psychicznego oraz kryteriach ICD i DSM, a także na wykluczeniu przyczyn somatycznych i neurologicznych. Wczesne rozpoznanie i interwencja, w tym farmakoterapia (np. leki przeciwdepresyjne, przeciwpsychotyczne) oraz psychoterapia (np. CBT), są kluczowe dla poprawy rokowania i zapobiegania progresji choroby. Szczególną uwagę zwraca się na fazy rozwoju chorób psychicznych, od prodromalnej przez ostrą do fazy zdrowienia, co ma znaczenie dla planowania leczenia i monitorowania pacjenta.

Psychiatria – wprowadzenie

Psychiatria to specjalność medyczna poświęcona diagnozie, leczeniu i zapobieganiu zaburzeniom psychicznym. Obejmuje zagadnienia związane z funkcjami poznawczymi, percepcją, nastrojem, emocjami i zachowaniem pacjentów1. Choroby psychiczne, nazywane również zaburzeniami zdrowia psychicznego, odnoszą się do szerokiego zakresu stanów, które wpływają na nastrój, myślenie i zachowanie człowieka2. Problem zdrowia psychicznego staje się chorobą psychiczną, gdy utrzymujące się objawy powodują częsty stres i wpływają na zdolność do funkcjonowania3.

Zaburzenia psychiatryczne charakteryzują się klinicznie znaczącym zakłóceniem w procesach poznawczych, regulacji emocji lub zachowaniu jednostki. Zwykle wiążą się z cierpieniem lub upośledzeniem w ważnych obszarach funkcjonowania4. Badania wykazują, że około 1 na 5 dorosłych doświadcza jakiejś formy zaburzenia zdrowia psychicznego, a około połowa ludzi rozwinie co najmniej jedno zaburzenie psychiczne do 75 roku życia56.

Psychiatrzy są lekarzami przeszkolonymi w diagnozowaniu chorób psychicznych, prowadzeniu terapii psychologicznej i przepisywaniu leków psychotropowych7. Oceniają zarówno psychiczne, jak i fizyczne aspekty zaburzeń psychicznych, mogą diagnozować i leczyć szerokie spektrum schorzeń, od zaburzeń lękowych i depresyjnych po zaburzenia psychotyczne i neurodegeneracyjne8.

Objawy psychiatryczne – charakterystyka ogólna

Objawy psychiatryczne mogą się różnić w zależności od zaburzenia, okoliczności i innych czynników. Mogą one wpływać na emocje, myśli i zachowania9. Pierwszym krokiem w leczeniu każdego problemu zdrowia psychicznego jest rozpoznanie jego objawów ostrzegawczych. Dokładne opisanie objawów odpowiedniemu specjaliście medycznemu pomaga we właściwej diagnozie i rozpoczęciu leczenia10.

Zaburzenia psychiczne mogą prowadzić do szerokiego zakresu objawów, w tym11:

  • Używanie narkotyków rekreacyjnych lub alkoholu
  • Unikanie sytuacji społecznych i przyjaciół
  • Zmiany w popędzie seksualnym
  • Trudności w postrzeganiu rzeczywistości, w tym urojenia lub halucynacje
  • Nadmierne zmartwienie lub strach
  • Zmęczenie lub problemy ze snem
  • Uczucie smutku lub izolacji
  • Niezdolność do oceny lub interpretacji uczuć innych osób
  • Intensywna drażliwość lub gniew
  • Obsesja na punkcie wyglądu fizycznego, wagi lub nawyków żywieniowych
  • Problemy z koncentracją, uczeniem się lub wykonywaniem codziennych zadań
  • Nagłe zmiany nastroju, przechodzenie od stanów obniżonych do podwyższonych
  • Myśli samobójcze lub samookaleczanie

Psychiatryczny przegląd objawów (PROS) jest użytecznym narzędziem przesiewowym do identyfikacji pacjentów z zaburzeniami psychiatrycznymi. Jest to seria pytań zaprojektowanych do szybkiego wykrywania głównych zaburzeń psychiatrycznych12. Badania wykazały, że 25-30% pacjentów zgłaszających się do lekarzy podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej ma zaburzenia psychiatryczne13.

Objawy zaburzeń nastroju

Zaburzenia nastroju, takie jak depresja i choroba afektywna dwubiegunowa, są jednymi z najczęstszych zaburzeń psychicznych. W przypadku epizodu depresyjnego, osoba doświadcza obniżonego nastroju (uczucie smutku, drażliwości, pustki) lub utraty przyjemności lub zainteresowania aktywnościami, przez większość dnia, prawie codziennie, przez co najmniej dwa tygodnie14.

Objawy depresji mogą obejmować1516:

  • Uczucie smutku lub niepokoju często lub przez cały czas
  • Zmniejszone zainteresowanie prawie wszystkimi czynnościami
  • Zaburzenia apetytu ze zmianą masy ciała
  • Zaburzenia snu
  • Obserwowalne pobudzenie lub spowolnienie psychomotoryczne
  • Zmniejszona energia
  • Uczucie winy lub bezwartościowości
  • Trudności z koncentracją lub myśleniem
  • Myśli o śmierci lub samobójstwie

Osoby z chorobą afektywną dwubiegunową doświadczają naprzemiennych epizodów depresji i objawów maniakalnych17. Epizody maniakalne charakteryzują się co najmniej trzema z następujących objawów1819:

  • Przyspieszona mowa
  • Gonitwa myśli
  • Zawyżona samoocena
  • Zmniejszona potrzeba snu
  • Rozpraszalność
  • Angażowanie się w działania, które mają wysokie prawdopodobieństwo bolesnych konsekwencji, których osoba nie rozpoznaje
  • Zwiększenie aktywności ukierunkowanej na cel lub pobudzenie psychomotoryczne

Badania wykazują, że 50% kobiet z zaburzeniem afektywnym dwubiegunowym jest diagnozowanych po raz pierwszy w okresie poporodowym20. W przypadku zaburzenia afektywnego dwubiegunowego poród może być specyficznym czynnikiem wyzwalającym epizod maniakalny, po którym może nastąpić wystąpienie depresji21.

Objawy zaburzeń lękowych

Zaburzenie lękowe charakteryzuje się trzema lub więcej z następujących objawów22:

  • Niepokój ruchowy
  • Łatwe męczenie się
  • Trudności z koncentracją
  • Drażliwość
  • Napięcie mięśniowe
  • Zaburzenia snu

Zaburzenie paniczne lub agorafobia charakteryzują się jednym lub obydwoma z następujących objawów2324:

  • Ataki paniki, po których następuje utrzymujące się zmartwienie lub niepokój o dodatkowe ataki paniki lub ich konsekwencje
  • Nieproporcjonalny strach lub niepokój dotyczący co najmniej dwóch różnych sytuacji (np. korzystanie z transportu publicznego, przebywanie w tłumie, stanie w kolejce, przebywanie poza domem, przebywanie w otwartych przestrzeniach)

Ataki paniki zaczynają się nagle i zwykle szybko osiągają szczyt, w ciągu 10 minut lub mniej od rozpoczęcia. W ciągu kilku godzin może wystąpić wiele ataków o różnej intensywności, co może sprawiać wrażenie, że jeden atak paniki przechodzi w następny, jak fale25.

Zaburzenie obsesyjno-kompulsywne charakteryzuje się jednym lub obydwoma z następujących objawów26:

  • Mimowolne, czasochłonne zaabsorbowanie intruzyjnymi, niechcianymi myślami
  • Powtarzające się zachowania mające na celu zmniejszenie lęku

Objawy zaburzeń psychotycznych

Psychoza odnosi się do zespołu objawów, które wpływają na umysł, gdzie nastąpiła pewna utrata kontaktu z rzeczywistością. Podczas epizodu psychotycznego myśli i postrzeganie osoby są zaburzone i może ona mieć trudności z rozpoznaniem, co jest rzeczywiste, a co nie27.

Psychoza często rozpoczyna się w młodej dorosłości, gdy osoba jest w wieku od późnej nastoletniości do połowy dwudziestych lat. Jednak ludzie mogą doświadczyć epizodu psychotycznego w młodszym i starszym wieku, jako część wielu zaburzeń i chorób28.

Osoby z psychozą zwykle doświadczają2930:

  • Urojeń (fałszywych przekonań, na przykład, że ludzie w telewizji wysyłają im specjalne wiadomości lub że inni próbują ich skrzywdzić)
  • Halucynacji (widzenie lub słyszenie rzeczy, których inni nie widzą, takich jak słyszenie głosów mówiących im, co mają robić lub krytykujących ich)
  • Dezorganizacji myślenia lub mowy i zachowania nieodpowiedniego do sytuacji

Osoba często wykazuje zmiany w zachowaniu przed rozwinięciem się psychozy. Behawioralne oznaki ostrzegawcze psychozy obejmują31:

  • Podejrzliwość, myśli paranoidalne lub dyskomfort w kontakcie z innymi
  • Trudności z jasnym i logicznym myśleniem
  • Wycofanie społeczne i spędzanie znacznie więcej czasu w samotności
  • Nietypowe lub zbyt intensywne pomysły, dziwne uczucia lub brak uczuć
  • Pogorszenie samopielęgnacji lub higieny osobistej
  • Zaburzenia snu, w tym trudności z zasypianiem i skrócony czas snu
  • Trudności z odróżnieniem rzeczywistości od fantazji
  • Zdezorganizowana mowa lub trudności w komunikacji
  • Nagły spadek ocen lub wydajności w pracy

Badania wykazały, że powszechne jest, że osoba ma objawy psychotyczne przez ponad rok przed otrzymaniem leczenia. Zmniejszenie tego czasu nieleczonej psychozy jest kluczowe, ponieważ wczesne leczenie często oznacza lepszy powrót do zdrowia32.

Objawy zaburzeń neurorozwojowych

Zaburzenia neurorozwojowe to zaburzenia behawioralne i poznawcze, które pojawiają się w okresie rozwojowym i wiążą się ze znacznymi trudnościami w nabywaniu i wykonywaniu określonych funkcji intelektualnych, motorycznych, językowych lub społecznych33.

Zaburzenia neurorozwojowe charakteryzują się co najmniej jednym z następujących objawów3435:

  • Częsta rozpraszalność, trudności z utrzymaniem uwagi i trudności z organizacją zadań
  • Zachowanie nadaktywne i impulsywne (np. trudności z pozostaniem w pozycji siedzącej, nadmierne mówienie, trudności z czekaniem, wydawanie się niespokojnym lub zachowywanie się, jakby było się napędzanym przez silnik)
  • Znaczące trudności w nauce i używaniu umiejętności akademickich
  • Powtarzające się ruchy motoryczne lub wokalizacje

Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu charakteryzują się3637:

  • Jakościowymi deficytami w komunikacji werbalnej, komunikacji niewerbalnej i interakcji społecznej
  • Znacznie ograniczonymi, powtarzalnymi wzorcami zachowań, zainteresowań lub aktywności

Objawy zaburzeń osobowości

Zaburzenia osobowości zwykle zaczynają być widoczne w późnej adolescencji lub wczesnej dorosłości, chociaż czasami objawy są widoczne wcześniej (w dzieciństwie). Cechy i objawy znacznie różnią się pod względem czasu trwania; wiele z nich ustępuje z czasem38.

Diagnoza zaburzenia osobowości wymaga trwałego, nieelastycznego, wszechobecnego wzorca nieprzystosowanych cech obejmujących 2 z następujących obszarów39:

  • Poznanie (tj. sposoby postrzegania i interpretowania siebie, innych i wydarzeń)
  • Afektywność (tj. zakres, intensywność, labilność i odpowiedniość reakcji emocjonalnej)
  • Funkcjonowanie interpersonalne
  • Kontrola impulsów

Trwały wzorzec nieprzystosowanych cech musi powodować znaczny stres lub upośledzenie funkcjonowania w obszarach społecznych, zawodowych i innych ważnych obszarach40.

Zaburzenia osobowości i kontroli impulsów charakteryzują się wszechobecnym wzorcem jednego lub więcej z następujących4142:

  • Nieufność i podejrzliwość wobec innych
  • Odłączenie od relacji społecznych
  • Lekceważenie i naruszanie praw innych
  • Niestabilność relacji interpersonalnych
  • Nadmierna emocjonalność i poszukiwanie uwagi
  • Uczucie nieadekwatności
  • Nadmierna potrzeba bycia zaopiekowanym
  • Zaabsorbowanie perfekcjonizmem i uporządkowaniem
  • Powtarzające się, impulsywne, agresywne wybuchy behawioralne

Objawy zaburzeń somatoformicznych

Zaburzenia somatyczne i pokrewne charakteryzują się jednym lub więcej z następujących objawów4344:

  • Objawy zmienionej dobrowolnej funkcji motorycznej lub sensorycznej, które nie są lepiej wyjaśnione przez inne zaburzenie medyczne lub psychiczne
  • Jeden lub więcej objawów somatycznych, które są niepokojące, z nadmiernymi myślami, uczuciami lub zachowaniami związanymi z objawami
  • Zaabsorbowanie posiadaniem lub nabyciem poważnej choroby bez obecności znaczących objawów

Objawy zaburzeń związanych z traumą i stresem

Zespół stresu pourazowego (PTSD) może rozwinąć się po ekspozycji na wyjątkowo zagrażające lub przerażające wydarzenie lub serię wydarzeń. Charakteryzuje się następującymi cechami45:

  1. Ponowne doświadczanie traumatycznego wydarzenia lub wydarzeń w teraźniejszości (natrętne wspomnienia, retrospekcje lub koszmary senne)
  2. Unikanie myśli i wspomnień o wydarzeniu (wydarzeniach) lub unikanie działań, sytuacji lub osób przypominających o wydarzeniu (wydarzeniach)
  3. Trwałe postrzeganie zwiększonego aktualnego zagrożenia

Te objawy utrzymują się przez co najmniej kilka tygodni i powodują znaczne upośledzenie funkcjonowania46.

Zaburzenia związane z traumą i stresem charakteryzują się47:

  • Ekspozycja na faktyczną lub zagrażającą śmierć, poważne obrażenia lub przemoc
  • Następujące po tym mimowolne ponowne doświadczanie traumatycznego wydarzenia (np. natrętne wspomnienia, sny lub retrospekcje)
  • Unikanie zewnętrznych przypomnień o wydarzeniu
  • Zaburzenia nastroju i zachowania
  • Zwiększenie pobudzenia i reaktywności (np. nadmierny odruch przestrachu, zaburzenia snu)

Objawy zaburzeń odżywiania

Zaburzenia odżywiania charakteryzują się4849:

  • Trwałą zmianą w jedzeniu lub zachowaniu związanym z jedzeniem, która skutkuje zmianą w konsumpcji lub wchłanianiu żywności
  • Znacznym upośledzeniem zdrowia fizycznego lub psychicznego

Aby uzyskać informacje na temat zachowań związanych z zaburzeniami odżywiania, pierwsze pytanie może brzmieć: „Czy kiedykolwiek czułeś/aś się, jakbyś miał/a nadwagę?”50.

Przebieg zaburzeń psychiatrycznych

Zaburzenia psychiatryczne mogą mieć zróżnicowany przebieg, od ostrych epizodów po przewlekłe schorzenia z nawrotami. Przebieg zaburzenia często zależy od jego rodzaju, ciężkości, współistniejących schorzeń oraz wczesności i skuteczności interwencji terapeutycznej.

Ogólne fazy rozwoju zaburzeń psychicznych

Być może najlepszym sposobem podejścia do faz choroby psychicznej jest myślenie o nich progresywnie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem postępujących objawów51:

  • Faza pierwsza jest kluczowa dla identyfikacji wczesnych znaków ostrzegawczych52. W tej fazie osoba zaczyna wykazywać objawy zaburzenia psychicznego, ale nadal jest w stanie funkcjonować w domu, pracy lub szkole – chociaż być może nie tak łatwo jak przed rozpoczęciem objawów. Często pojawia się poczucie, że „coś jest nie tak”53.
  • Faza druga to moment, gdy objawy osoby stają się bardziej wyraźne i widoczne54. W tej fazie zwykle staje się oczywiste, że coś jest nie tak. Objawy mogą się nasilać i trwać dłużej lub mogą pojawić się nowe objawy na szczycie istniejących, tworząc efekt kuli śnieżnej. Funkcjonowanie w pracy lub szkole staje się trudniejsze. Osoba może mieć problemy z wypełnianiem obowiązków rodzinnych, zobowiązań społecznych lub osobistych55.
  • Faza trzecia to etap, gdy objawy choroby psychicznej stają się na tyle poważne, że utrudniają codzienne życie56.
  • Faza czwarta, często ostatnia faza choroby psychicznej, jest najcięższa. Ta faza występuje, gdy zaburzenie psychiczne danej osoby staje się zagrażające życiu57.

Fazy psychozy

Typowy przebieg epizodu psychotycznego można podzielić na trzy fazy: fazę prodromalną, fazę ostrą i fazę zdrowienia58. Chociaż epizod psychotyczny postrzegany jest jako przebiegający w trzech fazach, nie wszyscy doświadczą wyraźnych objawów wszystkich trzech faz. Doświadczenie każdej osoby będzie się różnić59.

Faza prodromalna (prodromalna): Psychotyczne epizody rzadko pojawiają się niespodziewanie. Prawie zawsze epizod psychotyczny jest poprzedzony stopniowymi, niespecyficznymi zmianami w myślach, postrzeganiu, zachowaniu i funkcjonowaniu osoby60. Zmiany zaobserwowane w fazie prodromalnej są bardzo ogólne i mogą być oznakami wielu różnych rzeczy, w tym zwykłego zachowania nastolatków. Nie jest możliwe przewidzenie na podstawie tych objawów, czy dana osoba rozwinie psychozę61.

Faza ostra: To etap, w którym pojawiają się charakterystyczne objawy psychotyczne, takie jak halucynacje, urojenia i bardzo dziwna lub zdezorganizowana mowa lub zachowania62. To właśnie w tej fazie należy jak najszybciej rozpocząć odpowiednie leczenie psychozy63.

Faza zdrowienia: W ciągu kilku tygodni lub miesięcy od rozpoczęcia leczenia większość ludzi zaczyna zdrowieć. Wiele objawów staje się mniej intensywnych lub znika, a ludzie są ogólnie lepiej w stanie radzić sobie z codziennym życiem64. Niektóre z objawów, które pojawiły się w fazie ostrej, mogą utrzymywać się w fazie zdrowienia, ale przy odpowiednim leczeniu zdecydowana większość osób skutecznie dochodzi do zdrowia po pierwszym epizodzie psychozy65.

Inny podział faz psychozy obejmuje pięć etapów66:

  1. Faza prodromalna: Początkowa faza, charakteryzująca się subtelnymi zmianami w zachowaniu, myślach i emocjach, które poprzedzają pełnoobjawową psychozę67.
  2. Faza ostra: Charakteryzuje się pojawieniem się pełnoobjawowych symptomów psychotycznych, często powodujących znaczne zakłócenia w życiu danej osoby68.
  3. Faza kryzysu lub kliniczna: Reprezentuje szczytową intensywność objawów psychotycznych, często wymagającą pilnej interwencji medycznej69.
  4. Faza zdrowienia: Obejmuje stopniowe zmniejszanie objawów psychotycznych, przy czym osoba zaczyna odzyskiwać wgląd i stabilność dzięki leczeniu70.
  5. Faza rezydualna: Większość ostrych objawów ustąpiła, ale mogą pozostać niektóre łagodne lub utrzymujące się objawy71.

Przebieg schizofrenii

Schizofrenia to przewlekła choroba, która może postępować przez kilka faz, chociaż czas trwania i wzorce faz mogą się różnić. Pacjenci ze schizofrenią zwykle mają objawy psychotyczne średnio 8-15 miesięcy przed zgłoszeniem się po pomoc medyczną, ale obecnie choroba jest często rozpoznawana wcześniej w jej przebiegu72.

W ciągu pierwszych 5 lat od wystąpienia objawów funkcjonowanie może się pogorszyć, a umiejętności społeczne i zawodowe mogą ulec pogorszeniu, z postępującym zaniedbywaniem samoopieki. Objawy negatywne mogą nasilić się, a funkcjonowanie poznawcze może się pogorszyć. Następnie poziom niepełnosprawności zwykle stabilizuje się73.

Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, jedna trzecia pacjentów osiąga znaczną i trwałą poprawę; jedna trzecia poprawia się w pewnym stopniu, ale ma okresowe nawroty i pozostającą niepełnosprawność; a jedna trzecia pozostaje poważnie niesprawna74.

Trzy stadia, lub fazy, schizofrenii to: prodromalna, aktywna i rezydualna. Diagnoza stadiów schizofrenii jest ważna, aby osoba otrzymała odpowiednie leczenie w celu zarządzania swoim stanem75.

  • Faza prodromalna składa się z niespecyficznych objawów, takich jak brak motywacji, izolacja społeczna i trudności z koncentracją76.
  • Aktywna schizofrenia obejmuje zauważalne objawy psychotyczne, takie jak halucynacje i urojenia77.
  • Faza rezydualna nie jest już uznawana za kryterium diagnostyczne, ale pomaga wyjaśnić progresję schizofrenii78. W fazie rezydualnej halucynacje, urojenia i dezorganizacja myślenia są łagodne lub całkowicie nieobecne. Osoba może nadal doświadczać objawów z fazy prodromalnej79.

Zmienność objawów w czasie

U pacjentów z zaburzeniami psychiatrycznymi stabilność objawów ma ważne implikacje dla diagnozy, prognozy i leczenia80. W przypadku choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej występują znaczne wahania stabilności diagnostycznej, jednocześnie zidentyfikowano cechy związane z niższą stabilnością81.

Stabilność diagnostyczna, definiowana jako „stopień, w jakim diagnoza pozostaje niezmieniona podczas obserwacji”, jest ważnym sposobem walidacji początkowej diagnozy82. Analiza zidentyfikowała cechy związane z niestabilnością diagnostyczną, w tym skrajny wiek, płeć żeńską, objawy psychotyczne, zmiany w leczeniu, nadużywanie substancji i rodzinną historię zaburzeń afektywnych (nastroju)83.

Ważne jest, aby pamiętać, że zdrowie psychiczne lub choroba psychiczna danej osoby może się zmieniać w czasie, w zależności od wielu czynników84. Możliwe jest, że pacjent może mieć jeden zestaw objawów w jednym momencie, a po pewnym czasie te objawy mogą nie być obecne85.

Z czasem, w większości przypadków, liczba tych dobrych dni zmniejsza się i objawy zaczynają się ujawniać. Powoduje to znaczny dystres i wpływa na zdolność osoby do normalnego funkcjonowania86. Objawy chorób psychiatrycznych nie są stabilne i stałe w czasie87. Pacjenci mogą doświadczać dobrych dni, ale to nie jest oznaką ustąpienia objawów88. Niektórzy pacjenci mogą naturalnie uwolnić się od choroby, ale jest to wyjątek, a nie reguła89.

Rytm dobowy a objawy psychiatryczne

Objawy zaburzeń związanych z nastrojem nie są statyczne, ale mogą się zmieniać w ciągu 24-godzinnego okresu, z wzorcami wahającymi się od gorszych objawów rano, po południu lub wieczorem90.

Badania pokazały, że 11 z 13 cech psychiatrycznych było związanych z byciem chronotypem wieczornym, od depresji po zaburzenie obsesyjno-kompulsywne, fobię społeczną i urojenia, podczas gdy tylko mania była związana z byciem chronotypem porannym91.

Osoby o chronotypie wieczornym miały również bardziej wyraźne negatywne objawy emocjonalne i objawy typu ADHD wieczorem, szczególnie wśród tych z wysokim nasileniem psychiatrycznych czynników osobowościowych92.

Bardziej szczegółowo93:

  • Objawy związane ze zmęczeniem wykazywały najbardziej wyraźny wzorzec dobowy, osiągając szczyt rano i późnym wieczorem
  • Osoby o chronotypie wieczornym miały gorsze wyniki w przypadku większości objawów: rano dla objawów związanych ze zmęczeniem i niskim napędem i motywacją, a wieczorem dla negatywnych objawów emocjonalnych i objawów typu ADHD

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

Wczesna interwencja ma kluczowe znaczenie w przypadku zaburzeń psychicznych, ponieważ odpowiednio szybkie leczenie często prowadzi do lepszych wyników i może zapobiec postępowi choroby. Rozpoznanie wczesnych objawów zaburzeń psychicznych jest pierwszym krokiem do poprawy94.

Ponad dekada badań na całym świecie wykazała, że wczesna interwencja często może zminimalizować lub opóźnić objawy, zapobiec hospitalizacji i poprawić rokowanie. Nawet jeśli dana osoba nie wykazuje jeszcze wyraźnych oznak diagnozy zaburzenia psychicznego, te wczesne objawy ostrzegawcze mogą być przerażające i destrukcyjne95.

Podobnie jak w przypadku innych chorób, wczesna interwencja może mieć kluczowe znaczenie w zapobieganiu temu, co mogłoby stać się poważną chorobą96. Każdą sytuację danej osoby należy dokładnie ocenić, a leczenie powinno być zindywidualizowane. Kompleksowe leczenie zapobiegające postępowi wczesnych objawów do poważnej choroby może obejmować stałe poradnictwo indywidualne i rodzinne, wsparcie zawodowe i edukacyjne, udział w wielorodzinnej grupie rozwiązywania problemów oraz leki, gdy jest to wskazane97.

Zaburzenia zdrowia psychicznego są trudniejsze do leczenia, jeśli czekasz, aż objawy się pogorszą. Długoterminowe leczenie podtrzymujące może również pomóc zapobiec nawrotowi objawów98.

W przypadku psychozy badania wykazały, że powszechne jest, iż osoba ma objawy psychotyczne przez ponad rok przed otrzymaniem leczenia. Zmniejszenie czasu trwania nieleczonej psychozy jest kluczowe, ponieważ wczesne leczenie często oznacza lepszy powrót do zdrowia99.

Diagnoza i ocena psychiatryczna

Początkowa ocena psychiatryczna osoby rozpoczyna się od stworzenia historii przypadku i przeprowadzenia badania stanu psychicznego. Mogą być przeprowadzane badania laboratoryjne, badania fizykalne i testy psychologiczne. Czasami wykonuje się badania neuroobrazowe lub neurofizjologiczne100.

Zaburzenia psychiczne są diagnozowane zgodnie z podręcznikami diagnostycznymi, takimi jak Międzynarodowa Klasyfikacja Chorób (ICD) i Diagnostyczny i Statystyczny Podręcznik Zaburzeń Psychicznych (DSM)101.

Aby określić diagnozę i sprawdzić powiązane powikłania, możesz mieć102:

  • Badanie fizykalne. Lekarz może wykonać badanie fizykalne i zadać szczegółowe pytania na temat zdrowia. W niektórych przypadkach objawy psychiczne mogą być związane ze stanem fizycznym.
  • Badania laboratoryjne. Mogą obejmować badania krwi i inne badania laboratoryjne, w tym badania tarczycy i badania przesiewowe w kierunku alkoholu i narkotyków.
  • Psychologiczną ocenę. Lekarz lub psycholog zada pytania dotyczące myśli, uczuć i zachowań.

Czasami trudno jest ustalić, które zaburzenie psychiczne może powodować objawy. Ale poświęcenie czasu i wysiłku na uzyskanie dokładnej diagnozy pomoże określić odpowiednie leczenie103.

Lekarze pierwszego kontaktu często diagnozują i leczą zaburzenia psychiatryczne, szczególnie u pacjentów zapisanych do planów opieki zarządzanej. Jedno badanie wykazało, że 25-30% pacjentów zgłaszających się do lekarzy podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej ma zaburzenia psychiatryczne104.

Aby uniknąć przeoczenia diagnozy psychiatrycznej, lekarze rodzinni powinni stosować systematyczne podejście podczas oceny pacjenta pod kątem objawów psychiatrycznych, podobnie jak podejście stosowane w medycznym przeglądzie układów105.

Różnicowanie objawów psychiatrycznych i somatycznych

Dysfunkcja mózgu związana z niektórymi schorzeniami medycznymi i neurologicznymi może wywoływać praktycznie każdy objaw psychiatryczny. Oznacza to, że zawsze istnieje szansa, że prezentacje uznawane za psychiatryczne są w rzeczywistości wyjaśnione przez niezidentyfikowaną patologię medyczną106.

Stany psychiatryczne mają tendencję do rozwijania się podstępnie, a nie w ciągu godzin lub dni107. Pełne badanie fizykalne i neurologiczne, podstawowa ocena poznawcza i rutynowe badania przesiewowe krwi psychiatrycznej powinny być przeprowadzone u wszystkich pacjentów prezentujących nowo pojawiające się objawy psychiatryczne108.

Ocena poznawcza jest fundamentalna dla identyfikacji majaczenia i/lub encefalopatii, przy czym upośledzenie w testach trwałej uwagi ma szczególną czułość109. Limbiczne zapalenie mózgu, zwłaszcza zapalenie mózgu z przeciwciałami przeciwko receptorowi NMDA, należy rozważyć jako diagnozę różnicową w pierwszych prezentacjach psychozy110.

Objawy psychiatryczne odzwierciedlają dysfunkcję mózgu. Gdy wynikają one ze schorzeń medycznych i/lub neurologicznych, prawdopodobne jest dodatkowe dowody dysfunkcji układu nerwowego; może to manifestować się jako zaburzenia motoryczne (np. dyzartria lub zmieniony chód), sensoryczne (np. deficyty pola widzenia lub neuropatia obwodowa), poznawcze lub językowe111.

Te diagnozy powinny być zawsze brane pod uwagę w przypadku zaburzeń ruchu, napadów, wyraźnych zaburzeń poznawczych, zaburzeń autonomicznych lub oporności na leczenie112. Limbiczne zapalenie mózgu jest również potencjalną diagnozą różnicową w starszych pierwszych prezentacjach psychozy, gdy bardziej prawdopodobny jest podstawowy nowotwór113.

Wiele zaburzeń ogólnomedycznych wywołuje objawy, które naśladują specyficzne zaburzenia psychiatryczne114. Wiele leków może powodować objawy psychiatryczne; najczęstsze klasy przyczyn związanych z lekami to leki aktywne w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym, leki przeciwcholinergiczne i kortykosteroidy115.

Pacjenci z zaburzeniami psychicznymi mogą rozwinąć niezwiązane zaburzenie fizyczne, które powoduje nowe lub pogorszone objawy psychiczne116. Nie należy zakładać, że wszystkie objawy psychiatryczne u pacjentów ze znanym zaburzeniem psychiatrycznym są spowodowane tym zaburzeniem117.

Pacjenci zgłaszający się na opiekę psychiatryczną czasami mają niezdiagnozowane ogólnomedyczne zaburzenia, które nie są przyczyną ich objawów psychiatrycznych, ale mimo to wymagają oceny i leczenia118. Celem oceny medycznej jest diagnoza podstawowych i współistniejących zaburzeń ogólnomedycznych, a nie postawienie konkretnej diagnozy psychiatrycznej119.

Objawy, które pojawiły się krótko po znaczącym urazie fizycznym lub po rozpoczęciu nowego leku, mogą być spowodowane tymi zdarzeniami120. Zaburzenie związane z używaniem substancji może, ale nie musi być przyczyną nowych objawów psychiatrycznych; około 10 do 45% pacjentów z zaburzeniami psychiatrycznymi ma również zaburzenia związane z używaniem substancji121.

Leczenie zaburzeń psychiatrycznych

W większości przypadków objawy mogą być kontrolowane za pomocą kombinacji leków i terapii rozmową (psychoterapii)122. Leczenie zależy od rodzaju zaburzenia psychicznego, jego ciężkości i tego, co najlepiej działa dla ciebie. W wielu przypadkach najlepiej sprawdza się kombinacja leczenia123.

Leczenie zaburzeń psychicznych może obejmować124:

  • Leki: Niektóre choroby psychiczne dobrze reagują na leki, takie jak leki przeciwdepresyjne i przeciwpsychotyczne. Te leki zmieniają chemię w mózgu, więc doświadczasz mniej objawów.
  • Psychoterapia: Podczas psychoterapii uczysz się lepiej zrozumieć swoje stan zdrowia psychicznego. Rozwijasz zdrowe sposoby radzenia sobie i codziennego funkcjonowania. Niektóre osoby korzystają z terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej (CBT), która koncentruje się na zmianie negatywnych wzorców myślenia.
  • Terapia mózgu: Czasami leki i psychoterapia nie działają wystarczająco dobrze. W takich przypadkach lekarze mogą zalecić terapię elektrowstrząsową (ECT) lub przezczaszkową stymulację magnetyczną (TMS). Te zabiegi stymulują mózg, aby lepiej kontrolować nastrój i objawy.

Leczenie może obejmować leki przeciwpsychotyczne, psychoterapię, leczenie nadużywania substancji i inne modalności, takie jak podejścia interwencyjne, asertywne leczenie społecznościowe, wzmacnianie społecznościowe i wspierane zatrudnienie125.

Leczenie może być prowadzone w trybie ambulatoryjnym lub stacjonarnym, w zależności od ciężkości upośledzenia funkcjonalnego lub ryzyka dla danej osoby lub społeczności126. Skuteczność i działania niepożądane leków psychiatrycznych mogą się różnić w zależności od pacjenta127.

Leczenie psychiatryczne zmieniło się w ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat. W przeszłości pacjenci psychiatryczni byli często hospitalizowani przez sześć miesięcy lub dłużej, w niektórych przypadkach hospitalizacja trwała wiele lat128. Średni pobyt na leczeniu psychiatrycznym w szpitalu znacznie się zmniejszył od lat 60., jest to trend znany jako deinstytucjonalizacja129.

Dziś w większości krajów ludzie otrzymujący leczenie psychiatryczne częściej są leczeni jako pacjenci ambulatoryjni. Jeśli wymagana jest hospitalizacja, średni pobyt w szpitalu wynosi około jednego do dwóch tygodni, a tylko niewielka liczba osób otrzymuje długoterminową hospitalizację130.

Psychiatryczne oddziały szpitalne mogą być zabezpieczone (dla osób, które są uważane za szczególnie zagrożone przemocą lub samookaleczeniem) lub otwarte/niezamknięte131. W wielu rozwiniętych krajach nastąpiło masowe zmniejszenie liczby łóżek psychiatrycznych od połowy XX wieku, wraz z rozwojem opieki środowiskowej132.

Indywidualizacja leczenia

Pracując razem, ty i twój lekarz podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej lub specjalista zdrowia psychicznego możecie zdecydować, które leczenie może być najlepsze, w zależności od twoich objawów i ich ciężkości, twoich osobistych preferencji, skutków ubocznych leków i innych czynników133.

Leczenie zaburzeń zdrowia psychicznego jest bardzo zindywidualizowane i unikalne dla każdej osoby. Leczenie często obejmuje kombinację terapii134. Psychiatrzy mogą przepisywać leki, aby pomóc w leczeniu schorzeń zdrowia psychicznego. Te leki działają, aby zmienić sygnalizację chemiczną i komunikację w mózgu, co może zminimalizować niektóre objawy pewnych zaburzeń psychiatrycznych135.

Każda sytuacja danej osoby musi być dokładnie oceniona, a leczenie powinno być zindywidualizowane. Kompleksowe leczenie zapobiegające postępowi wczesnych objawów do poważnej choroby może obejmować stałe poradnictwo indywidualne i rodzinne, wsparcie zawodowe i edukacyjne, udział w wielorodzinnej grupie rozwiązywania problemów oraz leki, gdy jest to wskazane136.

Skuteczność leczenia

Większość osób z zaburzeniami behawioralnymi zdrowia może kontrolować swoje objawy. Prowadzą pełne, satysfakcjonujące życie przy odpowiednim leczeniu. Niektóre osoby będą potrzebowały zarządzać chorobą psychiczną przez resztę życia. U innych objawy poprawiają się wraz z wiekiem. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, choroby psychiczne mają tendencję do osiągania szczytu u młodych dorosłych w wieku 18-25 lat, a następnie znacznie zmniejszają się po 50 roku życia137.

Z odpowiednią diagnozą i właściwym leczeniem możliwe jest dojście do zdrowia po psychozie. Niektórzy ludzie, którzy otrzymują wczesne leczenie, nigdy nie doświadczają kolejnego epizodu psychotycznego. Dla innych osób powrót do zdrowia oznacza zdolność do prowadzenia satysfakcjonującego i produktywnego życia, nawet jeśli objawy psychotyczne czasami powracają138.

Każda osoba leczona z powodu zaburzenia psychotycznego może reagować na terapię inaczej. Niektórzy pokażą poprawę szybko. Dla innych może to zająć tygodnie lub miesiące, aby uzyskać ulgę w objawach139. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, nie, zaburzenie psychotyczne nie może być wyleczone, ale zależy to od rodzaju zaburzenia, które masz. Poszczególne epizody psychotyczne są zwykle uleczalne. Około 25% osób, które mają epizod psychotyczny, nigdy nie ma kolejnego140.

Zależy to od rodzaju zaburzenia psychotycznego i osoby, która je ma. Ale te zaburzenia są uleczalne, a większość ludzi będzie miała dobry powrót do zdrowia dzięki leczeniu i ścisłej opiece follow-up141.

Wiele osób, które żyją z chorobą Huntingtona, ma historie powrotu do zdrowia, które prowadzą ich do życia o znaczeniu. Niektórzy ludzie całkowicie dochodzą do zdrowia po schizofrenii i nie mają już objawów. Niektórzy, którzy żyją ze schizofrenią, mogą znacznie poprawić swój stan dzięki ciągłemu leczeniu. Niektórzy poprawiają się dzięki leczeniu, ale potrzebują ciągłego wsparcia. Może to pochodzić od zespołów zdrowia psychicznego NHS, opieki społecznej, rodziny, organizacji charytatywnych lub innych organizacji142.

Wyzwania i perspektywy w psychiatrii

Mimo postępów w dziedzinie psychiatrii, nadal istnieją znaczące wyzwania w diagnozowaniu i leczeniu zaburzeń psychicznych. Pole psychiatrii nadal ewoluuje, z nowymi badaniami i podejściami terapeutycznymi stale rozwijającymi się.

Wpływ chorób psychicznych na życie codzienne

Choroby psychiczne mogą znacząco wpływać na codzienne funkcjonowanie, relacje i ogólną jakość życia. Objawy schizofrenii zazwyczaj upośledzają zdolność do wykonywania złożonych i trudnych funkcji poznawczych i motorycznych; więc objawy często znacząco zaburzają pracę, relacje społeczne i samopielęgnację. Bezrobocie, izolacja, pogorszone relacje i obniżona jakość życia są częstymi konsekwencjami143.

Nieleczone, choroby psychiczne mogą powodować poważne emocjonalne, behawioralne i fizyczne problemy zdrowotne. Powikłania czasami związane z chorobą psychiczną obejmują144:

  • Nieszczęście i zmniejszoną satysfakcję z życia
  • Konflikty rodzinne
  • Trudności z pracą lub szkołą
  • Problemy z nadużywaniem narkotyków
  • Problemy prawne i finansowe
  • Ubóstwo i bezdomność
  • Samookaleczanie i krzywdzenie innych, w tym samobójstwo lub zabójstwo
  • Osłabiony układ odpornościowy, czyniący cię bardziej podatnym na choroby
  • Problemy z sercem i innymi narządami

Konsekwencje nierozwiązania problemów zdrowia psychicznego u młodzieży przenoszą się na dorosłość, upośledzając zarówno zdrowie fizyczne, jak i psychiczne oraz ograniczając możliwości prowadzenia satysfakcjonującego życia jako dorośli145. Młodzież z problemami zdrowia psychicznego jest szczególnie narażona na wykluczenie społeczne, dyskryminację, stygmatyzację (wpływającą na gotowość do szukania pomocy), trudności edukacyjne, zachowania ryzykowne, fizyczne problemy zdrowotne i naruszenia praw człowieka146.

Kiedy należy skonsultować się z psychiatrą

Psychiatrzy to lekarze, którzy są przeszkoleni w diagnozowaniu zaburzeń zdrowia psychicznego, prowadzeniu terapii rozmową i przepisywaniu leków psychotropowych147. Dane pokazują, że problemy ze zdrowiem psychicznym są powszechne w USA, co piąty dorosły doświadcza jakiejś formy zaburzenia zdrowia psychicznego148.

Psychiatrzy są dobrym wyborem dla osób, które149:

  • Mają ciężkie objawy zdrowia psychicznego, które zaburzają codzienne funkcjonowanie
  • Są zainteresowane lekami behawioralnymi jako częścią ich leczenia
  • Nie widzą poprawy przy samej terapii rozmową

Objawy, które mogą wskazywać na potrzebę konsultacji z psychiatrą, obejmują150:

  • Ciężkie objawy zdrowia psychicznego, które wpływają na codzienne funkcjonowanie, takie jak nadmierny niepokój lub uporczywe uczucia smutku i beznadziei
  • Myśli samobójcze lub samookaleczenie
  • Myśli o krzywdzeniu innych osób
  • Zmiany w wadze, apetycie lub wzorcach snu
  • Urojenia
  • Przemoc, pobudzenie lub emocjonalne wybuchy
  • Słaba koncentracja lub uwaga
  • Brak poprawy przy lekach behawioralnych przepisanych przez lekarza podstawowej opieki
  • Brak poprawy przy samej terapii rozmową
  • Zdiagnozowanie stanu, o którym wiadomo, że reaguje na leki jako część leczenia (jak depresja lub lęk)

Leczenie zależy od twoich konkretnych objawów i diagnozy, ale łączenie zarządzania lekami i terapii rozmową może pomóc niektórym ludziom lepiej zarządzać swoimi objawami151.

Nowe kierunki w psychiatrii

Psychiatria jako dziedzina kontynuuje rozwój, stając się bardziej biologiczna i mniej koncepcyjnie odizolowana od innych dziedzin medycznych152. Pojawiające się terapie, które wykorzystują porę dnia do wzmocnienia efektów leczenia w psychiatrii, dają obiecujące wyniki, ale bardziej skuteczne i powszechne zastosowania terapeutyczne w opiece nad zdrowiem psychicznym zależą od lepszego zrozumienia, jak i dlaczego objawy psychiatryczne różnią się w ciągu dnia153.

Istnieją skuteczne opcje leczenia, w tym interwencje psychospołeczne, interwencje behawioralne, terapia zajęciowa i logopedyczna. W przypadku niektórych diagnoz i grup wiekowych można również rozważyć leki154.

W celu zaobserwowania zmiany w zachowaniach związanych ze snem konieczna jest stała praca w celu promowania polityk opartych na nauce, które pomagają poprawić zdrowie snu, takich jak zachęcanie pracodawców do pomocy w promowaniu zdrowego snu i wprowadzanie późniejszych godzin rozpoczęcia zajęć szkolnych155.

Obecne dostępne leczenie, takie jak takryna (Cognex) i donepezil (Aricept), jest najbardziej użyteczne we wczesnych stadiach choroby, co podkreśla znaczenie wczesnego wykrywania zaburzeń, takich jak demencja156.

Dla pacjentów z psychozą ważne jest znalezienie specjalisty zdrowia psychicznego, który jest przeszkolony w leczeniu psychozy i który sprawia, że osoba czuje się komfortowo. Przy wczesnej diagnozie i odpowiednim leczeniu możliwe jest wyleczenie z psychozy. Niektórzy ludzie, którzy otrzymują wczesne leczenie, nigdy nie doświadczają kolejnego epizodu psychotycznego. Dla innych osób powrót do zdrowia oznacza zdolność do prowadzenia satysfakcjonującego i produktywnego życia, nawet jeśli objawy psychotyczne czasami powracają157.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of deleterious mental conditions. These include matters related to cognition, perceptions, mood, emotion, and behavior. […] Initial psychiatric assessment of a person begins with creating a case history and conducting a mental status examination. Laboratory tests, physical examinations, and psychological tests may be conducted. On occasion, neuroimaging or neurophysiological studies are performed. […] Mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with diagnostic manuals such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). […] Treatment may include psychotropics (psychiatric medicines), psychotherapy, substance-abuse treatment, and other modalities such as interventional approaches, assertive community treatment, community reinforcement, and supported employment.
  • #2 Mental illness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968
    Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. […] But a mental health concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affect your ability to function. […] In most cases, symptoms can be managed with a combination of medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy). […] Signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary, depending on the disorder, circumstances and other factors. Mental illness symptoms can affect emotions, thoughts and behaviors. […] If you have any signs or symptoms of a mental illness, see your primary care provider or a mental health professional. Most mental illnesses don’t improve on their own, and if untreated, a mental illness may get worse over time and cause serious problems.
  • #3 Mental illness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968
    Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. […] But a mental health concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affect your ability to function. […] In most cases, symptoms can be managed with a combination of medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy). […] Signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary, depending on the disorder, circumstances and other factors. Mental illness symptoms can affect emotions, thoughts and behaviors. […] If you have any signs or symptoms of a mental illness, see your primary care provider or a mental health professional. Most mental illnesses don’t improve on their own, and if untreated, a mental illness may get worse over time and cause serious problems.
  • #4
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
    A mental disorder is characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour. It is usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of functioning. […] In 2019, 1 in every 8 people, or 970 million people around the world were living with a mental disorder, with anxiety and depressive disorders the most common. […] In 2020, the number of people living with anxiety and depressive disorders rose significantly because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial estimates show a 26% and 28% increase respectively for anxiety and major depressive disorders in just one year. […] Symptoms are severe enough to result in significant distress or significant impairment in functioning. […] During a depressive episode, the person experiences depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty) or a loss of pleasure or interest in activities, for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. Several other symptoms are also present, which may include poor concentration, feelings of excessive guilt or low self-worth, hopelessness about the future, thoughts about dying or suicide, disrupted sleep, changes in appetite or weight, and feeling especially tired or low in energy.
  • #5
    https://www.rula.com/blog/when-to-see-a-psychiatrist/
    Psychiatrists are medical doctors who are trained to diagnose mental health conditions, provide talk therapy, and prescribe psychotropic medications. […] If you think youd benefit from mental health support, working with a psychiatrist or other mental health professional can help put you on the path to recovery. […] Data show that mental health concerns are common in the U.S., with one in five adults experiencing some form of mental health condition. […] Psychiatrists are a great option for people who have severe mental health symptoms that interfere with daily functioning, are interested in behavioral medications as part of their treatment, or arent seeing improvements with talk therapy alone. […] Severe mental health symptoms that affect daily functioning like excessive anxiety or persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness
  • #6 How to recognize the signs of mental health issues – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/how-to-recognize-the-signs-of-mental-health-issues
    A study published in the September 2023 issue of The Lancet Psychiatry analyzed data collected over 20-plus years from more than 150,000 adults across 29 countries. The results showed that about half of people will develop at least one mental disorder by age 75. Among men, the most common disorders were depression, phobias, and alcohol use disorder. […] „Many also don’t recognize the signs of a mental disorder and thus don’t seek medical help, which can make the disorder worse.” […] A depressed man may gain or lose weight, eat more or less than usual, have difficulty concentrating, and have trouble sleeping or sleep more than usual. He also may battle fatigue and low energy, so even small tasks may appear impossible to manage. Other symptoms of depression include one or more of the following: persistent sad or „empty” mood, loss of enjoyment in favorite activities, feelings of hopelessness or pessimism, feelings of worthlessness and guilt about a specific life experience or in general, increased boredom and apathy, trouble concentrating or making decisions, restlessness or irritability.
  • #7
    https://www.rula.com/blog/when-to-see-a-psychiatrist/
    Psychiatrists are medical doctors who are trained to diagnose mental health conditions, provide talk therapy, and prescribe psychotropic medications. […] If you think youd benefit from mental health support, working with a psychiatrist or other mental health professional can help put you on the path to recovery. […] Data show that mental health concerns are common in the U.S., with one in five adults experiencing some form of mental health condition. […] Psychiatrists are a great option for people who have severe mental health symptoms that interfere with daily functioning, are interested in behavioral medications as part of their treatment, or arent seeing improvements with talk therapy alone. […] Severe mental health symptoms that affect daily functioning like excessive anxiety or persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness
  • #8 What is a Psychiatrist? What They Do & When To See One
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22702-psychiatrist
    Psychiatrists assess both the mental and physical aspects of psychological conditions. They can diagnose and treat these conditions. […] Psychiatrists can diagnose and treat several conditions, including: Alcohol use disorder and other substance use disorders, Alzheimers disease, Anxiety disorders, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Autism spectrum disorder, Bipolar disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Depression, Dissociative disorders, Eating disorders, Gambling disorder, Hoarding disorder, Mood disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Panic disorder, Personality disorders, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Postpartum depression, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Sleep disorders. […] Psychiatrists use and prescribe a variety of treatments, including: Psychotherapy (talk therapy), Medications, Other treatments, such as electric convulsive treatment (ECT) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
  • #9 Mental illness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968
    Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. […] But a mental health concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affect your ability to function. […] In most cases, symptoms can be managed with a combination of medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy). […] Signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary, depending on the disorder, circumstances and other factors. Mental illness symptoms can affect emotions, thoughts and behaviors. […] If you have any signs or symptoms of a mental illness, see your primary care provider or a mental health professional. Most mental illnesses don’t improve on their own, and if untreated, a mental illness may get worse over time and cause serious problems.
  • #10 Understanding Behavioral Health Symptoms – Baptist Health
    https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/services/behavioral-health/patient-resources/understanding-behavioral-health-symptoms
    The first step in recovery from any mental health issue is recognizing its warning signs. By accurately describing your symptoms to an appropriate medical professional, you can help him or her properly diagnose your condition and begin treatment. […] Here is a list of symptoms that may indicate the development of a behavioral disorder. Remember that a mental illness is just another kind of illness recognizing symptoms is the first step in getting better: […] Fifty percent of cases of mental illness begin by age 14, and three-quarters begin by age 24. […] Children and young adults are not immune to developing behavioral disorders. In fact, according to the American Psychiatric Association, about half of all mental illnesses manifest themselves by the early teen years.
  • #11 Mental Health Disorders: Types, Diagnosis & Treatment Options
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders
    Mental health disorders, such as depression or anxiety, affect the way we think, feel and behave. Symptoms of mental health disorders usually improve with treatment, which may include medication, psychotherapy, alternative therapies or brain stimulation therapy. […] Mental (behavioral) health disorders, or mental illnesses, affect the way you think and behave. They change your mood and can make it difficult to function at home, work, school or in your community. […] Behavioral health disorders can have many causes. They might be the result of abnormal genes. You may inherit those genes from a parent, or genes can change during your life. Chemical imbalances in your brain can also lead to mental illness. […] Mental health disorders can lead to a broad range of symptoms, including: Use of recreational drugs or alcohol. Avoiding social situations and friends. Changes in sex drive. Difficulty perceiving reality, including having delusions or hallucinations. Excessive worrying or fear. Fatigue or sleep problems. Feelings of sadness or isolation. Inability to gauge or interpret other peoples feelings or emotions. Intense irritability or anger. Obsession with your physical appearance, weight or eating habits. Problems concentrating, learning or completing everyday tasks. Sudden mood changes, going from lows to highs. Suicidal thoughts or self-injury.
  • #12 The Psychiatric Review of Symptoms: A Screening Tool for Family Physicians | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1101/p1617.html
    The psychiatric review of symptoms is a useful screening tool for identifying patients who have psychiatric disorders. […] The psychiatric review of symptoms (PROS) is one such approach. Adapted from clinical psychiatric practice, the PROS is a series of questions designed to rapidly screen for the major psychiatric disorders. […] Family physicians frequently diagnose and treat psychiatric disorders, particularly in patients enrolled in managed care plans. One study revealed that 25 to 30 percent of patients presenting to primary care physicians have psychiatric disorders. […] To avoid missing a psychiatric diagnosis, family physicians should use a systematic approach when assessing a patient for psychiatric symptoms, much like the approach used in the medical review of systems. […] Psychiatric symptoms are often difficult for patients to discuss.
  • #13 The Psychiatric Review of Symptoms: A Screening Tool for Family Physicians | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1101/p1617.html
    The psychiatric review of symptoms is a useful screening tool for identifying patients who have psychiatric disorders. […] The psychiatric review of symptoms (PROS) is one such approach. Adapted from clinical psychiatric practice, the PROS is a series of questions designed to rapidly screen for the major psychiatric disorders. […] Family physicians frequently diagnose and treat psychiatric disorders, particularly in patients enrolled in managed care plans. One study revealed that 25 to 30 percent of patients presenting to primary care physicians have psychiatric disorders. […] To avoid missing a psychiatric diagnosis, family physicians should use a systematic approach when assessing a patient for psychiatric symptoms, much like the approach used in the medical review of systems. […] Psychiatric symptoms are often difficult for patients to discuss.
  • #14
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
    A mental disorder is characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour. It is usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of functioning. […] In 2019, 1 in every 8 people, or 970 million people around the world were living with a mental disorder, with anxiety and depressive disorders the most common. […] In 2020, the number of people living with anxiety and depressive disorders rose significantly because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial estimates show a 26% and 28% increase respectively for anxiety and major depressive disorders in just one year. […] Symptoms are severe enough to result in significant distress or significant impairment in functioning. […] During a depressive episode, the person experiences depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty) or a loss of pleasure or interest in activities, for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. Several other symptoms are also present, which may include poor concentration, feelings of excessive guilt or low self-worth, hopelessness about the future, thoughts about dying or suicide, disrupted sleep, changes in appetite or weight, and feeling especially tired or low in energy.
  • #15 Mental Health Conditions: Depression and Anxiety | Overviews of Diseases/Conditions | Tips From Former Smokers | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/depression-anxiety.html
    Depression is more than just feeling down or having a bad day. When a sad mood lasts for a long time and interferes with normal, everyday functioning, you may be depressed. Symptoms of depression include: Feeling sad or anxious often or all the time […] Many people who experience depression also have other mental health conditions. Anxiety disorders often go hand in hand with depression. People who have anxiety disorders struggle with intense and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety, fear, worry, and/or panic. These feelings can interfere with daily activities and may last for a long time. […] Many helpful treatments for depression are available. Treatment for depression can help reduce symptoms and shorten how long the depression lasts. Treatment can include getting therapy and/or taking medications. Your doctor or a qualified mental health professional can help you determine what treatment is best for you.
  • #16 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    12.04 Depressive, bipolar and related disorders (see 12.00B3), satisfied by A and B, or A and C: […] Medical documentation of the requirements of paragraph 1 or 2: […] Depressive disorder, characterized by five or more of the following: […] Depressed mood; […] Diminished interest in almost all activities; […] Appetite disturbance with change in weight; […] Sleep disturbance; […] Observable psychomotor agitation or retardation; […] Decreased energy; […] Feelings of guilt or worthlessness; […] Difficulty concentrating or thinking; or […] Thoughts of death or suicide. […] Bipolar disorder, characterized by three or more of the following: […] Pressured speech; […] Flight of ideas; […] Inflated self-esteem; […] Decreased need for sleep; […] Distractibility; […] Involvement in activities that have a high probability of painful consequences that are not recognized; or
  • #17
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
    People with bipolar disorder experience alternating depressive episodes with periods of manic symptoms. […] During a depressive episode, the person experiences depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty) or a loss of pleasure or interest in activities, for most of the day, nearly every day. […] PTSD may develop following exposure to an extremely threatening or horrific event or series of events. It is characterised by all of the following: 1) re-experiencing the traumatic event or events in the present (intrusive memories, flashbacks, or nightmares); 2) avoidance of thoughts and memories of the event(s), or avoidance of activities, situations, or people reminiscent of the event(s); and 3) persistent perceptions of heightened current threat. These symptoms persist for at least several weeks and cause significant impairment in functioning.
  • #18 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    12.04 Depressive, bipolar and related disorders (see 12.00B3), satisfied by A and B, or A and C: […] Medical documentation of the requirements of paragraph 1 or 2: […] Depressive disorder, characterized by five or more of the following: […] Depressed mood; […] Diminished interest in almost all activities; […] Appetite disturbance with change in weight; […] Sleep disturbance; […] Observable psychomotor agitation or retardation; […] Decreased energy; […] Feelings of guilt or worthlessness; […] Difficulty concentrating or thinking; or […] Thoughts of death or suicide. […] Bipolar disorder, characterized by three or more of the following: […] Pressured speech; […] Flight of ideas; […] Inflated self-esteem; […] Decreased need for sleep; […] Distractibility; […] Involvement in activities that have a high probability of painful consequences that are not recognized; or
  • #19 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] OR […] Your mental disorder in this listing category is serious and persistent; that is, you have a medically documented history of the existence of the disorder over a period of at least 2 years, and there is evidence of both: […] Medical treatment, mental health therapy, psychosocial support(s), or a highly structured setting(s) that is ongoing and that diminishes the symptoms and signs of your mental disorder (see 12.00G2b); and
  • #20 About Perinatal Mental Health | Postpartum Support International (PSI)SearchFacebookInstagram-1PinterestLinkedinVimeoYoutube-playScroll to top
    https://postpartum.net/perinatal-mental-health/
    Symptoms of perinatal PTSD might include: Flashback of a past traumatic event (which in this case may have been the childbirth itself), Nightmares, Avoidance of reminders associated with the event, including thoughts, feelings, people, places and details of the event, Persistent increased arousal (irritability, difficulty sleeping, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response), Anxiety and panic attacks, Feeling a sense of unreality and detachment, Avoidance of aftercare following a birth trauma. […] Research shows that 50% of women with bipolar disorder are first diagnosed in the postpartum period. […] There are two phases of a bipolar mood disorder: the lows and the highs. The low time is clinically called depression, and the high is called mania or hypomania. […] Childbirth may be a specific trigger for a manic episode, which could then be followed up by the onset of depression. […] Perinatal Psychosis occurs in approximately 1 to 2 out of every 1,000 deliveries.
  • #21 About Perinatal Mental Health | Postpartum Support International (PSI)SearchFacebookInstagram-1PinterestLinkedinVimeoYoutube-playScroll to top
    https://postpartum.net/perinatal-mental-health/
    Symptoms of perinatal PTSD might include: Flashback of a past traumatic event (which in this case may have been the childbirth itself), Nightmares, Avoidance of reminders associated with the event, including thoughts, feelings, people, places and details of the event, Persistent increased arousal (irritability, difficulty sleeping, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response), Anxiety and panic attacks, Feeling a sense of unreality and detachment, Avoidance of aftercare following a birth trauma. […] Research shows that 50% of women with bipolar disorder are first diagnosed in the postpartum period. […] There are two phases of a bipolar mood disorder: the lows and the highs. The low time is clinically called depression, and the high is called mania or hypomania. […] Childbirth may be a specific trigger for a manic episode, which could then be followed up by the onset of depression. […] Perinatal Psychosis occurs in approximately 1 to 2 out of every 1,000 deliveries.
  • #22 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4); and […] The evidence about your current intellectual and adaptive functioning and about the history of your disorder demonstrates or supports the conclusion that the disorder began prior to your attainment of age 22. […] 12.06 Anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders (see 12.00B5), satisfied by A and B, or A and C: […] Medical documentation of the requirements of paragraph 1, 2, or 3: […] Anxiety disorder, characterized by three or more of the following: […] Restlessness; […] Easily fatigued; […] Difficulty concentrating; […] Irritability; […] Muscle tension; or […] Sleep disturbance. […] Panic disorder or agoraphobia, characterized by one or both: […] Panic attacks followed by a persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences; or
  • #23 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4); and […] The evidence about your current intellectual and adaptive functioning and about the history of your disorder demonstrates or supports the conclusion that the disorder began prior to your attainment of age 22. […] 12.06 Anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders (see 12.00B5), satisfied by A and B, or A and C: […] Medical documentation of the requirements of paragraph 1, 2, or 3: […] Anxiety disorder, characterized by three or more of the following: […] Restlessness; […] Easily fatigued; […] Difficulty concentrating; […] Irritability; […] Muscle tension; or […] Sleep disturbance. […] Panic disorder or agoraphobia, characterized by one or both: […] Panic attacks followed by a persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences; or
  • #24 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Disproportionate fear or anxiety about at least two different situations (for example, using public transportation, being in a crowd, being in a line, being outside of your home, being in open spaces). […] Obsessive-compulsive disorder, characterized by one or both: […] Involuntary, time-consuming preoccupation with intrusive, unwanted thoughts; or […] Repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] OR […] Your mental disorder in this listing category is serious and persistent; that is, you have a medically documented history of the existence of the disorder over a period of at least 2 years, and there is evidence of both:
  • #25 Panic Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety | Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
    https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/panic_symptoms.html
    Individuals with panic disorder regularly suffer intense episodes of anxiety, known as panic attacks. They worry a lot about having more attacks, or about what the attacks imply or might cause, or have made changes to their behaviors because of the attacks. […] Panic attacks begin suddenly and usually peak quickly, within 10 minutes or less of starting. Multiple attacks of different intensities may occur over several hours, which might feel as if one panic attack is rolling into the next, like waves. […] Panic disorder is a serious mental health problem, but it can be successfully treated. An estimated 2-3% of Americans have panic disorder at some point in their lives. […] The frequency and severity of panic attacks vary widely between individuals. Panic disorder can continue for months or years, depending on how and when treatment is pursued. If left untreated, symptoms may become so severe that a person has significant problems with their friends, family, or job.
  • #26 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Disproportionate fear or anxiety about at least two different situations (for example, using public transportation, being in a crowd, being in a line, being outside of your home, being in open spaces). […] Obsessive-compulsive disorder, characterized by one or both: […] Involuntary, time-consuming preoccupation with intrusive, unwanted thoughts; or […] Repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] OR […] Your mental disorder in this listing category is serious and persistent; that is, you have a medically documented history of the existence of the disorder over a period of at least 2 years, and there is evidence of both:
  • #27 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis
    Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a persons thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. […] Psychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. […] People with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.
  • #28 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis
    Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a persons thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. […] Psychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. […] People with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.
  • #29 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis
    Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a persons thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is not. […] Psychosis often begins in young adulthood when a person is in their late teens to mid-20s. However, people can experience a psychotic episode at younger and older ages and as a part of many disorders and illnesses. […] People with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voices telling them to do something or criticizing them). Other symptoms can include incoherent or nonsense speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.
  • #30 Symptoms – Psychosis – NHS
    https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/symptoms/
    Someone who develops psychosis will have their own unique set of symptoms and experiences, according to their particular circumstances. […] But in general, 3 main symptoms are associated with a psychotic episode: hallucinations, delusions, confused and disturbed thoughts. […] People who have psychotic episodes are often unaware that their delusions or hallucinations are not real, which may lead them to feel frightened or distressed. […] Postnatal psychosis is more likely to affect women who already have a mental health condition, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. […] Psychosis is not the same as psychopath. […] Someone with psychosis has a short-term (acute) condition that, if treated, can often lead to a full recovery.
  • #31 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis
    A person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include: Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others; Trouble thinking clearly and logically; Withdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone; Unusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings; Decline in self-care or personal hygiene; Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time; Difficulty telling reality from fantasy; Confused speech or trouble communicating; Sudden drop in grades or job performance. […] Studies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery.
  • #32 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis
    A person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include: Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others; Trouble thinking clearly and logically; Withdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone; Unusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings; Decline in self-care or personal hygiene; Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time; Difficulty telling reality from fantasy; Confused speech or trouble communicating; Sudden drop in grades or job performance. […] Studies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery.
  • #33
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
    Symptoms may include persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking, highly disorganised behaviour, or extreme agitation. […] The symptoms or behaviours result in significant risk or damage to health, significant distress, or significant impairment of functioning. […] Neurodevelopmental disorders are behavioural and cognitive disorders, that arise during the developmental period, and involve significant difficulties in the acquisition and execution of specific intellectual, motor, language, or social functions. […] Effective treatment options exist including psychosocial interventions, behavioural interventions, occupational and speech therapy. For certain diagnoses and age groups, medication may also be considered.
  • #34 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.11 Neurodevelopmental disorders (see 12.00B9), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of the requirements of paragraph 1, 2, or 3: […] One or both of the following: […] Frequent distractibility, difficulty sustaining attention, and difficulty organizing tasks; or […] Hyperactive and impulsive behavior (for example, difficulty remaining seated, talking excessively, difficulty waiting, appearing restless, or behaving as if being driven by a motor). […] Significant difficulties learning and using academic skills; or […] Recurrent motor movement or vocalization. […] AND
  • #35 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.13 Eating disorders (see 12.00B10), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of a persistent alteration in eating or eating-related behavior that results in a change in consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical or psychological health. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1).
  • #36 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Preoccupation with perfectionism and orderliness; or […] Recurrent, impulsive, aggressive behavioral outbursts. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.10 Autism spectrum disorder (see 12.00B8), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of both of the following: […] Qualitative deficits in verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and social interaction; and […] Significantly restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F):
  • #37 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.11 Neurodevelopmental disorders (see 12.00B9), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of the requirements of paragraph 1, 2, or 3: […] One or both of the following: […] Frequent distractibility, difficulty sustaining attention, and difficulty organizing tasks; or […] Hyperactive and impulsive behavior (for example, difficulty remaining seated, talking excessively, difficulty waiting, appearing restless, or behaving as if being driven by a motor). […] Significant difficulties learning and using academic skills; or […] Recurrent motor movement or vocalization. […] AND
  • #38 Overview of Personality Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/overview-of-personality-disorders
    Personality disorders usually start to become evident during late adolescence or early adulthood, although sometimes signs are apparent earlier (during childhood). Traits and symptoms vary considerably in how long they persist; many resolve with time. […] For most personality disorders, levels of heritability are about 50%, which is similar to or higher than that of many other major psychiatric disorders. This degree of heritability argues against the common assumption that personality disorders are character flaws primarily shaped by an adverse environment. […] Diagnosis of a personality disorder requires a persistent, inflexible, pervasive pattern of maladaptive traits involving 2 of the following: Cognition (ie, ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, and events), Affectivity (ie, range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response), Interpersonal functioning, Impulse control. […] The persistent pattern of maladaptive traits must cause significant distress or impaired functioning in social, occupational, and other important areas. […] Personality disorders are slow to change, and may gradually become less severe over time.
  • #39 Overview of Personality Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/overview-of-personality-disorders
    Personality disorders usually start to become evident during late adolescence or early adulthood, although sometimes signs are apparent earlier (during childhood). Traits and symptoms vary considerably in how long they persist; many resolve with time. […] For most personality disorders, levels of heritability are about 50%, which is similar to or higher than that of many other major psychiatric disorders. This degree of heritability argues against the common assumption that personality disorders are character flaws primarily shaped by an adverse environment. […] Diagnosis of a personality disorder requires a persistent, inflexible, pervasive pattern of maladaptive traits involving 2 of the following: Cognition (ie, ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, and events), Affectivity (ie, range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response), Interpersonal functioning, Impulse control. […] The persistent pattern of maladaptive traits must cause significant distress or impaired functioning in social, occupational, and other important areas. […] Personality disorders are slow to change, and may gradually become less severe over time.
  • #40 Overview of Personality Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/overview-of-personality-disorders
    Personality disorders usually start to become evident during late adolescence or early adulthood, although sometimes signs are apparent earlier (during childhood). Traits and symptoms vary considerably in how long they persist; many resolve with time. […] For most personality disorders, levels of heritability are about 50%, which is similar to or higher than that of many other major psychiatric disorders. This degree of heritability argues against the common assumption that personality disorders are character flaws primarily shaped by an adverse environment. […] Diagnosis of a personality disorder requires a persistent, inflexible, pervasive pattern of maladaptive traits involving 2 of the following: Cognition (ie, ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, and events), Affectivity (ie, range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response), Interpersonal functioning, Impulse control. […] The persistent pattern of maladaptive traits must cause significant distress or impaired functioning in social, occupational, and other important areas. […] Personality disorders are slow to change, and may gradually become less severe over time.
  • #41 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.08 Personality and impulse-control disorders (see 12.00B7), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of a pervasive pattern of one or more of the following: […] Distrust and suspiciousness of others; […] Detachment from social relationships; […] Disregard for and violation of the rights of others; […] Instability of interpersonal relationships; […] Excessive emotionality and attention seeking; […] Feelings of inadequacy; […] Excessive need to be taken care of;
  • #42 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Preoccupation with perfectionism and orderliness; or […] Recurrent, impulsive, aggressive behavioral outbursts. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.10 Autism spectrum disorder (see 12.00B8), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of both of the following: […] Qualitative deficits in verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and social interaction; and […] Significantly restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F):
  • #43 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Medical treatment, mental health therapy, psychosocial support(s), or a highly structured setting(s) that is ongoing and that diminishes the symptoms and signs of your mental disorder (see 12.00G2b); and […] Marginal adjustment, that is, you have minimal capacity to adapt to changes in your environment or to demands that are not already part of your daily life (see 12.00G2c). […] 12.07 Somatic symptom and related disorders (see 12.00B6), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of one or more of the following: […] Symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function that are not better explained by another medical or mental disorder; […] One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing, with excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms; or […] Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness without significant symptoms present.
  • #44 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.08 Personality and impulse-control disorders (see 12.00B7), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of a pervasive pattern of one or more of the following: […] Distrust and suspiciousness of others; […] Detachment from social relationships; […] Disregard for and violation of the rights of others; […] Instability of interpersonal relationships; […] Excessive emotionality and attention seeking; […] Feelings of inadequacy; […] Excessive need to be taken care of;
  • #45
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
    People with bipolar disorder experience alternating depressive episodes with periods of manic symptoms. […] During a depressive episode, the person experiences depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty) or a loss of pleasure or interest in activities, for most of the day, nearly every day. […] PTSD may develop following exposure to an extremely threatening or horrific event or series of events. It is characterised by all of the following: 1) re-experiencing the traumatic event or events in the present (intrusive memories, flashbacks, or nightmares); 2) avoidance of thoughts and memories of the event(s), or avoidance of activities, situations, or people reminiscent of the event(s); and 3) persistent perceptions of heightened current threat. These symptoms persist for at least several weeks and cause significant impairment in functioning.
  • #46
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
    People with bipolar disorder experience alternating depressive episodes with periods of manic symptoms. […] During a depressive episode, the person experiences depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty) or a loss of pleasure or interest in activities, for most of the day, nearly every day. […] PTSD may develop following exposure to an extremely threatening or horrific event or series of events. It is characterised by all of the following: 1) re-experiencing the traumatic event or events in the present (intrusive memories, flashbacks, or nightmares); 2) avoidance of thoughts and memories of the event(s), or avoidance of activities, situations, or people reminiscent of the event(s); and 3) persistent perceptions of heightened current threat. These symptoms persist for at least several weeks and cause significant impairment in functioning.
  • #47 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.15 Trauma- and stressor-related disorders (see 12.00B11), satisfied by A and B, or A and C: […] Medical documentation of all of the following: […] Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or violence; […] Subsequent involuntary re-experiencing of the traumatic event (for example, intrusive memories, dreams, or flashbacks); […] Avoidance of external reminders of the event; […] Disturbance in mood and behavior; and […] Increases in arousal and reactivity (for example, exaggerated startle response, sleep disturbance). […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F):
  • #48 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1). […] Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.13 Eating disorders (see 12.00B10), satisfied by A and B: […] Medical documentation of a persistent alteration in eating or eating-related behavior that results in a change in consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical or psychological health. […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F): […] Understand, remember, or apply information (see 12.00E1).
  • #49 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult | Disability | SSA
    https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm
    Interact with others (see 12.00E2). […] Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace (see 12.00E3). […] Adapt or manage oneself (see 12.00E4). […] 12.15 Trauma- and stressor-related disorders (see 12.00B11), satisfied by A and B, or A and C: […] Medical documentation of all of the following: […] Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or violence; […] Subsequent involuntary re-experiencing of the traumatic event (for example, intrusive memories, dreams, or flashbacks); […] Avoidance of external reminders of the event; […] Disturbance in mood and behavior; and […] Increases in arousal and reactivity (for example, exaggerated startle response, sleep disturbance). […] AND […] Extreme limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the following areas of mental functioning (see 12.00F):
  • #50 The Psychiatric Review of Symptoms: A Screening Tool for Family Physicians | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1101/p1617.html
    To elicit information about behavior related to an eating disorder, the first question can be, Have you ever felt like you are overweight? […] Early detection of dementia is increasingly important because currently available treatments, such as tacrine (Cognex) and donepezil (Aricept), are most useful in the early stages of the disease. […] Psychotic symptoms such as looseness of associations, bizarre delusions and hallucinations are generally easy to recognize, and patients manifesting these symptoms should be referred immediately for psychiatric treatment.
  • #51 The Stages of Mental Health Conditions | The Phoenix
    https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/mental-health/understanding-the-stages-of-mental-illness/
    Perhaps the best way to approach the stages of mental illness is to think about them progressively with a focus on progressive symptoms. […] The first stage is crucial to identifying early warning signs. […] The second stage of mental illness is when an individuals symptoms can become more pronounced and visible. […] Stage three is when the symptoms of mental illness start to become so severe that they impede their daily life. […] The fourth, and often final stage of mental illness is the most severe. This stage occurs when an individuals mental illness becomes life-threatening.
  • #52 The Stages of Mental Health Conditions | The Phoenix
    https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/mental-health/understanding-the-stages-of-mental-illness/
    Perhaps the best way to approach the stages of mental illness is to think about them progressively with a focus on progressive symptoms. […] The first stage is crucial to identifying early warning signs. […] The second stage of mental illness is when an individuals symptoms can become more pronounced and visible. […] Stage three is when the symptoms of mental illness start to become so severe that they impede their daily life. […] The fourth, and often final stage of mental illness is the most severe. This stage occurs when an individuals mental illness becomes life-threatening.
  • #53 Stages of Mental Health Conditions (Part 1) | Charlotte Behavioral
    https://www.cbhcfl.org/stages-mental-health-conditions/
    Stage 1 Mild Symptoms and Warning Signs At Stage 1, a person begins to show symptoms of a mental health condition. However, he or she is still able to maintain the ability to function at home, work or school—although, perhaps not as easily as before they started to show symptoms. Often there is a sense that something is “not right.” […] Stage 2 Symptoms Increase in Frequency and Severity and Interfere with Life Activities and Roles At Stage 2, it usually becomes obvious that something is wrong. A person’s symptoms may become stronger and last longer or new symptoms may start appearing on top of existing ones, creating something of a snowball effect. Performance at work or school will become more difficult. A person may have trouble keeping up with family duties, social obligations or personal responsibilities.
  • #54 The Stages of Mental Health Conditions | The Phoenix
    https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/mental-health/understanding-the-stages-of-mental-illness/
    Perhaps the best way to approach the stages of mental illness is to think about them progressively with a focus on progressive symptoms. […] The first stage is crucial to identifying early warning signs. […] The second stage of mental illness is when an individuals symptoms can become more pronounced and visible. […] Stage three is when the symptoms of mental illness start to become so severe that they impede their daily life. […] The fourth, and often final stage of mental illness is the most severe. This stage occurs when an individuals mental illness becomes life-threatening.
  • #55 Stages of Mental Health Conditions (Part 1) | Charlotte Behavioral
    https://www.cbhcfl.org/stages-mental-health-conditions/
    Stage 1 Mild Symptoms and Warning Signs At Stage 1, a person begins to show symptoms of a mental health condition. However, he or she is still able to maintain the ability to function at home, work or school—although, perhaps not as easily as before they started to show symptoms. Often there is a sense that something is “not right.” […] Stage 2 Symptoms Increase in Frequency and Severity and Interfere with Life Activities and Roles At Stage 2, it usually becomes obvious that something is wrong. A person’s symptoms may become stronger and last longer or new symptoms may start appearing on top of existing ones, creating something of a snowball effect. Performance at work or school will become more difficult. A person may have trouble keeping up with family duties, social obligations or personal responsibilities.
  • #56 The Stages of Mental Health Conditions | The Phoenix
    https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/mental-health/understanding-the-stages-of-mental-illness/
    Perhaps the best way to approach the stages of mental illness is to think about them progressively with a focus on progressive symptoms. […] The first stage is crucial to identifying early warning signs. […] The second stage of mental illness is when an individuals symptoms can become more pronounced and visible. […] Stage three is when the symptoms of mental illness start to become so severe that they impede their daily life. […] The fourth, and often final stage of mental illness is the most severe. This stage occurs when an individuals mental illness becomes life-threatening.
  • #57 The Stages of Mental Health Conditions | The Phoenix
    https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/mental-health/understanding-the-stages-of-mental-illness/
    Perhaps the best way to approach the stages of mental illness is to think about them progressively with a focus on progressive symptoms. […] The first stage is crucial to identifying early warning signs. […] The second stage of mental illness is when an individuals symptoms can become more pronounced and visible. […] Stage three is when the symptoms of mental illness start to become so severe that they impede their daily life. […] The fourth, and often final stage of mental illness is the most severe. This stage occurs when an individuals mental illness becomes life-threatening.
  • #58 Phases of Psychosis – Early Psychosis Intervention
    https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/phases-of-psychosis/
    The typical course of a psychotic episode can be thought of as having three phases: Prodrome Phase, Acute Phase, and Recovery Phase. […] Although a psychotic episode is viewed as occurring in three phases, not all people will experience clear symptoms of all three phases. Each persons experience will differ. […] Psychotic episodes rarely occur out of the blue. Almost always, a psychotic episode is preceded by gradual non-specific changes in the persons thoughts, perceptions, behaviours, and functioning. The first phase is referred to as the prodrome (or prodromal) phase. During this period the person starts to experience changes in themselves, but have not yet started experiencing clear-cut psychotic symptoms. […] The changes that have been observed in the prodromal phase are very general and could be signs of many different things, including ordinary adolescent behaviour. It is not possible to predict from these symptoms if a person is going on to develop psychosis.
  • #59 Phases of Psychosis – Early Psychosis Intervention
    https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/phases-of-psychosis/
    The typical course of a psychotic episode can be thought of as having three phases: Prodrome Phase, Acute Phase, and Recovery Phase. […] Although a psychotic episode is viewed as occurring in three phases, not all people will experience clear symptoms of all three phases. Each persons experience will differ. […] Psychotic episodes rarely occur out of the blue. Almost always, a psychotic episode is preceded by gradual non-specific changes in the persons thoughts, perceptions, behaviours, and functioning. The first phase is referred to as the prodrome (or prodromal) phase. During this period the person starts to experience changes in themselves, but have not yet started experiencing clear-cut psychotic symptoms. […] The changes that have been observed in the prodromal phase are very general and could be signs of many different things, including ordinary adolescent behaviour. It is not possible to predict from these symptoms if a person is going on to develop psychosis.
  • #60 Phases of Psychosis – Early Psychosis Intervention
    https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/phases-of-psychosis/
    The typical course of a psychotic episode can be thought of as having three phases: Prodrome Phase, Acute Phase, and Recovery Phase. […] Although a psychotic episode is viewed as occurring in three phases, not all people will experience clear symptoms of all three phases. Each persons experience will differ. […] Psychotic episodes rarely occur out of the blue. Almost always, a psychotic episode is preceded by gradual non-specific changes in the persons thoughts, perceptions, behaviours, and functioning. The first phase is referred to as the prodrome (or prodromal) phase. During this period the person starts to experience changes in themselves, but have not yet started experiencing clear-cut psychotic symptoms. […] The changes that have been observed in the prodromal phase are very general and could be signs of many different things, including ordinary adolescent behaviour. It is not possible to predict from these symptoms if a person is going on to develop psychosis.
  • #61 Phases of Psychosis – Early Psychosis Intervention
    https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/phases-of-psychosis/
    The typical course of a psychotic episode can be thought of as having three phases: Prodrome Phase, Acute Phase, and Recovery Phase. […] Although a psychotic episode is viewed as occurring in three phases, not all people will experience clear symptoms of all three phases. Each persons experience will differ. […] Psychotic episodes rarely occur out of the blue. Almost always, a psychotic episode is preceded by gradual non-specific changes in the persons thoughts, perceptions, behaviours, and functioning. The first phase is referred to as the prodrome (or prodromal) phase. During this period the person starts to experience changes in themselves, but have not yet started experiencing clear-cut psychotic symptoms. […] The changes that have been observed in the prodromal phase are very general and could be signs of many different things, including ordinary adolescent behaviour. It is not possible to predict from these symptoms if a person is going on to develop psychosis.
  • #62 Phases of Psychosis – Early Psychosis Intervention
    https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/phases-of-psychosis/
    Just because somebody is experiencing all of these changes does not necessarily mean that they are likely to be in the prodrome phase of psychotic episode. The prodrome cannot be diagnosed until after psychosis has developed. […] This is the stage when characteristic psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and very odd or disorganized speech or behaviours emerge and are most noticeable. […] It is during this phase when appropriate treatment for psychosis needs to be started as soon as possible. […] Within a few weeks or months of starting treatment, most people begin to recover. Many of the symptoms get less intense or disappear, and people are generally better able to cope with daily life. […] Some of the symptoms that emerged in the Acute Phase may linger in the Recovery Phase, but with appropriate treatments, the vast majority of people successfully recover from their first episode of psychosis.
  • #63 Phases of Psychosis – Early Psychosis Intervention
    https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/phases-of-psychosis/
    Just because somebody is experiencing all of these changes does not necessarily mean that they are likely to be in the prodrome phase of psychotic episode. The prodrome cannot be diagnosed until after psychosis has developed. […] This is the stage when characteristic psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and very odd or disorganized speech or behaviours emerge and are most noticeable. […] It is during this phase when appropriate treatment for psychosis needs to be started as soon as possible. […] Within a few weeks or months of starting treatment, most people begin to recover. Many of the symptoms get less intense or disappear, and people are generally better able to cope with daily life. […] Some of the symptoms that emerged in the Acute Phase may linger in the Recovery Phase, but with appropriate treatments, the vast majority of people successfully recover from their first episode of psychosis.
  • #64 Phases of Psychosis – Early Psychosis Intervention
    https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/phases-of-psychosis/
    Just because somebody is experiencing all of these changes does not necessarily mean that they are likely to be in the prodrome phase of psychotic episode. The prodrome cannot be diagnosed until after psychosis has developed. […] This is the stage when characteristic psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and very odd or disorganized speech or behaviours emerge and are most noticeable. […] It is during this phase when appropriate treatment for psychosis needs to be started as soon as possible. […] Within a few weeks or months of starting treatment, most people begin to recover. Many of the symptoms get less intense or disappear, and people are generally better able to cope with daily life. […] Some of the symptoms that emerged in the Acute Phase may linger in the Recovery Phase, but with appropriate treatments, the vast majority of people successfully recover from their first episode of psychosis.
  • #65 Phases of Psychosis – Early Psychosis Intervention
    https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/phases-of-psychosis/
    Just because somebody is experiencing all of these changes does not necessarily mean that they are likely to be in the prodrome phase of psychotic episode. The prodrome cannot be diagnosed until after psychosis has developed. […] This is the stage when characteristic psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and very odd or disorganized speech or behaviours emerge and are most noticeable. […] It is during this phase when appropriate treatment for psychosis needs to be started as soon as possible. […] Within a few weeks or months of starting treatment, most people begin to recover. Many of the symptoms get less intense or disappear, and people are generally better able to cope with daily life. […] Some of the symptoms that emerged in the Acute Phase may linger in the Recovery Phase, but with appropriate treatments, the vast majority of people successfully recover from their first episode of psychosis.
  • #66 Understanding the 5 Stages of Psychosis | Charlie Health
    https://www.charliehealth.com/areas-of-care/mood-disorders/5-stages-of-psychosis
    Understanding the progression of psychosis — from the subtle early psychosis signs to intense psychotic episodes — is crucial for early intervention and effective treatment. […] The prodromal stage is the initial phase, characterized by subtle changes in behavior, thoughts, and emotions that precede full-blown psychosis symptoms. […] This stage can last weeks, months, or even years, making it crucial to identify and address these early signs. As mentioned, early intervention during this stage can significantly improve outcomes by preventing the progression to more severe and negative symptoms. […] The acute stage is marked by the emergence of full-blown psychotic symptoms, often causing significant disruption to the individual’s life. […] During this stage, individuals may struggle to distinguish reality from their distorted perceptions, making daily functioning and social interactions difficult. Immediate treatment is crucial to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of harm to the individual or others.
  • #67 Understanding the 5 Stages of Psychosis | Charlie Health
    https://www.charliehealth.com/areas-of-care/mood-disorders/5-stages-of-psychosis
    Understanding the progression of psychosis — from the subtle early psychosis signs to intense psychotic episodes — is crucial for early intervention and effective treatment. […] The prodromal stage is the initial phase, characterized by subtle changes in behavior, thoughts, and emotions that precede full-blown psychosis symptoms. […] This stage can last weeks, months, or even years, making it crucial to identify and address these early signs. As mentioned, early intervention during this stage can significantly improve outcomes by preventing the progression to more severe and negative symptoms. […] The acute stage is marked by the emergence of full-blown psychotic symptoms, often causing significant disruption to the individual’s life. […] During this stage, individuals may struggle to distinguish reality from their distorted perceptions, making daily functioning and social interactions difficult. Immediate treatment is crucial to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of harm to the individual or others.
  • #68 Understanding the 5 Stages of Psychosis | Charlie Health
    https://www.charliehealth.com/areas-of-care/mood-disorders/5-stages-of-psychosis
    Understanding the progression of psychosis — from the subtle early psychosis signs to intense psychotic episodes — is crucial for early intervention and effective treatment. […] The prodromal stage is the initial phase, characterized by subtle changes in behavior, thoughts, and emotions that precede full-blown psychosis symptoms. […] This stage can last weeks, months, or even years, making it crucial to identify and address these early signs. As mentioned, early intervention during this stage can significantly improve outcomes by preventing the progression to more severe and negative symptoms. […] The acute stage is marked by the emergence of full-blown psychotic symptoms, often causing significant disruption to the individual’s life. […] During this stage, individuals may struggle to distinguish reality from their distorted perceptions, making daily functioning and social interactions difficult. Immediate treatment is crucial to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of harm to the individual or others.
  • #69 Understanding the 5 Stages of Psychosis | Charlie Health
    https://www.charliehealth.com/areas-of-care/mood-disorders/5-stages-of-psychosis
    The crisis stage or clinical stage represents the peak intensity of psychotic symptoms, often requiring urgent medical intervention. […] This stage may require psychosis treatment, including hospitalization or intensive care to stabilize the individual and ensure their safety. […] The recovery stage involves a gradual reduction in psychotic symptoms, with the individual beginning to regain insight and stability with treatment. […] Continued treatment and monitoring are essential to prevent future episodes of psychosis. […] In the residual stage, most acute symptoms have subsided, but some mild or persistent symptoms may remain. […] Mental health treatment during this stage focuses on managing residual symptoms, preventing relapse, and maintaining overall well-being. […] Early intervention is crucial, whether it be chronic psychosis or a brief psychotic disorder, as timely treatment can greatly improve outcomes and help individuals regain control over their lives.
  • #70 Understanding the 5 Stages of Psychosis | Charlie Health
    https://www.charliehealth.com/areas-of-care/mood-disorders/5-stages-of-psychosis
    The crisis stage or clinical stage represents the peak intensity of psychotic symptoms, often requiring urgent medical intervention. […] This stage may require psychosis treatment, including hospitalization or intensive care to stabilize the individual and ensure their safety. […] The recovery stage involves a gradual reduction in psychotic symptoms, with the individual beginning to regain insight and stability with treatment. […] Continued treatment and monitoring are essential to prevent future episodes of psychosis. […] In the residual stage, most acute symptoms have subsided, but some mild or persistent symptoms may remain. […] Mental health treatment during this stage focuses on managing residual symptoms, preventing relapse, and maintaining overall well-being. […] Early intervention is crucial, whether it be chronic psychosis or a brief psychotic disorder, as timely treatment can greatly improve outcomes and help individuals regain control over their lives.
  • #71 Understanding the 5 Stages of Psychosis | Charlie Health
    https://www.charliehealth.com/areas-of-care/mood-disorders/5-stages-of-psychosis
    The crisis stage or clinical stage represents the peak intensity of psychotic symptoms, often requiring urgent medical intervention. […] This stage may require psychosis treatment, including hospitalization or intensive care to stabilize the individual and ensure their safety. […] The recovery stage involves a gradual reduction in psychotic symptoms, with the individual beginning to regain insight and stability with treatment. […] Continued treatment and monitoring are essential to prevent future episodes of psychosis. […] In the residual stage, most acute symptoms have subsided, but some mild or persistent symptoms may remain. […] Mental health treatment during this stage focuses on managing residual symptoms, preventing relapse, and maintaining overall well-being. […] Early intervention is crucial, whether it be chronic psychosis or a brief psychotic disorder, as timely treatment can greatly improve outcomes and help individuals regain control over their lives.
  • #72 Schizophrenia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia is characterized by psychosis (loss of contact with reality), hallucinations (false perceptions), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech and behavior, flattened affect (restricted range of emotions), cognitive deficits (impaired reasoning and problem solving), and occupational and social dysfunction. […] Symptoms usually begin in adolescence or early adulthood. One or more episodes of symptoms must last 6 months before the diagnosis is made. […] Symptoms of schizophrenia typically impair the ability to perform complex and difficult cognitive and motor functions; thus, symptoms often markedly interfere with work, social relationships, and self-care. Unemployment, isolation, deteriorated relationships, and diminished quality of life are common outcomes. […] Schizophrenia is a chronic illness that may progress through several phases, although duration and patterns of phases can vary. Patients with schizophrenia tend to have had psychotic symptoms an average of 8 to 15 months before presenting for medical care, but the disorder is now often recognized earlier in its course.
  • #73 Schizophrenia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophrenia
    During the first 5 years after onset of symptoms, functioning may deteriorate and social and work skills may decline, with progressive neglect of self-care. Negative symptoms may increase in severity, and cognitive functioning may decline. Thereafter, the level of disability tends to plateau. […] Overall, one third of patients achieve significant and lasting improvement; one third improve somewhat but have intermittent relapses and residual disability; and one third remain severely incapacitated.
  • #74 Schizophrenia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophrenia
    During the first 5 years after onset of symptoms, functioning may deteriorate and social and work skills may decline, with progressive neglect of self-care. Negative symptoms may increase in severity, and cognitive functioning may decline. Thereafter, the level of disability tends to plateau. […] Overall, one third of patients achieve significant and lasting improvement; one third improve somewhat but have intermittent relapses and residual disability; and one third remain severely incapacitated.
  • #75 Stages of schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia
    The three stages, or phases, of schizophrenia, are prodromal, active, and residual. Diagnosing the stages of schizophrenia is important for an individual to receive the proper treatment to manage their condition. […] This condition affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may experience: delusions, hallucinations, depression, memory problems, disorganized thoughts and speech. […] According to the authors of one 2018 review, up to 73% of people with schizophrenia experience the prodromal stage before they develop the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. […] In the active or acute phase, people with schizophrenia exhibit characteristic symptoms of psychosis, including hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. […] In residual schizophrenia, a person experiences fewer or less severe symptoms than those seen in the active stage.
  • #76 Stages of schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia
    The residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience negative symptoms, such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood. […] Schizophrenia consists of three stages prodromal, active, and residual. […] The prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating. […] Active schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. […] The residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia. […] In the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.
  • #77 Stages of schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia
    The residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience negative symptoms, such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood. […] Schizophrenia consists of three stages prodromal, active, and residual. […] The prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating. […] Active schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. […] The residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia. […] In the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.
  • #78 Stages of schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia
    The residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience negative symptoms, such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood. […] Schizophrenia consists of three stages prodromal, active, and residual. […] The prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating. […] Active schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. […] The residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia. […] In the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.
  • #79 Stages of schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-schizophrenia
    The residual stage is similar to the prodromal stage. People may experience negative symptoms, such as a lack of motivation, low energy, or depressed mood. […] Schizophrenia consists of three stages prodromal, active, and residual. […] The prodromal stage consists of nonspecific symptoms, such as lack of motivation, social isolation, and difficulty concentrating. […] Active schizophrenia involves noticeable psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. […] The residual stage is no longer acknowledged as a diagnostic criterion, but it helps explain the progression of schizophrenia. […] In the residual stage, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are mild or completely absent. A person may continue experiencing symptoms from the prodromal stage.
  • #80 Do Psychiatric Symptoms Remain Stable over Time? New Reviews Look at Evidence | Wolters Kluwer
    https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/do-psychiatric-symptoms-remain-stable-over-time-new-reviews-look-at-evidence-on-stability-in-bipolar
    In patients with psychiatric disorders, stability of symptoms has important implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. […] One review reports substantial variation in of diagnostic stability in patients with bipolar disorder, while identifying characteristics associated with lower stability. […] Diagnostic stability, defined as „the degree to which a diagnosis remains unchanged during follow-up,” is an important means of validating the initial diagnosis. […] Although the authors categorize the stability of bipolar disorder as acceptable across studies, there remains substantial room for improvement. […] The analysis identified characteristics associated with diagnostic instability, including extreme age, female sex, psychotic symptoms, changes to treatment, substance abuse, and family history of affective (mood) disorders.
  • #81 Do Psychiatric Symptoms Remain Stable over Time? New Reviews Look at Evidence | Wolters Kluwer
    https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/do-psychiatric-symptoms-remain-stable-over-time-new-reviews-look-at-evidence-on-stability-in-bipolar
    In patients with psychiatric disorders, stability of symptoms has important implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. […] One review reports substantial variation in of diagnostic stability in patients with bipolar disorder, while identifying characteristics associated with lower stability. […] Diagnostic stability, defined as „the degree to which a diagnosis remains unchanged during follow-up,” is an important means of validating the initial diagnosis. […] Although the authors categorize the stability of bipolar disorder as acceptable across studies, there remains substantial room for improvement. […] The analysis identified characteristics associated with diagnostic instability, including extreme age, female sex, psychotic symptoms, changes to treatment, substance abuse, and family history of affective (mood) disorders.
  • #82 Do Psychiatric Symptoms Remain Stable over Time? New Reviews Look at Evidence | Wolters Kluwer
    https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/do-psychiatric-symptoms-remain-stable-over-time-new-reviews-look-at-evidence-on-stability-in-bipolar
    In patients with psychiatric disorders, stability of symptoms has important implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. […] One review reports substantial variation in of diagnostic stability in patients with bipolar disorder, while identifying characteristics associated with lower stability. […] Diagnostic stability, defined as „the degree to which a diagnosis remains unchanged during follow-up,” is an important means of validating the initial diagnosis. […] Although the authors categorize the stability of bipolar disorder as acceptable across studies, there remains substantial room for improvement. […] The analysis identified characteristics associated with diagnostic instability, including extreme age, female sex, psychotic symptoms, changes to treatment, substance abuse, and family history of affective (mood) disorders.
  • #83 Do Psychiatric Symptoms Remain Stable over Time? New Reviews Look at Evidence | Wolters Kluwer
    https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/do-psychiatric-symptoms-remain-stable-over-time-new-reviews-look-at-evidence-on-stability-in-bipolar
    In patients with psychiatric disorders, stability of symptoms has important implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. […] One review reports substantial variation in of diagnostic stability in patients with bipolar disorder, while identifying characteristics associated with lower stability. […] Diagnostic stability, defined as „the degree to which a diagnosis remains unchanged during follow-up,” is an important means of validating the initial diagnosis. […] Although the authors categorize the stability of bipolar disorder as acceptable across studies, there remains substantial room for improvement. […] The analysis identified characteristics associated with diagnostic instability, including extreme age, female sex, psychotic symptoms, changes to treatment, substance abuse, and family history of affective (mood) disorders.
  • #84 Progression Of Psychiatric Illness Over Time – Parth Hospital
    https://parthhospital.com/progression-of-psychiatric-illness-over-time/
    Yes, its important to remember that a persons mental health or psychiatric illness can change over time, depending on many factors. […] Its possible that a patient might have one set of symptoms at one point and over a period of time these symptoms might not be present. […] With time, in most cases the number of these good days reduces and the symptoms begin to show. This causes significant distress and affects the persons ability to function normally. […] Symptoms of psychiatric illnesses are not stable and constant over time. […] Patients might experience good days, but thats not a sign of symptom resolution. […] Some patients can become naturally illness free, but that is an exception and not the rule.
  • #85 Progression Of Psychiatric Illness Over Time – Parth Hospital
    https://parthhospital.com/progression-of-psychiatric-illness-over-time/
    Yes, its important to remember that a persons mental health or psychiatric illness can change over time, depending on many factors. […] Its possible that a patient might have one set of symptoms at one point and over a period of time these symptoms might not be present. […] With time, in most cases the number of these good days reduces and the symptoms begin to show. This causes significant distress and affects the persons ability to function normally. […] Symptoms of psychiatric illnesses are not stable and constant over time. […] Patients might experience good days, but thats not a sign of symptom resolution. […] Some patients can become naturally illness free, but that is an exception and not the rule.
  • #86 Progression Of Psychiatric Illness Over Time – Parth Hospital
    https://parthhospital.com/progression-of-psychiatric-illness-over-time/
    Yes, its important to remember that a persons mental health or psychiatric illness can change over time, depending on many factors. […] Its possible that a patient might have one set of symptoms at one point and over a period of time these symptoms might not be present. […] With time, in most cases the number of these good days reduces and the symptoms begin to show. This causes significant distress and affects the persons ability to function normally. […] Symptoms of psychiatric illnesses are not stable and constant over time. […] Patients might experience good days, but thats not a sign of symptom resolution. […] Some patients can become naturally illness free, but that is an exception and not the rule.
  • #87 Progression Of Psychiatric Illness Over Time – Parth Hospital
    https://parthhospital.com/progression-of-psychiatric-illness-over-time/
    Yes, its important to remember that a persons mental health or psychiatric illness can change over time, depending on many factors. […] Its possible that a patient might have one set of symptoms at one point and over a period of time these symptoms might not be present. […] With time, in most cases the number of these good days reduces and the symptoms begin to show. This causes significant distress and affects the persons ability to function normally. […] Symptoms of psychiatric illnesses are not stable and constant over time. […] Patients might experience good days, but thats not a sign of symptom resolution. […] Some patients can become naturally illness free, but that is an exception and not the rule.
  • #88 Progression Of Psychiatric Illness Over Time – Parth Hospital
    https://parthhospital.com/progression-of-psychiatric-illness-over-time/
    Yes, its important to remember that a persons mental health or psychiatric illness can change over time, depending on many factors. […] Its possible that a patient might have one set of symptoms at one point and over a period of time these symptoms might not be present. […] With time, in most cases the number of these good days reduces and the symptoms begin to show. This causes significant distress and affects the persons ability to function normally. […] Symptoms of psychiatric illnesses are not stable and constant over time. […] Patients might experience good days, but thats not a sign of symptom resolution. […] Some patients can become naturally illness free, but that is an exception and not the rule.
  • #89 Progression Of Psychiatric Illness Over Time – Parth Hospital
    https://parthhospital.com/progression-of-psychiatric-illness-over-time/
    Yes, its important to remember that a persons mental health or psychiatric illness can change over time, depending on many factors. […] Its possible that a patient might have one set of symptoms at one point and over a period of time these symptoms might not be present. […] With time, in most cases the number of these good days reduces and the symptoms begin to show. This causes significant distress and affects the persons ability to function normally. […] Symptoms of psychiatric illnesses are not stable and constant over time. […] Patients might experience good days, but thats not a sign of symptom resolution. […] Some patients can become naturally illness free, but that is an exception and not the rule.
  • #90 The rhythm of mental health: the relationship of chronotype with psychiatric trait dimensions and diurnal variation in psychiatric symptoms | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-02943-7
    Notably, symptoms relating to mood disorders are not static but can fluctuate across the 24h period, with patterns varying from worse symptoms in the morning, afternoon, or evening. […] The aim of the current preregistered study was therefore threefold: 1) to determine the relationships between chronotype and common psychiatric traits; 2) to characterize how psychiatric symptoms and behaviors develop across the day; 3) to determine how chronotype and transdiagnostic features of psychiatric disturbances predict these diurnal patterns. […] We expected diurnal variation in psychiatric symptoms and behaviors to depend on chronotype, manifested by worse levels at suboptimal times of arousal, i.e., worse morning symptoms in evening-types and worse evening symptoms in morning-types, in line with the proposed synchrony effect.
  • #91 The rhythm of mental health: the relationship of chronotype with psychiatric trait dimensions and diurnal variation in psychiatric symptoms | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-02943-7
    To advance the emergence of circadian-based therapies, this study characterized how psychiatric symptoms fluctuate across the day and vary between individuals. […] Key findings are that 11 out of 13 psychiatric traits were associated with being an evening-type, ranging from depression to obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety, and delusional ideation, while only mania was associated with being a morning-type. […] Evening-types also had more pronounced negative emotional symptoms and ADHD-type symptoms in the evening, particularly among those high in psychiatric trait factors. […] These findings identified important research targets that hold promise for improving mental health outcomes, such as strategies to boost morning motivation. […] Emerging therapies that utilize time-of-day to strengthen treatment effects in psychiatry give promising results, but more effective and widespread therapeutic applications in mental health care are dependent on a better understanding of how and why psychiatric symptoms vary across the day.
  • #92 The rhythm of mental health: the relationship of chronotype with psychiatric trait dimensions and diurnal variation in psychiatric symptoms | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-02943-7
    To advance the emergence of circadian-based therapies, this study characterized how psychiatric symptoms fluctuate across the day and vary between individuals. […] Key findings are that 11 out of 13 psychiatric traits were associated with being an evening-type, ranging from depression to obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety, and delusional ideation, while only mania was associated with being a morning-type. […] Evening-types also had more pronounced negative emotional symptoms and ADHD-type symptoms in the evening, particularly among those high in psychiatric trait factors. […] These findings identified important research targets that hold promise for improving mental health outcomes, such as strategies to boost morning motivation. […] Emerging therapies that utilize time-of-day to strengthen treatment effects in psychiatry give promising results, but more effective and widespread therapeutic applications in mental health care are dependent on a better understanding of how and why psychiatric symptoms vary across the day.
  • #93 The rhythm of mental health: the relationship of chronotype with psychiatric trait dimensions and diurnal variation in psychiatric symptoms | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-02943-7
    Our dimensional approach revealed that 11 of the 13 psychiatric traits were related to being an evening-type. […] The 22 psychiatric symptoms and behaviors rated across the day loaded onto four state factors, relating to negative emotional symptoms, fatigue-related symptoms, low drive and motivation, and ADHD-type symptoms. […] Evening-types had more negative emotional symptoms and lower drive and motivation as compared to morning-types. […] Fatigue-related symptoms showed the most pronounced diurnal pattern, peaking in the morning and late evening. […] Evening-types were worse off for most symptoms: in the morning hours for fatigue-related symptoms and low drive and motivation and in the evening hours for negative emotional symptoms and ADHD-type symptoms.
  • #94 Mental Health Symptoms: When to See a Psychiatrist or Therapist
    https://psychplus.com/blog/mental-health-recognizing-symptoms-and-when-to-see-a-psychiatrist-or-therapist/
    Recognizing mental health symptoms is the first step to getting better. […] Are you feeling off, but not sure why? It is crucial to understand that mental health issues can manifest in many ways, often making them hard to pinpoint. From overwhelming sadness to constant worry, the signs can be subtle or glaring. […] Recognizing the Early Signs of Mental Health Problems can make all the difference. Ignoring them can lead to more severe issues down the road. […] Early detection is key. The sooner you recognize these signs, the sooner you can seek help. […] Psychiatrists prescribe and monitor medications to help manage mental health symptoms. […] Medications can help stabilize mood, reduce anxiety, and alleviate symptoms of depression and other mental health disorders, providing relief and enabling you to engage in therapy and daily activities.
  • #95 Psychiatry.org – Warning Signs of Mental Illness
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness
    If several of the following are occurring, it may useful to follow up with a mental health professional. […] One or two of these symptoms alone can’t predict a mental illness but may indicate a need for further evaluation. If a person is experiencing several at one time and the symptoms are causing serious problems in the ability to study, work or relate to others, he/she should be seen by a physician or mental health professional. People with suicidal thoughts or intent, or thoughts of harming others, need immediate attention. […] More than a decade of research around the world has shown that early intervention can often minimize or delay symptoms, prevent hospitalization and improve prognosis. Even if a person does not yet show clear signs of a diagnosable mental illness, these red flag early warning symptoms can be frightening and disruptive.
  • #96 Psychiatry.org – Warning Signs of Mental Illness
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness
    Just as with other medical illnesses, early intervention can make a crucial difference in preventing what could become a serious illness. […] Each individual’s situation must be assessed carefully and treatment should be individualized. Comprehensive treatment to prevent early symptoms from progressing into serious illness can include ongoing individual and family counseling, vocational and educational support, participation in a multi-family problem-solving group, and medication when appropriate.
  • #97 Psychiatry.org – Warning Signs of Mental Illness
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness
    Just as with other medical illnesses, early intervention can make a crucial difference in preventing what could become a serious illness. […] Each individual’s situation must be assessed carefully and treatment should be individualized. Comprehensive treatment to prevent early symptoms from progressing into serious illness can include ongoing individual and family counseling, vocational and educational support, participation in a multi-family problem-solving group, and medication when appropriate.
  • #98 Mental illness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968
    Mental illness is common. About 1 in 5 adults has a mental illness in any given year. Mental illness can begin at any age, from childhood through later adult years, but most cases begin earlier in life. […] The effects of mental illness can be temporary or long lasting. You also can have more than one mental health disorder at the same time. For example, you may have depression and a substance use disorder. […] Untreated mental illness can cause severe emotional, behavioral and physical health problems. Complications sometimes linked to mental illness include: […] Mental health conditions can be harder to treat if you wait until symptoms get bad. Long-term maintenance treatment also may help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
  • #99 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis
    A person will often show changes in their behavior before psychosis develops. Behavioral warning signs for psychosis include: Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas, or uneasiness with others; Trouble thinking clearly and logically; Withdrawing socially and spending a lot more time alone; Unusual or overly intense ideas, strange feelings, or a lack of feelings; Decline in self-care or personal hygiene; Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time; Difficulty telling reality from fantasy; Confused speech or trouble communicating; Sudden drop in grades or job performance. […] Studies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery.
  • #100 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of deleterious mental conditions. These include matters related to cognition, perceptions, mood, emotion, and behavior. […] Initial psychiatric assessment of a person begins with creating a case history and conducting a mental status examination. Laboratory tests, physical examinations, and psychological tests may be conducted. On occasion, neuroimaging or neurophysiological studies are performed. […] Mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with diagnostic manuals such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). […] Treatment may include psychotropics (psychiatric medicines), psychotherapy, substance-abuse treatment, and other modalities such as interventional approaches, assertive community treatment, community reinforcement, and supported employment.
  • #101 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of deleterious mental conditions. These include matters related to cognition, perceptions, mood, emotion, and behavior. […] Initial psychiatric assessment of a person begins with creating a case history and conducting a mental status examination. Laboratory tests, physical examinations, and psychological tests may be conducted. On occasion, neuroimaging or neurophysiological studies are performed. […] Mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with diagnostic manuals such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). […] Treatment may include psychotropics (psychiatric medicines), psychotherapy, substance-abuse treatment, and other modalities such as interventional approaches, assertive community treatment, community reinforcement, and supported employment.
  • #102 Mental illness – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374974
    To determine a diagnosis and check for related complications, you may have: […] Sometimes it’s difficult to find out which mental illness may be causing your symptoms. But taking the time and effort to get an accurate diagnosis will help determine the appropriate treatment. […] The defining symptoms for each mental illness are detailed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. […] Your treatment depends on the type of mental illness you have, its severity and what works best for you. In many cases, a combination of treatments works best. […] Although psychiatric medications don’t cure mental illness, they can often significantly improve symptoms. […] Problems with substance use commonly occur along with mental illness. Often it interferes with treatment and worsens mental illness.
  • #103 Mental illness – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374974
    To determine a diagnosis and check for related complications, you may have: […] Sometimes it’s difficult to find out which mental illness may be causing your symptoms. But taking the time and effort to get an accurate diagnosis will help determine the appropriate treatment. […] The defining symptoms for each mental illness are detailed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. […] Your treatment depends on the type of mental illness you have, its severity and what works best for you. In many cases, a combination of treatments works best. […] Although psychiatric medications don’t cure mental illness, they can often significantly improve symptoms. […] Problems with substance use commonly occur along with mental illness. Often it interferes with treatment and worsens mental illness.
  • #104 The Psychiatric Review of Symptoms: A Screening Tool for Family Physicians | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1101/p1617.html
    The psychiatric review of symptoms is a useful screening tool for identifying patients who have psychiatric disorders. […] The psychiatric review of symptoms (PROS) is one such approach. Adapted from clinical psychiatric practice, the PROS is a series of questions designed to rapidly screen for the major psychiatric disorders. […] Family physicians frequently diagnose and treat psychiatric disorders, particularly in patients enrolled in managed care plans. One study revealed that 25 to 30 percent of patients presenting to primary care physicians have psychiatric disorders. […] To avoid missing a psychiatric diagnosis, family physicians should use a systematic approach when assessing a patient for psychiatric symptoms, much like the approach used in the medical review of systems. […] Psychiatric symptoms are often difficult for patients to discuss.
  • #105 The Psychiatric Review of Symptoms: A Screening Tool for Family Physicians | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1101/p1617.html
    The psychiatric review of symptoms is a useful screening tool for identifying patients who have psychiatric disorders. […] The psychiatric review of symptoms (PROS) is one such approach. Adapted from clinical psychiatric practice, the PROS is a series of questions designed to rapidly screen for the major psychiatric disorders. […] Family physicians frequently diagnose and treat psychiatric disorders, particularly in patients enrolled in managed care plans. One study revealed that 25 to 30 percent of patients presenting to primary care physicians have psychiatric disorders. […] To avoid missing a psychiatric diagnosis, family physicians should use a systematic approach when assessing a patient for psychiatric symptoms, much like the approach used in the medical review of systems. […] Psychiatric symptoms are often difficult for patients to discuss.
  • #106 When psychiatric symptoms reflect medical conditions
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330910/
    The brain dysfunction associated with certain medical and neurological conditions can produce essentially any psychiatric symptom. This means there is always a chance that presentations thought to be psychiatric are actually explained by unidentified medical pathology. […] Psychiatric conditions tend to develop insidiously rather than over hours to days. […] A full physical and neurological exam, basic cognitive assessment and routine psychiatric blood screens should be undertaken in all patients presenting with new-onset psychiatric symptoms. […] Cognitive assessment is fundamental to the identification of delirium and/or encephalopathy, with impairment in tests of sustained attention having particular sensitivity. […] Limbic encephalitis, especially NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in first presentations of psychosis.
  • #107 When psychiatric symptoms reflect medical conditions
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330910/
    The brain dysfunction associated with certain medical and neurological conditions can produce essentially any psychiatric symptom. This means there is always a chance that presentations thought to be psychiatric are actually explained by unidentified medical pathology. […] Psychiatric conditions tend to develop insidiously rather than over hours to days. […] A full physical and neurological exam, basic cognitive assessment and routine psychiatric blood screens should be undertaken in all patients presenting with new-onset psychiatric symptoms. […] Cognitive assessment is fundamental to the identification of delirium and/or encephalopathy, with impairment in tests of sustained attention having particular sensitivity. […] Limbic encephalitis, especially NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in first presentations of psychosis.
  • #108 When psychiatric symptoms reflect medical conditions
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330910/
    The brain dysfunction associated with certain medical and neurological conditions can produce essentially any psychiatric symptom. This means there is always a chance that presentations thought to be psychiatric are actually explained by unidentified medical pathology. […] Psychiatric conditions tend to develop insidiously rather than over hours to days. […] A full physical and neurological exam, basic cognitive assessment and routine psychiatric blood screens should be undertaken in all patients presenting with new-onset psychiatric symptoms. […] Cognitive assessment is fundamental to the identification of delirium and/or encephalopathy, with impairment in tests of sustained attention having particular sensitivity. […] Limbic encephalitis, especially NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in first presentations of psychosis.
  • #109 When psychiatric symptoms reflect medical conditions
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330910/
    The brain dysfunction associated with certain medical and neurological conditions can produce essentially any psychiatric symptom. This means there is always a chance that presentations thought to be psychiatric are actually explained by unidentified medical pathology. […] Psychiatric conditions tend to develop insidiously rather than over hours to days. […] A full physical and neurological exam, basic cognitive assessment and routine psychiatric blood screens should be undertaken in all patients presenting with new-onset psychiatric symptoms. […] Cognitive assessment is fundamental to the identification of delirium and/or encephalopathy, with impairment in tests of sustained attention having particular sensitivity. […] Limbic encephalitis, especially NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in first presentations of psychosis.
  • #110 When psychiatric symptoms reflect medical conditions
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330910/
    The brain dysfunction associated with certain medical and neurological conditions can produce essentially any psychiatric symptom. This means there is always a chance that presentations thought to be psychiatric are actually explained by unidentified medical pathology. […] Psychiatric conditions tend to develop insidiously rather than over hours to days. […] A full physical and neurological exam, basic cognitive assessment and routine psychiatric blood screens should be undertaken in all patients presenting with new-onset psychiatric symptoms. […] Cognitive assessment is fundamental to the identification of delirium and/or encephalopathy, with impairment in tests of sustained attention having particular sensitivity. […] Limbic encephalitis, especially NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in first presentations of psychosis.
  • #111 When psychiatric symptoms reflect medical conditions
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330910/
    Psychiatric symptoms reflect brain dysfunction. When consequent to medical and/or neurological conditions, additional evidence of nervous system dysfunction is likely; this can manifest as motor (eg dysarthria or altered gait), sensory (eg visual field deficits or peripheral neuropathy), cognitive or language disturbance. […] These diagnoses should always be considered in the presence of movement disorder, seizures, prominent cognitive impairment, autonomic disturbance or treatment resistance. […] Limbic encephalitis is also a potential differential diagnosis in older first-presentations of psychosis, when an underlying malignancy is more likely. […] It is often harsh to describe these as missed diagnoses, but it does emphasise the importance of a willingness to re-examine diagnoses if presentations change and unexpected symptoms appear.
  • #112 When psychiatric symptoms reflect medical conditions
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330910/
    Psychiatric symptoms reflect brain dysfunction. When consequent to medical and/or neurological conditions, additional evidence of nervous system dysfunction is likely; this can manifest as motor (eg dysarthria or altered gait), sensory (eg visual field deficits or peripheral neuropathy), cognitive or language disturbance. […] These diagnoses should always be considered in the presence of movement disorder, seizures, prominent cognitive impairment, autonomic disturbance or treatment resistance. […] Limbic encephalitis is also a potential differential diagnosis in older first-presentations of psychosis, when an underlying malignancy is more likely. […] It is often harsh to describe these as missed diagnoses, but it does emphasise the importance of a willingness to re-examine diagnoses if presentations change and unexpected symptoms appear.
  • #113 When psychiatric symptoms reflect medical conditions
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330910/
    Psychiatric symptoms reflect brain dysfunction. When consequent to medical and/or neurological conditions, additional evidence of nervous system dysfunction is likely; this can manifest as motor (eg dysarthria or altered gait), sensory (eg visual field deficits or peripheral neuropathy), cognitive or language disturbance. […] These diagnoses should always be considered in the presence of movement disorder, seizures, prominent cognitive impairment, autonomic disturbance or treatment resistance. […] Limbic encephalitis is also a potential differential diagnosis in older first-presentations of psychosis, when an underlying malignancy is more likely. […] It is often harsh to describe these as missed diagnoses, but it does emphasise the importance of a willingness to re-examine diagnoses if presentations change and unexpected symptoms appear.
  • #114 Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms/medical-assessment-of-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms
    Medical assessment of patients with psychiatric symptoms seeks to identify 3 things: […] Numerous general medical disorders cause symptoms that mimic specific psychiatric disorders. […] Many medications can cause psychiatric symptoms; the most common classes of medication-related causes are central nervous system active medications, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids. […] Patients with a mental disorder may develop an unrelated physical disorder that causes new or worsened mental symptoms. […] Do not assume that all psychiatric symptoms in patients with a known psychiatric disorder are due to that disorder. […] Patients presenting for psychiatric care occasionally have undiagnosed general medical disorders that are not the cause of their psychiatric symptoms but nonetheless require evaluation and treatment.
  • #115 Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms/medical-assessment-of-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms
    Medical assessment of patients with psychiatric symptoms seeks to identify 3 things: […] Numerous general medical disorders cause symptoms that mimic specific psychiatric disorders. […] Many medications can cause psychiatric symptoms; the most common classes of medication-related causes are central nervous system active medications, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids. […] Patients with a mental disorder may develop an unrelated physical disorder that causes new or worsened mental symptoms. […] Do not assume that all psychiatric symptoms in patients with a known psychiatric disorder are due to that disorder. […] Patients presenting for psychiatric care occasionally have undiagnosed general medical disorders that are not the cause of their psychiatric symptoms but nonetheless require evaluation and treatment.
  • #116 Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms/medical-assessment-of-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms
    Medical assessment of patients with psychiatric symptoms seeks to identify 3 things: […] Numerous general medical disorders cause symptoms that mimic specific psychiatric disorders. […] Many medications can cause psychiatric symptoms; the most common classes of medication-related causes are central nervous system active medications, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids. […] Patients with a mental disorder may develop an unrelated physical disorder that causes new or worsened mental symptoms. […] Do not assume that all psychiatric symptoms in patients with a known psychiatric disorder are due to that disorder. […] Patients presenting for psychiatric care occasionally have undiagnosed general medical disorders that are not the cause of their psychiatric symptoms but nonetheless require evaluation and treatment.
  • #117 Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms/medical-assessment-of-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms
    Medical assessment of patients with psychiatric symptoms seeks to identify 3 things: […] Numerous general medical disorders cause symptoms that mimic specific psychiatric disorders. […] Many medications can cause psychiatric symptoms; the most common classes of medication-related causes are central nervous system active medications, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids. […] Patients with a mental disorder may develop an unrelated physical disorder that causes new or worsened mental symptoms. […] Do not assume that all psychiatric symptoms in patients with a known psychiatric disorder are due to that disorder. […] Patients presenting for psychiatric care occasionally have undiagnosed general medical disorders that are not the cause of their psychiatric symptoms but nonetheless require evaluation and treatment.
  • #118 Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms/medical-assessment-of-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms
    Medical assessment of patients with psychiatric symptoms seeks to identify 3 things: […] Numerous general medical disorders cause symptoms that mimic specific psychiatric disorders. […] Many medications can cause psychiatric symptoms; the most common classes of medication-related causes are central nervous system active medications, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids. […] Patients with a mental disorder may develop an unrelated physical disorder that causes new or worsened mental symptoms. […] Do not assume that all psychiatric symptoms in patients with a known psychiatric disorder are due to that disorder. […] Patients presenting for psychiatric care occasionally have undiagnosed general medical disorders that are not the cause of their psychiatric symptoms but nonetheless require evaluation and treatment.
  • #119 Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms/medical-assessment-of-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms
    The goal of medical assessment is to diagnose underlying and concomitant general medical disorders rather than to make a specific psychiatric diagnosis. […] Symptoms that began shortly after significant physical trauma or after beginning a new medication may be due to those events. […] A substance use disorder may or may not be the cause of new psychiatric symptoms; about 10 to 45% of patients with a psychiatric disorder also have a substance use disorder.
  • #120 Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms/medical-assessment-of-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms
    The goal of medical assessment is to diagnose underlying and concomitant general medical disorders rather than to make a specific psychiatric diagnosis. […] Symptoms that began shortly after significant physical trauma or after beginning a new medication may be due to those events. […] A substance use disorder may or may not be the cause of new psychiatric symptoms; about 10 to 45% of patients with a psychiatric disorder also have a substance use disorder.
  • #121 Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms/medical-assessment-of-the-patient-with-psychiatric-symptoms
    The goal of medical assessment is to diagnose underlying and concomitant general medical disorders rather than to make a specific psychiatric diagnosis. […] Symptoms that began shortly after significant physical trauma or after beginning a new medication may be due to those events. […] A substance use disorder may or may not be the cause of new psychiatric symptoms; about 10 to 45% of patients with a psychiatric disorder also have a substance use disorder.
  • #122 Mental illness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968
    Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. […] But a mental health concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affect your ability to function. […] In most cases, symptoms can be managed with a combination of medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy). […] Signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary, depending on the disorder, circumstances and other factors. Mental illness symptoms can affect emotions, thoughts and behaviors. […] If you have any signs or symptoms of a mental illness, see your primary care provider or a mental health professional. Most mental illnesses don’t improve on their own, and if untreated, a mental illness may get worse over time and cause serious problems.
  • #123 Mental illness – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374974
    To determine a diagnosis and check for related complications, you may have: […] Sometimes it’s difficult to find out which mental illness may be causing your symptoms. But taking the time and effort to get an accurate diagnosis will help determine the appropriate treatment. […] The defining symptoms for each mental illness are detailed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. […] Your treatment depends on the type of mental illness you have, its severity and what works best for you. In many cases, a combination of treatments works best. […] Although psychiatric medications don’t cure mental illness, they can often significantly improve symptoms. […] Problems with substance use commonly occur along with mental illness. Often it interferes with treatment and worsens mental illness.
  • #124 Mental Health Disorders: Types, Diagnosis & Treatment Options
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders
    Treatments for mental health disorders may include: Medication: Some mental illnesses respond well to medication, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics. These medicines change the chemicals in your brain, so you experience fewer symptoms. […] Most people with behavioral health disorders can manage their symptoms. They lead full, fulfilling lives with the right treatments. Some people will need to manage a mental illness for the rest of their lives. Others find that symptoms improve as they get older. Overall, mental illnesses tend to peak in young adults ages 18 to 25, then diminish greatly after 50. Mental illness can also increase your risk for certain health conditions such as stroke, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
  • #125 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of deleterious mental conditions. These include matters related to cognition, perceptions, mood, emotion, and behavior. […] Initial psychiatric assessment of a person begins with creating a case history and conducting a mental status examination. Laboratory tests, physical examinations, and psychological tests may be conducted. On occasion, neuroimaging or neurophysiological studies are performed. […] Mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with diagnostic manuals such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). […] Treatment may include psychotropics (psychiatric medicines), psychotherapy, substance-abuse treatment, and other modalities such as interventional approaches, assertive community treatment, community reinforcement, and supported employment.
  • #126 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    Treatment may be delivered on an inpatient or outpatient basis, depending on the severity of functional impairment or risk to the individual or community. […] Psychiatry treats mental disorders, which are conventionally divided into three general categories: mental illnesses, severe learning disabilities, and personality disorders. […] Although the focus of psychiatry has changed little over time, the diagnostic and treatment processes have evolved dramatically and continue to do so. […] The field of psychiatry has continued to become more biological and less conceptually isolated from other medical fields. […] Psychiatric illnesses can be conceptualised in a number of different ways. The biomedical approach examines signs and symptoms and compares them with diagnostic criteria. […] Once a medical professional diagnoses a patient there are numerous ways that they could choose to treat the patient.
  • #127 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    The efficacy and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. […] Psychiatric treatments have changed over the past several decades. In the past, psychiatric patients were often hospitalized for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. […] Average inpatient psychiatric treatment stay has decreased significantly since the 1960s, a trend known as deinstitutionalization. […] Today in most countries, people receiving psychiatric treatment are more likely to be seen as outpatients. If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around one to two weeks, with only a small number receiving long-term hospitalization. […] Inpatient psychiatric wards may be secure (for those thought to have a particular risk of violence or self-harm) or unlocked/open. […] In many developed countries there has been a massive reduction in psychiatric beds since the mid 20th century, with the growth of community care.
  • #128 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    The efficacy and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. […] Psychiatric treatments have changed over the past several decades. In the past, psychiatric patients were often hospitalized for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. […] Average inpatient psychiatric treatment stay has decreased significantly since the 1960s, a trend known as deinstitutionalization. […] Today in most countries, people receiving psychiatric treatment are more likely to be seen as outpatients. If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around one to two weeks, with only a small number receiving long-term hospitalization. […] Inpatient psychiatric wards may be secure (for those thought to have a particular risk of violence or self-harm) or unlocked/open. […] In many developed countries there has been a massive reduction in psychiatric beds since the mid 20th century, with the growth of community care.
  • #129 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    The efficacy and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. […] Psychiatric treatments have changed over the past several decades. In the past, psychiatric patients were often hospitalized for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. […] Average inpatient psychiatric treatment stay has decreased significantly since the 1960s, a trend known as deinstitutionalization. […] Today in most countries, people receiving psychiatric treatment are more likely to be seen as outpatients. If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around one to two weeks, with only a small number receiving long-term hospitalization. […] Inpatient psychiatric wards may be secure (for those thought to have a particular risk of violence or self-harm) or unlocked/open. […] In many developed countries there has been a massive reduction in psychiatric beds since the mid 20th century, with the growth of community care.
  • #130 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    The efficacy and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. […] Psychiatric treatments have changed over the past several decades. In the past, psychiatric patients were often hospitalized for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. […] Average inpatient psychiatric treatment stay has decreased significantly since the 1960s, a trend known as deinstitutionalization. […] Today in most countries, people receiving psychiatric treatment are more likely to be seen as outpatients. If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around one to two weeks, with only a small number receiving long-term hospitalization. […] Inpatient psychiatric wards may be secure (for those thought to have a particular risk of violence or self-harm) or unlocked/open. […] In many developed countries there has been a massive reduction in psychiatric beds since the mid 20th century, with the growth of community care.
  • #131 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    The efficacy and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. […] Psychiatric treatments have changed over the past several decades. In the past, psychiatric patients were often hospitalized for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. […] Average inpatient psychiatric treatment stay has decreased significantly since the 1960s, a trend known as deinstitutionalization. […] Today in most countries, people receiving psychiatric treatment are more likely to be seen as outpatients. If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around one to two weeks, with only a small number receiving long-term hospitalization. […] Inpatient psychiatric wards may be secure (for those thought to have a particular risk of violence or self-harm) or unlocked/open. […] In many developed countries there has been a massive reduction in psychiatric beds since the mid 20th century, with the growth of community care.
  • #132 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    The efficacy and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. […] Psychiatric treatments have changed over the past several decades. In the past, psychiatric patients were often hospitalized for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. […] Average inpatient psychiatric treatment stay has decreased significantly since the 1960s, a trend known as deinstitutionalization. […] Today in most countries, people receiving psychiatric treatment are more likely to be seen as outpatients. If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around one to two weeks, with only a small number receiving long-term hospitalization. […] Inpatient psychiatric wards may be secure (for those thought to have a particular risk of violence or self-harm) or unlocked/open. […] In many developed countries there has been a massive reduction in psychiatric beds since the mid 20th century, with the growth of community care.
  • #133 Mental illness – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374974
    Working together, you and your primary care provider or mental health professional can decide which treatment may be best, depending on your symptoms and their severity, your personal preferences, medication side effects, and other factors. […] In most cases, a mental illness won’t get better if you try to treat it on your own without professional care. […] Coping with a mental illness is challenging.
  • #134 What is a Psychiatrist? What They Do & When To See One
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22702-psychiatrist
    Treatment for mental health conditions is very individualized and unique to each person. Treatment often involves a combination of therapies. […] Psychiatrists can prescribe medications to help treat mental health conditions. These medications work to alter chemical signaling and communication within your brain, which can minimize some symptoms of certain psychiatric conditions. […] Mental health episodes may happen randomly, infrequently or be constant. The important thing to remember is that if theyre negatively affecting your quality of life, its a clear sign you need to seek help. […] If you have any of the following symptoms or experiences, you may want to consider seeing a psychiatrist or telling your primary healthcare provider: Inability to manage or control your emotions, Continuous or frequent episodes of anger or rage, Excessive or irrational fears, Engaging in risky behavior, Excessive worrying and/or sadness, Significant changes in sleep patterns, Substance use, Eating disorders, Declining performance in school or work, Withdrawal from social situations, Thoughts of self-harm. […] A psychiatrist can provide an accurate diagnosis and suggest treatment plans. Theyre experts in their field and have up-to-date knowledge on research, medications and other treatment therapies that can help you.
  • #135 What is a Psychiatrist? What They Do & When To See One
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22702-psychiatrist
    Treatment for mental health conditions is very individualized and unique to each person. Treatment often involves a combination of therapies. […] Psychiatrists can prescribe medications to help treat mental health conditions. These medications work to alter chemical signaling and communication within your brain, which can minimize some symptoms of certain psychiatric conditions. […] Mental health episodes may happen randomly, infrequently or be constant. The important thing to remember is that if theyre negatively affecting your quality of life, its a clear sign you need to seek help. […] If you have any of the following symptoms or experiences, you may want to consider seeing a psychiatrist or telling your primary healthcare provider: Inability to manage or control your emotions, Continuous or frequent episodes of anger or rage, Excessive or irrational fears, Engaging in risky behavior, Excessive worrying and/or sadness, Significant changes in sleep patterns, Substance use, Eating disorders, Declining performance in school or work, Withdrawal from social situations, Thoughts of self-harm. […] A psychiatrist can provide an accurate diagnosis and suggest treatment plans. Theyre experts in their field and have up-to-date knowledge on research, medications and other treatment therapies that can help you.
  • #136 Psychiatry.org – Warning Signs of Mental Illness
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness
    Just as with other medical illnesses, early intervention can make a crucial difference in preventing what could become a serious illness. […] Each individual’s situation must be assessed carefully and treatment should be individualized. Comprehensive treatment to prevent early symptoms from progressing into serious illness can include ongoing individual and family counseling, vocational and educational support, participation in a multi-family problem-solving group, and medication when appropriate.
  • #137 Mental Health Disorders: Types, Diagnosis & Treatment Options
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders
    Treatments for mental health disorders may include: Medication: Some mental illnesses respond well to medication, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics. These medicines change the chemicals in your brain, so you experience fewer symptoms. […] Most people with behavioral health disorders can manage their symptoms. They lead full, fulfilling lives with the right treatments. Some people will need to manage a mental illness for the rest of their lives. Others find that symptoms improve as they get older. Overall, mental illnesses tend to peak in young adults ages 18 to 25, then diminish greatly after 50. Mental illness can also increase your risk for certain health conditions such as stroke, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
  • #138 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis
    Treatment of psychosis usually includes antipsychotic medication. […] It is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return.
  • #139 Psychotic Disorders: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/mental-health-psychotic-disorders
    Psychotic disorders are a group of serious mental illnesses that all have signs of psychosis. Psychosis is a cluster of symptoms, not an illness. It’s sometimes described as „losing touch with reality.” […] People with psychoses dont always have the same symptoms, and they may change over time in the same person. There are five symptoms that characterize psychotic symptoms, including: […] Each person being treated for a psychotic disorder may respond to therapy differently. Some will show improvement quickly. For others, it may take weeks or months to get symptom relief. […] In general, no, a psychotic disorder cannot be cured, but this depends on the kind of disorder you have. Individual psychotic episodes are usually treatable. About 25% of people who have a psychotic episode never have another.
  • #140 Psychotic Disorders: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/mental-health-psychotic-disorders
    Psychotic disorders are a group of serious mental illnesses that all have signs of psychosis. Psychosis is a cluster of symptoms, not an illness. It’s sometimes described as „losing touch with reality.” […] People with psychoses dont always have the same symptoms, and they may change over time in the same person. There are five symptoms that characterize psychotic symptoms, including: […] Each person being treated for a psychotic disorder may respond to therapy differently. Some will show improvement quickly. For others, it may take weeks or months to get symptom relief. […] In general, no, a psychotic disorder cannot be cured, but this depends on the kind of disorder you have. Individual psychotic episodes are usually treatable. About 25% of people who have a psychotic episode never have another.
  • #141 Psychotic Disorders: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/mental-health-psychotic-disorders
    The depends on the type of psychotic disorder and the person who has it. But these disorders are treatable, and most people will have a good recovery with treatment and close follow-up care. […] No. But the sooner treatment starts, the better. It helps to prevent symptoms. Seeking help as soon as possible can help the person’s life, family, and relationships.
  • #142 Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options
    https://www.rethink.org/advice-and-information/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/schizophrenia/
    The negative symptoms of schizophrenia can often appear several years before somebody experiences their first episode of psychosis. […] A diagnosis of schizophrenia does not mean that you will experience all types of symptoms. […] The way that your illness affects you will depend on the type of schizophrenia that you have. […] Many people who live with schizophrenia have recovery journeys that lead them to live meaningful lives. […] Some people completely recover from schizophrenia and go on to be symptom free. […] Some who live with schizophrenia can improve a great deal with ongoing treatment. […] Some improve with treatment but need ongoing support. This can be from NHS mental health teams, social services, family, charities, or other organisations. […] Recovery can be thought of in terms of clinical recovery, and personal recovery.
  • #143 Schizophrenia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia is characterized by psychosis (loss of contact with reality), hallucinations (false perceptions), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech and behavior, flattened affect (restricted range of emotions), cognitive deficits (impaired reasoning and problem solving), and occupational and social dysfunction. […] Symptoms usually begin in adolescence or early adulthood. One or more episodes of symptoms must last 6 months before the diagnosis is made. […] Symptoms of schizophrenia typically impair the ability to perform complex and difficult cognitive and motor functions; thus, symptoms often markedly interfere with work, social relationships, and self-care. Unemployment, isolation, deteriorated relationships, and diminished quality of life are common outcomes. […] Schizophrenia is a chronic illness that may progress through several phases, although duration and patterns of phases can vary. Patients with schizophrenia tend to have had psychotic symptoms an average of 8 to 15 months before presenting for medical care, but the disorder is now often recognized earlier in its course.
  • #144 Mental illness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968
    Mental illness is common. About 1 in 5 adults has a mental illness in any given year. Mental illness can begin at any age, from childhood through later adult years, but most cases begin earlier in life. […] The effects of mental illness can be temporary or long lasting. You also can have more than one mental health disorder at the same time. For example, you may have depression and a substance use disorder. […] Untreated mental illness can cause severe emotional, behavioral and physical health problems. Complications sometimes linked to mental illness include: […] Mental health conditions can be harder to treat if you wait until symptoms get bad. Long-term maintenance treatment also may help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
  • #145
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
    Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] The consequences of failing to address adolescent mental health conditions extend to adulthood, impairing both physical and mental health and limiting opportunities to lead fulfilling lives as adults. […] Adolescents with mental health conditions are particularly vulnerable to social exclusion, discrimination, stigma (affecting readiness to seek help), educational difficulties, risk-taking behaviours, physical ill-health and human rights violations. […] Emotional disorders are common among adolescents. Anxiety disorders (which may involve panic or excessive worry) are the most prevalent in this age group and are more common among older than among younger adolescents.
  • #146
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
    Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 15% of the global burden of disease in this age group. […] Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. […] The consequences of failing to address adolescent mental health conditions extend to adulthood, impairing both physical and mental health and limiting opportunities to lead fulfilling lives as adults. […] Adolescents with mental health conditions are particularly vulnerable to social exclusion, discrimination, stigma (affecting readiness to seek help), educational difficulties, risk-taking behaviours, physical ill-health and human rights violations. […] Emotional disorders are common among adolescents. Anxiety disorders (which may involve panic or excessive worry) are the most prevalent in this age group and are more common among older than among younger adolescents.
  • #147
    https://www.rula.com/blog/when-to-see-a-psychiatrist/
    Psychiatrists are medical doctors who are trained to diagnose mental health conditions, provide talk therapy, and prescribe psychotropic medications. […] If you think youd benefit from mental health support, working with a psychiatrist or other mental health professional can help put you on the path to recovery. […] Data show that mental health concerns are common in the U.S., with one in five adults experiencing some form of mental health condition. […] Psychiatrists are a great option for people who have severe mental health symptoms that interfere with daily functioning, are interested in behavioral medications as part of their treatment, or arent seeing improvements with talk therapy alone. […] Severe mental health symptoms that affect daily functioning like excessive anxiety or persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness
  • #148
    https://www.rula.com/blog/when-to-see-a-psychiatrist/
    Psychiatrists are medical doctors who are trained to diagnose mental health conditions, provide talk therapy, and prescribe psychotropic medications. […] If you think youd benefit from mental health support, working with a psychiatrist or other mental health professional can help put you on the path to recovery. […] Data show that mental health concerns are common in the U.S., with one in five adults experiencing some form of mental health condition. […] Psychiatrists are a great option for people who have severe mental health symptoms that interfere with daily functioning, are interested in behavioral medications as part of their treatment, or arent seeing improvements with talk therapy alone. […] Severe mental health symptoms that affect daily functioning like excessive anxiety or persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness
  • #149
    https://www.rula.com/blog/when-to-see-a-psychiatrist/
    Psychiatrists are medical doctors who are trained to diagnose mental health conditions, provide talk therapy, and prescribe psychotropic medications. […] If you think youd benefit from mental health support, working with a psychiatrist or other mental health professional can help put you on the path to recovery. […] Data show that mental health concerns are common in the U.S., with one in five adults experiencing some form of mental health condition. […] Psychiatrists are a great option for people who have severe mental health symptoms that interfere with daily functioning, are interested in behavioral medications as part of their treatment, or arent seeing improvements with talk therapy alone. […] Severe mental health symptoms that affect daily functioning like excessive anxiety or persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness
  • #150
    https://www.rula.com/blog/when-to-see-a-psychiatrist/
    Thoughts of suicide or self-harm […] Thoughts of hurting other people […] Changes in weight, appetite, or sleep patterns […] Delusions […] Violence, agitation, or emotional outbursts […] Poor concentration or attention […] Not seeing improvements with behavioral medications prescribed by a primary care provider […] Not seeing improvements with talk therapy alone […] Being diagnosed with a condition known to be responsive to medication as a part of treatment (like depression or anxiety). […] Treatment depends on your specific symptoms and diagnosis, but combining medication management and talk therapy can help some people better manage their symptoms. […] Psychiatrists are qualified to assess the mental and physical aspects of a wide range of conditions, including: Bipolar disorder, Depressive disorders, Mood disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Personality disorders, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Schizophrenia.
  • #151
    https://www.rula.com/blog/when-to-see-a-psychiatrist/
    Thoughts of suicide or self-harm […] Thoughts of hurting other people […] Changes in weight, appetite, or sleep patterns […] Delusions […] Violence, agitation, or emotional outbursts […] Poor concentration or attention […] Not seeing improvements with behavioral medications prescribed by a primary care provider […] Not seeing improvements with talk therapy alone […] Being diagnosed with a condition known to be responsive to medication as a part of treatment (like depression or anxiety). […] Treatment depends on your specific symptoms and diagnosis, but combining medication management and talk therapy can help some people better manage their symptoms. […] Psychiatrists are qualified to assess the mental and physical aspects of a wide range of conditions, including: Bipolar disorder, Depressive disorders, Mood disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Personality disorders, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Schizophrenia.
  • #152 Psychiatry – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry
    Treatment may be delivered on an inpatient or outpatient basis, depending on the severity of functional impairment or risk to the individual or community. […] Psychiatry treats mental disorders, which are conventionally divided into three general categories: mental illnesses, severe learning disabilities, and personality disorders. […] Although the focus of psychiatry has changed little over time, the diagnostic and treatment processes have evolved dramatically and continue to do so. […] The field of psychiatry has continued to become more biological and less conceptually isolated from other medical fields. […] Psychiatric illnesses can be conceptualised in a number of different ways. The biomedical approach examines signs and symptoms and compares them with diagnostic criteria. […] Once a medical professional diagnoses a patient there are numerous ways that they could choose to treat the patient.
  • #153 The rhythm of mental health: the relationship of chronotype with psychiatric trait dimensions and diurnal variation in psychiatric symptoms | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-02943-7
    To advance the emergence of circadian-based therapies, this study characterized how psychiatric symptoms fluctuate across the day and vary between individuals. […] Key findings are that 11 out of 13 psychiatric traits were associated with being an evening-type, ranging from depression to obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety, and delusional ideation, while only mania was associated with being a morning-type. […] Evening-types also had more pronounced negative emotional symptoms and ADHD-type symptoms in the evening, particularly among those high in psychiatric trait factors. […] These findings identified important research targets that hold promise for improving mental health outcomes, such as strategies to boost morning motivation. […] Emerging therapies that utilize time-of-day to strengthen treatment effects in psychiatry give promising results, but more effective and widespread therapeutic applications in mental health care are dependent on a better understanding of how and why psychiatric symptoms vary across the day.
  • #154
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
    Symptoms may include persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking, highly disorganised behaviour, or extreme agitation. […] The symptoms or behaviours result in significant risk or damage to health, significant distress, or significant impairment of functioning. […] Neurodevelopmental disorders are behavioural and cognitive disorders, that arise during the developmental period, and involve significant difficulties in the acquisition and execution of specific intellectual, motor, language, or social functions. […] Effective treatment options exist including psychosocial interventions, behavioural interventions, occupational and speech therapy. For certain diagnoses and age groups, medication may also be considered.
  • #155 How Sleep Deprivation Impacts Mental Health | Columbia University Department of Psychiatry
    https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/news/how-sleep-deprivation-affects-your-mental-health
    The increase in insomnia and related sleep problems related to stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have been labeled Coronasomnia. […] Common sleep disturbances include problems falling or staying asleep, sleeping less, and experiencing worse quality sleep. […] In order to see a shift in sleep behaviors, ongoing work is needed to promote science-based policies that help improve sleep health, such as encouraging employers to help promote healthy sleep and introducing later school starting times. […] If sleep problems persist or you continue to experience daytime sleepiness even after getting enough sleep, then it might be time to see a sleep specialist who can help determine whether you need cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, or another treatment.
  • #156 The Psychiatric Review of Symptoms: A Screening Tool for Family Physicians | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1101/p1617.html
    To elicit information about behavior related to an eating disorder, the first question can be, Have you ever felt like you are overweight? […] Early detection of dementia is increasingly important because currently available treatments, such as tacrine (Cognex) and donepezil (Aricept), are most useful in the early stages of the disease. […] Psychotic symptoms such as looseness of associations, bizarre delusions and hallucinations are generally easy to recognize, and patients manifesting these symptoms should be referred immediately for psychiatric treatment.
  • #157 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis
    Treatment of psychosis usually includes antipsychotic medication. […] It is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return.